883:
had no need for the large quantities of lumber, fish, and other items offered by the colonies in exchange. Sometimes colonists would pay
Molasses Act taxes because they were rather low depending on where they resided and how much money they had. In the first part of the 18th century, the British West Indies were Great Britain's most important trading partner, so Parliament was attentive to their requests. However, rather than acceding to their demands to prohibit the colonies from trading with the non-British islands, Parliament passed a prohibitively high tax on the colonies on molasses imported from those islands. If actually collected, the tax would have effectively closed that source to New England and destroyed much of the rum industry. Instead, smuggling, bribery or intimidation of customs officials effectively nullified the law.
223:
37:
1395:
791:
62:, (initituled, An act for the better securing and encouraging the trade of his Majesty's sugar colonies in America) for applying the produce of such duties, and of the duties to arise by virtue of the said act, towards defraying and disallowing several drawbacks on exports from this kingdom, and more effectually preventing the clandestine conveyance of goods to and from the said colonies and plantation, and improving and securing the trade between the same and Great Britain.
2811:
2801:
1702:
924:
When passed by
Parliament, the new Sugar Act of 1764 halved the previous tax on molasses. In addition to promising stricter enforcement, the language of the bill made it clear that the purpose of the legislation was not to simply regulate the trade (as the Molasses Act had attempted to do by effectively closing the legal trade to non-British suppliers) but to raise revenue.
866:, had never been effectively collected due to colonial evasion. By reducing the rate by half and increasing measures to enforce the tax, Parliament hoped that the tax would actually be collected. These incidents increased the colonists' concerns about the intent of the British Parliament and helped the growing movement that became the
935:
wrote that the purpose of the Act was "to resolve the problems of finance and control that plagued the postwar empire". To do this "three kinds of measures" were implemented – "those intended to make customs enforcement more effective, those that placed new duties on items widely consumed in
America,
927:
The new act listed specific goods, the most important being lumber, which could only be exported to
Britain. Ship captains were required to maintain detailed manifests of their cargo and the papers were subject to verification before anything could be unloaded from the ships. Customs officials were
949:
was involved with supplying food and supplies to the
British Army. Colonials, however, especially those affected directly as merchants and shippers, assumed that the highly visible new tax program was the major culprit. As protests against the Sugar Act developed, it was the economic impact rather
882:
1733 was passed by
Parliament largely at the insistence of large plantation owners in the British West Indies. Molasses from French, Dutch, and Spanish West Indian possessions was inexpensive. Producers of sugar from the British West Indies priced sugar much higher than their competitors, and they
923:
The
Molasses Act was set to expire in 1763. The Commissioners of Customs anticipated greater demand for both molasses and rum as a result of the end of the war and the acquisition of Canada. They believed that the increased demand would make a sharply reduced rate both affordable and collectible.
992:
For if our Trade may be taxed why not our Lands? Why not the
Produce of our Lands & every thing we possess or make use of? This we apprehend annihilates our Charter Right to govern & tax ourselves – It strikes our British Privileges, which as we have never forfeited them, we hold in
969:, on the other hand, now had unrestricted exports. With supply of molasses well exceeding demand, the islands prospered with their reduced expenses while New England ports saw revenue from their rum exports decrease. Also the West Indies had been the primary colonial source for hard currency, or
857:
on 5 April 1764. The preamble to the act stated: "it is expedient that new provisions and regulations should be established for improving the revenue of this
Kingdom ... and ... it is just and necessary that a revenue should be raised ... for defraying the expenses of defending, protecting, and
914:
George
Grenville did not expect the colonies to contribute to the interest or the retirement of the debt, but he did expect the Americans to pay a portion of the expenses for colonial defense. Estimating the expenses of maintaining an army in the Continental colonies and the West Indies to be
993:
common with our Fellow Subjects who are Natives of Britain: If Taxes are laid upon us in any shape without our having a legal Representation where they are laid, are we not reduced from the Character of free Subjects to the miserable State of tributary Slaves?
910:
in May 1763. Grenville faced the problem of not only paying for these troops but servicing the national debt. The debt grew from £75,000,000 before the war to £122,600,000 in January 1763, and almost £130,000,000 by the beginning of 1764.
944:
The Sugar Act was passed by Parliament on 5 April 1764, and it arrived in the colonies at a time of economic depression. A good part of the reason was that a significant portion of the colonial economy during the
1182:
Middlekauff p. 66–67. Miller p. 101. Miller wrote, "The legislation was declared to have caused greater alarm in New England than the forays of the French and Indians during the darkest days of the Seven Years'
1361:
1012:. Overall, however, there was not an immediate high level of protest over the Sugar Act in either New England or the rest of the colonies. That would begin in the later part of the next year when the
988:. In May 1764 Samuel Adams drafted a report on the Sugar Act for the Massachusetts assembly, in which he denounced the act as an infringement of the rights of the colonists as British subjects:
721:
928:
empowered to have all violations tried in vice admiralty courts rather than by jury trials in local colonial courts, where the juries generally looked favorably on smuggling as a profession.
1383:
1391:
259:
1705:
597:
1376:
820:
2860:
482:
522:
2855:
1369:
2845:
512:
2552:
965:
was too small to support any tax on molasses. Forced to increase their prices, many colonists feared being priced out of the market. The
507:
54:
An act for granting certain duties in the British colonies and plantations in Africa, for continuing, amending, and making perpetual, an
2475:
557:
502:
264:
2840:
1023:, which reduced the tax to one penny per gallon on molasses imports, British or foreign. This occurred around the same time that the
813:
704:
582:
235:
902:, the Earl of Bute, decided to maintain a standing army of ten thousand British regular troops in the colonies. Shortly thereafter,
497:
492:
2422:
2835:
1296:
487:
222:
90:
67:
1036:
915:
approximately £200,000 annually, Grenville devised a revenue-raising program that would raise an estimated £79,000 per year.
2375:
806:
95:
1347:
2447:
254:
2370:
1687:
1608:
342:
331:
2661:
2390:
2343:
1317:
1279:
1261:
1249:
689:
1008:
there were movements to increase colonial manufacturing. There were sporadic outbreaks of violence, most notably in
957:
New England ports especially suffered economic losses from the Sugar Act as the stricter enforcement made smuggling
2405:
552:
1738:
951:
336:
2317:
1116:
542:
103:
2221:
1649:
1073:
899:
641:
547:
1356:
2251:
1603:
726:
431:
2485:
2400:
2385:
1416:
854:
699:
669:
562:
239:
99:
41:
2547:
2527:
2507:
2113:
1478:
770:
459:
436:
59:
2850:
2814:
1637:
1613:
1512:
1399:
932:
775:
629:
2427:
2395:
1973:
1394:
1310:
The Unknown American Revolution: The Unruly Birth of Democracy and the Struggle to Create America.
2708:
2522:
2380:
2236:
1978:
1625:
973:, and as the reserves of specie were depleted the soundness of colonial currency was threatened.
765:
441:
276:
906:
replaced Bute. Grenville supported his predecessor's policy, even more so after the outbreak of
2782:
2562:
716:
567:
517:
421:
326:
1580:
2572:
2512:
2018:
1631:
1065:
891:
710:
572:
303:
49:
1323:
2073:
1988:
1876:
1666:
795:
760:
755:
619:
401:
83:
8:
2480:
2365:
2322:
1731:
1420:
1403:
1020:
966:
946:
887:
867:
674:
664:
646:
212:
2740:
2567:
2457:
2123:
1671:
1468:
1284:
386:
1522:
2671:
2537:
2452:
1926:
1681:
1313:
1292:
1275:
1257:
1245:
592:
293:
231:
143:
2735:
2577:
2499:
2133:
1931:
1592:
1549:
1545:
1534:
907:
903:
679:
472:
467:
426:
416:
298:
179:
86:
2718:
2640:
2348:
2327:
2241:
1676:
1643:
1598:
1528:
1495:
1434:
1351:
1267:
981:
634:
411:
391:
381:
371:
121:
2804:
2728:
2723:
2681:
2645:
2440:
2415:
2307:
2297:
2265:
2128:
2098:
1916:
1830:
1771:
1757:
1724:
1570:
1559:
1501:
1344:
1024:
1013:
898:
to pay for the war. In February 1763, as the war ended, the ministry headed by
850:
577:
396:
376:
2033:
2829:
2771:
2435:
2285:
2231:
2078:
1963:
1941:
1936:
1866:
1439:
1005:
985:
895:
750:
2630:
2618:
2542:
2517:
2410:
2358:
2216:
2153:
2148:
1968:
1946:
1798:
1489:
1451:
1445:
1412:
1009:
977:
879:
859:
366:
243:
189:
133:
55:
1716:
936:
and those that adjusted old rates in such a way as to maximize revenues."
2776:
2696:
2686:
2603:
2593:
2532:
2353:
2290:
2195:
2180:
2143:
2083:
2063:
2049:
2023:
1998:
1951:
1921:
1881:
1861:
1856:
1825:
1004:
agreed to stop purchasing British luxury imports, and in both Boston and
2691:
2676:
2613:
2302:
2168:
2163:
2013:
1958:
1891:
1886:
1871:
1846:
1618:
308:
2246:
2750:
2745:
2635:
2623:
2598:
2185:
2108:
2103:
2055:
1993:
1851:
1818:
1781:
1039:
for the context of the Sugar Act among other post-1763 revenue bills.
1001:
961:
more dangerous and risky. Also they argued that the profit margin on
477:
2608:
2190:
2068:
2008:
1776:
1457:
1042:
958:
863:
72:
2755:
2666:
2312:
2280:
2211:
2138:
2088:
2028:
2003:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1786:
1586:
406:
976:
Two prime movers behind the protests against the Sugar Act were
2713:
2701:
2173:
2118:
1791:
998:
174:
16:
British legislation imposing import duties on American colonies
1019:
The Sugar Act 1764 was repealed in 1766 and replaced with the
2158:
2093:
1983:
1908:
1747:
1045:
for modern excises on sugar products and sugary soft drinks.
970:
2226:
962:
862:
1733, which had imposed a tax of six pence per gallon of
1289:
The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763-1789.
1037:
American Revolutionary War § Prelude to revolution
1066:"The Sugar Act; Titled The American Revenue Act 1764"
894:, the British government substantially increased the
1101:
1099:
1108:
939:
1242:Samuel Adams: America's Revolutionary Politician.
1096:
2827:
1114:
1060:
1058:
1732:
1377:
1272:A Struggle For Power:The American Revolution.
814:
1357:Recorded summary of passage of the Sugar Act
1055:
108:
2553:Slavery in the British and French Caribbean
1746:
954:that was the main focus for the colonists.
122:British America and the British West Indies
1739:
1725:
1384:
1370:
821:
807:
2861:Repealed Great Britain Acts of Parliament
1419:, and other legal issues relating to the
2856:Laws leading to the American Revolution
1146:Gary Nash p. 45; Middlekauff pp. 55–63.
2828:
1210:Alexander p. 24. Middlekauff p. 67–73.
226:Declaration of Independence (painting)
2846:Great Britain Acts of Parliament 1764
1720:
1365:
1303:Origins of the American Revolution.
890:, known in Colonial America as the
13:
1117:"Steps to the American Revolution"
343:No taxation without representation
221:
56:act in the sixth year of the reign
14:
2872:
2662:Australian Aboriginal sweet foods
1758:List of sugars and sugar products
1338:
950:than the constitutional issue of
2841:18th century in economic history
2810:
2809:
2800:
2799:
1701:
1700:
1393:
1254:Anderson, Fred, 'Crucible of War
1115:Daniella Garran (19 July 2010).
858:securing the same." The earlier
789:
35:
1688:Taxation without representation
1234:
1222:
1213:
1204:
1195:
1186:
1176:
952:taxation without representation
940:Effect on the American colonies
1167:
1158:
1149:
1140:
1131:
1087:
104:Leader of the House of Commons
1:
2836:1764 in the Thirteen Colonies
1609:Administration of Justice Act
1074:Independence Hall Association
873:
642:Congress of the Confederation
1604:Massachusetts Government Act
432:Committees of Correspondence
234:presents their draft of the
7:
1030:
855:Parliament of Great Britain
670:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783
583:Declaration of Independence
563:Second Continental Congress
240:Second Continental Congress
236:Declaration of Independence
100:Chancellor of the Exchequer
42:Parliament of Great Britain
10:
2877:
2548:Reciprocity Treaty of 1875
2528:Demerara rebellion of 1823
2508:1811 German Coast uprising
2114:Non-centrifugal cane sugar
1479:Royal Proclamation of 1763
1345:Text of the Sugar Act 1764
918:
437:First Continental Congress
21:United Kingdom legislation
2795:
2764:
2654:
2586:
2498:
2468:
2336:
2273:
2264:
2204:
2042:
1907:
1900:
1839:
1764:
1755:
1696:
1659:
1638:Proclamation of Rebellion
1569:
1544:
1511:
1467:
1427:
1410:
843:American Revenue Act 1764
776:Prospect Hill Flag Debate
630:Articles of Confederation
558:Role of African Americans
195:
185:
173:
165:
160:
152:
142:
132:
127:
115:
79:
66:
48:
34:
29:
1974:High-fructose corn syrup
1650:Taxation of Colonies Act
1350:5 September 2011 at the
1049:
796:United States portal
117:Territorial extent
2523:Colonial molasses trade
1979:High-maltose corn syrup
1626:Conciliatory Resolution
766:American civil religion
705:Philadelphia Convention
442:Continental Association
207:Part of a series on the
2783:Pure, White and Deadly
2563:Sugar Duties Acts 1846
2469:By region (historical)
1634:(March and April 1775)
1553:ministries (1766–1770)
997:In August 1764, fifty
995:
717:Anti-Federalist Papers
656:Dissent and rebellions
568:27 colonial grievances
536:Political developments
422:Philadelphia Tea Party
353:Conflict over taxation
327:American Enlightenment
227:
60:King George the Second
2573:Taiwan Sugar Railways
2513:Amelioration Act 1798
990:
892:French and Indian War
711:The Federalist Papers
573:Olive Branch Petition
304:French and Indian War
225:
2252:Unrefined sweeteners
2074:Crystalline fructose
1989:Inverted sugar syrup
1667:Rights of Englishmen
841:, also known as the
761:American nationalism
756:Atlantic Revolutions
700:Annapolis Convention
620:Confederation period
402:Virginia Association
58:of his late majesty
2337:By region (current)
2237:Sugar confectionery
1513:Rockingham ministry
1421:American Revolution
1413:Royal Proclamations
1404:American Revolution
1285:Middlekauff, Robert
1240:Alexander, John K.
1219:Miller pp. 149–150.
967:British West Indies
931:American historian
868:American Revolution
851:revenue-raising act
847:American Duties Act
665:Newburgh Conspiracy
647:Northwest Ordinance
214:American Revolution
26:
2741:Sweetened beverage
2568:Sugar Intervention
2476:Danish West Indies
2458:U.S. Sugar Program
2217:Cotton candy floss
2124:Plantation Reserve
2019:Steen's cane syrup
1672:Writ of assistance
1660:Other legal issues
1469:Grenville ministry
1417:Acts of Parliament
1192:Miller p. 101–102.
1164:Middlekauff p. 65.
1155:Middlekauff p. 62.
1105:Miller pp. 100–101
612:Forming a republic
488:British Royal Navy
387:Stamp Act Congress
228:
24:
2823:
2822:
2672:Blood sugar level
2538:Leith Sugar House
2494:
2493:
2453:Sugar Association
2260:
2259:
2222:Maple sugar foods
1927:Barley malt syrup
1750:as food commodity
1714:
1713:
1301:Miller, John C.
1297:978 0-19-516247-9
1228:Draper p. 290–291
831:
830:
735:
734:
460:Revolutionary War
450:
449:
294:Thirteen Colonies
232:Committee of Five
202:
201:
161:Other legislation
148:29 September 1764
106:
30:Act of Parliament
2868:
2851:History of sugar
2813:
2812:
2803:
2802:
2736:Sugar substitute
2578:Triangular trade
2271:
2270:
1932:Brown rice syrup
1905:
1904:
1741:
1734:
1727:
1718:
1717:
1704:
1703:
1677:Admiralty courts
1632:Restraining Acts
1402:relating to the
1398:
1397:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1363:
1362:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1268:Draper, Theodore
1229:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1193:
1190:
1184:
1180:
1174:
1171:
1165:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1147:
1144:
1138:
1137:Miller pp. 96–99
1135:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1062:
1021:Revenue Act 1766
947:Seven Years' War
904:George Grenville
888:Seven Years' War
823:
816:
809:
798:
794:
793:
792:
680:Paper Money Riot
675:Shays' Rebellion
616:
615:
473:Continental Navy
468:Continental Army
427:Intolerable Acts
417:Boston Tea Party
299:Salutary neglect
282:
281:
260:Military leaders
215:
204:
203:
197:Status: Repealed
180:Revenue Act 1766
118:
110:
94:
87:George Grenville
39:
38:
27:
23:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2865:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2791:
2760:
2719:Sugar addiction
2650:
2641:Sugar sculpture
2582:
2490:
2464:
2441:Tate & Lyle
2432:United Kingdom
2349:Bundaberg Sugar
2332:
2328:Sugar marketing
2256:
2242:Sugarcane juice
2200:
2038:
1896:
1835:
1760:
1751:
1745:
1715:
1710:
1692:
1655:
1646:(December 1775)
1644:Prohibitory Act
1628:(February 1775)
1599:Boston Port Act
1573:
1565:
1552:
1540:
1529:Declaratory Act
1515:
1507:
1471:
1463:
1435:Navigation Acts
1423:
1406:
1392:
1390:
1352:Wayback Machine
1341:
1328:
1326:
1324:"The Sugar Act"
1322:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1205:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1173:Anderson p. 574
1172:
1168:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1122:
1120:
1119:. Lesson Planet
1113:
1109:
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1033:
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876:
827:
790:
788:
787:
782:
781:
780:
745:
737:
736:
731:
684:
651:
635:Perpetual Union
613:
605:
604:
603:
587:
537:
529:
528:
527:
523:Financial costs
518:Treaty of Paris
462:
452:
451:
446:
412:Boston Massacre
392:Declaratory Act
382:Sons of Liberty
372:Quartering Acts
348:
313:
279:
269:
246:
213:
198:
116:
93:
44:
36:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2761:
2759:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2732:
2731:
2729:Residual sugar
2724:Sugars in wine
2721:
2716:
2711:
2709:Health effects
2706:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2684:
2682:Flavored syrup
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2658:
2656:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2648:
2646:Treacle mining
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2626:
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2416:Tongaat Hulett
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2315:
2310:
2308:Sugarcane mill
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2300:
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2161:
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2151:
2141:
2136:
2131:
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1201:Draper p. 219
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80:Introduced by
78:
74:
71:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
51:
47:
43:
33:
28:
19:
2781:
2631:Sugar people
2619:Sugar packet
2557:
2543:Molasses Act
2518:Blackbirding
2411:Illovo Sugar
2406:South Africa
2359:Wilmar Sugar
2154:Butterscotch
2149:Barley sugar
2054:
1969:Golden syrup
1947:Mogwa-cheong
1799:Disaccharide
1531:(March 1766)
1525:(March 1766)
1490:Currency Act
1483:
1452:Molasses Act
1400:British laws
1327:. Retrieved
1309:
1308:Nash, Gary B
1302:
1288:
1271:
1255:
1241:
1235:Bibliography
1224:
1215:
1206:
1197:
1188:
1178:
1169:
1160:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1121:. Retrieved
1110:
1089:
1079:23 September
1077:. Retrieved
1069:
1018:
1016:was passed.
1010:Rhode Island
996:
991:
978:Samuel Adams
975:
956:
943:
930:
926:
922:
913:
885:
880:Molasses Act
877:
860:Molasses Act
846:
842:
838:
834:
832:
771:Bicentennial
709:
690:Constitution
513:Intelligence
483:British Army
367:Currency Act
361:
244:Philadelphia
190:Molasses Act
144:Commencement
138:5 April 1764
134:Royal assent
84:The Rt. Hon.
18:
2777:John Yudkin
2687:Fruit syrup
2604:Sugar shack
2594:Added sugar
2533:Holing cane
2391:Philippines
2291:Casa-grande
2205:Other forms
2181:Sugar glass
2144:Sugar candy
2084:Gula melaka
2064:Candi sugar
2043:Solid forms
2034:Yacón syrup
2024:Table syrup
1999:Maple syrup
1952:Yuja-cheong
1922:Agave syrup
1857:Agave syrup
1826:Added sugar
1574:(1770–1782)
1537:(June 1766)
1535:Revenue Act
1516:(1765–1766)
1472:(1763–1765)
1428:Before 1763
900:John Stuart
886:During the
175:Repealed by
2830:Categories
2815:Production
2692:Date honey
2677:Cane knife
2614:Sugar nips
2303:Sugar bush
2286:Plantation
2274:Production
2169:Rock candy
2134:Preserving
2014:Pine honey
1959:Corn syrup
1847:Sugar beet
1619:Quebec Act
1581:Repeal Act
1523:Repeal Act
1329:6 December
984:, both of
982:James Otis
874:Background
337:Liberalism
309:George III
186:Relates to
166:Amended by
50:Long title
2751:Sweetness
2746:Sweetener
2636:Sugar tit
2624:Sucrology
2599:Crop Over
2558:Sugar Act
2401:Sri Lanka
2386:Mauritius
2371:Caribbean
2344:Australia
2186:Sugarloaf
2104:Muscovado
2056:Peen tong
1994:Kuromitsu
1852:Sugarcane
1819:Trehalose
1782:Galactose
1765:Chemistry
1502:Stamp Act
1484:Sugar Act
1002:merchants
543:Loyalists
508:Diplomacy
478:Minutemen
362:Sugar Act
2805:Category
2765:Research
2609:Sugaring
2423:Tanzania
2298:Refinery
2266:Industry
2191:Wasanbon
2129:Powdered
2069:Chancaca
2009:Molasses
1901:Products
1877:Honeydew
1777:Fructose
1706:Category
1458:Iron Act
1440:Wool Act
1348:Archived
1256:, 2000,
1043:Soda tax
1031:See also
959:molasses
864:molasses
849:, was a
593:Drafting
548:Patriots
255:Timeline
153:Repealed
73:4 Geo. 3
68:Citation
2756:Vinasse
2667:Bagasse
2655:Related
2587:Culture
2500:History
2313:Engenho
2281:Boilery
2247:Tuzemák
2212:Caramel
2139:Sucanat
2089:Jaggery
2079:Gelling
2029:Treacle
2004:Mizuame
1867:Coconut
1840:Sources
1814:Sucrose
1809:Maltose
1804:Lactose
1787:Glucose
1595:(1774:
1587:Tea Act
1550:Grafton
1546:Chatham
1446:Hat Act
1312:(2005)
1291:(2005)
1274:(1996)
1244:(2002)
1123:21 July
919:Passage
845:or the
598:Signing
503:Battles
407:Tea Act
285:Context
277:Origins
265:Battles
238:to the
109:Commons
75:. c. 15
2786:(1972)
2714:Nectar
2702:Jallab
2486:Hawaii
2428:Uganda
2396:Rwanda
2174:Toffee
2119:Panela
1937:Cheong
1909:Syrups
1792:Xylose
1684:(1763)
1652:(1778)
1589:(1773)
1583:(1770)
1562:(1767)
1504:(1765)
1498:(1765)
1492:(1764)
1486:(1764)
1460:(1750)
1454:(1733)
1448:(1732)
1442:(1699)
1316:
1305:(1943)
1295:
1278:
1260:
1248:
999:Boston
971:specie
744:Legacy
493:France
102:&
2697:Grape
2381:India
2376:Kenya
2323:Zafra
2318:Batey
2196:White
2159:Candy
2094:Misri
2050:Brown
1984:Honey
1882:Maple
1862:Birch
1748:Sugar
1183:War."
1050:Notes
498:Spain
318:Ideas
128:Dates
2481:Fiji
2366:Cuba
2164:Hard
1892:Malt
1887:Palm
1872:Date
1548:and
1331:2005
1314:ISBN
1293:ISBN
1276:ISBN
1258:ISBN
1246:ISBN
1125:2010
1081:2008
980:and
878:The
833:The
230:The
169:None
156:1766
2354:CSR
2227:Rum
2109:Nib
963:rum
837:or
242:in
2832::
1415:,
1287:.
1270:.
1098:^
1072:.
1068:.
1057:^
870:.
98:,
91:MP
89:,
1740:e
1733:t
1726:v
1385:e
1378:t
1371:v
1333:.
1127:.
1083:.
822:e
815:t
808:v
600:)
591:(
345:"
341:"
111:)
107:(
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