302:
740:
385:
29:
614:
368:
505:
679:
437:
550:
573:
754:, but lacked others. The 4.5-generation fighters are therefore generally less expensive, less complex, and have a shorter development time than true fifth-generation aircraft, while maintaining capabilities significantly in advance of those of the original fourth generation. Such capabilities may include advanced sensor integration, AESA radar, supercruise capability,
529:
Maintaining supersonic speed without afterburner use saves large quantities of fuel, greatly increasing range and endurance, but the engine power available is limited and drag rises sharply in the transonic region, so drag-creating equipment such as external stores and their attachment points must be
476:
effect, further enhancing the turning capability of the aircraft. The MiG-35 with its RD-33OVT engines with the vectored thrust nozzles allows it to be the first twin-engined aircraft with vectoring nozzles that can move in two directions (that is, 3D TVC). Other existing thrust-vectoring aircraft,
204:
Due to the dramatic enhancement of capabilities in these upgraded fighters and in new designs of the 1990s that reflected these new capabilities, they have come to be known as 4.5 generation. This is intended to reflect a class of fighters that are evolutionary upgrades of the fourth generation
157:
would be impossible at supersonic speeds. In practice, air-to-air missiles of the time, despite being responsible for the vast majority of air-to-air victories, were relatively unreliable, and combat would quickly become subsonic and close-range. This would leave third-generation fighters vulnerable
707:
ground-attack aircraft. The faceting reflected radar beams highly directionally, leading to brief "twinkles", which detector systems of the day typically registered as noise, but even with digital FBW stability and control enhancement, the aerodynamic performance penalties were severe and the F-117
228:
The United States defines 4.5-generation fighter aircraft as fourth-generation jet fighters that have been upgraded with AESA radar, high-capacity data-link, enhanced avionics, and "the ability to deploy current and reasonably foreseeable advanced armaments". Contemporary examples of 4.5-generation
637:
fighters in the 1960s, for detection and tracking of airborne targets. These measure IR radiation from targets. As a passive sensor, it has limited range, and contains no inherent data about position and direction of targets—these must be inferred from the images captured. To offset this, IRST
400:
Fly-by-wire is a term used to describe the computerized automation of flight control surfaces. Early fourth-generation fighters like the F-15 Eagle and F-14 Tomcat retained electromechanical flight hydraulics. Later fourth-generation fighters would make extensive use of fly-by-wire technology.
771:
As advances in stealthy materials and design methods enabled smoother airframes, such technologies began to be retrospectively applied to existing fighter aircraft. Many 4.5 generation fighters incorporate some low-observable features. Low-observable radar technology emerged as an important
840:
Hoh, Roger H. and David G. Mitchell. "Flying
Qualities of Relaxed Static Stability Aircraft - Volume I: Flying Qualities Airworthiness Assessment and Flight Testing of Augmented Aircraft". Federal Aviation Administration (DOT/FAA/CT-82/130-I), September 1983. pp.
800:
air intake to prevent radar waves from reflecting off the engine compressor blades, an important aspect of fifth-generation fighter aircraft to reduce frontal RCS. These are a few of the preferred methods employed in some fifth-generation fighters to reduce RCS.
767:
integrated IRST. The
Eurofighter Typhoon introduced the PIRATE-IRST, which was also retrofitted to earlier production models. The Super Hornet was also fitted with IRST although not integrated but rather as a pod that needs to attached on one of the hardpoints.
408:, was the world's first aircraft intentionally designed to be slightly aerodynamically unstable. This technique, called relaxed static stability (RSS), was incorporated to further enhance the aircraft's performance. Most aircraft are designed with
460:, the first aircraft to publicly display thrust vectoring in pitch. Combined with a thrust-to-weight ratio above unity, this enabled it to maintain near-zero airspeed at high angles of attack without stalling, and perform novel aerobatics such as
541:(Development Aircraft trainer version) demonstrated supercruise (1.21 M) with 2 SRAAM, 4 MRAAM and drop tank (plus 1-tonne flight-test equipment, plus 700 kg more weight for the trainer version) during the Singapore evaluation.
669:
interceptor also has some datalink capability. The sharing of targeting and sensor data allows pilots to put radiating, highly visible sensors further from enemy forces, while using those data to vector silent fighters toward the enemy.
420:
static stability, though, in the absence of control input, will readily deviate from level and controlled flight. An unstable aircraft can therefore be made more maneuverable. Such a 4th generation aircraft requires a computerized FBW
455:
for vertical takeoff and landing, and pilots soon developed the technique of "viffing", or vectoring in forward flight, to enhance manoeuvrability. The first fixed-wing type to display enhanced manoeuvrability in this way was the
564:
can often be swapped out as new technologies become available; they are often upgraded over the lifetime of an aircraft. For example, the F-15C Eagle, first produced in 1978, has received upgrades in 2007 such as AESA radar and
349:(BVR) engagement, the management of the advancing environment of numerous information flows in the modern battlespace, and low-observability, arguably at the expense of maneuvering ability in close combat, the application of
690:
that conceal the front of the jet engine (a strong radar target) from radar. Many important radar targets, such as the wing, canard, and fin leading edges, are highly swept to reflect radar energy well away from the front
158:
and ill-equipped, renewing an interest in manoeuvrability for the fourth generation of fighters. Meanwhile, the growing costs of military aircraft in general and the demonstrated success of aircraft such as the
205:
incorporating integrated avionics suites, advanced weapons efforts to make the (mostly) conventionally designed aircraft nonetheless less easily detectable and trackable as a response to advancing missile and
140:
in service from around 1980 to the present, and represents design concepts of the 1970s. Fourth-generation designs are heavily influenced by lessons learned from the previous generation of combat aircraft.
1108:
661:
A computing feature of significant tactical importance is the datalink. All modern
European and American aircraft are capable of sharing targeting data with allied fighters and AWACS planes (see
189:
systems began to be replaced by digital flight-control systems in the latter half of the 1980s. The further advance of microcomputers in the 1980s and 1990s permitted rapid upgrades to the
1197:
1089:
959:
629:
In response to the increasing
American emphasis on radar-evading stealth designs, Russia turned to alternate sensors, with emphasis on IRST sensors, first introduced on the American
859:
1123:
598:-AESA built by Thales in February 2012 for use on the Rafale. The RBE2-AESA can also be retrofitted on the Mirage 2000. A European consortium GTDAR is developing an AESA
807:
is a joint South Korean-Indonesian fighter program, the functionality of the Block 1 model (the first flight test prototype) has been described as ‘4.5th generation’.
416:
following a disturbance. However, positive static stability, the tendency to remain in its current attitude, opposes the pilot's efforts to maneuver. An aircraft with
333:) were designed as interceptors with only a secondary emphasis on maneuverability, 4th generation aircraft try to reach an equilibrium, with most designs, such as the
1232:
750:
The term 4.5 generation is often used to refer to new or enhanced fighters, which appeared beginning in the 1990s, and incorporated some features regarded as
301:
1027:
1142:
991:
472:
are mounted 32° outward to the longitudinal engine axis (i.e. in the horizontal plane) and can be deflected ±15° in the vertical plane. This produces a
274:
1434:
153:. While exceptionally fast in a straight line, many third-generation fighters severely lacked in maneuverability, as doctrine held that traditional
341:, being able to execute BVR interceptions while remaining highly maneuverable in case the platform and the pilot find themselves in a close range
185:
and system-integration techniques. Replacement of analog avionics, required to enable FBW operations, became a fundamental requirement as legacy
590:
AESA radars, which have no moving parts and are capable of projecting a much tighter beam and quicker scans. Later on, it was introduced to the
1085:
594:
and the block 60 (export) F-16 also, and will be used for future
American fighters. France introduced its first indigenous AESA radar, the
566:
356:
Key advances contributing to enhanced maneuverability in the fourth generation include high engine thrust, powerful control surfaces, and
1177:
966:
851:
927:
1304:
1508:
879:
1427:
405:
372:
38:
1254:
428:
Some late derivatives of the early types, such as the F-15SA Strike Eagle for Saudi Arabia, have included upgrading to FBW.
278:
1538:
579:
364:
also involves a great deal of energy management to maintain speed and altitude under rapidly changing flight conditions.
194:
1049:
213:). Inherent airframe design features exist and include masking of turbine blades and application of advanced sometimes
1229:
1395:
1380:
1355:
924:"National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2010 (Enrolled as Agreed to or Passed by Both House and Senate)"
1513:
1462:
1420:
789:
695:
While the basic principles of shaping aircraft to avoid radar detection were known since the 1960s, the advent of
326:
159:
1468:
1456:
1214:
1010:
945:
903:
142:
110:
1069:
465:
422:
389:
178:
761:
The 4.5-generation fighters have introduced integrated IRST systems, such as the
Dassault Rafale featuring the
1024:
586:
The primary sensor for all modern fighters is radar. The U.S. fielded its first modified F-15Cs equipped with
1139:
781:
587:
270:
537:
can cruise around Mach 1.2 without afterburner, with the maximum level speed without reheat is Mach 1.5. An
1274:
603:
338:
322:
218:
739:
222:
1402:
763:
606:
capacity. This will spread the energy of a radar pulse over several frequencies, so as not to trip the
198:
708:
found use principally in the night ground-attack role. Stealth technologies also seek to decrease the
703:
to become practicable. During the 1970s, early stealth technology led to the faceted airframe of the
163:
1486:
1480:
821:
751:
724:
704:
696:
357:
214:
170:
120:
1290:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1443:
816:
607:
452:
330:
133:
46:
591:
361:
217:, but not the distinctive low-observable configurations of the latest aircraft, referred to as
1174:
602:
radar for future use on the
Typhoon. For the next-generation F-22 and F-35, the U.S. will use
755:
146:
8:
700:
683:
538:
534:
461:
393:
346:
334:
258:
1341:
The
Lightweight Fighter Program: A Successful Approach to Fighter Technology Transition.
923:
713:
709:
634:
360:(RSS), this last enabled via "fly-by-wire" computer-controlled stability augmentation.
266:
210:
150:
242:
1391:
1376:
1351:
1318:
804:
743:
639:
622:
413:
345:. While the trade-offs involved in combat aircraft design are again shifting towards
1362:
875:
777:
250:
728:
599:
481:, have nozzles that vector in one direction. The technology has been fitted to the
448:
441:
350:
306:
182:
63:
42:
658:
in wargame exercises. IRST sensors have now become standard on
Russian aircraft.
1258:
1251:
1236:
1181:
1146:
1093:
1053:
1046:
1031:
931:
907:
883:
863:
522:
is the ability of a jet aircraft to cruise at supersonic speeds without using an
509:
469:
262:
186:
569:, and is scheduled to receive a 2040C upgrade to keep it in service until 2040.
646:
solutions for cannon fire or for launching missiles. Using this method, German
384:
309:
290:
254:
28:
1502:
1319:"Characterization of Radar Cross Section of Carbon Fiber Composite Materials"
720:
286:
246:
193:
over the lifetimes of these fighters, incorporating system upgrades such as
1047:"Air-Attack.com – Su-30MK AL-31FP engines two-dimensional thrust vectoring"
651:
643:
630:
576:
485:
457:
238:
234:
230:
34:
1412:
523:
519:
513:
478:
174:
137:
613:
504:
488:
and later derivatives. The U.S. explored fitting the technology to the
367:
166:
in parallel with the advances marking the so-called fourth generation.
899:
412:
static stability, which induces an aircraft to return to its original
785:
678:
493:
473:
282:
1025:"Air Force Looks at the Benefits of Using CPCs on F-16 Black Boxes."
793:
561:
436:
342:
190:
154:
1373:
Stealth
Warplanes: Deception, Evasion and Concealment in the Air
758:, broad multi-role capability, and reduced radar cross-section.
549:
797:
687:
666:
647:
496:, but did not introduce it until the fifth generation arrived.
482:
1264:, Eurofighter GmbH, 15 February 2007. Retrieved: 20 June 2007.
572:
773:
662:
554:
206:
1140:"Eurofighter capability, p. 53. Supercruise 2 SRAAM 6 MRAAM"
1252:"Type Acceptance for Block 5 Standard Eurofighter Typhoon."
655:
650:
using helmet-displayed IRST systems were able to acquire a
618:
595:
489:
1363:"Lockheed-Martin F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Analysis 2002."
404:
The General Dynamics YF-16, eventually developed into the
530:
minimised, preferably with the use of internal storage.
353:
provides a way to maintain it, especially at low speed.
41:(foreground), fourth-generation fighters used by the
1390:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press, 1985.
169:
During this period, maneuverability was enhanced by
1198:"Le radar RBE2, l'arme fatale du Rafale à l'export"
1011:"Is Japan Facing a Shortage of Fighter Aircraft?"
1500:
946:"Russia to Upgrade Su-30SM Fighter Jets in 2018"
396:shown here is an example of fly-by-wire control.
279:McDonnell Douglas F-15E/EX Strike Eagle/Eagle II
181:, which in turn was possible due to advances in
16:Classification of fighter aircraft c. 1970–2000
1339:Aronstein, David C. and Albert C. Piccirillo.
900:"CRS RL33543: Tactical Aircraft Modernization"
1428:
1350:. Novato, California: Presidio Press, 1990.
934:). thomas.loc.gov. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
425:(FLCS) to maintain its desired flight path.
1442:
1375:. London: Salamander. 1989, First Edition.
858:, 22 April 2007. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
1435:
1421:
1220:RAAF Williamtown Aviation Heritage Centre.
1079:
1280:13 March 2007. Retrieved: 3 October 2010.
1165:September 2004 "Eastern smile" pp. 41–43.
869:
1175:"U.S. Fighters Mature With AESA Radars."
1037:, Spring 2007. Retrieved: 16 June 2008.
738:
699:allowed aircraft of drastically reduced
677:
612:
571:
548:
503:
435:
383:
366:
300:
1388:Fighter Combat: Tactics and Maneuvering
960:"Russian and Chinese Combat Air Trends"
173:, made possible by introduction of the
1501:
1348:Hornet: The Inside story of the F/A-18
989:
914:9 July 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2010.
852:"F-22 Tops Japan's Military Wish List"
1416:
850:Fulghum, David A. and Douglas Barrie
834:
772:development. The Pakistani / Chinese
275:Lockheed Martin F-16E/F/V Block 70/72
39:General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon
197:(AESA), digital avionics buses, and
1406:Jane's International Defense Review
990:Karnad, Bharat (January 21, 2019).
580:active electronically scanned array
431:
195:active electronically scanned array
13:
856:Aviation Week and Space Technology
654:with greater efficiency than USAF
567:joint helmet-mounted cueing system
296:
14:
1550:
1368:, 2002. Retrieved: 10 April 2006.
734:
451:was originally introduced in the
145:were often designed primarily as
1305:"Going stealthy with composites"
1008:
943:
312:with a USAF F-16 Fighting Falcon
160:McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II
27:
1332:
1311:
1297:
1283:
1267:
1245:
1223:
1208:
1190:
1168:
1156:
1133:
1124:"Supercruise at about Mach 1.2"
1117:
1102:
1063:
1040:
1017:
162:gave rise to the popularity of
149:, being built around speed and
1109:"Supercuise at about Mach 1.2"
1002:
983:
952:
937:
917:
893:
844:
499:
379:
375:on a mission near Iraq in 2003
316:
1:
1509:Fourth-generation jet fighter
827:
782:diverterless supersonic inlet
731:than other 4th gen fighters.
323:third-generation jet fighters
271:Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet
1130:. Retrieved: 3 October 2010.
1114:. Retrieved: 3 October 2010.
1076:. Retrieved: 3 October 2010.
1060:. Retrieved: 3 October 2010.
965:. p. P6. Archived from
727:, has much more significant
604:low probability of intercept
7:
1408:. Retrieved: 10 April 2006.
1153:. Retrieved: 24 April 2010.
1099:. Retrieved: 24 April 2010.
992:"A Liability Called Rafale"
810:
544:
223:Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor
10:
1555:
1539:20th century in technology
1242:Retrieved: 3 October 2010.
1187:Retrieved: 3 October 2010.
764:optronique secteur frontal
723:, though not considered a
673:
638:systems can incorporate a
199:infra-red search and track
1452:
1151:mil.no/multimedia/archive
862:27 September 2011 at the
697:radar-absorbent materials
642:in order to provide full
617:The OLS-30 is a combined
610:that all aircraft carry.
219:fifth-generation fighters
215:radar-absorbent materials
164:multirole combat aircraft
143:Third-generation fighters
130:fourth-generation fighter
116:
106:
98:
90:
85:
77:
69:
59:
54:
26:
22:Fourth-generation fighter
21:
1215:Five Generations of Jets
822:List of fighter aircraft
712:, visual signature, and
705:Lockheed F-117 Nighthawk
358:relaxed static stability
221:or aircraft such as the
171:relaxed static stability
121:Fifth-generation fighter
111:Third-generation fighter
1514:Jet fighter generations
1445:Jet fighter generations
1291:"Features of HAL Tejas"
817:Jet fighter generations
719:In the modern-day, the
608:radar warning receivers
453:Hawker Siddeley Harrier
47:United States Air Force
1343:Reston, VA: AIAA, 1996
1230:"Eurofighter Typhoon."
792:in manufacturing. The
790:carbon-fiber composite
747:
692:
626:
592:F/A-18E/F Super Hornet
583:
558:
516:
445:
397:
376:
362:Air combat manoeuvring
313:
1097:dassault-aviation.com
1092:May 25, 2013, at the
1023:Greenwood, Cynthia.
742:
681:
616:
575:
552:
507:
466:three-dimensional TVC
440:MiG-29OVT all-aspect
439:
423:flight control system
387:
370:
304:
287:CAC/PAC JF-17 Block 3
267:Saab JAS 39E/F Gripen
179:flight-control system
1483:(2005–current)
1009:Gady, Franz-Stefan.
944:Gady, Franz-Stefan.
756:supermaneuverability
406:F-16 Fighting Falcon
321:Whereas the premier
1366:Air Power Australia
1262:www.eurofighter.com
1185:defense-update.com.
912:Issues for Congress
701:radar cross-section
684:Eurofighter Typhoon
535:Eurofighter Typhoon
347:beyond visual range
259:Eurofighter Typhoon
151:air-to-air missiles
55:General information
1403:"Fighter Tactics."
1371:Richardson, Doug.
1257:2007-09-27 at the
1235:2012-07-22 at the
1180:2012-05-09 at the
1145:2009-03-27 at the
1052:2010-09-17 at the
1030:2008-10-11 at the
1013:. thediplomat.com.
948:. thediplomat.com.
930:2010-11-04 at the
906:2009-08-30 at the
888:Air Force Magazine
882:2007-08-19 at the
748:
714:acoustic signature
710:infrared signature
693:
635:F-102 Delta Dagger
627:
584:
559:
517:
446:
398:
392:inverted above an
377:
314:
211:stealth technology
1496:
1495:
1477:(1975–2005)
1471:(1960–1975)
1465:(1950–1960)
1459:(1942–1950)
1278:flightglobal.com,
1273:Warwick, Graham.
1240:publicservice.co.
1204:. 2 October 2012.
994:. Point of View.
876:"The Gray Threat"
805:KAI KF-21 Boramae
744:KAI KF-21 Boramae
716:of the aircraft.
640:laser rangefinder
623:laser rangefinder
512:, which features
229:fighters are the
183:digital computers
126:
125:
91:Introduction date
37:(background) and
1546:
1446:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1414:
1413:
1401:Sweetman, Bill.
1323:
1322:
1315:
1309:
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1294:
1287:
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950:
949:
941:
935:
921:
915:
897:
891:
873:
867:
848:
842:
838:
784:, while India's
752:fifth generation
600:Euroradar CAPTOR
462:Pugachev's Cobra
449:Thrust vectoring
442:thrust vectoring
432:Thrust vectoring
351:thrust vectoring
307:Polish Air Force
209:technology (see
64:Fighter aircraft
43:Soviet Air Force
31:
19:
18:
1554:
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1327:
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1317:
1316:
1312:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1289:
1288:
1284:
1275:"Ultra Hornet."
1272:
1268:
1259:Wayback Machine
1250:
1246:
1237:Wayback Machine
1228:
1224:
1213:
1209:
1196:
1195:
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1182:Wayback Machine
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1094:Wayback Machine
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1054:Wayback Machine
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1032:Wayback Machine
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1007:
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988:
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932:Wayback Machine
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908:Wayback Machine
898:
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884:Wayback Machine
874:
870:
864:Wayback Machine
849:
845:
839:
835:
830:
813:
778:Chengdu J-10B/C
737:
725:5th-gen fighter
676:
665:). The Russian
547:
510:Dassault Rafale
502:
470:Sukhoi Su-30MKI
468:nozzles of the
434:
382:
319:
299:
297:Characteristics
263:Dassault Rafale
187:analog computer
70:National origin
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1552:
1542:
1541:
1536:
1534:2010s aircraft
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1529:2000s aircraft
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1524:1990s aircraft
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1519:1980s aircraft
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1399:
1386:Shaw, Robert.
1384:
1369:
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1334:
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1325:
1324:
1310:
1296:
1282:
1266:
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1128:eurofighter.at
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1101:
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1058:air-attack.com
1039:
1016:
1001:
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735:4.5 generation
733:
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546:
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501:
498:
433:
430:
381:
378:
318:
315:
310:Mikoyan MiG-29
298:
295:
291:Mitsubishi F-2
283:HAL Tejas MK1A
255:Mikoyan MiG-35
243:Shenyang J-15B
231:Sukhoi Su-30SM
124:
123:
118:
117:Developed into
114:
113:
108:
107:Developed from
104:
103:
100:
96:
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92:
88:
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83:
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73:Multi-national
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998:. New Delhi.
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967:the original
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644:fire-control
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486:Su-47 Berkut
458:Sukhoi Su-27
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147:interceptors
138:jet fighters
129:
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99:First flight
49:respectively
35:Sukhoi Su-27
1086:"Fox Three"
1035:CorrDefense
996:India Today
524:afterburner
520:Supercruise
514:supercruise
500:Supercruise
444:engine view
380:Fly-by-wire
325:(e.g., the
317:Performance
175:fly-by-wire
155:dogfighting
1503:Categories
1489:(proposed)
976:2021-05-07
828:References
81:In service
786:HAL Tejas
746:prototype
686:uses jet
477:like the
474:corkscrew
1255:Archived
1233:Archived
1178:Archived
1143:Archived
1090:Archived
1070:"MiG-35"
1050:Archived
1028:Archived
928:Archived
904:Archived
880:Archived
860:Archived
811:See also
796:used an
794:IAI Lavi
562:Avionics
545:Avionics
539:EF T1 DA
492:and the
418:negative
414:attitude
410:positive
343:dogfight
337:and the
191:avionics
729:stealth
691:sector.
688:intakes
674:Stealth
625:device.
577:Zhuk-AE
557:cockpit
553:A USAF
371:A USAF
86:History
1475:Fourth
1463:Second
1394:
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1354:
798:S-duct
780:use a
667:MiG-31
648:MiG-29
483:Sukhoi
464:. The
390:F/A-18
331:MiG-23
289:, and
177:(FBW)
78:Status
1487:Sixth
1481:Fifth
1469:Third
1457:First
970:(PDF)
963:(PDF)
841:11ff.
788:uses
774:JF-17
663:JTIDS
582:radar
555:F-15E
239:Su-35
235:Su-34
207:radar
134:class
132:is a
102:1970s
94:1980s
1392:ISBN
1377:ISBN
1352:ISBN
682:The
656:F-16
633:and
619:IRST
596:RBE2
533:The
508:The
494:F-15
490:F-16
479:F-22
394:F-14
388:The
373:F-16
339:F-15
335:F-14
329:and
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128:The
60:Type
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