Flag on Prospect Hill debate

1268:

represented) had passed from Philadelphia to Cambridge among principals of the American war effort". It was a stage in the American Revolution amid escalating British violence "with ships and stores seized, forts captured, and cities burned". DeLear argues that "notions of nationhood were clearly maturing in this exact time and space" and notes the earliest surviving documentary evidence of the term "United States of America" was written at Washington's headquarters just after the New Year's Day flag raising ceremony. DeLear notes that the latest example provided by Ansoff of the American revolutionaries still identifying with the British Union Flag is the diary entry of the British officer based in Boston dated 1 May 1775, after the battles of Lexington and Concord, but "before the bloody escalation at Bunker Hill". Along with Washington being commissioned as the army commander in chief, these were "two developments that necessitated heightened levels of military discipline, seriousness, and formality". DeLear compares the "relatively

1455:, 24 October 1774 edition, it was reported that intelligence had been received from Taunton "that on Friday last a Liberty Pole 112 Feet long was raised there, on which is a Vane, and a Union Flag flying, with the Words LIBERTY and UNION thereon..." Ansoff disputes the traditional rendering of the Taunton flag as a defaced British red ensign. He notes that the newspaper description simply refers to it as a "union flag" and that the word "and" not being capitalised suggests it was not featured on the original Taunton flag. Ansoff states that it "seems reasonable" the Taunton flag followed a similar pattern to the British Union Flag in a well-known engraving of the battle of Lexington where the horizontal arm of the Saint George's cross bears the word "Liberty". 1048:(1776) says the Americans, so great was their rage and indignation, burnt the speech and "charged their colors from a plain red ground, which they had hitherto used, to a flag with thirteen stripes, as a symbol of the number and union of the colonies". Lieut. Carter, however, is still a better authority for the device on the union flag. He was on Charlestown Heights, and says, January 26: "The king's speech was sent by a flag to them on the 1st instant. In a short time after they received it, they hoisted a union flag (above a continental with thirteen stripes) at Mount Pisgah; their citadel fired thirteen guns, and gave the like number of cheers." This union flag also was hoisted at Philadelphia in February, when the American fleet sailed under Admiral 46: 974:

if there was a flag hoisted beneath the British Union Flag, it may have been "one of the signal flags that were commonly flown on Prospect Hill". Amid the salutes and cheers, Carter may have assumed it was designed to represent the colonies. Washington may have "failed to mention it as it was not pertinent to the point he was making to Reed". Ansoff concedes that Carter may have been "giving a muddled description of a single flag with both the union crosses and thirteen stripes". However, if so, he considers it "extremely unlikely" that Washington and the anonymous ship captain would have referred to it as the Union Flag without any further qualification.

20: 1133: 899: 1085:

design of the combined English and Scottish crosses, rather than to a particular flag". The reference in the newspaper report to the "great union" flag is probably a description rather than the name of the flag and "supports the idea that it was a union flag with the combined English and Scottish crosses overall". Hamilton's statement that the flag raised on Prospect Hill "must have been a peculiarly marked Union flag, to be called the Great Union Flag" is unsubstantiated yet his "use of the term as a proper name has been perpetuated by later historians, and is often used to refer to the Continental Colors".

1343:, he refutes his own denial. "There are as you well know," Lear states, "among the several letters and papers, many which every public and private consideration should withhold from further inspection". Lear asks Hamilton if there are any documents of military significance that he would like removed. DeLear speculates that among "the twelve missing Reed letters from November to December 1775" and other items from Washington's archives that "may have been suppressed" there could "very plausibly" have been more information about the origin and proclamation of the Continental Colours. 1210:. He argues that it was suitable for Washington and others to have referred to the Continental Colours in this way, given that "At the time of the introduction of the new striped union flag was the best abbreviated way to describe it". The three contemporary accounts cited by Ansoff might have been prompted by "the most prominent feature of the flag, the British Union Jack or by the thirteen stripes intimating the union of the colonies-or both". It is possible that Washington chose to employ the term "union" for a different reason than the other two, British eyewitnesses. 1500:"raised a red flag at the Champ de Mars (Field of Mars) in 1791 in Paris to indicate a state of martial law". According to DeLear, it was because the red flag was established as a signal for "enemy on our shores" and "as a general signal for emergency, duress, or rebellion" that Putnam's predominantly red regimental flag "would have added import and be entirely appropriate" to be flown on Prospect Hill while the Continental Army was reforming and the rebellious colonists faced the "enemy on our shores" amid the ongoing siege of Boston. 761: 1440:

almost certain, that these flags were the familiar flags of the English and Scotch union ... and long known as union flags, inscribed with various popular and patriotic mottoes". Ansoff notes that he had not been able to verify Preble's sources. The diary of a British officer in Boston dated 1 May 1775 states: "The Congress that's sitting at Concord has resolved to have an Army of 13000 Men … The Rebels have erected the Standard at Cambridge; they call themselves the King's Troops and us the Parliaments. Pretty Burlesque!"

1356:. Ansoff acknowledges that "Carter's description is undeniably ambiguous" and that, taken on its own, there "would be a stronger case that the flag might actually have been the Continental Colors". However, Ansoff argues that "the cumulative evidence provided by all three accounts would appear to make this unlikely". Carter did not publish his letter until 1784 when the war was over and Ansoff thinks "It is conceivable that he edited them retroactively to include information that was common knowledge by then". 614: 1237: 1322:) This is the Flag of our floating Batteries". This reveals that Washington and Reed did concern themselves with deciding what flags the Continental forces were flying. When Washington relayed the news of the Prospect Hill flag-raising ceremony to his aide-de-camp, "it can be safely assumed that Reed knew to what Washington was referring to" and that "Their close working relationship on these matters may have obviated the need for additional clarifying detail". In his 846:... now openly avow their revolt, hostility, and rebellion. They have raised troops, are collecting a naval force; they have seized public revenue, and assumed to themselves legislative, executive, and judicial powers. .. The authors and promoters of this deliberate conspiracy ... meant only to amuse by vague expressions of attachment to the Parent State, and the strongest protestations of loyalty to me, while they were preparing for a general revolt. 1352:

two separate flags, DeLear gives contemporary examples where such terms were used as a "positioning convention" where the field of a flag is seen as below the canton or upper hoist quarter to argue that it refers to a single flag being the Continental Colours. In any case Ansoff says that Carter's description is "the earliest known reference to a striped Continental flag in the Boston area" a month after the flag raising ceremony on the

1545:

Flag 13 Stripes Broad Buntg and 33 feet fly" and may have been flown in Edenton, North Carolina. The Continental Colours were then featured on a North Carolina seven-and-a-half dollar note dated 2 April 1776. The earliest surviving artwork featuring the Continental Colours is a powderhorn belonging to Major Samuel Selden labelled "SHIP.AMARACA" that seems to bear "a coarse rendering" of the design. There is also a watercolour of

1486:'s regimental flag as flown on Prospect Hill on 18 July 1775. It features the arms of Connecticut and an abbreviation for the words "Qui Trastulit Susinet" on one side and "An Appeal To Heaven" on the other. DeLear says that from a distance, it might have appeared to be "entirely red" and "functioned as such by both armies". It may have also been just a plain red flag which in ancient Rome served "as a military signal for the 995:

to the United Colonies.-this happening soon after the Speeches were delivered at Roxbury, but before they were received at Cambridge, the Boston gentry supposed it to be a token of the deep impression the Speech had made, and a signal of submission-That they were much disappointed at finding several days elapse without some formal measure leading to a surrender, with which they had begun to flatter themselves.

821: 1580:

the forces to keep them all from going home". He sees the flying of the Continental Colours as a sign "of differentiation and change in this context". Allison says that "Washington, probably more than any of his contemporaries, knew the importance of symbols". It was "During the siege of Boston, the rebels made the mental transition from angry Brits to independent Americans".

2831: 1593:, July 1776 edition, were told of a letter, possibly from the same source in New Providence, Bahamas, after the raid by Hopkins, where it is stated, "The colors of the American fleet were striped under the Union, with thirteen strokes called the United Colonies, and their standard, a rattlesnake; motto–Don't Tread on Me!" 1072:

the national banner of the United Colonies … they were British colonies: and, as we have shown, they used the British Union but now, they were to distinguish their flag by its color would naturally be suggested as being striking, as enabling them to show the number and union of the colonies … Hence, probably the name

944:. At the time of the flag raising on Prospect Hill, it had never been formally adopted, and Washington may not have even been aware of the existence of the Continental Colors by then, which is not mentioned in any of his voluminous correspondence with the Continental Congress in the period July to December 1775. 1602:

Ansoff notes that despite DeLear stating that his paper would introduce "additional primary and secondary sources" he fails to cite any primary sources for the Prospect Hill raising other than those discussed in Ansoff's original 2006 paper. Ansoff acknowledges there is still more research to be done

1439:

in 1773", "on sleds carrying wood for the inhabitants of Boston in January 1775", "in New York in March 1775", and "on a Liberty Pole in Savannah on 19 June 1775". Preble comments that "No description of the union flags of these times has been preserved ... nevertheless, it is more than probable, and

1351:

DeLear finds Lieutenant Carter's eyewitness account illuminating as it is the only primary source that mentions a flag with thirteen stripes. Carter said that "they hoisted an union flag (above the continental with the thirteen stripes)" at Prospect Hill. As opposed to Ansoff who takes it to refer to

1338:

then took possession of these documents from Lear after volunteering to write a biography of Washington. Marshall eventually discovered that "swaths of Washington's diary were missing, especially sections during the war and presidency, and that a handful of key letters has also vanished". In a letter

1262:

prior to the flag-raising ceremony on Prospect Hill "its promulgation throughout the colonies is self-evident". The earliest known British reference to the Continental Colours is a letter by a British informer to Lord Dartmouth dated 20 December 1775. British spy James Brattle makes a detailed report

1227:

a normal British union flag, or possibly a British red ensign" noting it was a "common practice in the eighteenth century for warships to carry flags of potential opponents for deceptive purposes". Ansoff asserts that DeLear's implication the term "union flag" is "strictly modern" is questionable. He

1218:

referring to a normal British union flag, but to an 'American' or 'Continental' version and/or one that contained stripes". In relation to the Wharton account book entry of 12 December 1775 that refers to a "Union Flag" without any further qualification, Ansoff cites a later invoice dated 23 December

956:

Ansoff notes that his correspondents in London would have no knowledge of the Continental Colours and that if the flag raised on Prospect Hill differed from the British Union Flag, "it seems likely the captain would have further described it". The anonymous author makes the same assumption Washington

1579:

who understood that "strict adherence to ritual and ceremony as not only being a question of virtue, but one of honor". Historian Robert Allison takes issue with Ansoff's revisionism arguing that "Enlistments for the all-volunteer army expired Dec. 31, 1775; Washington was issuing a call to arms for

1495:

mentions the flying of a red flag from a "Liberty-Tree" in connection with a meeting of the Sons of Liberty. There is also a British report during the American Revolution stating "Pearson spied through the morning haze a red flag flying over the old Scarborough Castle on the Yorkshire coastline. The

1084:

Ansoff notes that it is "somewhat misleading" for Hamilton to say that "Great Union Flag" was the "name given to the national banner of Great Britain". The term "great union" is found in a 1768 royal warrant concerning the colours carried by British infantry regiments and applies "generically to the

1071:

We observe … in the extract from the newspaper account of this, that the flag was displayed on Prospect Hill, and that it must have been a peculiarly marked Union flag, to be called the Great Union Flag. As this was the name given to the national banner of Great Britain, this indicates this flag as

1544:

In a letter dated 10 February 1776 the North Carolina Council of Safety mentions the shipment "by the wagon" of "Drums, Colours, Fifes, Pamphlets and a quantity of powder". The colors referred to were purchased by Joseph Hewes from ship chandler James Wharton with the itemised bill stating "1 Union

1253:

Concerning Ansoff's assertion that Washington "was probably not aware" of the Continental Colours that were unofficial at the time he wrote to Reed and were solely for "use by the embryonic Continental Navy", DeLear asserts that given the lack of direct evidence of its origins, the original purpose

1013:

The arrival of a copy of the King's speech, with an account of the fate of the petition from the continental congress, is said to have excited the greatest degree of rage and indignation among them; as a proof of which, the former was publicly burnt in the camp; and they are said upon this occasion

994:

Our advices conclude with the following anecdote:-That upon the King's Speech arriving in Boston, a great number of them were reprinted and sent out to our lines on the 2nd of January, which being also the day of forming the new army, the great Union Flag was hoisted on Prospect Hill, in compliment

973:

Unlike the other eyewitness accounts, Carter refers to "thirteen stripes" although he does not specify whether they are horizontal or vertical. According to Ansoff, "it seems fairly clear from his phrasing that he is talking about a Union Flag flying above another, striped flag". He speculates that

808:... Zeal for the Preservation of Their Rights as Men and American Englishmen ... Resentment of The Wrongs and Injuries offered to the English colonies in general, and This Province in particular ... Through unjust Claims of A British Parliament and the Machiaveilan Policy of a British Ministry ... 1297:

Ansoff says that DeLear's analysis of the primary sources ignores key contextual factors firstly being the official stance of the United Colonies with regards to the King and the parliamentary executive and secondly Washington's propensity to follow the lead of the Congress in regards to political

906:

All three known eyewitness accounts of the flag raising on Prospect Hill state that it was the "Union Flag". Peter Ansoff posits that the terms "Grand Union" and "Great Union" were not in use during the American Revolution "but were retrospectively applied to the striped union flag by 19th century

1018:

Although this account refers to a "flag with thirteen stripes", Ansoff points out that "it is not an original account". It was not published until 25 September 1777 which was "long after the striped Continental Flag had become known to the British" and by which time it "had been superseded by the

1472:

and key principals of the East India Company who "were in business together before and after the revolution" that "would at least seem to indicate the possibility of shared interest". The symbolism of the British East India Company "may have been seen as a desirable and transitional step" in the

1267:

dated 10 January 1776 a British spy in Philadelphia Gilbert Barkly, refers to the Continental Colours as being "what they call the Ammerican flag". DeLear states that at the very least "it is not too far of a stretch to presume-at the very least-that knowledge of that flag (and what it evidently

1047:

Another flag alluded to in 1775 , called "The Union Flag" … Washington (Jan. 4) states … that it was raised in compliment to the United Colonies. Also, that without knowing or intending it, it gave great joy to the enemy, as it was regarded as a response to the king's speech. The Annual Register

935:

There appears to be no reason arising from Washington's words or the context to doubt that he was referring to anything other than the British Union Flag and that what he was conveying to Reed "was the irony of the Army's hoisting a symbol of the Crown just before receiving the King's message of

999:

Ansoff thinks it "very likely" the author has Washington's letter to Reed available to them given the similarity in phrasing. It appears that it was not uncommon for private correspondence to form the basis of newspaper articles and Washington complained about this in a previous letter to Reed.

931:; but behold! it was received in Boston as a token of the deep impression the Speech had made upon us, and as a signal of submission, so we learn by a person out of Boston last night. By the time, I presume, they begin to think it strange that we have not made a formal surrender of our lines. 1276:

or the flag-raising on Prospect Hill. Coming soon after the inauguration of the Continental Navy, DeLear maintains it would have been "wholly uncharacteristic" for Washington to hoist the British Union Flag to mark the establishment of the Continental Army. In what became later known as the

957:

believed the British had made being "that raising the King's colours was a reaction to the King's speech". However, whereas Washington had suggested to Reed in jest that it was interpreted as a sign of submission, the captain saw it as signalling colonial unity instead.

968:

The King's speech was sent by a flag to them on the 1st instant. In a short time after they received it, they hoisted a union flag (above the continental with the thirteen stripes) at Mount Pisga; their citadel fired thirteen guns, and gave the like number of cheers.

1359:

DeLear concludes that in addition to all modern accounts of the event on Prospect Hill that have the Continental Colours flying there, all secondary sources "report the same conventional history, and, if erroneous, nowhere were they later corrected until Ansoff".

951:

I can see the Rebels' camp very plain, whose colours, a little while ago, were entirely red; but, on the receipt of the King's speech, (which they burnt,) they have hoisted the Union Flag, which is here supposed to intimate the union of the Provinces.

1213:

Ansoff has subsequently replied that DeLear has misrepresented the evidence of 18th-century use of the term "union flag". He notes that in seven of the eight examples given by DeLear, "the writer qualified his description to make it clear that he was

812:

The reference to "the English colonies in General" points to the way the British Union Flag was seen as a protest symbol in that "its very name hinted at the idea of a union among the colonies" being "a concept that was not viewed favorably in

1333:

V, who served Washington from 1784-1799 and was there to record his famous last words, "tis well". Lear has been accused of mishandling Washington's papers, for which he had custody for a year after Washington's death. Supreme Court Justice

1603:

and claims that his hypothesis is still viable as "DeLear did not fully address the arguments presented in my original paper, and that the evidence he presented fails to support his conclusions and in some cases actually contradicts them".

858:

of the Continental Army on 15 June 1775 and dispatched him to Boston, where the British were under siege, to assume command of what he called "the Troops of the United Provinces of North America". He arrived at his post shortly after the

1149:

In his 2014 paper "Revisiting the Flag at Prospect Hill: Grand Union or Just British", DeLear lists a number of additional primary sources where the Continental Colours are contemporaneously referred to using the descriptor "union".

1281:

concurs, stating "You wouldn't want a flag that was the same flag as the people ". That it had achieved customary use as the national flag of the thirteen American colonies was amply demonstrated in October and November 1776 when

1416:

The Prospect Hill Monument has a plaque that reads: "From this aminence on January 1, 1776 The flag of the United Colonies Bearing thirteen stripes and the crosses of Saint George and Saint Andrew First waved defiance to a foe".

1277:"Revolutionary Year" the New Year's Day ceremony was the "perfect opportunity" to unveil the Continental Colours. DeLear says "it seems unimaginable that he would fly the enemy's colors on this historic occasion". Historian 1107:

However, in his response to Byron DeLear in 2015, Ansoff makes a correction that the first recorded use of the term "Grand Union" is actually by historian Thompson Westcott in 1852. Responding to a query Westcott states:

1052:. A letter says that it sailed 'amidst the acclamations of thousands assembled on the joyful occasion, under the display of a union flag, with thirteen stripes in the field, emblematical of the thirteen united colonies". 817:". Its use by the American revolutionaries was "in a sense a challenge to authority" as the concept of a national flag that represents both the government and the people is modern and did not prevail in the 18th century. 680:". The standard account has been questioned by modern researchers most notably Peter Ansoff, who in 2006 published a paper entitled "The Flag on Prospect Hill" where he advances the argument that Washington flew the 1063:... we may expect inaccuracies in the description of a flag newly presented to , and which, even to an offer on Charlestown Heights, who, appears, was at some pains to describe it, appeared to be two flags … 1430:

met One of Clock & drank the King's Health ..." Then on 22 August 1767, he says, "Spent the Afternoon at the Ware-house & at Clarks Wharf. Mr. Hancocks Union Flagg was hoisted for the first time..."

1490:

to assemble on the Field of Mars" and as the enemy approached, "the flag would be struck as a signal to prepare for battle". There are examples of this practice in the American colonies. A 1768 letter by

1140:

Byron DeLear has argued in favour of the conventional history based on a review of "eighteenth-century linguistic standards, contextual historical trends, and additional primary and secondary sources".

1535:

DeLear states that "as Ansoff mentions, there is evidence to suggest that this letter was written in December 1775, perhaps as early as 2 December, the day before the Grand Union's unveiling".

947:

The second account comes from an anonymous captain of a British merchant ship that arrived in Boston on 1 January 1776. In a lengthy letter to the ship owners dated 17 January 1776, he states:

544: 1589:

DeLear cites a description dated 3 March 1776 that the colours of the American fleet "were striped under the Union with 13 strokes, called the Thirteen United Colonies". Also, the readers of

1027:

to the American Continental colors". Absent is any reference to the Union Flag and Ansoff concludes that the editors "probably conflated this with accounts of the event at Prospect Hill".

1326:, flag historian Edward W. Richardson states that Washington does not describe the flag to Reed and "He speaks of it only as 'the union flag' which indicates that Reed knew the design". 1104:

on 17 January 1776 and given his work is accepted as the seminal history of the American flag "his mistake has been perpetrated in vexillological and general literature ever since".

1124:, with the word "grand" accidentally used in place of "great". Preble then cites Westcott as a source "and probably copied the quote without checking it against the original". 3044: 741:. It was flown at sea as a maritime flag and from forts and royal castles. It formed the basis of the "King's colours" bestowed on army regiments. In 1801, the red cross of 1223:

of "1 Ensign 18 feet by 30" that "was presumably the Continental Colors for that vessel". Ansoff believes "It is quite likely that the flag mentioned in DeLear's citation

1014:

to have changed their colours, from a plain ground, which they had hitherto used, to a flag with thirteen stripes, as a symbol of the number and union of the colonies".

1184:"union flag with thirteen stripes in the field emblematical of the thirteen United Colonies" (Account of sailing of the first American fleet, Newborn , 9 February 1776) 684:("British Union Flag") and not the Continental Colours that bears 13 stripes. Others, such as Byron DeLear, have argued in favour of the traditional version of events. 1088:

According to Ansoff's 2006 paper, the first reference to the Continental Colours as the "Grand Union" comes from page 218 of the 1872 first edition of George Preble's

82: 1426:

The diary of Boston merchant John Rowe has an entry dated 14 August 1767 that states: "This day the Colours were displayed on the Tree of Liberty abt. Sixty Peopls

420: 2727: 1318:

be used so that "our vessels may know one another" describing the "particular colour" as being a flag "with a white ground, a Tree in the Middle, the motto (

1000:

Ansoff believes that this account is the source of the term "Great Union" that historians subsequently used as the name for the striped Continental Colours.

643: 1517:

Peninsula. As with Moses who ascended the summit so referred to in the Bible, the Americans could also see the inaccessible "promised land" of Charlestown.

1329:

Washington, in his surviving letters to Reed, mentions additional prior correspondence, the whereabouts of which are unknown. His personal secretary was

1181:"1 Union Flag 13 Stripes Broad Buntg and 33 feet fly" (Bill for purchase of Continental Colours as itemised in James Wharton's day book, 8 February 1776) 1059:

reinforces the idea that a singular flag was flown on Prospect Hill in his 1853 history of the American flag. Quoting Carter's letter Hamilton remarks:

676:. There was a 76-foot liberty pole situated on Prospect Hill on 22 August 1775 that "was visible from most parts of the American lines, as well as from 1080:, before quoted … indicated, as respecting the Colonies, precisely what the Great Union Flag of Great Britain indicated respecting the mother country. 305: 3054: 345: 1263:

on the Continental Navy dated 4 January 1776. He described the new Continental Colours as "English Colours But More Striped". In a message to Sir

768:

was first flown on 21 October 1774 during the American Revolution. Peter Ansoff claims that it was actually a defaced British Union Flag instead.

335: 961: 1473:

direction of "economic independence that made up a large portion of colonial grievances against parliament, and eventually, King George".

330: 1254:

of the Continental Colours should not be narrowly confined to a maritime role. The Continental Colours was used as the garrison flag at

1096:

A letter from Boston, in the 'Pennsylvania Gazette,' says "The grand union was raised on the 2d, in compliment to the United Colonies".

1435:

mentions that British Union Flags were raised over a tent in Boston where a company had "assembled to celebrate the anniversary of the

380: 325: 87: 3064: 636: 527: 405: 58: 2913: 1688: 320: 315: 1035:

Ansoff asserts the idea that the Continental Colours was raised on Prospect Hill had originated in a footnote in a history of the

1497: 1194:"striped under the union with thirteen strokes" (Taken from several publications in different forms between March and July 1776) 838:

In a speech given on 27 October 1775 at the opening of parliament, copies of which reached Boston by the end of December 1775,

310: 45: 1067:

Hamilton also refers to a Philadelphia newspaper account dated 15 January 1776 that used the term "Great Union Flag" stating:

2963: 2780: 2758: 2713: 800:, which was viewed as the cause of their grievances. This sentiment finds expression in a verse affixed to the flag pole in 629: 1228:

says it was more prevalent in the 18th century than it is in modern times where the term "Union Jack" is frequently used.

3069: 3049: 3024: 2999: 77: 1258:

in February 1776 and was hoisted by American forces at New York in July 1776. Whilst there is no direct evidence it was

1116:

for January 1776, says: 'The grand union flag was raised on the 2nd (of January) in compliment to the united colonies.'

866:

It is not known for certain when the Continental Colours was designed or by whom. The design is nearly identical to the

3029: 1464:

DeLear makes a circumstantial case the two flags are related based on the "business interests and connections" between

1100:

He stated that Preble evidently substitutes the word "grand" for "great" which appeared in the letter published in the

165: 154: 3034: 3014: 2979: 512: 3019: 1492: 882:

who referred to it as the "Flag of Freedom" and the "Flag of America". Construction of the specimen flown from the

776:

continued to associate the British Union Flag with their cause before and after hostilities between the UK and the

375: 1272:

manner" of such displays, as cited by Ansoff, with the ceremonies when the Continental Colours debuted aboard the

1136:

The Grand Union Flag, also known as the Continental Colours, Congress Flag, Cambridge Flag, and First Navy Ensign

159: 1526:

In fact the Continental fleet under the command of Hopkins actually departed from Philadelphia in January 1776.

1023:". The plain ground changing to a field of thirteen stripes faithfully "recalls the transition from the British 867: 789: 765: 365: 3084: 1375: 665: 464: 370: 1198:

DeLear cites further primary sources that show the term "union flag" also being applied to the British red,

2994: 549: 254: 3059: 522: 492: 385: 62: 3039: 3004: 831: 692: 593: 282: 259: 960:

There is a third eyewitness account contained in a letter by British Lieutenant William Carter of the

3074: 2867: 1465: 1020: 669: 598: 452: 19: 3079: 3009: 1241: 920: 1174:"Continental Union Flag" (Resolution of the Convention of Virginia, 11 May 1776, published in the 874:

at the beginning of the American Revolution. It was raised for the first recorded time aboard the

2798: 1550: 1404: 1040: 1003:

There was another secondary account that appeared in the 1776 edition of the British publication

588: 264: 99: 1132: 1380: 801: 797: 688: 539: 390: 340: 244: 149: 1307: 860: 712: 533: 395: 126: 1043:

in 1849. The relevant extract which relies on several previous primary sources states that:

898: 842:"made it clear that he had no sympathy for the distinctions made by the colonists" stating: 3094: 1510: 1167:"Union flag, and striped red and white in the field" (Letter to Delegates to Congress from 851: 618: 583: 578: 442: 224: 1157:"Union Flag" (Account book of Philadelphia ship chandler, James Wharton, 12 December 1775) 1030: 8: 2951: 2737: 1514: 1450: 1432: 1369: 1306:

Reed is the author of one of the few known flag directives of the period in a message to

1005: 781: 708: 497: 487: 469: 35: 1340: 855: 209: 2959: 2854: 2818: 2776: 2754: 2723: 2709: 1546: 1469: 1399:

The flag pole on Prospect Hill was previously a mast taken from the British schooner

1339:

to Marshall, Lear denied culling any of Washington's papers. However, in a letter to

1168: 1056: 785: 777: 773: 696: 661: 415: 116: 54: 1562:

The first time the words "United States of America" appeared in a newspaper was the

2882: 2846: 2810: 1400: 941: 871: 716: 673: 657: 502: 295: 290: 249: 239: 121: 1427: 1036: 928: 879: 839: 760: 457: 234: 214: 204: 194: 3089: 2901:

Dreilinger, Danielle (31 December 2009). "Unfurling History of Prospect Hill".

2543:

Dreilinger, Danielle (31 December 2009). "Unfurling History of Prospect Hill".

1553:

by royal marine lieutenant John Calderwood that dates from the summer of 1776.

1436: 1315: 1311: 1287: 1246: 983: 887: 746: 730: 400: 219: 199: 2988: 2858: 2822: 2768: 1483: 1482:

Ansoff and others believe that this "entirely red" flag was possibly General

1335: 1278: 1207: 750: 742: 573: 1496:

red flag signalled, 'Enemy on our Shores'". Hero of the American Revolution

2903: 2545: 1259: 1255: 1236: 1203: 1049: 937: 916: 726: 722: 189: 66: 1231: 2918: 2886: 2850: 2814: 1330: 1264: 1199: 672:, on 1 January 1776, in an attempt to raise the morale of the men of the 1513:" by the British as it commanded a view of their defensive lines on the 1291: 1024: 870:

that was chartered in England in 1600 and played a pivotal role in the

826: 793: 681: 131: 936:

hostility toward the colonies". The Continental Colors was devised in

691:

that was erected in 1903 and annual flag-raising ceremonies involving

1576: 749:. Beginning in the 19th century, it achieved customary use as the UK 300: 184: 2868:"Revisiting the Flag at Prospect Hill: Grand Union or Just British?" 2706:

The First American Flag: Revisiting the Grand Union at Prospect Hill

2242: 986:

literature. The first appeared on 15 January 1776 in Philadelphia's

824:

A painting of the Continental Colours flying from the jack staff of

754: 738: 1144: 982:

There are two secondary accounts that are frequently cited in the

2577: 2290: 2278: 2266: 2254: 2218: 2206: 2194: 2146: 1301: 1283: 1120:

Ansoff says this "almost certainly" refers to the account in the

788:. Colonial propaganda generally made the distinction between the 734: 656:

According to tradition, the first flag of the United States, the

229: 2353: 902:

The first Union Flag, known as the "King's colours" (1606–1801)

814: 677: 820: 2640: 2419: 2004: 1992: 753:

when it was "inscribed with slogans as a protest flag of the

2729:

History of the National Flag of the United States of America

1827: 1632: 1294:

upon a ship wearing the Continental Colours entering port.

1871: 1869: 2604: 1290:

became the first respective foreign nations to perform a

1127: 792:, to which most colonists still remained loyal, and the 2914:"Research upholds traditional Prospect Hill flag story" 2832:"The Flag on Prospect Hill: A Response to Byron DeLear" 2616: 2594: 2592: 2565: 2523: 2521: 2508: 2506: 2491: 2455: 2409: 2407: 2392: 2370: 2368: 2319: 2317: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2105: 2093: 2083: 2081: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2049: 2039: 2037: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2016: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1951: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1886: 1884: 1866: 1856: 1854: 1779: 1769: 1767: 1689:"Research upholds traditional Prospect Hill flag story" 1232:

When did Washington know about the Continental Colours?

893: 890:. The Continental Colours were in use until late 1777. 729:

was introduced in 1606 to symbolise the dual status of

2744:(second revised ed.). Boston: A. Williams and Co. 1730: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1711: 1709: 1622: 1620: 1372:, debate over flag arrangements at the Eureka Stockade 1346: 988:

Dunlap's Pennsylvania Packet or the General Advertiser

927:...we had hoisted the Union Flag in compliment to the 3045:

Buildings and structures in Somerville, Massachusetts

2329: 1815: 1803: 1791: 1153:

Dated between December 1775 and March 1776 they are:

2664: 2628: 2589: 2553: 2518: 2503: 2479: 2467: 2443: 2431: 2404: 2380: 2365: 2314: 2302: 2230: 2182: 2170: 2158: 2129: 2117: 2078: 2061: 2028: 1975: 1939: 1927: 1915: 1896: 1881: 1851: 1839: 1764: 1752: 1206:

ensigns that all bear the British Union Flag in the

16:

Debate over the flag raised on Prospect Hill in 1776

2742:

History of the Flag of the United States of America

2676: 2652: 2341: 1963: 1740: 1721: 1706: 1617: 1090:

History of the Flag of the United States of America

1031:

Origin of the terms "Great Union" and "Grand Union"

1668: 1656: 1644: 2986: 721:The British Union Flag featuring the crosses of 2751:Standards and Colors of the American Revolution 1324:Standards and Colors of the American Revolution 660:("Continental Colours"), was raised by General 1575:DeLear notes that Washington was a well-known 1302:Joseph Reed authored an earlier flag directive 1245:receives a gun salute from the Dutch fort at 915:George Washington's letter to his friend and 745:was added to herald Ireland's entry into the 637: 2732:. Philadelphia: Lippincott, Grambo & Co. 2773:Flags Through the Ages and Across the World 2956:Bunker Hill: A City, A Siege, A Revolution 2900: 2748: 2610: 2542: 1112:A letter from Boston ... published in the 780:erupted in April 1775 with the battles of 644: 630: 2950: 1160:"UNION FLAG of the American States" (The 3055:Mountains of Dukes County, Massachusetts 2958:(1st ed.). New York: Viking Books. 2722: 2538: 2536: 1235: 1131: 897: 878:on 3 December 1775 by Senior Lieutenant 819: 759: 695:reenactors are held at Prospect Hill on 18: 2911: 1686: 1314:dated 20 October 1775. He suggests the 2987: 2865: 2829: 2796: 2736: 2703: 2682: 2670: 2658: 2646: 2634: 2622: 2598: 2583: 2571: 2559: 2527: 2512: 2497: 2485: 2473: 2461: 2449: 2437: 2425: 2413: 2398: 2386: 2374: 2359: 2347: 2335: 2323: 2308: 2296: 2284: 2272: 2260: 2248: 2236: 2224: 2212: 2200: 2188: 2176: 2164: 2152: 2140: 2123: 2111: 2099: 2087: 2072: 2055: 2043: 2022: 2010: 1998: 1986: 1969: 1957: 1945: 1933: 1921: 1909: 1890: 1875: 1860: 1845: 1833: 1821: 1809: 1797: 1785: 1773: 1746: 1734: 1715: 1674: 1662: 1650: 1638: 1626: 868:Flag of the British East India Company 49:Declaration of Independence (painting) 2767: 2533: 1758: 1509:Prospect Hill was derisively dubbed " 1145:Continental Colours as a "Union Flag" 1128:Arguments for the Continental Colours 964:dated 26 January 1776, which states: 923:, dated 4 January 1776, states that: 2941: 2894: 2753:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 977: 894:Arguments for the British Union Flag 2912:Orchard, Chris (30 December 2013). 1687:Orchard, Chris (30 December 2013). 1347:Other primary and secondary sources 1076:, given to it by the writer in the 854:appointed George Washington as the 13: 2935: 910: 166:No taxation without representation 44: 14: 3106: 2973: 1219:1775 that "lists delivery to the 3065:Flags of the American Revolution 1187:"a Continental Union Flag" (The 612: 2875:Raven: A Journal of Vexillology 2839:Raven: A Journal of Vexillology 2803:Raven: A Journal of Vexillology 2692: 1596: 1583: 1569: 1556: 1538: 1529: 1520: 1503: 1476: 1458: 1443: 1420: 1410: 2749:Richardson, Edward W. (1982). 2251:, pp. 42, 62–63, note 45. 1680: 1393: 766:Flag of Taunton, Massachusetts 1: 1610: 1376:Prospect Hill (Massachusetts) 702: 465:Congress of the Confederation 255:Committees of Correspondence 57:presents their draft of the 23:Prospect Hill Monument, 2012 7: 2946:. US National Park Service. 2799:"The Flag on Prospect Hill" 2790: 2775:. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill. 2586:, pp. 39, 64, note 56. 2299:, pp. 42, 63, note 49. 2287:, pp. 42, 63, note 48. 2275:, pp. 42, 63, note 47. 2263:, pp. 42, 63, note 46. 2227:, pp. 42, 63, note 44. 2215:, pp. 42, 62, note 43. 2203:, pp. 42, 61, note 42. 2155:, pp. 19, 26, note 60. 1363: 493:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 406:Declaration of Independence 386:Second Continental Congress 63:Second Continental Congress 59:Declaration of Independence 10: 3111: 3070:Flags of the United States 3050:Mountains of Massachusetts 3025:1770s in the United States 3000:American Revolutionary War 832:William Nowland Van Powell 778:Thirteen American colonies 706: 693:American Revolutionary War 260:First Continental Congress 3030:1776 in the United States 2362:, pp. 5, 20, note 5. 670:Somerville, Massachusetts 599:Prospect Hill Flag Debate 453:Articles of Confederation 381:Role of African Americans 3035:1776 in military history 3015:18th-century revolutions 2697: 1566:, 6 April 1776 edition. 1493:Governor Francis Bernard 1386: 774:American revolutionaries 619:United States portal 3020:18th-century rebellions 1405:Battle of Chelsea Creek 940:for use by the nascent 798:parliamentary executive 589:American civil religion 528:Philadelphia Convention 265:Continental Association 30:Part of a series on the 2866:DeLear, Byron (2014). 2830:Ansoff, Peter (2015). 2797:Ansoff, Peter (2006). 2704:DeLear, Byron (2018). 2649:, p. 22, note 19. 2428:, p. 98, note 18. 2013:, p. 42, note 61. 2001:, p. 98, note 16. 1641:, p. 61, note 39. 1591:London Ladies Magazine 1381:Prospect Hill Monument 1250: 1178:, 18 May 1776 edition) 1137: 1118: 1098: 1082: 1065: 1054: 1016: 997: 971: 954: 933: 903: 848: 835: 810: 802:Taunton, Massachusetts 769: 689:Prospect Hill Monument 540:Anti-Federalist Papers 479:Dissent and rebellions 391:27 colonial grievances 359:Political developments 245:Philadelphia Tea Party 176:Conflict over taxation 150:American Enlightenment 50: 24: 2708:. Talbot Publishers. 1836:, p. 96, note 3. 1239: 1135: 1110: 1094: 1069: 1061: 1045: 1011: 992: 966: 962:40th Regiment of Foot 949: 925: 901: 886:has been credited to 861:Battle of Bunker Hill 844: 823: 806: 763: 713:Flag of Great Britain 534:The Federalist Papers 396:Olive Branch Petition 127:French and Indian War 48: 22: 3085:Special events flags 2952:Philbrick, Nathaniel 2887:10.5840/raven2014213 2851:10.5840/raven2015221 2815:10.5840/raven2006134 2738:Preble, George Henry 1498:Marquis De Lafayette 1122:Pennsylvania Gazette 1102:Pennsylvania Gazette 1078:Philadelphia Gazette 1074:The Great Union Flag 852:Continental Congress 584:American nationalism 579:Atlantic Revolutions 523:Annapolis Convention 443:Confederation period 225:Virginia Association 2995:American Revolution 2980:Prospect Hill Tower 2944:The Siege of Boston 2942:Bell, John (2012). 1452:Boston Evening Post 1407:on 27–28 May 1775. 1370:Eureka Jack Mystery 1308:Colonel John Glover 1249:, 16 November 1776. 1041:Richard Frothingham 1006:The Annual Register 919:Lieutenant Colonel 709:American Revolution 488:Newburgh Conspiracy 470:Northwest Ordinance 37:American Revolution 3060:Flag controversies 2724:Hamilton, Schuyler 1488:Comitia Centuriata 1341:Alexander Hamilton 1288:United Netherlands 1260:officially adopted 1251: 1138: 904: 856:commander-in-chief 836: 770: 435:Forming a republic 311:British Royal Navy 210:Stamp Act Congress 51: 25: 3040:George Washington 3005:American folklore 2965:978-0-67-002544-2 2895:Newspaper reports 2782:978-0-07-059093-9 2760:978-0-81-227839-2 2715:978-1-94-683102-6 2625:, pp. 57–58. 2574:, pp. 10–11. 2500:, pp. 50–51. 2464:, pp. 54–55. 2401:, pp. 24–27. 2114:, pp. 89–90. 2102:, pp. 88–89. 2058:, pp. 86–87. 2025:, pp. 84–85. 1960:, pp. 57–58. 1878:, pp. 79–80. 1788:, pp. 78–80. 1470:Benjamin Franklin 1171:, 5 January 1776) 1169:Richard Henry Lee 1057:Schuyler Hamilton 1021:stars and stripes 978:Secondary sources 662:George Washington 654: 653: 558: 557: 283:Revolutionary War 273: 272: 117:Thirteen Colonies 55:Committee of Five 3102: 3075:Historical flags 2969: 2947: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2908: 2890: 2872: 2862: 2836: 2826: 2786: 2764: 2745: 2733: 2719: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2540: 2531: 2525: 2516: 2510: 2501: 2495: 2489: 2483: 2477: 2471: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2402: 2396: 2390: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2345: 2339: 2333: 2327: 2321: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2270: 2264: 2258: 2252: 2246: 2240: 2234: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2198: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2127: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2103: 2097: 2091: 2085: 2076: 2070: 2059: 2053: 2047: 2041: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2008: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1955: 1949: 1943: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1913: 1907: 1894: 1888: 1879: 1873: 1864: 1858: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1831: 1825: 1819: 1813: 1807: 1801: 1795: 1789: 1783: 1777: 1771: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1719: 1713: 1704: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1684: 1678: 1672: 1666: 1660: 1654: 1648: 1642: 1636: 1630: 1624: 1604: 1600: 1594: 1587: 1581: 1573: 1567: 1564:Virginia Gazette 1560: 1554: 1542: 1536: 1533: 1527: 1524: 1518: 1507: 1501: 1480: 1474: 1462: 1456: 1447: 1441: 1424: 1418: 1414: 1408: 1397: 1320:Appeal to Heaven 1191:, 20 April 1776) 1189:Virginia Gazette 1176:Virginia Gazette 1162:Virginia Gazette 1092:, which states: 942:Continental Navy 872:Boston Tea Party 717:Grand Union Flag 674:Continental Army 658:Grand Union Flag 646: 639: 632: 621: 617: 616: 615: 503:Paper Money Riot 498:Shays' Rebellion 439: 438: 296:Continental Navy 291:Continental Army 250:Intolerable Acts 240:Boston Tea Party 122:Salutary neglect 105: 104: 83:Military leaders 38: 27: 26: 3110: 3109: 3105: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3100: 3099: 3080:Liberty symbols 3010:1770s conflicts 2985: 2984: 2976: 2966: 2938: 2936:Further reading 2925: 2923: 2897: 2870: 2834: 2793: 2783: 2761: 2716: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2689: 2681: 2677: 2669: 2665: 2657: 2653: 2645: 2641: 2633: 2629: 2621: 2617: 2611:Richardson 1982 2609: 2605: 2597: 2590: 2582: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2558: 2554: 2541: 2534: 2526: 2519: 2511: 2504: 2496: 2492: 2484: 2480: 2472: 2468: 2460: 2456: 2448: 2444: 2436: 2432: 2424: 2420: 2412: 2405: 2397: 2393: 2385: 2381: 2373: 2366: 2358: 2354: 2346: 2342: 2338:, pp. 3–4. 2334: 2330: 2322: 2315: 2307: 2303: 2295: 2291: 2283: 2279: 2271: 2267: 2259: 2255: 2247: 2243: 2235: 2231: 2223: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2199: 2195: 2187: 2183: 2175: 2171: 2163: 2159: 2151: 2147: 2139: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2110: 2106: 2098: 2094: 2086: 2079: 2071: 2062: 2054: 2050: 2042: 2029: 2021: 2017: 2009: 2005: 1997: 1993: 1985: 1976: 1968: 1964: 1956: 1952: 1944: 1940: 1932: 1928: 1920: 1916: 1908: 1897: 1889: 1882: 1874: 1867: 1859: 1852: 1844: 1840: 1832: 1828: 1820: 1816: 1808: 1804: 1796: 1792: 1784: 1780: 1772: 1765: 1757: 1753: 1745: 1741: 1733: 1722: 1714: 1707: 1697: 1695: 1685: 1681: 1673: 1669: 1661: 1657: 1649: 1645: 1637: 1633: 1625: 1618: 1613: 1608: 1607: 1601: 1597: 1588: 1584: 1574: 1570: 1561: 1557: 1547:Captain Wynkoop 1543: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1525: 1521: 1508: 1504: 1481: 1477: 1463: 1459: 1448: 1444: 1428:Sons of Liberty 1425: 1421: 1415: 1411: 1398: 1394: 1389: 1366: 1349: 1304: 1234: 1147: 1130: 1037:Siege of Boston 1033: 980: 929:United Colonies 913: 911:Primary sources 896: 880:John Paul Jones 840:King George III 804:that mentions: 719: 707:Main articles: 705: 650: 613: 611: 610: 605: 604: 603: 568: 560: 559: 554: 507: 474: 458:Perpetual Union 436: 428: 427: 426: 410: 360: 352: 351: 350: 346:Financial costs 341:Treaty of Paris 285: 275: 274: 269: 235:Boston Massacre 215:Declaratory Act 205:Sons of Liberty 195:Quartering Acts 171: 136: 102: 92: 69: 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3108: 3098: 3097: 3092: 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3017: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2997: 2983: 2982: 2975: 2974:External links 2972: 2971: 2970: 2964: 2948: 2937: 2934: 2933: 2932: 2909: 2896: 2893: 2892: 2891: 2863: 2827: 2792: 2789: 2788: 2787: 2781: 2769:Smith, Whitney 2765: 2759: 2746: 2734: 2720: 2714: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2688: 2687: 2675: 2663: 2651: 2639: 2627: 2615: 2613:, p. 267. 2603: 2588: 2576: 2564: 2552: 2532: 2517: 2502: 2490: 2478: 2466: 2454: 2442: 2430: 2418: 2403: 2391: 2379: 2364: 2352: 2340: 2328: 2313: 2301: 2289: 2277: 2265: 2253: 2241: 2229: 2217: 2205: 2193: 2181: 2169: 2157: 2145: 2128: 2116: 2104: 2092: 2077: 2060: 2048: 2027: 2015: 2003: 1991: 1974: 1962: 1950: 1938: 1926: 1914: 1895: 1880: 1865: 1850: 1838: 1826: 1824:, p. 201. 1814: 1812:, p. 197. 1802: 1800:, p. 196. 1790: 1778: 1763: 1761:, p. 188. 1751: 1739: 1720: 1705: 1679: 1667: 1655: 1643: 1631: 1615: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1605: 1595: 1582: 1568: 1555: 1537: 1528: 1519: 1502: 1475: 1457: 1442: 1419: 1409: 1403:following the 1391: 1390: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1383: 1378: 1373: 1365: 1362: 1348: 1345: 1316:Pine Tree Flag 1312:Stephen Moylan 1303: 1300: 1247:Sint Eustatius 1233: 1230: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1172: 1165: 1164:, 17 May 1776) 1158: 1146: 1143: 1129: 1126: 1032: 1029: 990:which states: 984:vexillological 979: 976: 912: 909: 895: 892: 888:Margaret Manny 747:United Kingdom 704: 701: 697:New Year's Day 652: 651: 649: 648: 641: 634: 626: 623: 622: 607: 606: 602: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 570: 569: 566: 565: 562: 561: 556: 555: 553: 552: 550:Bill of Rights 547: 542: 537: 530: 525: 519: 516: 515: 509: 508: 506: 505: 500: 495: 490: 484: 481: 480: 476: 475: 473: 472: 467: 462: 461: 460: 449: 446: 445: 437: 434: 433: 430: 429: 425: 424: 418: 411: 409: 408: 403: 401:Lee Resolution 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 362: 361: 358: 357: 354: 353: 349: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 287: 286: 281: 280: 277: 276: 271: 270: 268: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 222: 220:Townshend Acts 217: 212: 207: 202: 200:Stamp Act 1765 197: 192: 187: 181: 178: 177: 173: 172: 170: 169: 162: 157: 152: 146: 143: 142: 138: 137: 135: 134: 129: 124: 119: 113: 110: 109: 103: 98: 97: 94: 93: 91: 90: 85: 80: 74: 71: 70: 52: 41: 40: 32: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3107: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3026: 3023: 3021: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3011: 3008: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2992: 2990: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2967: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2939: 2921: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2905: 2899: 2898: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2869: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2833: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2794: 2784: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2756: 2752: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2730: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2711: 2707: 2702: 2701: 2684: 2679: 2673:, p. 21. 2672: 2667: 2660: 2655: 2648: 2643: 2637:, p. 48. 2636: 2631: 2624: 2619: 2612: 2607: 2601:, p. 39. 2600: 2595: 2593: 2585: 2580: 2573: 2568: 2562:, p. 61. 2561: 2556: 2548: 2547: 2539: 2537: 2530:, p. 52. 2529: 2524: 2522: 2515:, p. 53. 2514: 2509: 2507: 2499: 2494: 2488:, p. 60. 2487: 2482: 2476:, p. 51. 2475: 2470: 2463: 2458: 2452:, p. 19. 2451: 2446: 2440:, p. 17. 2439: 2434: 2427: 2422: 2416:, p. 22. 2415: 2410: 2408: 2400: 2395: 2389:, p. 21. 2388: 2383: 2377:, p. 54. 2376: 2371: 2369: 2361: 2356: 2349: 2344: 2337: 2332: 2326:, p. 11. 2325: 2320: 2318: 2311:, p. 36. 2310: 2305: 2298: 2293: 2286: 2281: 2274: 2269: 2262: 2257: 2250: 2245: 2239:, p. 62. 2238: 2233: 2226: 2221: 2214: 2209: 2202: 2197: 2191:, p. 35. 2190: 2185: 2179:, p. 19. 2178: 2173: 2167:, p. 19. 2166: 2161: 2154: 2149: 2143:, p. 91. 2142: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2126:, p. 90. 2125: 2120: 2113: 2108: 2101: 2096: 2090:, p. 89. 2089: 2084: 2082: 2075:, p. 87. 2074: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2057: 2052: 2046:, p. 85. 2045: 2040: 2038: 2036: 2034: 2032: 2024: 2019: 2012: 2007: 2000: 1995: 1989:, p. 84. 1988: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1971: 1966: 1959: 1954: 1948:, p. 13. 1947: 1942: 1936:, p. 76. 1935: 1930: 1924:, p. 63. 1923: 1918: 1912:, p. 37. 1911: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1893:, p. 83. 1892: 1887: 1885: 1877: 1872: 1870: 1863:, p. 79. 1862: 1857: 1855: 1848:, p. 80. 1847: 1842: 1835: 1830: 1823: 1818: 1811: 1806: 1799: 1794: 1787: 1782: 1776:, p. 96. 1775: 1770: 1768: 1760: 1755: 1748: 1743: 1737:, p. 78. 1736: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1718:, p. 77. 1717: 1712: 1710: 1694: 1690: 1683: 1676: 1671: 1664: 1659: 1652: 1647: 1640: 1635: 1629:, p. 81. 1628: 1623: 1621: 1616: 1599: 1592: 1586: 1578: 1572: 1565: 1559: 1552: 1548: 1541: 1532: 1523: 1516: 1512: 1506: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1485: 1484:Israel Putnam 1479: 1471: 1467: 1466:Robert Morris 1461: 1454: 1453: 1446: 1438: 1434: 1433:George Preble 1429: 1423: 1413: 1406: 1402: 1396: 1392: 1382: 1379: 1377: 1374: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1361: 1357: 1355: 1344: 1342: 1337: 1336:John Marshall 1332: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1299: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1279:Pauline Maier 1275: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1257: 1248: 1244: 1243: 1238: 1229: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1211: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1193: 1190: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1163: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1142: 1134: 1125: 1123: 1117: 1115: 1114:Penna Gazette 1109: 1105: 1103: 1097: 1093: 1091: 1086: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1044: 1042: 1039:published by 1038: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1015: 1010: 1009:that states: 1008: 1007: 1001: 996: 991: 989: 985: 975: 970: 965: 963: 958: 953: 948: 945: 943: 939: 932: 930: 924: 922: 918: 908: 907:historians". 900: 891: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 864: 862: 857: 853: 847: 843: 841: 833: 829: 828: 822: 818: 816: 809: 805: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 767: 762: 758: 756: 752: 751:national flag 748: 744: 743:Saint Patrick 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 718: 714: 710: 700: 698: 694: 690: 685: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 666:Prospect Hill 663: 659: 647: 642: 640: 635: 633: 628: 627: 625: 624: 620: 609: 608: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 574:United States 572: 571: 564: 563: 551: 548: 546: 545:Raftification 543: 541: 538: 536: 535: 531: 529: 526: 524: 521: 520: 518: 517: 514: 511: 510: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 489: 486: 485: 483: 482: 478: 477: 471: 468: 466: 463: 459: 456: 455: 454: 451: 450: 448: 447: 444: 441: 440: 432: 431: 422: 419: 417: 413: 412: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 376:Role of women 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 363: 356: 355: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 312: 309: 307: 304: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 288: 284: 279: 278: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 213: 211: 208: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 182: 180: 179: 175: 174: 167: 163: 161: 158: 156: 155:Republicanism 153: 151: 148: 147: 145: 144: 140: 139: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 114: 112: 111: 107: 106: 101: 96: 95: 89: 86: 84: 81: 79: 76: 75: 73: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 47: 43: 42: 39: 34: 33: 29: 28: 21: 2955: 2943: 2924:. Retrieved 2917: 2904:Boston Globe 2902: 2878: 2874: 2842: 2838: 2806: 2802: 2772: 2750: 2741: 2728: 2705: 2693:Bibliography 2685:, p. 1. 2678: 2666: 2661:, p. 8. 2654: 2642: 2630: 2618: 2606: 2579: 2567: 2555: 2546:Boston Globe 2544: 2493: 2481: 2469: 2457: 2445: 2433: 2421: 2394: 2382: 2355: 2350:, p. 4. 2343: 2331: 2304: 2292: 2280: 2268: 2256: 2244: 2232: 2220: 2208: 2196: 2184: 2172: 2160: 2148: 2119: 2107: 2095: 2051: 2018: 2006: 1994: 1972:, p. 3. 1965: 1953: 1941: 1929: 1917: 1841: 1829: 1817: 1805: 1793: 1781: 1754: 1749:, p. 2. 1742: 1696:. Retrieved 1692: 1682: 1670: 1658: 1646: 1634: 1598: 1590: 1585: 1571: 1563: 1558: 1551:Royal Savage 1540: 1531: 1522: 1511:Mount Pisgah 1505: 1487: 1478: 1460: 1451: 1445: 1422: 1412: 1395: 1358: 1353: 1350: 1328: 1323: 1319: 1305: 1296: 1273: 1269: 1256:Fort Mifflin 1252: 1242:Andrew Doria 1240: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1212: 1197: 1188: 1175: 1161: 1152: 1148: 1139: 1121: 1119: 1113: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1077: 1073: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1055: 1046: 1034: 1017: 1012: 1004: 1002: 998: 993: 987: 981: 972: 967: 959: 955: 950: 946: 938:Philadelphia 934: 926: 917:aide-de-camp 914: 905: 883: 875: 865: 849: 845: 837: 825: 811: 807: 771: 733:as ruler of 731:King James I 727:Saint Andrew 723:Saint George 720: 686: 655: 594:Bicentennial 532: 513:Constitution 336:Intelligence 306:British Army 190:Currency Act 67:Philadelphia 3095:Vexillology 2919:Patch Media 2683:Ansoff 2015 2671:Ansoff 2015 2659:Ansoff 2015 2647:Ansoff 2015 2635:DeLear 2018 2623:DeLear 2018 2599:DeLear 2014 2584:DeLear 2014 2572:Ansoff 2015 2560:DeLear 2018 2528:DeLear 2018 2513:DeLear 2018 2498:DeLear 2018 2486:DeLear 2018 2474:DeLear 2018 2462:DeLear 2018 2450:DeLear 2018 2438:DeLear 2018 2426:Ansoff 2006 2414:DeLear 2018 2399:DeLear 2018 2387:DeLear 2018 2375:DeLear 2018 2360:Ansoff 2015 2348:Ansoff 2015 2336:Ansoff 2015 2324:Ansoff 2015 2309:DeLear 2014 2297:DeLear 2014 2285:DeLear 2014 2273:DeLear 2014 2261:DeLear 2014 2249:DeLear 2014 2237:DeLear 2014 2225:DeLear 2014 2213:DeLear 2014 2201:DeLear 2014 2189:DeLear 2014 2177:DeLear 2014 2165:Ansoff 2015 2153:Ansoff 2015 2141:Ansoff 2006 2124:Ansoff 2006 2112:Ansoff 2006 2100:Ansoff 2006 2088:Ansoff 2006 2073:Ansoff 2006 2056:Ansoff 2006 2044:Ansoff 2006 2023:Ansoff 2006 2011:DeLear 2018 1999:Ansoff 2006 1987:Ansoff 2006 1970:DeLear 2018 1958:DeLear 2014 1946:DeLear 2018 1934:DeLear 2018 1922:DeLear 2018 1910:DeLear 2014 1891:Ansoff 2006 1876:Ansoff 2006 1861:Ansoff 2006 1846:Ansoff 2006 1834:Ansoff 2006 1822:Preble 1880 1810:Preble 1880 1798:Preble 1880 1786:Ansoff 2006 1774:Ansoff 2006 1747:DeLear 2018 1735:Ansoff 2006 1716:Ansoff 2006 1675:DeLear 2018 1663:DeLear 2014 1651:Ansoff 2006 1639:DeLear 2014 1627:Ansoff 2006 1515:Charlestown 1331:Tobias Lear 1265:Grey Cooper 921:Joseph Reed 757:movement". 687:There is a 2989:Categories 2922:. New York 2809:: 77–100. 1759:Smith 1975 1611:References 1292:gun salute 1025:red ensign 876:USS Alfred 827:USS Alfred 794:parliament 703:Background 682:Union Jack 160:Liberalism 132:George III 2907:. Boston. 2881:: 19–70. 2859:1071-0043 2823:1071-0043 2549:. Boston. 1577:Freemason 1437:Stamp Act 1401:HMS Diana 1298:matters. 782:Lexington 366:Loyalists 331:Diplomacy 301:Minutemen 185:Sugar Act 2954:(2013). 2845:: 1–26. 2791:Journals 2771:(1975). 2740:(1880). 2726:(1853). 1364:See also 1286:and the 1221:Columbus 796:and the 755:Chartist 739:Scotland 416:Drafting 371:Patriots 78:Timeline 1449:In the 1284:Denmark 1050:Hopkins 786:Concord 735:England 421:Signing 326:Battles 230:Tea Act 108:Context 100:Origins 88:Battles 61:to the 2962: 2926:26 May 2857: 2821: 2779: 2757: 2712: 1698:3 July 1354:Alfred 1274:Alfred 1270:ad hoc 1208:canton 884:Alfred 815:London 715:, and 678:Boston 567:Legacy 316:France 3090:Flags 2871:(PDF) 2835:(PDF) 2698:Books 1693:Patch 1387:Notes 1204:white 790:Crown 321:Spain 141:Ideas 2960:ISBN 2928:2024 2855:ISSN 2819:ISSN 2777:ISBN 2755:ISBN 2710:ISBN 1700:2020 1310:and 1202:and 1200:blue 850:The 784:and 772:The 764:The 737:and 725:and 53:The 2883:doi 2847:doi 2811:doi 1549:'s 1225:was 1216:not 830:by 699:. 668:in 664:at 65:in 2991:: 2916:. 2879:21 2877:. 2873:. 2853:. 2843:22 2841:. 2837:. 2817:. 2807:13 2805:. 2801:. 2591:^ 2535:^ 2520:^ 2505:^ 2406:^ 2367:^ 2316:^ 2131:^ 2080:^ 2063:^ 2030:^ 1977:^ 1898:^ 1883:^ 1868:^ 1853:^ 1766:^ 1723:^ 1708:^ 1691:. 1619:^ 1468:, 863:. 711:, 2968:. 2930:. 2889:. 2885:: 2861:. 2849:: 2825:. 2813:: 2785:. 2763:. 2718:. 1702:. 1677:. 1665:. 1653:. 834:. 645:e 638:t 631:v 423:) 414:( 168:" 164:"

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Flag on Prospect Hill debate

Index