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from water sources. Flocculation provides promising results for removing fine particles and treating stormwater runoff from transportation construction projects, but are not used by most state departments of transportation in the U.S. This may be due to regulative restrictions or insufficient guidance for soil sampling requirements in light of changing soil characteristics. States that must achieve a numeric turbidity limit are more inclined to use flocculants, to ensure the appropriate level of treatment.
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87:
300:, flocculation describes clustering of individual dispersed droplets together, whereby the individual droplets do not lose their identity. Flocculation is thus the initial step leading to further ageing of the emulsion (droplet coalescence and the ultimate separation of the phases). Flocculation is used in mineral dressing, but can be also used in the design of physical properties of food and pharmaceutical products.
141:
and flocculation are important processes in fermentation and water treatment with coagulation aimed to destabilize and aggregate particles through chemical interactions between the coagulant and colloids, and flocculation to sediment the destabilized particles by causing their aggregation into floc.
543:
stands out for its exceptional properties, making it a top contender in this environmentally-conscious endeavor. Chitosan is not only biodegradable but also exhibits a unique ability to bind with a wide range of contaminants, including heavy metals and organic pollutants, effectively removing them
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The process by which the dosage and choice of flocculant are selected is called a jar test. The equipment used for jar testing consists of one or more beakers, each equipped with a paddle mixer. After the addition of flocculants, rapid mixing takes place, followed by slow mixing and later the
94:
376:
can increase the average particle size making microfiltration more efficient. When flocculants are not added, cakes form and accumulate causing low cell viability. Positively charged flocculants work better than negatively charged ones since the cells are generally negatively charged.
236:
During flocculation, gentle mixing accelerates the rate of particle collision, and the destabilized particles are further aggregated and enmeshed into larger precipitates. Flocculation is affected by several parameters, including mixing shear and intensity, time and
91:
165:
Basically, coagulation is a process of addition of coagulant to destabilize a stabilized charged particle. Meanwhile, flocculation is a technique that promotes agglomeration and assists in the settling of particles. The most common used coagulant is
130:
in that, prior to flocculation, colloids are merely suspended, under the form of a stable dispersion (where the internal phase (solid) is dispersed throughout the external phase (fluid) through mechanical agitation) and are not truly dissolved in
476:
during the production of beer where cells form macroscopic flocs. These flocs cause the yeast to sediment or rise to the top of a fermentation at the end of the fermentation. Subsequently, the yeast can be collected (cropped) from the top
590:
particles can be dispersed. The additive that prevents the colloids from forming flocs is called a deflocculant. For deflocculation imparted through electrostatic barriers, the efficacy of a deflocculant can be gauged in terms of
64:
Process of contact and adhesion whereby dispersed molecules or particles are held together by weak physical interactions ultimately leading to phase separation by the formation of precipitates of larger than colloidal size.
283:
from the liquid. Flocculation behavior of soil colloids is closely related to freshwater quality. High dispersibility of soil colloids not only directly causes turbidity of the surrounding water but it also induces
727:
Slomkowski, Stanislaw; Alemán, José V.; Gilbert, Robert G.; Hess, Michael; Horie, Kazuyuki; Jones, Richard G.; Kubisa, Przemyslaw; Meisel, Ingrid; Mormann, Werner; Penczek, Stanisław; Stepto, Robert F. T. (2011).
539:, granular filtration and disinfection. As the demand for eco-friendly solutions in the flocculation process continues to grow, biopolymers are emerging as a highly promising solution. Among these,
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is partially determined by the calcium concentration, often in the 50-100ppm range. Calcium salts can be added to cause flocculation, or the process can be reversed by removing calcium by adding
90:
350:, flocculation occurs after mechanical agitation ceases and the dispersed clay platelets spontaneously form flocs because of attractions between negative face charges and positive edge charges.
1125:
Rivas, Javier; Prazeres, Ana R.; Carvalho, Fatima; Beltrán, Fernando (2010-07-14). "Treatment of Cheese Whey
Wastewater: Combined Coagulation−Flocculation and Aerobic Biodegradation".
907:
Investigation of laws of selective flocculation of coals with synthetic latexes / P. V. Sergeev, V. S. Biletskyy // ICCS’97. 7–12 September 1997, Essen, Germany. V. 1. pp. 503–506.
599:
a state or condition of a dispersion of a solid in a liquid in which each solid particle remains independent and unassociated with adjacent particles (much like
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definition, flocculation is "a process of contact and adhesion whereby the particles of a dispersion form larger-size clusters". Flocculation is synonymous with
1251:
Lamanna, Leonardo; Giacoia, Gabriele; Friuli, Marco; Leone, Gabriella; Carlucci, Nicola; Russo, Fabrizio; Sannino, Alessandro; Demitri, Christian (2023-06-13).
73:
The definition proposed here is recommended for distinguishing agglomeration from aggregation. The particles that comprise agglomerates can be dispersed again.
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38:
535:, storm-water treatment and treatment of industrial wastewater streams. Typical treatment processes consist of grates, coagulation, flocculation,
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Han, Binbing; Akeprathumchai, S.; Wickramasinghe, S. R.; Qian, X. (2003-07-01). "Flocculation of biological cells: Experiment vs. theory".
77:
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Richard G. Jones; Edward S. Wilks; W. Val
Metanomski; Jaroslav Kahovec; Michael Hess; Robert Stepto; Tatsuki Kitayama, eds. (2009).
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1365:"State-of-the-Practice Review on the Use of Flocculants for Construction Stormwater Management in the United States"
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the calcium ions. While it appears similar to sedimentation in colloidal dispersions, the mechanisms are different.
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404:. During the renneting of milk the micelles can approach one another and flocculate, a process that involves
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730:"Terminology of polymers and polymerization processes in dispersed systems (IUPAC Recommendations 2011)"
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are caused to clump together into a floc. The floc may then float to the top of the liquid (creaming),
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651: – Theoretical model for aggregation and stability of aqueous dispersions (stability of colloids)
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John C. Crittenden, R. Rhodes
Trussell, David W. Hand, Kerry J. Howe, George Tchobanoglous (2012),
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due to the adsorption of nutritional substances in rivers and lakes and even boats under the sea.
241:. The product of the mixing intensity and mixing time is used to describe flocculation processes.
1543:
788:
Compendium of
Polymer Terminology and Nomenclature (IUPAC Recommendations 2008) "The Purple Book"
639: – Geological process in which sediments, soil and rocks are added to a landform or landmass
159:
919:"Clustering of oil droplets in o/w emulsions: Controlling cluster size and interaction strength"
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In the brewing industry flocculation has a different meaning. It is a very important process in
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to improve the efficiency of biological feeds. The addition of synthetic flocculants to the
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968:"Rapid plasma reagin test: High false positivity or important marker of high risk behavior"
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to sediment in the form of floc or flake, either spontaneously or due to the addition of a
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Process by which colloidal particles come out of suspension to precipitate as floc or flake
1253:"Oil–Water Emulsion Flocculation through Chitosan Desolubilization Driven by pH Variation"
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Operational
Control of Coagulation and Filtration Processes (M37): AWWA Manual of Practice
8:
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sedimentation process. Samples can then be taken from the aqueous phase in each beaker.
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48:: Reversible formation of aggregates in which the particles are not in physical contact.
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Adamson A.W. and Gast A.P. (1997) "Physical
Chemistry of Surfaces", John Wiley and Sons.
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312:, flocculation is the core principle used in various diagnostic tests, for example the
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Deflocculation can be a problem in wastewater treatment plants as it commonly causes
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Pal, Preeti; Pal, Anjali; Nakashima, Kazunori; Yadav, Brijesh Kumar (2021-03-01).
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80:(Compendium of Polymer Terminology and Nomenclature: IUPAC Recommendations, 2008).
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Fuhrmann, Philipp L.; Sala, Guido; Stieger, Markus; Scholten, Elke (2019-08-01).
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fermentation) of the fermenter in order to be reused for the next fermentation.
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Deflocculation is the exact opposite of flocculation, also sometimes known as
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Jin, Y-L.; Speers, R.A.. (1999). "Flocculation in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae".
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making to determine how long the curds must set. The reaction involving the
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4x speed video of floc settling after adding flocculant polymers during a
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Arora, Satyam; Doda, Veena; Rani, Sunita; Kotwal, Urvershi (2015).
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603:). A deflocculated suspension shows zero or very low yield value".
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In contrast to aggregation, agglomeration is a reversible process.
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Coagulation-flocculation process in a water treatment system
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MWH's water treatment: principles and design, third edition
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Flocculation is widely employed to measure the progress of
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Flocculation and sedimentation are widely employed in the
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705: – extraction or expulsion of a liquid from a gel
30:"Flocculent" redirects here. For the galaxy type, see
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Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1389:Gooch, Jan W., ed. (2007-01-01). "Deflocculation".
1226:"Water Treatment Process Monitoring and Evaluation"
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495:to form insoluble calcium phosphate, adding excess
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267:, flocculation refers to the process by which fine
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878:. American Water Works Association. 2011-06-01.
582:of solutions and domination of monovalent metal
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415:. Three different coagulants are mainly used:
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499:to form insoluble calcium sulfate, or adding
1427:Particles in water: properties and processes
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843:Encyclopedia of Surface and Colloid Science
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610:settling problems and deterioration of the
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338:, flocculation is a condition in which
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1104:(3rd ed.). Elsevier. p. 72.
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1391:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers
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1224:Beverly, Richard P (2014-04-17).
691:Smoluchowski coagulation equation
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368:applications in conjunction with
360:Yeast flocculation § Process
46:Flocculation (in polymer science)
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790:(2nd ed.). RSC Publishing.
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189:The chemical reaction involved:
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923:Food Research International
846:. CRC Press. p. 4230.
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1777:Aqueous two-phase system
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1100:Fox, Patrick F. (2004).
1071:Fox, Patrick F. (1999).
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751:10.1351/PAC-REC-10-06-03
364:Flocculation is used in
32:Flocculent spiral galaxy
1674:API oil–water separator
1544:Dissolved air flotation
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511:Water treatment process
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114:is a process by which
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1754:Sublimation apparatus
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1519:Cross-flow filtration
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1375:(7) – via Sage.
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402:Smoluchowski kinetics
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1709:Fractionating column
1504:Acid–base extraction
1485:Separation processes
673:Particle aggregation
637:Deposition (geology)
413:wastewater treatment
1529:Cyclonic separation
1326:2021Chmsp.26628934P
1263:(23): 20708–20713.
1039:2003AIChE..49.1687H
314:rapid plasma reagin
304:Medical diagnostics
108:colloidal chemistry
1829:Chemical processes
1589:Gravity separation
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468:Yeast flocculation
455:iron(III) chloride
310:medical laboratory
292:Physical chemistry
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1624:Recrystallization
1604:Electroextraction
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1408:978-0-387-31021-3
1180:"Water Knowledge"
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1133:(13): 7871–7877.
1111:978-0-12-263653-0
1086:978-0-8342-1378-4
853:978-0-8247-0759-0
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745:(12): 2229–2259.
667:Lamella clarifier
661:Isoelectric point
444:aluminium sulfate
332:civil engineering
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265:colloid chemistry
259:Surface chemistry
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1689:Depth filter
1579:Flocculation
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1549:Distillation
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770:. Retrieved
763:the original
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525:purification
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474:fermentation
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269:particulates
262:
254:Applications
248:
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209:O → 2 Al(OH)
188:
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112:flocculation
111:
105:
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52:
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1679:Belt filter
1644:Sublimation
1534:Decantation
1314:Chemosphere
1236:October 14,
1184:Bru'n Water
929:: 537–547.
649:DLVO theory
625:Algaculture
560:peptization
554:Peptization
160:coalescence
139:Coagulation
1824:Metallurgy
1818:Categories
1768:Multiphase
1699:Evaporator
1684:Centrifuge
1574:Filtration
1569:Extraction
1509:Adsorption
1499:Absorption
1320:: 128934.
978:(1): 109.
859:2007-11-13
772:2013-07-27
714:References
601:emulsifier
406:hydrolysis
374:bioreactor
358:See also:
319:See also:
216:+ 6 H + 3
120:suspension
41:definition
18:Flocculent
1782:Azeotrope
1492:Processes
1342:0045-6535
1277:2470-1343
1257:ACS Omega
1157:0021-8561
1055:1547-5905
994:0973-6247
945:0963-9969
614:quality.
588:colloidal
493:phosphate
344:structure
298:emulsions
116:colloidal
1839:Sewerage
1796:Concepts
1787:Eutectic
1739:Scrubber
1714:Leachate
1594:Leaching
1539:Dialysis
1350:33246700
1295:37332801
1286:10268613
1165:20557068
1012:25722593
953:31229109
759:96812603
685:Seawater
618:See also
612:effluent
541:chitosan
398:micelles
348:slurries
281:filtered
245:Jar test
133:solution
100:jar test
1770:systems
1667:Devices
1614:Osmosis
1322:Bibcode
1035:Bibcode
1003:4339923
584:cations
505:chelate
497:sulfate
462:Brewing
354:Biology
1554:Drying
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608:sludge
395:rennet
391:cheese
316:test.
273:settle
205:· 14 H
1749:Still
811:IUPAC
766:(PDF)
755:S2CID
733:(PDF)
483:lager
340:clays
308:In a
228:+ 8 H
152:IUPAC
39:IUPAC
1445:ISBN
1431:ISBN
1403:ISBN
1373:2675
1346:PMID
1338:ISSN
1291:PMID
1273:ISSN
1238:2015
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792:ISBN
586:the
501:EDTA
449:FeCl
419:FeSO
387:curd
296:For
182:·14H
170:, Al
168:alum
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