20:
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exacerbated by the collapse of the Somali government, leading to of hundreds of thousands refugees and returnees cross the border because of the Somali Civil War. Ethiopian foreign policy increasingly directed toward the threatening of "Islamic fundamentalism". In
December 2000, Meles told to an interview "What concerns us first and last is what the government and the different parties and organisations do inside Ethiopia. Some of the extremist organisations did not limit their activities inside Somalia and went to destabilise Ethiopia.” In the interview, published in the Arabic
121:. In late 2008, the Ethiopian Border Commission (EEBC) without delimitation of the border in November 2007, the United Nations Missions in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) terminated its mandate in 2008, and Eritrea seized the Temporary Security Zone. Ethiopia remained in control of EEBC's demarcation border in the Eritrean territory side advancing through Badme, which resulted mass mobilization and high concentration of troops in the area.
990:
413:
climate change and develop their economies using clean technology. From the proposal, Meles deal of 50 billion dollar a year for poor countries by 2015 and 100 billion dollars by 2020, is far less than many developing nations had been calling for, but is roughly in line with a proposal in June by the UK
400:
Under his leadership, Ethiopia developed a comprehensive
Climate Resilient and Green Economy (CRGE) Strategy, which has the goal of transforming the country into carbon-neutral middle income country by 2025. Meles initiated UNEP's Billion Tree Campaign, planting total of 1.7 billion trees since early
179:
project inaugurated on 2 April 2011, expecting to produce 15,000 megawatts of power within 10 years, spending 12 billion dollars of strategy to improve power generating capabilities. Meles told at press conference "We are planning to carry out a number of important projects, including a major project
299:
The EPRDF found it difficult to establish itself in the Somali Region, which remained unstable area in the country. By introducing ethnic nationalism, the central government of
Ethiopia found itself struggling to establish "obidient" Somali party. On other side, the Ogaden National Liberation Front
167:
objected as a breach of the 1929 treaty. In the same month, Meles told to
Egyptian delegation that he would freeze consideration of the colonial era treaty, which gives 90% of Nile water to both countries. In November 2010, Meles said in an interview "Egypt could not win a war with Ethiopia over the
105:
which finalize the war and created a pair of binding judicial commissions, the
Eritrea–Ethiopia Border Commission and the Eritrean–Ethiopian Claims Commissions, to oversee the disputed border and related claims. While Ethiopia rejected demarcation of border, Eritrea wanted to demarcate in accordance
322:
The
Transitional Federal Government (TFG) sought to reestablish authority in cooperation with Ethiopian troops, African Union peacekeeper and air support by the United States to drive out the rival ICU and solidify the rule. Thus, resulted the eventual ICU's split and formation of several factions
412:
On 31 August 2009, Meles was appointed Chair of the
African Heads of State and Government on Climate Change (CAHOSCC). The head of the African groups of nations at the UN climate change conference in Copenhagen has adapted financial deal that able the rich countries to pay poor states to conserve
352:
of destabilizing the region and the
Sudanese army was incapable of engaging in a large-scale conflict with its neighbors. On 12 June 1996, Meles said to Sudanese government "despite its worsening relations with the Islamic government in Sudan, Ethiopia will not allow its territory to be used by
307:
Although Somali population is relatively small consisted of around 3.5 million, the Somali Region encompasses the larger portion of the area, bordered by
Somalia and frequently under control of armed opposition groups like Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) and ONLF. The Somali Region problem was
196:. He claimed that GERD could bring agreement about equitable use of the Nile as the project reduce evaporation, regulate water flow, and provide cheap energy to downstream countries. Meles assured that "the benefits that will accrue from the dam will by no means be restricted to Ethiopia."
364:
visited
Ethiopia accompanied by high-ranking government officials and received by Ethiopian President Negasso Gidada on discussion of bilateral and regional issues of common interests. The discussion said to be cordial and characterized the historical bond relationship.
225:
and later Meles in Addis Ababa to discuss for bilateral and regional relations. During his state visit, Guelleh signed accords covering the use of Port of Djibouti by landlocked Ethiopia, as well as on trade, customs, investment and transport. Guelleh also headed to
184:." Egypt worried the dam would affect water levels in river shared by a number of countries, which preferred negotiations with Ethiopia. In September 2011, Meles visited Egypt to discuss the sharing of water from the Nile river with head of ruling military council,
440:
on May 16, criticized the irregularities of the 23 May election. Among other things, it charged the ruling party use of state resources for campaign, in significant number of polling stations, final vote counts were different from those recorded by observers.
117:(OLF) to undermine Ethiopia's influence in the disputed region. This has been marked by Eritrean training and finance provision to the armed militias. The UN Monitoring Group on Somalia reported an embargo in Eritrea, along with Ethiopia and other states, on
74:, Meles helped Eritrea to secede with referendum resulted in 99.83% in favor, with a 98.5% turnout. The independence was declared on 27 April 1993. This was the first time of Eritrea since War on Independence in 1961. On 28 May, Eritrea was admitted to the
287:
By early phase, Somali militias wanted to use Meles as broker for peace talks and considered him revolutionary leader in the "new generation" of African leaders. Thus, in 1992, Ethiopia gained international praise for bring Somali factions together in
237:
Similarly, on 2 June 2001, Meles met with President Guelleh in Nairobi to discuss the issues, which has been said "fruitful". Ethiopian radio quoted Guelleh speech that the agreement strengthen "the brotherly relations" between the two countries.
168:
River Nile and is also supporting rebel groups in an attempt to destabilize the Horn of Africa nation." Egypt called it a "national security" issue. Meles claimed that Egypt supported rebel groups in Ethiopia and Egyptian President
388:
Meles played frontal role in engaging with UN's climate change policy since 2009, and his role as chair of the meeting of the Committee of African Heads of State and Government on Climate Change. He was known for voicing
106:
with the commission. Since then, there was elevated tensions with border conflict and stalemate what is described "war footing" and "no-war-no-peace" with absence of foreign and domestic policy domination.
312:-based ‘Al-Hayat’ newspaper, Meles said of the situation in Somalia: “What worries us is the presence of well-trained terrorists, and that is enough to destabilise the security and stability of Ethiopia."
327:, regrouped to continue the insurgency against TFG and Ethiopian military presence in Somalia. Ethiopia was accused of backing rival Somali warlords in order to keep the country weak. In October 2011, a
348:
had worsened following assassination attempt of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak in Addis Ababa in June 1995, where Meles alleged that Sudan plotted the assassination. In April 1996, Meles accused
436:
report on the election, calling it "trash". He described the EU Election Observer Mission report as "useless trash that deserves to be thrown in the garbage". The final EU report, released in
315:
By the time of new Somali government was elected during Djibouti hosted peace talks in August 2000, Ethiopia firmly committed to certain Somali leaders and territories. In 2006, the
376:
on details of their split and largely used as neutral broker in their relations. This was aggravated after his death in 2012. In September 2011, Meles dismissed an allegation in
292:
for peace talks. By 1993, many of these factions claimed that Ethiopia was forcibly use for pursuing its own agenda. The new government has increasingly influenced by
809:
1312:
261:
918:
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were reconstructed after the Eritrean–Ethiopian War that left Ethiopia without accessing direct sea basin. Today, Ethiopia has 90% imports arrived from
85:. By 1980s and 1990s, TPLF gained weighted power in military but were its varied ideology gradually defected from EPLF by 1985. In 1998, the disputed
304:
believed comprises about 50% of Muslim and 50% Christian, although the Ethiopian officials told to IRIN the ratio was 60% Christian to 40% Muslim.
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67:
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71:
63:
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319:(ICU) virtually controlled the whole of southern Somalia and successfully united Mogadishu and imposed Shari'a law.
1108:
110:
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41:
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19:
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90:
34:
810:"Ethiopian Prime Minister Zenawi's recent visit to Egypt receives mixed reviews - Politics - Egypt"
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began against Al-Shabaab in southern Somalia, with Ethiopian military joining the following month.
102:
185:
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114:
1022:
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218:
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territory between these two countries boundary aggravated the relations and culminated in the
1262:"Copenhagen: Head of African bloc calls on poorer nations to compromise over climate funding"
136:
976:"Stabilization and Common Identity: Reflections on the Islamic Courts Union and Al-Itihaad"
328:
316:
269:
255:
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Sudanese rebels." He denied the Sudan's allegation of the main anti-Khartoum rebel groups
8:
511:"The Tigray and Eritrean Peoples Liberation Fronts: A History of Tensions and Pragmatism"
82:
81:
The relationship between EPLF and TPLF fluctuated in some degree, especially during the
1133:
1065:
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875:
666:
658:
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collapsed in the same year. According to former senior Somali government official told
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860:"ETHIO-DJIBOUTIAN RELATIONS IN THE 21ST CENTURY – TOWARDS NEW AFRICAN COOPERATION"
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and 95% of Djiboutian regional exports. On 1 November 1999, Djiboutian President
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361:
277:
222:
75:
636:
621:"The Ethiopia-Eritrea Conflict and the Search for Peace in the Horn of Africa"
526:
458:
16:
Overview of foreign affairs dominated by Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi
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231:
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1038:"After Westgate: opportunities and challenges in the war against Al-Shabaab"
992:
Somalia Business Law Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Basic Laws
417:
189:
37:
23:
894:"Horn of Africa: The Monthly Review (Oct-Nov 1999) - Djibouti | ReliefWeb"
280:"in a villa behind Tawfiq Hotel, north Mogadishu, and were handled by the
595:
Service for Life: State Repression and Indefinite Conscription in Eritrea
373:
289:
1069:
1037:
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300:(ONLF) turmoil the regional independence, while Islamic extremist group
1109:"Ethiopian leader rules out bases for Sudan rebels - Sudan | ReliefWeb"
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quoting Meles' desire to topple the Sudanese President al-Bashir.
156:
118:
98:
59:
1182:"Ethiopia PM denies calling for Sudan president Bashir's ouster"
1237:"UNEP Pays Tribute to Meles Zenawi, Prime Minister of Ethiopia"
1084:"Ethiopia warns Sudan over "hostile moves" - Sudan | ReliefWeb"
761:"Ethiopia's Nile dam was Meles' endeavor, not Haile Selassie's"
685:"Ethiopia Freezes Nile Water Treaty in Sign of Thaw With Egypt"
565:"Ethiopia-Eritrea border: Landmark summit aims to end conflict"
309:
152:
144:
109:
Eritrea tends to support Ethiopian opposition groups like the
406:
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135:
In May 2010, Ethiopia with five African countries signed the
86:
181:
1158:"Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi Dies after Illness"
1291:
30:
The following events detail foreign affairs dominated by
1207:"Climate change will hit Africa hardest | Meles Zenawi"
296:, which by this time had political link with Somalia.
234:, being the first African leader to visit the mosque.
93:, which killed ten thousand people. In December 2000,
1134:"ETHIOPIA-SUDAN: Joint communique [19991122]"
591:
834:"The Egypt–Ethiopian Nile Conflict: A Dam(n) Shame"
735:"Ethiopia to build hydropower dam along Nile river"
423:
397:through intergovernmental processes and dialogue.
785:"Meles to hold talks with Egypt rulers over Nile"
262:Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front
1304:
230:for talks with Tigrayan authorities and visited
1287:"Meles Clashes with EU about Elections Report"
393:and clear example of his legacy in advocating
1313:History of the foreign relations of Ethiopia
420:, and an offer agreed by the EU in October.
401:2007. Ethiopia was the third largest behind
276:while he was leader in 1980s, together with
592:Watch (Organization), Human Rights (2009).
488:. Cambridge University Press. p. 128.
360:On 18–19 November 1999, Sudanese President
323:with some have radical elements, including
26:at World Economic Forum Annual Meeting 2012
644:
485:Secession: International Law Perspectives
70:(EPLF) to overthrow the Derg. During the
1035:
919:"Leaders speak of "brotherly relations""
838:Northeastern University Political Review
18:
710:"Ethiopian PM warns Egypt off Nile war"
357:(SPLA) were operating inside Ethiopia.
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515:The Journal of Modern African Studies
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368:Meles worked in negotiation between
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625:Review of African Political Economy
329:coordinated multinational operation
264:(EPRDF) came to power in 1991, the
13:
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68:Eritrean People's Liberation Front
14:
1359:
582:
383:
1348:2010s in international relations
1343:2000s in international relations
1338:1990s in international relations
1162:United States Institute of Peace
482:Kohen, Marcelo G. (2006-03-30).
111:Ogaden National Liberation Front
64:Tigray People's Liberation Front
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211:Ethiopia and Djibouti relations
177:Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam
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355:Sudan People's Liberation Army
1:
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221:met with Ethiopian President
1318:Foreign policy by government
7:
463:africanelections.tripod.com
206:Ethiopia–Djibouti relations
199:
10:
1364:
1036:WILLIAMS, PAUL D. (2014).
759:Nyssen, Jan (2022-03-18).
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248:Ethiopia–Somalia relations
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172:dismissed the allegation.
128:
62:were in good terms as the
54:Ethiopia–Eritrea relations
51:
47:
646:10.1080/03056240903068053
637:10.1080/03056240903068053
527:10.1017/S0022278X00055221
282:National Security Service
44:until his death in 2012.
951:"An uneasy relationship"
619:Lyons, Terrence (2009).
391:climate change in Africa
378:leaked diplomatic cables
346:Sudan–Ethiopia relations
341:Ethiopia–Sudan relations
334:
131:Ethiopia–Egypt relations
124:
1054:10.1111/1468-2346.12147
858:MORMUL, Joanna (2016).
72:Transitional Government
989:Inc, IBP (June 2015).
598:. Human Rights Watch.
459:"Elections in Eritrea"
115:Oromo Liberation Front
91:Eritrean–Ethiopian War
27:
1186:The Africa Report.com
1042:International Affairs
789:The Africa Report.com
430:2005 general election
192:and Foreign Minister
137:Nile Basin Initiative
58:Meles relations with
22:
1138:www.africa.upenn.edu
955:The New Humanitarian
923:The New Humanitarian
509:Young, John (1996).
432:, Meles slammed the
317:Islamic Courts Union
256:Insurgency in Ogaden
219:Ismail Omar Guelleh
83:Ethiopian Civil War
1021:has generic name (
66:(TPLF) helped the
28:
1333:2010s in Ethiopia
1328:2000s in Ethiopia
1323:1990s in Ethiopia
1295:. 11 August 2022.
1002:978-1-5145-0191-7
978:. 10 August 2022.
605:978-1-56432-472-6
495:978-1-139-45069-0
272:, Meles lived in
266:Somali government
194:Mohamed Kamel Amr
188:, Prime Minister
103:Algiers Agreement
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1090:. 24 April 1996
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900:. December 1999
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1115:. 12 June 1996
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1048:(4): 907–923.
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415:Prime Minister
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384:Climate change
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362:Omar al-Bashir
339:Main article:
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278:Isaias Afwerki
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223:Negasso Gidada
204:Main article:
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1270:. Retrieved
1268:. 2009-12-16
1266:the Guardian
1265:
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1245:. Retrieved
1243:. 2017-10-04
1240:
1215:. Retrieved
1213:. 2009-11-28
1211:the Guardian
1210:
1201:
1190:. Retrieved
1188:. 2011-09-16
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1165:. Retrieved
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1141:. Retrieved
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1117:. Retrieved
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1092:. Retrieved
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995:. Lulu.com.
991:
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959:. Retrieved
957:. 2001-01-02
954:
927:. Retrieved
925:. 2001-06-05
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913:
902:. Retrieved
897:
888:
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