861:) about 80 ft. northwest of the 1944 bunker described above, this building has now collapsed under the weight of fallen trees, and its remaining walls are shaky. The building was built in a 15 ft. deep pit, with only its observation windows likely projecting above ground level, and today (in 2010) this renders it almost invisible until a visitor is virtually on the edge of the pit. The ruins are significant for being the only remains of one of the early wood and plaster fire control buildings that were so prevalent throughout Boston's harbor defenses in the period 1905-1925.
65:
537:, but many were retained as railway mortars through World War II. The result at Fort Andrews was that Battery Cushing was reduced to four mortars and Battery Whitman was reduced to six mortars. For some reason, Pit A of Battery Whitman retained its four M1908 mortars. By the 1920s, Fort Andrews consisted of some 30 structures (see map at left), ranging from large brick barracks buildings that housed over 100 soldiers each to elegant officers' quarters and a 50-bed hospital. The fort even had a radio transmitting station, one of the Army's earliest.
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467:), meant to protect the southern approaches to Boston Harbor. The two pits of Battery Whitman at the northwest end of the fort were initially planned to be the first two pits of a four-pit (16-mortar) battery, in a so-called Abbott Quad design. With a range of 7 miles, these batteries could reach both the northern and southern channels into the harbor, interlocking with the fire of Fort Banks' mortars.
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529:. It appears these guns never left the fort, and they were remounted in 1920. As part of a forcewide re-alignment, almost half of Fort Andrews' mortars were removed in early 1918. It was determined that attempting to simultaneously reload four mortars per pit was inefficient, and that a similar rate of fire could be obtained with only two mortars per pit. Also, many 12-inch mortars were needed as
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contained 16 12-inch coast defense mortars, able to bombard the southern approaches to the harbor with projectiles weighing over 1,000 pounds (450 kg) each. Three of the mortar pits are still visible. The fourth (the most easterly of
Cushing's two pits — Pit A) has been partially filled with debris from the recent demolition of other structures at the fort.
660:)in a blockhouse constructed in 1925 on the gun platform for Gun #1 of Battery Rice, a 5-inch battery built in the early 20th century but for which the guns were never delivered. This small (13-foot square) structure housed a Barr and Stroud CRF device that, with a length of 9 ft., must have made for very cramped quarters.
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As it was, only two pits (in a north-south alignment) were built for
Battery Whitman (Whitman Pit A is the southerly one, with Pit B behind it), and two more, of a slightly different design, became Battery Cushing (built just to the east and in an east-west alignment). When fully equipped, these pits
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The remains of a 1920s era coastal searchlight emplacement can be found about 40 ft. southwest of this pillbox. The searchlight was of the type that could be lowered into a concrete pit when not in use. Both this pit and the access hatch of the pillbox are now open and heavily overgrown, making them
52:
At the height of its armament, the fort had 16 M1896 mortars as shown, in 4 pits of four mortars each. In 1910 four of these were sent to the
Philippines; these were replaced by four M1908 mortars. Later 6 mortars (2 from each of 3 pits) were removed. This photo most likely depicts Pit A of Battery
478:
In addition, the fort had two 6-inch guns of
Battery McCook (and until 1917 two 5-inch guns of Battery Rice) and two 3-inch guns of Battery Bumpus in concrete emplacements at the top of the bluff northeast of the fort, overlooking Nantasket Roads (the main channel to Quincy Bay), the shipyards
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The Boston press reported that when the mortars were test-fired in the 1920, they literally blew doors off of nearby barracks buildings and broke windows at the fort. Island residents also told of the blast from the mortar barrels igniting brush fires on the grassy slopes of the mortar pits.
525:, Virginia for an emergency battery. The 5-inch gun was withdrawn from Coast Artillery service shortly after the war, and these guns were never replaced. In August 1917, Battery McCook's two 6-inch guns were ordered dismounted for potential service on field carriages on the
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The final fire control structure is a two-bay wood and plaster building that was 40 ft. long overall, constructed in 1907, and had dual observation platforms and plotting rooms for mortar batteries
Whitman and Cushing, northwest of the parade ground. Located
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Construction dates and structure or battery details used in this article come from period documents such as
Quartermaster's records and Army Engineers Reports of Completed Works (RCWs), as reproduced from National Archives originals and distributed on DVD by the
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This was also the design that was used to build Boston's other two mortar batteries, at Fort Banks in
Winthrop, MA. For a discussion of the Abbott Quad and an inventory and discussion of all U.S. coast defense mortar batteries, see
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In 2010, most of the fort's structures were seriously dilapidated or in danger of collapse, and
Peddocks Island, normally reachable by ferry from Hull, was temporarily closed to the public. The island was reopened on 8 July 2011.
826:), this structure housed a depression position finder (DPF). Today, the structure is thickly overgrown with trees and brush, but during World War II controlled burns kept the brow of the hill clear of obstructions.
698:), about 350 ft. northwest of the battery, near the lip of the tall northern bluffs of the island, gave it a commanding view over toward Ft. Warren on Georges Island and the surrounding channels into Boston.
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After World War I, Fort
Andrews was put on caretaker status ("mothballed"), and was brought back into action again during World War II. By the 1930s the fort's mortars were superseded by the long-range guns of
495:, on Long Island, and after the demolition of almost all of Fort Strong's wooden structures in about 2005 to make way for a children's camp, Fort Andrews is the sole survivor of its type in Massachusetts.
288:. Once an active Coast Artillery post, it was manned by hundreds of soldiers and bristled with mortars and guns that controlled the southern approaches to Boston and Quincy Bay. The fort also served as a
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A few retired non-commissioned Army officers were permitted to continue to occupy quarters at the fort late into the last century, but today there is only one year-round resident on the island.
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Before the causeway to Long Island was constructed, ships could pass between Moon Island and Deer Island. These passages were protected by anti-ship and anti-submarine booms during World War II.
614:), 100 ft. high on the hill to the northeast of the parade ground, gave it a commanding view of the southern harbor channels and out to sea. This structure originally contained a vertical
549:. In 1942 the fort's massive coast defense mortars were scrapped, but its 6-inch and 3-inch guns served out the war guarding the southern approaches to Boston Harbor. The fort also served as a
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beyond, and (formerly) the southern entrance to Boston Harbor itself. The gun emplacements can still be seen, but they are seriously deteriorated and somewhat dangerous to visit.
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In 1946, Ft. Andrews was decommissioned by the Army, and in the 1970s it was purchased, along with the rest of
Peddocks Island, by the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.
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This photo, from 2010, shows how one of Andrews' mortar pits, protected by high banks, would have been virtually impossible to hit with fire from an attacking ship.
491:, including an initial seven forts in the Boston area. Fort Andrews was one of two Endicott period forts of this size in Boston Harbor, the other being
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Today, this building is surrounded by 50-foot-tall (15 m) trees and heavy brush. Up through WW2, it was totally exposed on a bare ridge line.
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On the map above, the four mortar pits are indicated by small rectangles, each with four dots(indicating the planned number of mortars) within it.
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Atop the tall hill on the west side of the parade ground were two more stations. In 1944, a single-story concrete bunker was built to house
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World War I brought further changes to Fort Andrews' armament. In February 1917 Battery Rice's two 5-inch guns were transferred to
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The oldest fire control structure at the fort is the so-called East Side fire control building, completed in 1904. Its position (
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The third fire control station on the east side, also built in 1925, was the small pillbox that housed a second
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A photo (c. 1910) of one of the large barracks buildings at the fort--possibly the one shown in the photo above.
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In its heyday, the fort's armament was impressive. Fort Andrews was the site of one of Boston Harbor's two
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In 1910 the four M1890 mortars of Battery Whitman, Pit A, were removed to provide half the armament for
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for potential service on the Western Front. None of these mortars were shipped to France before the
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This later plan for Battery Whitman enlarged the pits and kept only half of the original battery.
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1150:, a website on Fort Andrews and coast defense in New England, with extensive photo galleries.
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for Battery McCook, as well as observation instruments for the Commander of the fort and a
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Photo of an M1900 6-inch gun on pedestal mount; Battery McCook had two guns of this type.
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Peddocks Island looking southward, with the late Fort Andrews on the left, in East Head.
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for Italian prisoners during World War II, who were employed as laborers following the
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for Italian prisoners during World War II, who were employed as laborers following the
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to the Allies in 1943. Today, the fort is abandoned, and is managed by the
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795:#1 for Battery McCook. Located at a height of 128 feet above sea level (
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A 2010 image of the barracks building marked "4" in red on the 1921 map.
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World War II-era Elevation and plans for the 1904 East Side station.
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Fort Andrews was constructed in 1898-1904, one of many forts of the
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966:, by Thomas Vaughan, Version 1.0. Stoughton, MA, 27 February 2004.
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Fort Andrews' gun and mortar batteries as built were as follows:
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Analysis of Seacoast Mortar Battery Design Types (1890-1925)
667:(DPF) for Battery McCook. The position of this emplacement (
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Ft. Andrews is unusual in the number of different types of
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in Boston Harbor. It occupies the entire northeast end of
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World War II prisoner-of-war camps in the United States
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Massachusetts Department of Conservation and Recreation
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514:. In 1913 Pit A was rearmed with four M1908 mortars.
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The parade ground and the ruined Administration Bldg.
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structures it has. These were to house the evolving
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Harbor Defenses of Boston at NorthAmericanForts.com
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Harbor Defenses of Boston at NorthAmericanForts.com
1189:Former military forts, reservations, and camps in
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1053:(Third ed.). McLean, Virginia: CDSG Press.
625:A second east side fire control station was the
284:in Boston Harbor, and was originally called the
1070:The Military History of Boston's Harbor Islands
891:List of military installations in Massachusetts
783:South End of Collapsed 1907 West Side Building.
302:Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area
153:Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area
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1051:American Seacoast Defenses, A Reference Guide
1097:Seacoast Fortifications of the United States
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881:Seacoast defense in the United States
876:241st Coast Artillery (United States)
286:Peddocks Island Military Reservation
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1099:. Annapolis: Leeward Publications.
871:9th Coast Artillery (United States)
733:The East Side fire control station.
578:Coast Artillery fire control system
264:was created in 1897 as part of the
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1072:. Charleston: Arcadia Publishing.
249:A 1932 Army photo of Fort Andrews.
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629:(CRF) station that was located (
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40:Peddock's Island, Massachusetts
1359:(East Boston & Long Island)
1095:Lewis, Emanuel Raymond (1979).
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20:, Plymouth, Massachusetts, USA.
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763:Bty McCook DPF Pillbox (1925).
753:Bty Bumpus CRF station (1925).
1:
1521:(Bartlett, McGuinness, Dewey)
1049:Berhow, Mark A., ed. (2015).
939:Fort Andrews at FortWiki.com
461:12-inch coast defense mortar
381:12-inch coast defense mortar
358:12-inch coast defense mortar
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713:" plan for Battery Whitman.
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241:A 1921 map of Fort Andrews.
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463:complexes (the other was
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84:Location in Massachusetts
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33:Harbor Defenses of Boston
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1114:Silvia, Matilda (2003).
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627:coincidence range finder
53:Cushing at Fort Andrews.
16:Not to be confused with
1068:Butler, Gerald (2000).
849:42.299118°N 70.931906°W
814:42.298989°N 70.931764°W
709:This was the original "
686:42.302381°N 70.930062°W
648:42.301715°N 70.929545°W
602:42.301185°N 70.928462°W
568:Fire Control Structures
557:to the Allies in 1943.
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773:1944 Base End Station
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114:42.30167°N 70.93139°W
551:prisoner-of-war camp
290:prisoner-of-war camp
1352:Standish (Plymouth)
1118:. Hot House Press.
1116:Once Upon an Island
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1060:978-0-9748167-3-9
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1448:Sagamore Hill
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1443:Mishaum Point
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1250:Eastern Point
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1191:Massachusetts
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620:plotting room
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581:
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527:Western Front
524:
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500:Battery Geary
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346:Years active
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270:Massachusetts
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182:Built by
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95:
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19:
1428:Fourth Cliff
1408:Butler Point
1391:Reservations
1265:Independence
1214:
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1043:Bibliography
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571:
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543:Fort Ruckman
539:
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477:
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458:
337:No. of guns
327:
285:
262:Fort Andrews
261:
260:
206:World War II
198:Battles/wars
169:Site history
159:Open to
78:Fort Andrews
26:Fort Andrews
1433:Long Island
1413:Calf Island
1005:Fort Warren
852: /
817: /
689: /
651: /
605: /
547:Fort Duvall
512:Philippines
493:Fort Strong
278:Fort Warren
202:World War I
190:In use
117: /
93:Coordinates
18:Fort Andrew
1660:Categories
1530:Havedoneit
1418:East Point
1368:Washington
1292:(Merrimac)
1125:0970047657
1079:0738504645
840:70°55′55″W
837:42°17′57″N
805:70°55′54″W
802:42°17′56″N
711:Abbot Quad
677:70°55′48″W
674:42°18′09″N
639:70°55′46″W
636:42°18′06″N
593:70°55′42″W
590:42°18′04″N
523:Cape Henry
519:Fort Story
508:Corregidor
504:Fort Mills
465:Fort Banks
453:1905-1946
434:1909-1917
413:1904-1947
392:1902-1942
369:1904-1942
105:70°55′53″W
102:42°18′06″N
1635:Wellfleet
1575:Massasoit
1514:Ellsworth
1311:Pickering
1296:Old Stone
535:Armistice
340:Gun type
193:1901-1947
177:1898-1904
1640:Wightman
1630:Washburn
1600:Prescott
1595:Plymouth
1373:Winthrop
1323:(Rodman)
1240:Defiance
1205:Acushnet
1134:52108654
1088:45751673
865:See also
387:barbette
364:barbette
308:Armament
138:POW camp
136:, later
31:Part of
1620:Stanton
1590:Perkins
1570:Lincoln
1560:Ipswich
1555:Houston
1540:Hingham
1509:Edmunds
1494:Candoit
1489:Cameron
1484:Brigham
1327:Ruckman
1306:Phoenix
1290:Nichols
1270:Juniper
1225:Beverly
1215:Andrews
914:, 2010.
483:History
374:Whitman
351:Cushing
1625:Sutton
1565:Lander
1550:Hooker
1545:Hobson
1504:Dalton
1474:Andrew
1363:Warren
1357:Strong
1337:Sewall
1316:Revere
1301:Philip
1285:Miller
1255:Glover
1245:Duvall
1230:Dalton
1210:Andrew
1132:
1122:
1103:
1086:
1076:
1057:
439:Bumpus
398:McCook
1610:Scott
1580:Meigs
1525:Guild
1499:Chase
1479:Banks
1469:Adams
1462:Camps
1342:Stage
1321:Taber
1260:Heath
1235:Dawes
1220:Banks
1198:Forts
897:Notes
389:M1896
383:M1890
366:M1896
360:M1890
334:Name
174:Built
149:Owner
1645:Wool
1535:Hill
1130:OCLC
1120:ISBN
1101:ISBN
1084:OCLC
1074:ISBN
1055:ISBN
545:and
419:Rice
130:Type
1275:Lee
521:at
506:on
502:at
164:yes
1662::
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622:.
304:.
268:,
1182:e
1175:t
1168:v
1136:.
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830:(
442:2
423:2
402:2
377:8
354:8
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