1525:
1208:
1424:
198:
910:
45:
1140:
238:
219:
726:), to experiment with rough-weather training. This strategy, along with night operations and submarine warfare, was meant to compensate for Japan's smaller fleet compared to that of the United States by flying missions in weather conditions that the Americans were not trained for. However, like other Japanese units at the time, the T Attack Force suffered from a shortage of pilots, even after recruiting green fliers directly from the army. Their inexperience, compounded by carrying out missions at night, would later lead to poor performance and exaggerated kill counts during the actual battle.
970:
126:
173:
111:
825:
1714:
1797:
been largely ineffective. Many reports from night attacks were embellished by
Japanese aviators who had insufficient training and experience due to Japan's pilot shortage. The false sense of victory led Toyoda to order an all-out pursuit of the Americans, which shortly ended in another fiasco. Upon realizing the scale of the Japanese defeat suffered on 12 October alone, Vice Admiral Fukudome lamented, "Our fighters were nothing but so many eggs thrown at the stone wall of the indomitable enemy formation."
1657:, convinced him to turn a bad situation into an opportunity. Unofficially dubbed "Bait Division", the slow-moving ships and their escorts were used as a lure to draw out the Japanese fleet. Urgent radio transmissions were broadcast on open channels in the hopes of enemy interception. It appeared based on sighting reports that the plan might work: in the morning and evening, cruiser and battleship forces were reported heading south from Japan and southeast from Formosa.
1461:"Frances" bombers made contact with the group at 18:23 after eluding early radar detection by flying low over the water. Though visual contact was made and shipboard anti-aircraft fire destroyed six planes, one Frances pressed home a determined torpedo attack on the carriers. The pilot was forced off course, missing his chance to torpedo a fleet carrier; however, his torpedo struck the
1768:, blowing 20 men overboard and spreading gasoline fires in the waters around the cruiser. Initially unsure whether the ship would hold together, the captain ordered the evacuation of 300 crew members while the ship's condition was ascertained. In the end it was determined she would stay afloat. Towing continued as before, slowly moving the task group towards the
1761:, whose air groups intercepted numerous bandits. The largest strike, consisting of 75 Japanese attack and fighter planes, arrived around 13:30 hours. One twin engine plane fought through the CAP and ships' anti-aircraft batteries, surviving just long enough to put a torpedo in the water before the plane itself crashed into the sea.
1359:
large-scale radar assisted nighttime aerial torpedo attack. The results were lackluster. U.S. Navy ships made smoke for cover and engaged in radical maneuvering to keep enemies astern as
Japanese aircraft dropped flares to illuminate their targets. Eight Japanese aircraft were shot down by ships' guns during the night, and three
1780:
Surviving
Japanese pilots returned with tales of a stunning victory. It was reported that practically the whole U.S. Third Fleet had been sunk and that the American carrier force was left in shambles. Though some members of the IJN command were initially skeptical of such reports, this narrative was
1393:
and
Formosa, far fewer enemies were encountered in the air. Results of the day's strike operations were hard to ascertain due to the overcast. Pilots' reports from these two days of strikes helped uncover a larger network of air bases on Formosa than previously anticipated. This knowledge, combined
1302:
American carrier air groups had suffered minimal personnel losses with nine U.S. aircraft shot down with three pilots subsequently recovered by nearby ships or submarines. These lopsided results were in part due to a lack of experience among
Japanese pilots. IJAAS fighters stationed to the north of
1888:
For size comparison of offensive forces, consider that, for example, Fukudome reported 761 sorties flown by the whole 2nd Air Fleet against TF 38 during the week of the battle, versus 808 target sorties flown by TG 38.2 alone between 11–14 October. See below
Willmott p. 64 and
1796:
Actually, the
Formosa Air Battle represented a rout of Japanese air forces and a turning point for future naval operations. About 150 planes were lost over Formosa, with an additional 179 from carrying out attacks over water on the American surface fleet. Daylight bombing runs by the Japanese had
1548:
38.3. As before, a great many of these were shot down by combat air patrol. The surviving enemy planes flew down to the water level to evade further radar detection. These planes – torpedo bombers and fighters – successfully ambushed the formation just minutes later.
1198:
October, the four task groups of the Fast
Carrier Task Force were strung out roughly from northwest to southeast. Task Group 38.2, as the northernmost group, was assigned the northern third of Formosa. Task Group 38.3 was next in line and assigned the central portion of the island. Finally, Task
1739:
Long-range searches were conducted in the morning and afternoon by task force aircraft. It was hoped that a
Japanese surface fleet would be heading towards the broadcast location of Bait Division. Unfortunately, by the evening it was clear that enemy reconnaissance aircraft had taken stock of
1358:
attacked the task force during day time on the 12th, reportedly damaging two carriers. Hundreds more would sortie out on the 14th and 15th but fail to sight the
American fleet again. Meanwhile, the T Attack Force trained for all-weather and night operations flew south to execute Japan's first
642:(Taiwan) during the day and Japanese air attacks at night against American ships. Japanese losses exceeded 300 planes destroyed in the air, while American losses amounted to fewer than 100 aircraft destroyed and two cruisers damaged. This outcome effectively deprived the Japanese Navy's
809:(IJNAS) was still recovering from losses suffered at the Battle of the Philippine Sea in June. While units were largely reconstituted in terms of quantity by this time, pilot quality was in clear decline. Moreover, though the overall number of planes committed to battle by 12
962:
added later on. The 330 based in Formosa were able to defend immediately. About 350 were still based in Kyushu and participated in attacks against the American fleet over water. Some 690 additional planes flew in from bases in Japan and China over the next four days.
748:
Kusaka correctly saw these strikes as a precursor to U.S. troop landings, in part due to Imperial Navy intelligence collected over the previous week. Because he was still unsure exactly where enemy forces would land, he chose to execute the air component of
1669:
38.4 had to be augmented with additional fighters to intercept incoming Japanese aircraft. Approximately two dozen Japanese attack and fighter planes were shot down between 10:45–10:56 hours by a combination of CAP fighters and ships' guns. Fighters from
1394:
with radio intercepts and the dusk strikes fended off the previous evening, led Commander Task Force 38 Mitscher to cancel any strikes scheduled to take off after 14:00 hours. Instead, the task groups prepared to defend against another night assault.
741:. As a result, he was grounded far from Combined Fleet headquarters at a decisive moment. Out of position and with inadequate lines of communication, the response to such overwhelming enemy air power was left to Toyoda's Chief of Staff, Vice Admiral
1704:
claimed 30 enemy planes shot down by day's end, and other carrier fighter groups in the task group downed over a dozen more. Some close bomb hits were recorded by the carriers, but no real damage was done to any U.S. warship during these attacks.
1847:
October." Toyoda, when posed the question "What would you say was the primary cause for the lack of success in that operation?" responded, "Our weakness in air, and...the fact that our pilots under Admiral Ozawa were not sufficiently trained."
1186:
October were imminent, ground forces were placed on alert and aircraft were readied for early morning intercept. The Japanese forces on Formosa positioned their fighter planes in two groups, one covering Taihoku and the other covering Takao. In
1517:"Judy" dive bombers, using cloud cover to evade detection, was intercepted by the group's combat air patrol. Only a few Japanese planes made it past the American fighters. The surviving bombers were able to put two bombs in the vicinity of the
1660:
Meanwhile, enemy air attacks did not slack off despite severe losses suffered by the Japanese over the preceding days. Rather than waiting for nighttime raids, Japanese attack formations, escorted by A6M Zero fighters, conducted strikes on
1231:
fighters from all four groups were intercepted by enemy aircraft and moderate to intense anti-aircraft fire was universally reported. Air-to-air engagements were fiercest over northern and central Formosa, where aircraft from Rear Admiral
1785:. He congratulated the Navy and Army for their success. Newspapers in particular trumpeted these claims, repeating that the U.S. task force was broken and in retreat. Even those unconvinced members of the IJN, up to and including Admiral
957:
Approximately one-third of the airframes allocated were unavailable due to casualties and a lack of parts or trained pilots. 720 planes were placed under Fukudome's unified command when the battle began, with 100 planes from the
1502:
to safety. Some air groups encountered Japanese planes in the strike zones, but no major air-to-air combat developed. Throughout the afternoon, enemy aircraft flew to the perimeter of the task groups to relay sighting reports.
769:
and Japan. It would take these warships time to maneuver into position for a concerted attack. Rather than waiting for the arrival of the fleet for a combination of sea and air power, Kusaka ordered the air forces reserved for
1696:
Once again, TG 38.1 was subject to the most concerted Japanese attacks. No offensive strikes were launched by the group's aircraft. Instead, CAP strength was bolstered as much as possible. Fighting Squadron 14 (VF-14) aboard
706:
was land-based. The plan also broke with IJN tradition by assigning overriding importance to sinking U.S. supply vessels rather than U.S. warships. To restore morale, the Commander-in-Chief of the Combined Fleet Admiral
658:
Japanese strategic plans for a decisive battle with the U.S. fleet were already established by September 1944. Anticipating the various options open to American landing forces, the Japanese operational order, code named
789:
in total, but they were widely dispersed across the four operation regions. About one third of them were not battle-ready due to casualties and a lack of parts or trained pilots. When the fighting began, Vice Admiral
1586:
downed ten planes as they attempted to close on the carriers, but there were many more that made it to the center of the group. At least two enemy aircraft put torpedoes into the water in the vicinity of the
1855:
attacks had been proposed after the First Battle of the Philippine Sea but were rejected by Imperial Japanese Navy leaders through September 1944. Only in the immediate wake of the Formosa Air Battle, when
1591:. The ship turned hard to starboard in an attempt to avoid the first torpedo wake that was seen. Though a second torpedo missed the ship to port, the first struck the cruiser amidships between the keel and
1181:
October, radar-equipped Japanese reconnaissance aircraft sighted various task groups of the Third Fleet, giving area commanders on Formosa and in the Philippines early warning. Knowing that dawn strikes on
1342:
torpedo bombers did significant damage to military installations on Formosa, they failed to completely neutralize Japanese air power based on the island. Many surviving structures would be destroyed by
737:. Toyoda could not risk a return trip home through a concentrated enemy carrier force that now embarked more than 1,000 aircraft, especially not after previous Combined Fleet commanders had been
1295:
claimed over 50 Japanese aircraft destroyed, making the combined claims for the two groups around 100. The Japanese lost 17 of their 50 operational Formosa-based fighters, according to survivor
3272:
3251:
1812:
personnel capable of maintaining flight operations. At the same time, older carrier units like the 653rd Naval Air Group, which had just finished rebuilding after losses suffered during the
1439:
38.4 in the span of twenty minutes. A subsequent group of six Mitsubishi G4M "Betty" bombers which had penetrated the picket and evaded the CAP made determined attacks on the carriers of TG
813:
October dwarfed any force that Japan had previously fielded in the air, the U.S. Navy's Fast Carrier Force was capable of committing a much larger, significantly better-trained force.
1194:
Combat experience of U.S. carrier air groups during the battle depended to a considerable degree upon disposition of their task group and assigned strike targets. On the morning of 12
1435:
By 18:12, just before sunset, another formation of T Attack Force pilots was closing to within striking range of the task groups. Six more planes were shot down in the vicinity of TG
1907:
In Navy parlance, a bogey is a visual or radar sighting of an aircraft whose allegiance is unknown. A bandit on the other hand is an aircraft definitively identified as an enemy.
352:
1816:, were detached and similarly integrated into the 2nd Air Fleet. Over the course of the Formosa Air Battle alone the 653rd NAG lost almost half of its available aircraft.
729:
By 10 October Toyoda's tour of the front was complete. He intended to depart from Formosa for Japan that same day but was forced to change his plans when Vice Admiral
2740:
1524:
1327:
were still learning to work together and did not execute the kind of section or division flying that yielded tactical advantage. In addition, Japanese commander
1599:
list. Many of the ship's crew had gone over the side of the wallowing vessel into the water. An order to abandon ship was almost given, but it was decided that
3347:
1808:. Posted to the land-based 2nd Air Fleet, the 634th NAG experienced rapid attrition throughout the remainder of the month. By January 1945 this group had
1401:
38.1 and 38.4 found themselves under attack. Japanese formations were spotted via radar at 16:40 and intercepted by Combat Air Patrol (CAP) planes from TG
1385:
On 13 October the weather was more uncooperative than on the previous day. Even though a wider array of targets was assigned to the task groups, from the
1863:
replaced Vice Admiral Kimpei Teraoka as leader of the IJN's 1st Air Fleet, were units specifically deployed with the intent to crash-dive enemy vessels.
1743:
Though enemy ships did not materialize, Japanese air attacks continued in force throughout the morning and into the afternoon. Dedicated air cover for TG
345:
1843:
October. This was the case because of the nature and extent of the victory won by American carrier air groups in the course of their operations after 10
1498:
situation. Early morning fighter sweeps were launched to suppress air power on Luzon and Formosa while the newly formed task group attempted to escort
1468:, killing 23 of her crew and inflicting serious damage upon the cruiser. Both engine rooms flooded and damage was done to the rudder. As a result,
1839:
P. Willmott writes: "In large measure, the Japanese defeat in the Philippines had assumed substance...prior to the landing operations of 17 and 20
1308:
3458:
3443:
1296:
338:
3473:
1303:
the Philippines were still in training. The bulk of enemy fighter aircraft reported by U.S. aviators were Japanese Army types, primarily the
1207:
1331:
observed that while planes in his units caught fire almost immediately upon receiving damage, American fighters were less likely to ignite.
3324:
3302:
3187:
3162:
3137:
3112:
3090:
3068:
3046:
3024:
2999:
2977:
2955:
2930:
2908:
2886:
1443:
38.4, putting four torpedoes in the water before all six were shot down by shipboard anti-aircraft guns. One torpedo ran just ahead of the
3448:
1713:
1191:, the T Attack Force prepared for night missions while other air units planned a large formation attack against the American carriers.
1423:
846:
802:
was later added to his command. Over the next four days, an additional 690 or so planes flew in from bases in Japan and China.
183:
3453:
2841:
2820:
2799:
2778:
2726:
2653:
1227:
All four task groups completed launch of predawn fighter sweeps by around 06:00 hours. Because the Japanese were on alert,
1582:
bow before its assignment as tow boat. A large bogey appeared after sunset at 1831. Anti-aircraft batteries of the group's
362:
2748:
1521:, and one hit the forward port side gun tub without detonating on impact. No serious damage was inflicted by this attack.
1506:
Another long night at general quarters was anticipated by CTF 38. This intelligence was proved correct in short order. TGs
1693:
during the morning strikes against Luzon. They claimed at least 20 enemy planes for a loss of just one Hellcat fighter.
1813:
1397:
Elements of the T Attack Force returned as expected to carry out twilight strikes against U.S. warships. This time, TGs
922:
837:
806:
757: – the planned defense of the Philippines or Formosa, respectively – on the morning of 10
202:
177:
2862:
509:
2670:
1879:
Per Wilmott p. 59, this is the first time that an American carrier force embarked such a large number of aircraft.
1800:
In response to the American strikes on Formosa beginning 12 October, newly formed carrier units like the Japanese
3207:"U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 115: Vice Admiral Shigeru Fukudome"
1319:("Oscar") models. Even though there were some experienced Japanese naval aviators operating at this time, IJNAS
1831:. Both historians of the battle and IJN commanders have acknowledged this factor as the primary reason for the
1416:
fighters put the enemy formation to rout more than 70 miles (110 km) from the carrier force, destroying 10
612:
1740:
remaining U.S. fleet strength. No surface engagement developed from Halsey's "Lure of the Streamlined Bait".
1454:
on its way down but glanced off the flight deck and slid over the starboard edge of the ship into the water.
1144:
893:
1827:
Attack Force, there remained no real prospect of providing air cover over the Japanese fleet for the coming
3468:
1344:
1324:
1263:
699:
3323:. Series: World War II War Diaries, Other Operational Records and Histories, ca. 1/1/1942 - ca. 6/1/1946.
3301:. Series: World War II War Diaries, Other Operational Records and Histories, ca. 1/1/1942 - ca. 6/1/1946.
3186:. Series: World War II War Diaries, Other Operational Records and Histories, ca. 1/1/1942 - ca. 6/1/1946.
3161:. Series: World War II War Diaries, Other Operational Records and Histories, ca. 1/1/1942 - ca. 6/1/1946.
3136:. Series: World War II War Diaries, Other Operational Records and Histories, ca. 1/1/1942 - ca. 6/1/1946.
3111:. Series: World War II War Diaries, Other Operational Records and Histories, ca. 1/1/1942 - ca. 6/1/1946.
3089:. Series: World War II War Diaries, Other Operational Records and Histories, ca. 1/1/1942 - ca. 6/1/1946.
3067:. Series: World War II War Diaries, Other Operational Records and Histories, ca. 1/1/1942 - ca. 6/1/1946.
3045:. Series: World War II War Diaries, Other Operational Records and Histories, ca. 1/1/1942 - ca. 6/1/1946.
3023:. Series: World War II War Diaries, Other Operational Records and Histories, ca. 1/1/1942 - ca. 6/1/1946.
2998:. Series: World War II War Diaries, Other Operational Records and Histories, ca. 1/1/1942 - ca. 6/1/1946.
2976:. Series: World War II War Diaries, Other Operational Records and Histories, ca. 1/1/1942 - ca. 6/1/1946.
2954:. Series: World War II War Diaries, Other Operational Records and Histories, ca. 1/1/1942 - ca. 6/1/1946.
2929:. Series: World War II War Diaries, Other Operational Records and Histories, ca. 1/1/1942 - ca. 6/1/1946.
2907:. Series: World War II War Diaries, Other Operational Records and Histories, ca. 1/1/1942 - ca. 6/1/1946.
2885:. Series: World War II War Diaries, Other Operational Records and Histories, ca. 1/1/1942 - ca. 6/1/1946.
44:
2812:
Combined Fleet Decoded: The Secret History of American Intelligence and the Japanese Navy in World War II
469:
458:
1621:
Initially, operations orders called for the task groups to refuel on this date. Given the torpedoing of
619:), 12–16 October 1944, was a series of large-scale aerial engagements between carrier air groups of the
534:
3231:"U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey, Interrogations of Japanese Officials, Nav No. 75: Admiral Soemu Toyoda"
869:
854:
1654:
1450:, and another ran too deep and passed beneath the carrier. One of the Bettys attempted to crash into
1406:
1364:
1102:
1056:
990:(TF 38): 17 aircraft carriers (including 8 light carriers and over 1,000 aircraft), 6 battleships, 4
982:
503:
427:
223:
1641:
38.1 continued to function as escort for the group of damaged ships now nicknamed "Crippled Division
1671:
1177:
October, American forces conducted an air raid over the islands. Throughout the day and night of 11
1123:
1299:. Many of Japan's more experienced pilots were killed during the first wave of American air raid.
3438:
1898:
The sighting report of "battleships" was actually Adm. Shima's heavy cruisers. Cf. Prados p. 145.
1805:
1274:
1035:
932:
623:
464:
451:
444:
398:
393:
208:
3463:
1549:
Evasive maneuvers, squall weather, and poor fighter cover on the part of the Japanese helped TG
1335:
1093:
915:
830:
765:
was a complex plan involving multiple naval surface forces sortieing from bases as far away as
635:
631:
574:
489:
388:
275:
3206:
3230:
1801:
1249:
1156:
1109:
1086:
1019:
638:(IJA). The battle consisted of American air raids against Japanese military installations on
433:
248:
1851:
The Formosa Air Battle also proved a turning point for Japanese military tactics. Organized
1510:
38.1, 38.2, and 38.3 all suffered mass enemy air attacks between roughly 15:00–18:30 hours.
1262:
claimed almost 50 enemy aircraft shot down between them. Bogan's task group contained three
3292:
3014:
2764:
2608:
1860:
1828:
1748:
1462:
1444:
1267:
1241:
1116:
1079:
1063:
1005:
647:
564:
548:
404:
1491:
The task groups were forced to stay within enemy air range longer than anticipated due to
474:
8:
1729:
1595:. Flooding in the engine rooms and other interior spaces caused the ship to take on a 16°
1561:
1477:
1339:
1320:
1281:
1228:
1151:
1049:
738:
602:
554:
479:
242:
153:
50:
742:
144:
3352:
3127:
2689:
1755:
1650:
1600:
1042:
1012:
975:
620:
496:
484:
438:
1823:'s ships of their pilots, and losses of experienced land-based attack units like the T
1685:
38.4 planes did battle with the enemy over land as well. Air Group 13 (CAG-13) aboard
733:
Fast Carrier Task Force suddenly appeared to the north, launching strikes against the
2858:
2837:
2816:
2795:
2774:
2736:
2722:
2715:
1769:
897:
593:
420:
375:
2632:
1820:
1377:
suffered damage from friendly fire, but no damage from enemy aircraft was incurred.
3152:
1698:
1328:
1256:
1072:
1026:
876:
791:
270:
148:
2833:
The Battle for Leyte, 1944: Allied and Japanese Plans, Preparations, and Execution
2791:
Storm Over Leyte: The Philippine Invasion and the Destruction of the Japanese Navy
2693:
718:
The Japanese navy had formed a special air unit called the T Attack Force (T攻撃部隊,
3226:
3202:
2945:
2852:
2831:
2810:
2789:
2768:
2741:"Reports of General MacArthur: Japanese Operations in the Southwest Pacific Area"
1819:
Between the aforementioned carrier air group losses, which deprived Vice Admiral
1544:
At around 17:00 a large formation of enemies showed up on radar headed towards TG
1233:
959:
799:
684:
516:
412:
382:
330:
197:
172:
116:
3369:
1681:
took a glancing bomb hit during these battles, the damage proved superficial. TG
1677:
accounted for many more planes destroyed throughout the afternoon hours. Though
1790:
1360:
1316:
1312:
1304:
948:
734:
643:
569:
82:
57:
move rockets to planes while preparing for strikes on Formosa, 12 October 1944.
3432:
3177:
1690:
1637:
38.4 was reassigned strikes on Luzon to keep attacking planes at bay while TG
1139:
995:
991:
987:
886:
730:
692:
290:
285:
237:
229:
218:
157:
131:
3318:
3106:
2924:
3407:
3296:
3181:
3156:
3131:
3084:
3062:
3040:
3018:
2993:
2971:
2949:
2902:
2880:
1857:
1786:
1536:
under tow after receiving torpedo hits during the Formosa Air Battle, 12–16
1514:
1458:
1371:
708:
559:
529:
302:
36:
3388:
2609:"The Battle for Leyte Gulf, October 1944, Strategic and Tactical Analysis"
840:: over 1,200 fighters/bombers allocated for all four regions of operation
2375:
2373:
1583:
680:
32:
3020:
Comments & Aircraft Action Reports, Air Group 18, 10–21 October 1944
1592:
1476:
30.3, composed of ships detached from the carrier groups. Around 22:00
1173:
October, a Japanese patrol plane was lost to the east of Okinawa. On 10
280:
2370:
2271:
1354:
38 came from the home islands of Japan. A hundred or so aircraft from
774:
to engage the enemy at once. He reinforced this order by implementing
1646:
999:
865:
766:
646:
of air cover for future operations, which proved decisive during the
295:
3320:
Aircraft Action Reports, Air Group 19, 10 October to 6 November 1944
2951:
Action Report of Task Group 38.2, 6 October through 3 November 1944
1852:
1782:
882:
805:
Although this represented a huge number of available aircraft, the
688:
3252:"War Damage Report No. 54, U.S.S. Canberra (CA-70) Torpedo Damage"
1764:
The torpedo struck the after portion of the starboard side of the
711:
flew out to the front in early October to rally the troops behind
663:("victory"), envisioned four scenarios numbered from one to four.
316:
Formosan military installations and infrastructure heavily damaged
3273:"War Damage Report No. 53, U.S.S. Houston (CL-81) Torpedo Damage"
2639:. Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army
942:
938:
266:, plus 690 flying in from bases in Japan and China over four days
78:
1334:
Though the day's remaining carrier strikes by Hellcat fighters,
1793:, believed some kind of victory had been achieved off Formosa.
1613:
was hit, no further successes were scored by Japanese raiders.
1386:
1355:
1350:
The only effective Japanese counterattack to develop against TF
1188:
861:
850:
795:
639:
263:
1556:
Task Group 38.1 had been designated as cover for the retiring
1609:
Though attacks against TG 38.1 continued for hours after the
1390:
1199:
Groups 38.1 and 38.4 were jointly assigned southern Formosa.
3408:"United States Navy Memorial, Lost at Sea Log, USS Canberra"
875:
3rd Air Fleet: 300 land-based planes plus 100 diverted from
3389:"United States Navy Memorial, Lost at Sea Log, USS Houston"
2115:
1932:
1781:
carried forward by members of the cabinet until it reached
3270:
3249:
2379:
2277:
1665:
38.1 and 38.4 from dawn to dusk. Combat air patrol over TG
3183:
Action Report, Task Force 38; 29 August – 30 October 1944
3108:
Aircraft Action Reports, Carrier Air Group 13, 10–20 1944
3086:
USS San Jacinto, Action Report: Period 7–21 October 19444
2580:
2517:
2445:
2409:
2397:
3158:
Aircraft Action Report, Air Group 15, 10–16 October 1944
2534:
2532:
2493:
2433:
2421:
2163:
2127:
2067:
2045:
2043:
2028:
1977:
1513:
TG 38.2 was the first group attacked. A formation of 25
1363:"Betty" bombers were claimed by night fighters from the
3064:
Aircraft Action Report, Air Group 8, 10–22 October 1944
2505:
2457:
2358:
2247:
1967:
2904:
USS Houston (CL-81), Report of Action, 16 October 1944
2556:
2334:
2300:
2298:
2199:
2139:
2103:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1553:
38.3 escape without suffering any significant damage.
1472:
had to be taken in tow as part of a new task group, TG
2717:
Japanese Naval Aces and Fighter Units in World War II
2544:
2529:
2481:
2310:
2283:
2055:
2040:
1994:
1992:
1920:
1649:
or protect the damaged cruisers, advisers to Admiral
1420:
fighters and bombers before returning to their ship.
3370:"Navy Department Communiques, CINCPAC, October 1944"
2882:
USS Houston, War Diary for the Month of October 1944
2671:"First Japanese Night Radar-Assisted Bombing Attack"
2469:
2385:
2346:
2322:
2259:
2235:
2223:
2211:
2091:
2079:
2016:
1483:
began towing the crippled cruiser to the southeast.
3298:
Action Report of Task Group 38.3, Battle of Formosa
3133:
Action Report of Task Group 38.1, 2–29 October 1944
2973:
Action Report of Task Group 38.4, 7–21 October 1944
2926:
Aircraft Action Reports, CAG-14, 10–26 October 1944
2568:
2295:
2175:
2151:
2004:
1944:
2714:
2187:
1989:
1804:(NAG) were detached from their ships in the IJN's
794:had approximately 700 planes ready in Formosa and
360:
3430:
3042:Action Report for October 1944, USS Independence
1431:38.3 during the Formosa Air Battle, October 1944
2854:The Battle of Leyte Gulf: The Last Fleet Action
122:
1724:s starboard quarter during the afternoon of 16
1347:during the later days of the battle, however.
935:based in Manila, Philippines: about 200 planes
630:38) and Japanese land-based air forces of the
2654:"Strategic Aspects of the Battle Off Formosa"
1728:October 1944 while the ship was under tow by
1717:Japanese aerial torpedo explodes against USS
925:: approximately 600 planes allocated for all
346:
3325:National Archives and Records Administration
3303:National Archives and Records Administration
3188:National Archives and Records Administration
3163:National Archives and Records Administration
3138:National Archives and Records Administration
3113:National Archives and Records Administration
3091:National Archives and Records Administration
3069:National Archives and Records Administration
3047:National Archives and Records Administration
3025:National Archives and Records Administration
3000:National Archives and Records Administration
2978:National Archives and Records Administration
2956:National Archives and Records Administration
2931:National Archives and Records Administration
2909:National Archives and Records Administration
2887:National Archives and Records Administration
16:Part of the Pacific Theater of World War II
3151:
2169:
2121:
702:, the core of its air power for operation
353:
339:
2735:
2658:United States Naval Institute Proceedings
1938:
1606:would tow the damaged cruiser back east.
1219:Hellcat during the Formosa Air Battle, 12
3176:
3082:
2900:
2878:
2850:
2651:
2562:
2511:
2499:
2415:
2364:
2289:
2034:
1971:
1926:
1712:
1689:encountered a large group of enemies at
1633:38.2 and 38.3 departed for refueling. TG
1575:, which had been positioned to port off
1523:
1422:
1206:
900:: fewer than 100 planes, for emergencies
889:: fewer than 100 planes, for emergencies
3316:
3291:
3225:
3201:
2969:
2763:
2668:
2574:
2427:
2340:
2316:
2253:
2241:
2229:
2205:
2157:
2133:
2097:
2049:
1998:
785:Over 1,800 aircraft were allocated for
107:
3431:
3126:
2922:
2808:
2787:
2688:
2633:"Leyte: The Return to the Philippines"
2630:
2586:
2538:
2523:
2475:
2463:
2451:
2403:
2391:
2352:
2328:
2265:
2217:
2061:
2022:
1983:
1645:1". Faced with the decision to either
1323:fighter units reconstituted after the
679:were meant to defend respectively the
3459:Naval aviation operations and battles
3444:Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II
3104:
3060:
3013:
2944:
2606:
2439:
2304:
2181:
2145:
2109:
2085:
2073:
334:
3038:
2991:
2829:
2745:U.S. Army Center of Military History
2712:
2600:
2550:
2487:
2193:
2010:
1747:30.3 was provided by light carriers
722:), the "T" short for "typhoon" (台風,
3271:Preliminary Design Section (1947).
3250:Preliminary Design Section (1946).
13:
3449:Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
3277:Naval History and Heritage Command
3256:Naval History and Heritage Command
2872:
1814:First Battle of the Philippine Sea
923:Imperial Japanese Army Air Service
838:Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
816:
807:Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
14:
3485:
3339:
2995:War History, Fighting Squadron 29
951:training forces: about 200 planes
698:Due to Japan's losses during the
321:1 heavy cruiser seriously damaged
3474:Philippines campaign (1944–1945)
2773:. University of Illinois Press.
1138:
968:
908:
823:
262:330 aircraft in Formosa, 350 in
236:
217:
196:
171:
124:
109:
43:
2770:Leyte, June 1944 – January 1945
2380:Preliminary Design Section 1947
2278:Preliminary Design Section 1946
1901:
1892:
1882:
1427:B6N torpedo bomber attacking TG
364:Philippines campaign (1944–45)
1873:
1457:TG 38.1 was not as lucky. Ten
739:lost during aerial engagements
616:
1:
3317:Winters, Theodore H. (1944).
3083:Kernodle, Michael H. (1944).
2901:Behrens, William H. (1944b).
2879:Behrens, William W. (1944a).
2595:
1708:
1616:
1486:
1380:
1202:
1145:United States Army Air Forces
687:, the Japanese homeland, and
653:
3454:United States naval aviation
2857:. Indiana University Press.
2794:. Penguin Publishing Group.
1866:
1775:
1653:, the commander of the U.S.
1325:Battle of the Philippine Sea
798:. 100 or so aircraft in the
778:in full on the morning of 12
700:Battle of the Philippine Sea
7:
1101:Task Group 38.4 (TG 38.4):
1071:Task Group 38.3 (TG 38.3):
1034:Task Group 38.2 (TG 38.2):
1004:Task Group 38.1 (TG 38.1):
945:and Takao: about 200 planes
10:
3490:
3348:"Formosa Air Battle Rages"
2970:Davison, Ralph E. (1944).
2652:Fukudome, Shigeru (1952).
2631:Cannon, M. Hamlin (1993).
1266:carriers –
3237:. Naval Analysis Division
3213:. Naval Analysis Division
2836:. Naval Institute Press.
2815:. Naval Institute Press.
2721:. Naval Institute Press.
1248:38.3 operated. Sherman's
1164:
597:
372:
308:
256:
163:
138:
101:
61:
42:
30:
25:
3061:Greer, Marshall (1944).
3039:Ewen, Edward C. (1944).
2694:"Admiral Halsey's Story"
1914:
1215:(CV-16) launching an F6F
892:13th Air Fleet based in
881:12th Air Fleet based in
609:Battle of the Taiwan Sea
510:Cotabato and Maguindanao
323:2 light cruisers damaged
3279:. Naval Bureau of Ships
3258:. Naval Bureau of Ships
2851:Willmott, H.P. (2005).
2607:Bates, Richard (1953).
1806:Fourth Carrier Division
872:: 510 land-based planes
860:2nd Air Fleet based in
857:: 350 land-based planes
624:Fast Carrier Task Force
299:~1,000 carrier aircraft
2713:Hata, Ikuhiko (1989).
1736:
1541:
1432:
1336:Curtiss SB2C Helldiver
1240:38.2 and Rear Admiral
1224:
916:Imperial Japanese Army
831:Imperial Japanese Navy
636:Imperial Japanese Army
632:Imperial Japanese Navy
575:Action of 24 July 1945
139:Commanders and leaders
3293:Sherman, Frederick C.
2923:Blitch, J.D. (1944).
2809:Prados, John (1995).
2788:Prados, John (2016).
2765:Morison, Samuel Eliot
2669:Hackett, Bob (2016).
1802:634th Naval Air Group
1716:
1527:
1426:
1309:Allied reporting name
1210:
1157:58th Bombardment Wing
309:Casualties and losses
249:58th Bombardment Wing
3235:Hyper War Foundation
3211:Hyper War Foundation
3105:Kibbe, R.L. (1944).
2830:Vego, Milan (2013).
2637:Hyper War Foundation
2616:Hyper War Foundation
1889:Mitscher p. 30.
1829:Battle of Leyte Gulf
1242:Frederick C. Sherman
648:Battle of Leyte Gulf
565:South China Sea raid
3469:October 1944 events
3128:McCain, John S. Sr.
2992:Eder, W.E. (1944).
2618:. Naval War College
2589:, pp. 620–623.
2526:, pp. 147–148.
2454:, pp. 120–122.
2442:, pp. 113–114.
2406:, pp. 207–208.
2076:, pp. 289–292.
1986:, pp. 125–127.
1941:, pp. 321–322.
1629:, however, only TGs
1412:an hour later. The
1340:Grumman TBF Avenger
1321:Mitsubishi A6M Zero
1229:Grumman F6F Hellcat
1152:Twentieth Air Force
325:1 destroyer damaged
243:Twentieth Air Force
154:William Halsey, Jr.
69:October 12–16, 1944
3356:. October 16, 1944
3353:The Stanford Daily
2737:MacArthur, Douglas
1835:plan's failure. H.
1737:
1651:William Halsey Jr.
1542:
1433:
1338:dive bombers, and
1225:
976:United States Navy
650:later in October.
621:United States Navy
590:Formosa Air Battle
26:Formosa Air Battle
3178:Mitscher, Marc A.
3153:McCampbell, David
3015:Ellis, William E.
2843:978-1-61251-171-9
2822:978-1-55750-431-9
2801:978-0-698-18576-0
2780:978-0-252-07063-1
2728:978-0-87021-315-1
2675:Combinedfleet.com
2601:Secondary Sources
2553:, pp. 77–85.
2490:, pp. 46–47.
2466:, pp. 16–17.
2430:, pp. 11–12.
2418:, pp. 15–16.
2148:, pp. 58–60.
2136:, pp. 32–35.
2124:, pp. 38–40.
2112:, pp. 90–92.
2037:, pp. 62–65.
1770:Naval Base Ulithi
898:Dutch East Indies
877:carrier divisions
606:
583:
582:
470:Villa Verde Trail
329:
328:
97:
96:
3481:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3412:US Navy Memorial
3403:
3401:
3399:
3393:US Navy Memorial
3384:
3382:
3380:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3227:Ofstie, Ralph A.
3222:
3220:
3218:
3203:Ofstie, Ralph A.
3198:
3196:
3194:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3010:
3008:
3006:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2946:Bogan, Gerald F.
2941:
2939:
2937:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2868:
2847:
2826:
2805:
2784:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2747:. Archived from
2732:
2720:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2698:Internet Archive
2685:
2683:
2681:
2665:
2648:
2646:
2644:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2613:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2502:, pp. 9–11.
2497:
2491:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2257:
2256:, pp. 9–10.
2251:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2149:
2143:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2047:
2038:
2032:
2026:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1996:
1987:
1981:
1975:
1969:
1942:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1908:
1905:
1899:
1896:
1890:
1886:
1880:
1877:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1826:
1783:Emperor Hirohito
1746:
1727:
1723:
1684:
1668:
1664:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1598:
1581:
1571:38.1 to replace
1570:
1560:group. At 16:15
1552:
1547:
1539:
1509:
1497:
1475:
1442:
1438:
1430:
1419:
1404:
1400:
1353:
1329:Shigeru Fukudome
1247:
1239:
1222:
1218:
1197:
1185:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1143:
1142:
974:
972:
971:
914:
912:
911:
829:
827:
826:
812:
792:Shigeru Fukudome
781:
760:
743:Ryūnosuke Kusaka
629:
618:
601:
599:
524:Naval operations
367:
365:
355:
348:
341:
332:
331:
314:321–525 aircraft
241:
240:
222:
221:
203:Army Air Service
201:
200:
178:Navy Air Service
176:
175:
149:Shigeru Fukudome
145:Ryūnosuke Kusaka
134:
130:
128:
127:
119:
115:
113:
112:
63:
62:
47:
23:
22:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3429:
3428:
3425:
3416:
3414:
3406:
3397:
3395:
3387:
3378:
3376:
3368:
3359:
3357:
3346:
3342:
3329:
3327:
3307:
3305:
3282:
3280:
3261:
3259:
3240:
3238:
3216:
3214:
3192:
3190:
3167:
3165:
3142:
3140:
3117:
3115:
3095:
3093:
3073:
3071:
3051:
3049:
3029:
3027:
3004:
3002:
2982:
2980:
2960:
2958:
2935:
2933:
2913:
2911:
2891:
2889:
2875:
2873:Primary Sources
2865:
2844:
2823:
2802:
2781:
2754:
2752:
2729:
2703:
2701:
2690:Halsey, William
2679:
2677:
2642:
2640:
2621:
2619:
2611:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2585:
2581:
2573:
2569:
2561:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2537:
2530:
2522:
2518:
2514:, pp. 2–3.
2510:
2506:
2498:
2494:
2486:
2482:
2474:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2450:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2426:
2422:
2414:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2390:
2386:
2378:
2371:
2367:, pp. 6–7.
2363:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2343:, pp. 7–8.
2339:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2315:
2311:
2303:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2276:
2272:
2264:
2260:
2252:
2248:
2240:
2236:
2228:
2224:
2216:
2212:
2208:, pp. 5–6.
2204:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2170:McCampbell 1944
2168:
2164:
2156:
2152:
2144:
2140:
2132:
2128:
2122:McCampbell 1944
2120:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2048:
2041:
2033:
2029:
2021:
2017:
2013:, p. CXIV.
2009:
2005:
1997:
1990:
1982:
1978:
1970:
1945:
1937:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1887:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1869:
1861:Takijirō Ōnishi
1844:
1840:
1836:
1824:
1778:
1744:
1725:
1721:
1711:
1682:
1666:
1662:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1619:
1596:
1579:
1568:
1550:
1545:
1537:
1507:
1495:
1489:
1473:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1417:
1402:
1398:
1383:
1351:
1245:
1237:
1234:Gerald F. Bogan
1220:
1216:
1205:
1195:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1137:
969:
967:
960:Seto Inland Sea
909:
907:
824:
822:
819:
817:Order of battle
810:
800:Seto Inland Sea
779:
758:
731:Marc Mitscher's
656:
627:
586:
585:
584:
579:
570:Raid on Taihoku
368:
363:
361:
359:
324:
322:
320:
315:
300:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
235:
216:
195:
170:
156:
147:
125:
123:
110:
108:
85:
48:
33:Pacific Theater
17:
12:
11:
5:
3487:
3477:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3439:Philippine Sea
3424:
3423:
3404:
3385:
3366:
3343:
3341:
3340:External links
3338:
3337:
3336:
3314:
3289:
3268:
3247:
3223:
3199:
3174:
3149:
3124:
3102:
3080:
3058:
3036:
3011:
2989:
2967:
2942:
2920:
2898:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2863:
2848:
2842:
2827:
2821:
2806:
2800:
2785:
2779:
2761:
2751:on May 2, 2017
2733:
2727:
2710:
2686:
2666:
2649:
2628:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2591:
2579:
2567:
2555:
2543:
2541:, p. 136.
2528:
2516:
2504:
2492:
2480:
2468:
2456:
2444:
2432:
2420:
2408:
2396:
2384:
2369:
2357:
2345:
2333:
2321:
2309:
2294:
2282:
2270:
2258:
2246:
2234:
2222:
2210:
2198:
2186:
2174:
2162:
2150:
2138:
2126:
2114:
2102:
2090:
2088:, p. 100.
2078:
2066:
2064:, p. 128.
2054:
2039:
2027:
2025:, p. 120.
2015:
2003:
1988:
1976:
1943:
1939:MacArthur 1994
1931:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1900:
1891:
1881:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1821:Jisaburō Ozawa
1791:Combined Fleet
1777:
1774:
1710:
1707:
1618:
1615:
1488:
1485:
1382:
1379:
1361:Mitsubishi G4M
1317:Nakajima Ki-43
1313:Kawasaki Ki-61
1305:Nakajima Ki-44
1204:
1201:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1148:
1147:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1099:
1069:
1032:
996:light cruisers
992:heavy cruisers
979:
978:
955:
954:
953:
952:
946:
941:Army based in
936:
919:
918:
904:
903:
902:
901:
890:
879:
873:
858:
834:
833:
818:
815:
735:Ryukyu Islands
720:T Kōgeki Butai
683:, Formosa and
655:
652:
644:Combined Fleet
581:
580:
578:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
545:
540:
532:
521:
520:
513:
506:
493:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
455:
448:
441:
436:
431:
424:
409:
408:
401:
396:
391:
386:
373:
370:
369:
358:
357:
350:
343:
335:
327:
326:
317:
311:
310:
306:
305:
291:light cruisers
286:heavy cruisers
276:light carriers
271:fleet carriers
267:
259:
258:
254:
253:
252:
251:
233:
232:
213:
212:
211:
193:
192:
189:
186:
166:
165:
164:Units involved
161:
160:
151:
141:
140:
136:
135:
120:
104:
103:
99:
98:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
83:Philippine Sea
77:
75:
71:
70:
67:
59:
58:
40:
39:
28:
27:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3486:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3464:1944 in Japan
3462:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3442:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3427:
3417:September 15,
3413:
3409:
3405:
3398:September 15,
3394:
3390:
3386:
3379:September 13,
3375:
3371:
3367:
3360:September 12,
3355:
3354:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3315:
3304:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3290:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3257:
3253:
3248:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3212:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3189:
3185:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3164:
3160:
3159:
3154:
3150:
3139:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3125:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3103:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3081:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3059:
3048:
3044:
3043:
3037:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3012:
3001:
2997:
2996:
2990:
2979:
2975:
2974:
2968:
2957:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2943:
2932:
2928:
2927:
2921:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2899:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2877:
2876:
2866:
2864:0-253-00351-2
2860:
2856:
2855:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2835:
2834:
2828:
2824:
2818:
2814:
2813:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2793:
2792:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2762:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2724:
2719:
2718:
2711:
2700:. McGraw-Hill
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2680:September 12,
2676:
2672:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2617:
2610:
2605:
2604:
2588:
2583:
2576:
2571:
2565:, p. 62.
2564:
2563:Willmott 2005
2559:
2552:
2547:
2540:
2535:
2533:
2525:
2520:
2513:
2512:Behrens 1944b
2508:
2501:
2500:Behrens 1944a
2496:
2489:
2484:
2478:, p. 43.
2477:
2472:
2465:
2460:
2453:
2448:
2441:
2436:
2429:
2424:
2417:
2416:Kernodle 1944
2412:
2405:
2400:
2394:, p. 17.
2393:
2388:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2366:
2365:Behrens 1944a
2361:
2355:, p. 16.
2354:
2349:
2342:
2337:
2331:, p. 15.
2330:
2325:
2319:, p. 10.
2318:
2313:
2307:, p. 11.
2306:
2301:
2299:
2291:
2290:Mitscher 1944
2286:
2279:
2274:
2268:, p. 14.
2267:
2262:
2255:
2250:
2244:, pp. 9.
2243:
2238:
2231:
2226:
2220:, p. 13.
2219:
2214:
2207:
2202:
2196:, p. 22.
2195:
2190:
2184:, p. 10.
2183:
2178:
2172:, p. 43.
2171:
2166:
2159:
2154:
2147:
2142:
2135:
2130:
2123:
2118:
2111:
2106:
2099:
2094:
2087:
2082:
2075:
2070:
2063:
2058:
2052:, p. 68.
2051:
2046:
2044:
2036:
2035:Willmott 2005
2031:
2024:
2019:
2012:
2007:
2000:
1995:
1993:
1985:
1980:
1973:
1972:Fukudome 1952
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1948:
1940:
1935:
1929:, p. 47.
1928:
1927:Willmott 2005
1923:
1919:
1904:
1895:
1885:
1876:
1872:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1834:
1830:
1822:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1741:
1734:
1733:
1720:
1715:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1694:
1692:
1691:Nielson Field
1688:
1680:
1676:
1675:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1628:
1624:
1614:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1565:
1559:
1554:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1504:
1501:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1471:
1467:
1466:
1460:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1448:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1362:
1357:
1348:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1315:("Tony") and
1314:
1310:
1306:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1243:
1235:
1230:
1214:
1209:
1200:
1192:
1190:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1098:
1097:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1068:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1030:
1024:
1023:
1017:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1003:
1002:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
988:Task Force 38
986:
985:
984:
981:
980:
977:
966:
965:
964:
961:
950:
947:
944:
940:
937:
934:
931:
930:
928:
924:
921:
920:
917:
906:
905:
899:
895:
891:
888:
887:Kuril Islands
884:
880:
878:
874:
871:
867:
863:
859:
856:
852:
848:
847:1st Air Fleet
845:
844:
843:
839:
836:
835:
832:
821:
820:
814:
808:
803:
801:
797:
793:
788:
783:
777:
773:
768:
764:
756:
752:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
727:
725:
721:
716:
714:
710:
705:
701:
696:
694:
693:Kuril Islands
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
651:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
625:
622:
614:
610:
604:
595:
591:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
550:
546:
544:
541:
539:
537:
533:
531:
528:
527:
526:
525:
519:
518:
514:
512:
511:
507:
505:
502:
501:
500:
499:
498:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
460:
456:
454:
453:
449:
447:
446:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
429:
428:Lingayen Gulf
425:
423:
422:
418:
417:
416:
415:
414:
407:
406:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
384:
380:
379:
378:
377:
371:
366:
356:
351:
349:
344:
342:
337:
336:
333:
318:
313:
312:
307:
304:
303:heavy bombers
297:
292:
287:
282:
277:
272:
268:
265:
261:
260:
255:
250:
247:
246:
245:
244:
239:
231:
230:Task Force 38
228:
227:
226:
225:
220:
214:
210:
207:
206:
205:
204:
199:
191:3rd Air Fleet
190:
188:2nd Air Fleet
187:
185:
184:1st Air Fleet
182:
181:
180:
179:
174:
168:
167:
162:
159:
158:Marc Mitscher
155:
152:
150:
146:
143:
142:
137:
133:
132:United States
121:
118:
106:
105:
100:
92:
89:
88:
84:
80:
76:
73:
72:
68:
65:
64:
60:
56:
54:
46:
41:
38:
34:
29:
24:
19:
3426:
3415:. Retrieved
3411:
3396:. Retrieved
3392:
3377:. Retrieved
3373:
3358:. Retrieved
3351:
3328:. Retrieved
3319:
3306:. Retrieved
3297:
3281:. Retrieved
3276:
3260:. Retrieved
3255:
3239:. Retrieved
3234:
3215:. Retrieved
3210:
3191:. Retrieved
3182:
3166:. Retrieved
3157:
3141:. Retrieved
3132:
3116:. Retrieved
3107:
3094:. Retrieved
3085:
3072:. Retrieved
3063:
3050:. Retrieved
3041:
3028:. Retrieved
3019:
3003:. Retrieved
2994:
2981:. Retrieved
2972:
2959:. Retrieved
2950:
2934:. Retrieved
2925:
2912:. Retrieved
2903:
2890:. Retrieved
2881:
2853:
2832:
2811:
2790:
2769:
2753:. Retrieved
2749:the original
2744:
2716:
2702:. Retrieved
2697:
2678:. Retrieved
2674:
2661:
2657:
2641:. Retrieved
2636:
2620:. Retrieved
2615:
2582:
2575:Ofstie 1945b
2570:
2558:
2546:
2519:
2507:
2495:
2483:
2471:
2459:
2447:
2435:
2428:Davison 1944
2423:
2411:
2399:
2387:
2360:
2348:
2341:Sherman 1944
2336:
2324:
2317:Davison 1944
2312:
2292:, p. 3.
2285:
2273:
2261:
2254:Davison 1944
2249:
2242:Davison 1944
2237:
2232:, p. 6.
2230:Sherman 1944
2225:
2213:
2206:Sherman 1944
2201:
2189:
2177:
2165:
2158:Ofstie 1945a
2153:
2141:
2134:Winters 1944
2129:
2117:
2105:
2100:, p. 3.
2098:Sherman 1944
2093:
2081:
2069:
2057:
2050:Morison 2002
2030:
2018:
2006:
1999:Hackett 2016
1979:
1934:
1922:
1903:
1894:
1884:
1875:
1858:Vice Admiral
1850:
1832:
1818:
1809:
1799:
1795:
1787:Soemu Toyoda
1779:
1765:
1763:
1757:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1718:
1700:
1695:
1686:
1678:
1673:
1659:
1626:
1622:
1620:
1610:
1608:
1602:
1588:
1584:picket ships
1576:
1572:
1563:
1557:
1555:
1543:
1540:October 1944
1533:
1529:
1518:
1515:Yokosuka D4Y
1512:
1505:
1499:
1492:
1490:
1479:
1469:
1464:
1459:Yokosuka P1Y
1456:
1451:
1446:
1434:
1414:Belleau Wood
1413:
1409:Belleau Wood
1408:
1396:
1389:to northern
1384:
1373:
1367:Independence
1366:
1349:
1333:
1301:
1297:Kazuo Odachi
1292:
1288:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1258:
1251:
1226:
1223:October 1944
1212:
1193:
1168:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1105:Belleau Wood
1104:
1095:
1088:
1081:
1074:
1065:
1059:Independence
1058:
1051:
1048:(detached),
1044:
1037:
1028:
1021:
1014:
1007:
956:
933:4th Air Army
926:
841:
804:
786:
784:
775:
771:
762:
754:
750:
747:
728:
723:
719:
717:
712:
709:Soemu Toyoda
703:
697:
676:
672:
668:
665:Sho-1 (Ichi)
664:
660:
657:
608:
589:
587:
560:Convoy Hi-81
547:
542:
536:Shin'yō Maru
535:
530:Convoy Hi-71
523:
522:
515:
508:
495:
494:
490:Bessang Pass
457:
450:
443:
426:
419:
411:
410:
403:
381:
374:
234:
215:
209:4th Air Army
194:
169:
102:Belligerents
52:
37:World War II
31:Part of the
18:
2587:Prados 1995
2539:Prados 2016
2524:Prados 2016
2476:Cannon 1993
2464:McCain 1944
2452:Blitch 1944
2404:Halsey 1947
2392:McCain 1944
2353:McCain 1944
2329:McCain 1944
2266:McCain 1944
2218:McCain 1944
2062:Prados 2016
2023:Prados 2016
1984:Prados 2016
1674:San Jacinto
1293:Bunker Hill
1277:Bunker Hill
1264:Essex-class
1126:San Jacinto
1038:Bunker Hill
983:Third Fleet
855:Philippines
681:Philippines
434:Kirang Pass
319:89 aircraft
281:battleships
224:Third Fleet
49:Crewmen on
3433:Categories
2664:(21): 598.
2596:References
2440:Kibbe 1944
2305:Bogan 1944
2182:Bogan 1944
2146:Ellis 1944
2110:Greer 1944
2086:Bates 1953
2074:Bates 1953
1709:16 October
1617:15 October
1593:armor belt
1487:14 October
1387:Pescadores
1381:13 October
1345:B-29 raids
1203:12 October
1112:Enterprise
1000:destroyers
654:Background
634:(IJN) and
549:Leyte Gulf
459:Corregidor
439:Cabanatuan
296:destroyers
93:US Victory
3229:(1945b).
3205:(1945a).
2551:Hata 1989
2488:Eder 1944
2194:Ewen 1944
2011:Vego 2013
1867:Footnotes
1776:Aftermath
1756:USS
1749:USS
1699:USS
1672:USS
1655:3rd Fleet
1601:USS
1567:joined TG
1562:USS
1478:USS
1463:USS
1445:USS
1407:USS
1374:Pritchett
1372:USS
1365:USS
1311:"Tojo"),
1282:USS
1275:USS
1268:USS
1257:USS
1252:Lexington
1250:USS
1213:Lexington
1110:USS
1096:Princeton
1089:Lexington
849:based in
782:October.
767:Singapore
761:October.
691:plus the
555:Ormoc Bay
475:Los Baños
405:Cebu City
3374:HyperWar
3295:(1944).
3217:June 30,
3180:(1944).
3155:(1944).
3130:(1944).
3017:(1944).
2948:(1944).
2767:(2002).
2755:June 13,
2739:(1994).
2692:(1947).
2622:June 27,
1853:kamikaze
1687:Franklin
1679:Franklin
1627:Canberra
1558:Canberra
1532:and USS
1530:Canberra
1500:Canberra
1493:Canberra
1470:Canberra
1465:Canberra
1452:Franklin
1447:Franklin
1289:Intrepid
1270:Intrepid
1119:Franklin
1066:Intrepid
1022:Monterey
949:Homeland
929:regions
896:and the
885:and the
883:Hokkaido
689:Hokkaido
594:Japanese
538:incident
504:Bukidnon
497:Mindanao
485:Wawa Dam
257:Strength
74:Location
3330:May 13,
3308:May 13,
3283:July 3,
3262:July 2,
3241:July 4,
3193:May 13,
3168:May 13,
3143:May 12,
3118:May 13,
3096:May 13,
3074:May 13,
3052:May 13,
3030:May 13,
3005:May 12,
2983:May 13,
2961:May 13,
2936:May 13,
2914:May 13,
2892:May 12,
2704:July 3,
2643:July 3,
1789:of the
1766:Houston
1751:Cowpens
1719:Houston
1647:scuttle
1623:Houston
1611:Houston
1589:Houston
1573:Wichita
1564:Houston
1534:Houston
1519:Hancock
1480:Wichita
1405:38.4's
1284:Hancock
1082:Langley
1052:Hancock
1008:Cowpens
943:Taihoku
939:Formosa
685:Okinawa
677:4 (Yon)
673:3 (San)
640:Formosa
613:Chinese
611:',
605:
543:Formosa
480:Palawan
421:Mindoro
376:Visayas
79:Formosa
55:(CV-19)
53:Hancock
2861:
2840:
2819:
2798:
2777:
2725:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1825:
1745:
1732:Pawnee
1726:
1683:
1667:
1663:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1603:Boston
1597:
1580:'s
1569:
1551:
1546:
1538:
1508:
1496:'s
1474:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1418:
1403:
1399:
1356:Kyushu
1352:
1246:
1238:
1221:
1217:
1196:
1189:Kyushu
1184:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1165:Battle
1015:Hornet
973:
913:
870:Taiwan
862:Kyushu
851:Manila
828:
811:
796:Kyushu
780:
759:
675:, and
669:2 (Ni)
628:
615::
598:台湾沖航空戦
465:Baguio
452:Manila
445:Bataan
399:Negros
394:Simara
264:Kyushu
129:
114:
90:Result
2612:(PDF)
1915:Notes
1758:Cabot
1722:'
1391:Luzon
1259:Essex
1244:'s TG
1236:'s TG
1075:Essex
1045:Cabot
998:, 57
994:, 11
894:Malay
866:Takao
776:Sho-2
755:Sho-2
751:Sho-1
724:taifū
607:'
517:Davao
413:Luzon
389:Panay
383:Leyte
301:~130
117:Japan
3419:2017
3400:2017
3381:2017
3362:2017
3332:2020
3310:2020
3285:2017
3264:2017
3243:2017
3219:2017
3195:2020
3170:2020
3145:2020
3120:2020
3098:2020
3076:2020
3054:2020
3032:2020
3007:2020
2985:2020
2963:2020
2938:2020
2916:2020
2894:2020
2859:ISBN
2838:ISBN
2817:ISBN
2796:ISBN
2775:ISBN
2757:2017
2723:ISBN
2706:2017
2682:2017
2645:2017
2624:2017
1754:and
1730:USS
1701:Wasp
1625:and
1577:Wasp
1528:USS
1291:and
1280:and
1255:and
1211:USS
1169:On 9
1124:USS
1117:USS
1103:USS
1094:USS
1087:USS
1080:USS
1073:USS
1064:USS
1057:USS
1050:USS
1043:USS
1036:USS
1029:Wasp
1027:USS
1020:USS
1013:USS
1006:USS
864:and
617:臺灣空戰
603:lit.
588:The
66:Date
51:USS
1833:Sho
1661:TGs
927:Sho
842:Sho
787:Sho
772:Sho
763:Sho
753:or
713:Sho
704:Sho
661:Sho
626:(TF
294:57
289:11
35:of
3435::
3410:.
3391:.
3372:.
3350:.
3275:.
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