600:
653:
497:
792:
559:
852:
With the fifth generation slowly coming into service, attention turned to a replacement sixth generation. The requirements for such a fighter remain under debate. Fifth-generation abilities for battlefield survivability, air superiority and ground support are being enhanced and adapted to the future
570:
The Korean War of 1950–1953 forced a major reconsideration of aircraft design. Guns proved unsuitable at such high speeds, while the need for multirole capability in battlefield support was rediscovered. Interceptor-type aircraft emerging after the war used after-burning engines to give Mach 2
487:
Five generations are now commonly recognised, with the fifth representing the latest generation in service (as of 2018). Future types at an early stage of development are expected to have even further enhanced capabilities and have become known as a sixth generation. The rest of this article broadly
817:
had advanced to the point that a much smaller and more agile plane could now carry the necessary data systems. Sophisticated automation and human interfaces could greatly reduce crew workload. It was now possible to combine the C, fighter and ground support roles in a single, agile aircraft. Such a
670:
Following the mixed successes of the multirole generation, advanced technologies were being developed, such as fly-by-wire, composite materials, thrust-to-weight ratios greater than unity (enabling the plane to climb vertically), hypermanoeuvrability, advanced digital avionics and sensors such as
611:
Many third generation fighters were designed with the intent of having multi-role capabilities. Aircraft of this era were expected to carry a wide range of weapons and other ordnance, such as air-to-ground missiles and laser-guided bombs, while also being able to engage in air-to-air interception
821:
Parallel advances in materials, engine technology and electronics made such a machine possible. From the start of the new millennium, advanced systems concepts such as smart helmets, sensor/data fusion, and subsidiary attack drones were becoming realities. Bringing together and integrating such
853:
threat environment. Development time and cost are proving major factors in laying out practical roadmaps. Drones and other remote unmanned technologies are being increasingly deployed on the battlefields of the new millennium, and projects are underway to use them as semi-autonomous "
513:
had a lightly swept wing, but this was done principally to achieve balance, and the sweep was deliberately kept too little to have a significant aerodynamic effect.) They had little or no avionics, with their primary armament being manually-controlled guns. The
508:
The earliest jet fighters appeared during and after the last years of World War II. They were similar in most respects to their piston-engined contemporaries, having straight, effectively unswept wings and being of wood and/or light alloy construction. (The
857:." They may be integrated with sixth-generation fighter avionics, either as satellite aircraft under a sixth-generation command fighter or even replacing the pilot in an autonomous or semi-autonomous command aircraft. Studies such as the U.S.
533:
The introduction of the swept wing allowed transonic speeds to be reached, but controllability was often limited at such speeds. These aircraft were typically aimed at the air-superiority interceptor role. Notable types which took part in the
106:. It has been suggested that Lockheed Martin "labeled the F-35 a 'fifth-generation' fighter in 2005, a term it borrowed from Russia in 2004 to describe the F-22". Some accounts have subdivided the 4th generation into 4 and 4.5, or 4+ and 4++.
54:, multi-mission, and high-manoeuverability. Other schemes comprising five generations up to around the same period have since been described, although the demarcation lines between generations differ. John W.R. Taylor and John F. Guilmartin (
26:. Different authorities have identified different technology jumps as the key ones, dividing fighter development into different numbers of generations. Five generations are now widely recognised, with the development of a sixth under way.
715:
Later variants of these and other aircraft progressively enhanced their characteristic technologies and increasingly incorporated aspects of each other's, as well as adopting some emerging fifth-generation technologies such as:
1396:
615:
The advent of more economical turbofan engines brought extended range and sortie times, while increased thrust could only partly deliver better performance and manoeuvrability across the speed range. Some designers resorted to
671:
synthetic radar and infrared search-and-track, and stealth. As these appeared piecemeal, designers returned to the fighter first and foremost, but with support roles mapped out as anticipated developments. The
768:
with fifth-generation avionics, the upgrade has been classed as fully fifth generation (meeting all fifth gen requirements except stealth). Many of these types remain in frontline service as of 2023.
771:
A number of new 4.5 generation types are being developed in the 2020s, post the emergence of the true 5th generation and contemporaneous with 6th generation aircraft development, these include the
612:
beyond visual range. This generation of fighters also brought forth numerous improvements in supporting avionics, including pulse-doppler radar, off-sight targeting, and terrain-warning systems.
1146:
818:
fighter—and its pilot—would need to be able to loiter for long periods, hold its own in combat, maintain battlefield awareness and seamlessly switch roles as the situation developed.
691:
highlighted extreme manoeuvrability with, respectively, strengthened exhaust nozzles for viffing (vectoring in forward flight) and manoeuvering control at high angles of attack as in
591:
were typical of this era. Many types were soon compromised by adaptations for battlefield support roles, and some of these would persist in new variants for multiple generations.
64:
web publication divides jet development, up to 2004, into five stages; pioneer (straight wing), swept wing, transonic, the 1960s and 1970s on, culminating in types such as the
822:
advances, along with those of the fourth generation, created what has become known as the fifth generation of fighters. The first of these is generally acknowledged to be the
83:. In contrast, a preceding fourth generation filled in the gap since the F-15/16 era. This effectively condensed the previous classifications to three generations. In 2004,
699:
remained multi-role and developed a defensive/offensive sensor, avionics and weapons suite especially capable of anti-radar and anti-missile ground attack, while the
760:
These partial upgrades to 5th generation capability have led some commentators to identify intermediate generations as 4.5 or 4+ and 4++. In some cases, such as the
1360:
1228:
1113:
1031:
1307:
1248:
1481:
87:
listed one such division into five generations. Although details differ, the basic classification into five generations has since been widely adopted.
1560:
934:
599:
1224:
1381:
1017:
1443:
652:
1088:
809:
The huge advance of digital computation and mobile networking, which began in the 1990s, led to a new model of sophisticated forward C (
1009:
873:(GCAP), and Chinese development work are ongoing. Specific requirements are anticipated by some observers to crystalize around 2025.
90:
The exact criteria for the various generation steps are not universally agreed on and are subject to some controversy. For example,
79:
In the 1990s, a different division came into use in Russia, in which a "fifth generation" fighter was proposed as a counter to the
1553:
672:
69:
1173:
720:
103:
1529:
726:
684:
1127:
1049:
827:
464:
95:
813:) presence above the battlefield. Such aircraft had previously been large transport types adapted for the role, but
1634:
1546:
731:
625:
299:
238:
38:
proposed a classification of jet fighters into six generations up to that time. These may be broadly described as
1065:
392:
1424:
707:(PLA), with a different generation system, classifies most fourth-generation fighters as the third generation.
1361:"HAL Tejas, the strongest fighter plane of its generation, developed indigenously by India. - Thecompares.net"
571:
performance, while radar and infrared homing missiles greatly improved their accuracy and firepower. The U.S.
1471:
858:
939:
882:
741:
496:
65:
944:
870:
823:
796:
704:
527:
452:
169:
133:
80:
607:
was the first operational attack aircraft with vertical/short takeoff and landing (V/STOL) capabilities.
1521:
1099:
584:
576:
272:
965:
56:
1600:
665:
543:
204:
1168:
1612:
1606:
866:
847:
804:
700:
109:
The table below shows how some authors have divided up the generations, progressively since 1990.
641:
629:
604:
580:
563:
539:
303:
276:
242:
208:
73:
1397:"With the J20 stealth fighter in fully operation service, China leaps ahead in Asian arms race"
814:
776:
1013:
680:
523:
510:
501:
372:
165:
161:
8:
810:
754:
657:
588:
400:
364:
280:
1325:
1472:"The First Sixth-Generation Aircraft Ever, the B-21 Raider Is "a Bomber Like No Other""
1233:
1150:
1041:
930:
617:
550:
appeared too late for the war but was widely used and took part in several later ones.
307:
35:
1525:
1375:
1242:
1045:
780:
39:
621:
99:
47:
23:
1515:
1193:
1035:
696:
430:
332:
91:
862:
765:
761:
692:
676:
572:
519:
515:
434:
368:
791:
1628:
1164:
1069:
854:
736:
547:
442:
212:
982:
558:
835:
831:
688:
637:
633:
460:
456:
438:
396:
1538:
1308:"Did China downgrade its J-20 stealth fighter from 5th generation to 4th?"
1037:
The Modern
Defense Industry: Political, Economic, and Technological Issues
1121:
51:
22:
classify the major technology leaps in the historical development of the
1444:"China Is Working On Its Own Sixth-Generation Fighter Program: Official"
1147:"War heats up between Lockheed Martin and Boeing in bid to replace jets"
1476:
675:
introduced electronic flight control and wing-body blending, while the
535:
772:
60:) follow Hallion, except that they condense the last two into one. A
43:
747:
530:
were still working up to operational service when the war ended.
660:
was one of the first operational fourth-generation jet fighters.
624:
in an attempt to reconcile these opposites. Types such as the
61:
98:
aircraft, but this has been challenged by its competitors
94:
has applied the term "fifth generation" to its F-22 and
979:
Quest for
Performance: The Evolution of Modern Aircraft
799:
was the first operational fifth-generation jet fighter.
679:
broke new ground in aerodynamic configuration with its
928:
1270:
1030:
703:
introduced stealth as a design concept. The
Chinese
566:
was the most widely produced jet fighter in history.
750:-like, high-capacity digital network communications
522:also saw wartime service, while types such as the
1388:
1194:"Does China's J-20 rival other stealth fighters?"
985:Chapter 11, Pages 2-6. (Retrieved 3 January 2021)
1626:
1247:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1425:"China racing for 6th-gen fighter edge over US"
1513:
1223:
1169:"Is Saab's New Gripen The Future Of Fighters?"
1144:
1554:
1237:. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.
1163:
968:", britannica.com. (Retrieved 3 January 2021)
1083:
1081:
1079:
1568:
1380:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1219:
1217:
1215:
1126:. February 2010. p. 16. Archived from
1058:
1004:
1002:
1000:
1561:
1547:
1255:
1089:"Five Generations of Jet Fighter Aircraft"
988:
964:John W.R. Taylor and John F. Guilmartin; "
935:"Air Force Fighter Acquisition since 1945"
924:
922:
1288:Baker 2018, Chapter 3: Generation Rising.
1076:
753:use of composite materials to reduce the
1469:
1212:
1135:(archive date inferred from archive URL)
1024:
1008:
997:
790:
651:
598:
557:
495:
1441:
1422:
1300:
1282:
1273:
1264:
1188:
1186:
1184:
919:
912:
910:
908:
906:
904:
1627:
1588:
1394:
1358:
1279:Baker 2018, Chapter 2: Generation Gap.
504:was the first operational jet fighter.
1594:
1582:
1542:
1484:from the original on 10 December 2022
1442:Newdick, Thomas (28 September 2022).
1096:Air Power Development Centre Bulletin
16:Classification scheme of jet fighters
1181:
1174:Aviation Week & Space Technology
981:, NASA SP-468, NASA History Office,
901:
885:: U.S. 6th generation bomber project
811:command, control, and communications
1514:Jim Winchester (15 December 2011).
1423:Honrada, Gabriel (1 October 2022).
721:Active electronically scanned array
145:Air Power Development Centre (2012)
13:
1470:Mizokami, Kyle (5 December 2022).
1145:Daniel Leblanc (18 October 2013).
1114:"What is a 5th generation fighter"
727:Low-probability-of-intercept radar
14:
1646:
1395:Seidel, Jamie (20 October 2017).
732:Electro-optical targeting systems
29:
644:had varying degrees of success.
538:of 1950–1953 include the Soviet
1500:
1463:
1454:
1435:
1416:
1407:
1352:
1343:
1318:
1291:
1157:
1138:
1106:
826:. Subsequent types include the
488:follows the analysis of Baker.
269:Mach 2 air-to-air missiles only
1326:"Ask Us - Fighter Generations"
1229:"The Sixth Generation Fighter"
971:
966:Military Aircraft: The Jet Age
958:
1:
1517:Jet Fighters Inside & Out
1349:Baker 2018. Chapter 9: MiG-35
994:Winchester 2011, pages 5, 83.
889:
859:Next Generation Air Dominance
626:McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom
425:Advanced integrated avionics,
296:Multi-purpose fighter-bombers
255:
1520:. Weapons of War. New York:
1413:Baker 2018, Chapters 7 to14.
1359:admin2 (18 September 2020).
1297:Baker 2018, Chapters 4 to 6.
894:
883:Northrop Grumman B-21 Raider
7:
1072:Aviation Museum, Australia.
876:
871:Global Combat Air Programme
797:Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor
81:Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor
10:
1651:
1522:The Rosen Publishing Group
1100:Royal Australian Air Force
1066:"Five Generations of Jets"
869:(FCAS), the multinational
845:
802:
663:
585:English Electric Lightning
577:Lockheed F-104 Starfighter
1578:
1508:Fifth Generation Fighters
666:Fourth-generation fighter
647:
579:, as well as the Russian
553:
544:North American F-86 Sabre
424:
421:
416:
410:
407:
404:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
311:
287:
258:
252:
249:
222:
188:
185:
176:
867:Future Combat Air System
848:Sixth-generation fighter
841:
805:Fifth-generation fighter
786:
705:People's Liberation Army
594:
491:
134:People's Liberation Army
1635:Jet fighter generations
1571:Jet fighter generations
1460:Baker 2018, Chapter 18.
762:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-35
642:Hawker Siddeley Harrier
630:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23
605:Hawker Siddeley Harrier
540:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15
57:Encyclopedia Britannica
34:In 1990, air historian
20:Jet fighter generations
983:Updated August 6, 2004
815:information technology
800:
710:
661:
608:
567:
505:
385:Enhanced capabilities,
1014:"Fighter Generations"
794:
777:CAC/PAC JF-17 Thunder
683:. The Anglo-American
673:General Dynamics F-16
655:
602:
561:
499:
357:Supersonic multirole,
158:conventional armament
1609:(2005–current)
1032:Richard A. Bitzinger
828:Lockheed Martin F-35
824:Lockheed Martin F-22
524:de Havilland Vampire
361:high manoeuvrability
329:Supersonic multirole
233:air-to-air missiles,
199:air-to-air missiles,
1133:on 2 November 2012.
947:on 11 December 2016
764:developed from the
755:radar cross-section
658:Grumman F-14 Tomcat
589:Dassault Mirage III
401:Eurofighter Typhoon
1234:Air Force Magazine
1151:The Globe and Mail
931:Richard P. Hallion
801:
662:
609:
568:
506:
387:advanced avionics,
140:Air Force Magazine
36:Richard P. Hallion
1622:
1621:
1603:(1975–2005)
1597:(1960–1975)
1591:(1950–1960)
1585:(1942–1950)
1167:(24 March 2014).
940:Air Power Journal
781:KAI KF-21 Boramae
681:canard foreplanes
618:variable geometry
485:
484:
231:Early supersonic,
1642:
1572:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1510:, Mortons, 2018.
1494:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1404:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1379:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1356:
1350:
1347:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1330:aerospaceweb.org
1322:
1316:
1315:
1314:. 1 August 2020.
1304:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1286:
1280:
1277:
1271:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1246:
1238:
1227:(October 2009).
1221:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1190:
1179:
1178:
1161:
1155:
1154:
1142:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1118:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1093:
1085:
1074:
1073:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1012:(27 June 2004).
1006:
995:
992:
986:
975:
969:
962:
956:
955:
954:
952:
943:, archived from
926:
917:
914:
693:Pugachev's Cobra
359:high efficiency,
121:Example aircraft
112:
111:
100:Eurofighter GmbH
1650:
1649:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1618:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1532:
1503:
1498:
1497:
1487:
1485:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1440:
1436:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1401:Australian News
1393:
1389:
1373:
1372:
1365:
1363:
1357:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1332:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1306:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:Winchester 2011
1260:
1256:
1240:
1239:
1222:
1213:
1203:
1201:
1192:
1191:
1182:
1162:
1158:
1143:
1139:
1130:
1116:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1102:. January 2012.
1091:
1087:
1086:
1077:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1052:
1044:. p. 307.
1029:
1025:
1007:
998:
993:
989:
976:
972:
963:
959:
950:
948:
933:(Winter 1990),
927:
920:
915:
902:
897:
892:
879:
865:, the European
863:F/A-XX programs
850:
844:
807:
789:
713:
697:Panavia Tornado
668:
650:
622:vectored thrust
597:
556:
494:
431:Dassault Rafale
426:
389:limited stealth
388:
386:
360:
358:
333:Panavia Tornado
268:
234:
232:
200:
198:
157:
92:Lockheed Martin
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1648:
1638:
1637:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1616:
1610:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1551:
1543:
1537:
1536:
1531:978-1448859825
1530:
1511:
1502:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1462:
1453:
1434:
1415:
1406:
1387:
1351:
1342:
1317:
1299:
1290:
1281:
1272:
1263:
1254:
1225:John A. Tirpak
1211:
1180:
1156:
1137:
1105:
1075:
1057:
1050:
1034:, ed. (2009).
1023:
996:
987:
977:Steve Garber;
970:
957:
918:
899:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
887:
886:
878:
875:
846:Main article:
843:
840:
803:Main article:
788:
785:
758:
757:
751:
745:
739:
734:
729:
724:
712:
709:
701:Lockheed F-117
677:Saab 37 Viggen
664:Main article:
649:
646:
596:
593:
573:Century Series
555:
552:
520:Gloster Meteor
516:Heinkel He 162
493:
490:
483:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
449:
448:
445:
428:
423:
419:
418:
415:
412:
409:
406:
403:
390:
383:
379:
378:
375:
362:
355:
351:
350:
347:
344:
341:
338:
335:
330:
327:
323:
322:
319:
316:
313:
310:
297:
294:
290:
289:
286:
283:
270:
265:
261:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
236:
229:
225:
224:
221:
218:
215:
202:
195:
191:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
175:
172:
159:
156:High subsonic,
154:
150:
149:
146:
143:
137:
131:
125:
124:Hallion (1990)
122:
119:
116:
31:
30:Classification
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1647:
1636:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1552:
1550:
1545:
1544:
1541:
1533:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1518:
1512:
1509:
1506:David Baker;
1505:
1504:
1483:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1466:
1457:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1391:
1383:
1377:
1362:
1355:
1346:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1303:
1294:
1285:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1250:
1244:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1199:
1195:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1165:Bill Sweetman
1160:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1129:
1125:
1123:
1115:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1090:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1071:
1070:Fighter World
1067:
1061:
1053:
1051:9781567207491
1047:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1003:
1001:
991:
984:
980:
974:
967:
961:
946:
942:
941:
936:
932:
925:
923:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
900:
884:
881:
880:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
849:
839:
837:
833:
829:
825:
819:
816:
812:
806:
798:
793:
784:
782:
779:Block 3, and
778:
774:
769:
767:
763:
756:
752:
749:
746:
743:
740:
738:
737:Sensor fusion
735:
733:
730:
728:
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1018:Aerospaceweb
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938:
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836:Sukhoi Su-57
832:Chengdu J-20
820:
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1198:China Power
1122:Eurofighter
861:(NGAD) and
742:Supercruise
687:and Soviet
373:Mirage 2000
267:Supersonic,
24:jet fighter
1615:(proposed)
1488:5 December
1477:Yahoo News
1429:Asia Times
1335:20 January
951:7 February
916:Baker 2018
890:References
685:Harrier II
536:Korean War
281:Mirage III
197:Transonic,
166:DH Vampire
118:Capability
104:Boeing IDS
48:supersonic
1448:The Drive
1366:24 August
895:Citations
773:HAL Tejas
382:1990–2000
354:1974–1990
326:1970–1980
308:Mirage F1
293:1960–1970
264:1955–1970
228:1953–1960
194:1953–1955
153:1943–1950
44:transonic
1629:Category
1482:Archived
1376:cite web
1312:The Week
1243:cite web
1204:30 April
1010:Joe Yoon
877:See also
542:and the
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1042:Praeger
855:wingmen
775:MK 1A,
748:Link 16
744:ability
554:Second
427:stealth
1601:Fourth
1589:Second
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595:Third
581:MiG-21
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435:MiG-35
393:F/A-18
369:MiG-29
304:MiG-23
277:MiG-21
243:MiG-19
209:MiG-15
162:Me 262
142:(2009)
136:(2007)
130:(2004)
115:Period
72:, and
52:Mach 2
1613:Sixth
1607:Fifth
1595:Third
1583:First
1131:(PDF)
1124:World
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