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306:. Yet other Catholic officials, including the Bishop of St. George’s, Neil McNeil, permitted Catholic membership in the union. Several parish priests, such as those in Tilting, were either permissive or supportive of Catholic membership in the union, and Catholic schools and community halls were often opened up to receive Coaker and FPU candidates during tours and election campaigns.
174:. In his maiden speech to the House of Assembly, Coaker spoke of the significance of outport fishermen gaining a measure of political power. "It is not an accident we have come here," he said, " revolution ... has been fought in Newfoundland. The fisherman, the toiler of Newfoundland has made up his mind that he is going to be represented on the floors of this House."
22:
226:
The FPU was the target of heated rhetoric throughout much of its history, particularly in its early years. Journalists, parliamentarians and others attacked the union for attempting to undermine duly constituted order, for seeking to alter the inexorable law of supply and demand, or being "godless."
427:
in 1934 (which Coaker supported). The union became a service organisation for its members, running businesses and its activities on behalf of fishermen and loggers. The FPU survived into the post-confederation period when democratic politics resumed in 1949 though it ran no candidates and had faded
107:
The FPU's newspaper, "The
Fishermen's Advocate", was founded in 1910 and ceased publication in 1980. From 1914 to 1924, the Advocate was published in both daily and weekly editions, and for a short time in 1917, had three editions, evening, morning, and weekly. It published as a weekly from 1914 to
383:
with half of the coalition's seats being won by Union candidates. Coaker was appointed
Fisheries Minister and attempted to introduce regulations to control the prices of fish exported abroad but the rules were too weak and failed in its goal of preventing Newfoundland's exporters from undercutting
116:
The FPU believed that the interests of fishermen were being ignored by the mainstream parties, and that candidates elected on a class basis would be able to hold the balance of power and influence government in the interests of fishermen. As early as 1910, the FPU began to lay the groundwork for a
309:
By late 1909, the Church quietly dropped its ban on
Catholic membership in the union, partly due to these fissures within the church, pressure from lay Catholic fishers, and the FPU’s elimination of the oath of secrecy. Catholic councils that had previously folded in Salmonier and Riverhead were
456:
The original anthem of the FPU was titled "We are Coming Mr. Coaker" which was sung or chanted at FPU meetings to show support for Coaker and his movement to unite the fishermen. The author of the work is unknown. The source of the tune has been identified as the
American Civil War song "We Are
247:
strategy limited any impulse there might have been to extend its influence further. As Coaker said of the Union Party, "No effort will be made to control public affairs... The Union don’t want to rule..." This meant that even some fishing areas of the country, such as the southwest coast, were
239:
The FPU was also mostly a non-factor in some areas of the country, including St. John's. While a United
Trading Company store existed in the capital city, no local council did. The FPU did not seek to extend its influence or mandate to cover other members of the broader working class, though
310:
reconstituted, and new FPU locals formed in heavily
Catholic towns such as Branch, North Harbour, Witless Bay, and Petty Harbour. Coaker estimated that the union had 1,200 Catholic supporters in northern districts. The vice-president of the union, Andrew Broaders, was a Catholic from
182:
From the early days of the FPU's founding, the union attracted sympathy and support in some quarters and fierce opposition in others. While the FPU was popular among many fishermen, it was deeply unpopular among merchants, the political elite, and some religious elites.
227:
Later, attacks on the FPU came in the form of attempts to associate it with the
Bolshevik Revolution and Marxism. However, the acrimony between the FPU and Newfoundland's elites went both ways. One notable event in FPU history was its protests and petitions to arrest
354:
policy which was unpopular in
Newfoundland's outport fishing villages, particularly as by taking their sons overseas it hurt the ability of fishing families to earn enough to support themselves. Coaker had promised that there would be no conscription without a
157:
The FPU entered electoral politics in 1913 by establishing the Union Party, campaigning on the
Bonavista Platform and in particular calling for government regulation of the fisheries, administrative and constitutional reform, and the extension of education and
81:. It was the first serious attempt to organise fishermen as a mass political movement along class lines. With a rallying cry of "to each his own" the FPU sought to achieve reforms in Newfoundland society to attain an equitable distribution of wealth in the
326:
The election held on
October 30, 1913, launched a new chapter in the history of the FPU as it started to make political gains. However, within a year of their inaugural election, the Union Party's agenda was waylaid by the onset of the First World War.
387:
The fishery declined in the 1920s, causing high unemployment, falling fish prices and emigration from the island. The influence of the FPU subsequently declined and it withdrew from electoral politics in 1924 though it attempted a return in the
890:
Earl Burt, “Archbishop Howley sounds an alarm: the interpretation and application of papal social teachings to unions in Newfoundland, 1905-1912,” (B.A. Honours dissertation, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 1988), p.
92:(UTC or FUTC), which established stores throughout the province that would purchase fish from fishermen for cash. It would also import goods to sell to fishermen directly at a non-inflated price. This circumvented the
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formal entry into parliamentary politics. In the next few years, Coaker toured the country, enlisting members, helping start new councils, and rallying support for the FPU's eventual entry into politics.
248:
deprioritized and tended not to have many councils or UTC stores. This was partly because such fishers were involved in the inshore fishery, which was less conducive to or receptive of the union idea.
400:
and again attempted to pass reforms to the fishing industry but was not successful. The downward economic spiral caused by the decline of the fishing industry was aggravated further by the
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125:
In 1912, the FPU adopted the Bonavista Platform, a political manifesto calling for radical change in fishery policy, social policy and governance. Consisting of 31 planks, it advocated
918:
Liam O’Flaherty, "Rogues Among Rebels: Entanglements between Irish Catholics and the Fishermen’s Protective Union of Newfoundland," SFU Theses, 2017, pgs 100-102, retrieved from:
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1038:
730:
Liam O’Flaherty, "Rogues Among Rebels: Entanglements between Irish Catholics and the Fishermen’s Protective Union of Newfoundland," SFU Theses, 2017, chapter 3, retrieved from:
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but he and the FPU ended up supporting the government's decision to implement the measure without a vote resulting in some FPU council's passing resolutions to censure Coaker.
909:
Ian McDonald, 'To Each His Own': William Coaker and the Fishermen's Protective Union in Newfoundland Politics, 1908-1925 edited by James Hiller (St. John's: ISER, 1987), p. 41
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The church's hostility initially discouraged the continuation of FPU locals in Catholic areas of the southern Avalon Peninsula, such as those in
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Ian McDonald, “W.F. Coaker and the Fishermen's Protective Union in Newfoundland Politics, 1908-1925” (Ph.D. thesis, University of London, 1971), 88
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goods at an inflated price on credit and then took the fishermen's cured fish at the end of the season at rates determined by the merchant. This
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85:. At its peak, it had more than 21,000 members in 206 councils across the island; more than half of Newfoundland's roughly 40,000 fishermen.
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and having a salary for elected representatives to make it feasible for those who are not independently wealthy to be involved in politics.
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Circular letter to Roman Catholics from Archbishop M.F. Howley, March 31, 1909, Maritime History Archive, retrieved December 5, 2022, from
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Sean Cadigan, Death on Two Fronts : National Tragedies and the Fate of Democracy in Newfoundland, 1914-34 (Toronto: Allen Lane, 2013).
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Melvin Baker, “The Struggle for Influence and Power: William Coaker, Abram Kean, and the Newfoundland Sealing Industry, 1908-1915,”
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291:, its decision to enter politics, and its perceived threat to the "feudal an paternal system" that had structured outport life.
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954:
History 3120 Manual: Newfoundland History, 1815–1972", Division of Continuing Studies, Memorial University of Newfoundland
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Robert J. Brym and Barbara Neis, “Regional Factors in the Formation of the Fishermen's Protective Union of Newfoundland,”
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of 1917 with Coaker as minister of fisheries. The FPU's reputation was hurt, however, by its support of the government's
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An additional verse was added to the song during the 1990s when Port Union was being brushed up to be a heritage site.
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Coaker resigned as FPU president in 1923 but retained his position as leader of the Fishermen's Union Trading Company.
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of St. John's and his successor, Archbishop E.P. Roche, who varyingly took issue with the union's links with the
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Coming, Father Abraham, Three Hundred Thousand More", a call to arms written in 1862 by James Sloan Gibbons.
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The union had Protestant and Catholic supporters, but retained the bulk of its support from Newfoundland's
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The Rise of the Fishermen's Protective Union, the First World War and the National Government, 1908–1919
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Map of Southern Avalon Locals, Maritime History Archive, Memorial University. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
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occasionally fishers or sealers held rallies in the city and sometimes received the support of locals.
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marketing and government regulation of fish grading. In social policy, it proposed the reduction of
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fishers in the northeast of the island. It was distrusted and opposed by some elements within the
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a web site of the Maritime History Archive (MHA) at Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN).
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https://mha.mun.ca/mha/fpu/documents_full_view.php?img=documents/106_19_1b&galleryID=doc1
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s editors and financiers, and over time the FPU shifted its support toward the Liberals.
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fish merchants. Previously, merchants did not pay cash for fish but advanced fishermen
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away by 1960. The Fishermen's Union Trading Co. survived until 1977 when it fell into
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including Coaker himself, having won one of the three seats for the district of
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Melvin Baker, "Plaindealing and the Fishermen’s Protective Union, 1908-1910,"
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943:, Maritime History Archive, Memorial University. Retrieved 20 February 2008.
770:, Maritime History Archive, Memorial University. Retrieved 20 February 2008.
648:, Maritime History Archive, Memorial University. Retrieved 20 February 2008.
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Moreover, the FPU's decision to limit the union's political influence to a
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Barbara Neis, “Competitive Merchants and Class Struggle in Newfoundland,”
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They are with the fight for freedom, they are with the fight for freedom,
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with much less influence then it enjoyed a decade earlier. Coaker became
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Fishermen's Union Trading Company Limited (Greenspond) fonds, 1914–1922
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We'll be brothers all and free men, we'll be brothers all and free men,
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141:. The Platform also called for democratic reforms such as the right to
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https://www.heritage.nf.ca/articles/politics/sealing-disaster-1914.php
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Terra Nova Greens: Fisherman's Protective Union (sympathetic account)
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They are with you heart and spirit, breasting Cape St. Mary's waves.
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in 1934 and the implementation of direct rule from Britain via the
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winning 9 seats and becoming a junior partner in the government of
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We'll be brothers all and free men, and we'll rightify each wrong;
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Coaker initially had had a warm relationship with the progressive
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Will we perish? We'll say NEVER! Will we perish? We'll say NEVER!
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We'll rebuild the town you dreamed of, and we will not back away;
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They are with the fight for freedom, and the Union is their song;
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You have called us and we're coming, for to put our foes to rout.
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We are coming, Mr. Coaker, from the East, West, North and South;
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as the only town in Canada to have been established by a union.
792:“Employ Sectarianism to Discredit Coaker and Fool the Voters,”
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The FPU's political role ended entirely with the suspension of
219:. But by the spring of 1909, he had incurred the enmity of the
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We will follow in your footsteps, and we know just what to do.
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We're still people, Mr. Coaker, with a spirit strong and true;
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We are ready for to sever, from the merchants' servile throng;
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We're determined now in future, and no longer we'll be fooled.
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By merchants and by governments, too long we've been misruled;
956:, 1994, revision of 1986 edition. Retrieved 20 February 2008.
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Men who stand the snow-white billows down on stormy Labrador.
318:, pressed the case that Catholics could belong in the union.
33:(sometimes called the Fisherman's Protective Union, the FPU,
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We are coming, Mr. Coaker, men from Green Bay's rocky shore,
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We are coming, Mr. Coaker, and we're forty thousand strong.
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Will we perish? We'll say NEVER! Port Union's here to stay;
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For we're looking to our future, that began just yesterday.
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We are coming, Mr. Coaker, and we're forty thousand strong.
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Valiant men from far Placentia, who the angry oceans brave,
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We are coming, Mr. Coaker, and we're forty thousand strong.
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We are ready and awaiting, strong and solid, firm and bold,
483:
We are coming, Mr. Coaker, and we're forty thousand strong.
41:) was a workers' organisation and political party in the
379:. The Liberal-Union coalition won 24 of 36 seats in the
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kept most fishermen in perpetual debt to the merchant.
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List of political parties in Newfoundland and Labrador
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Map of Fishermen's Union Trading Company (FUTC) Stores
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List of political parties in Newfoundland and Labrador
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You arouse a feeling in us, that before we never felt;
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We are coming, Mr. Coaker, blood of Saxon and of Celt,
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To be led by you like Moses led the Israelites of old.
613:
General elections in Newfoundland (pre-Confederation)
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We are coming, Mr. Coaker, we are coming, Mr. Coaker,
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We are coming, Mr. Coaker, we are coming, Mr. Coaker,
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We are coming, Mr. Coaker, we are coming, Mr. Coaker,
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We are ready for to sever, we are ready for to sever,
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We are coming, Mr. Coaker, we are coming, Mr. Coaker,
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Newfoundland political party and service organization
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1977 disestablishments in Newfoundland and Labrador
985:"We Are Coming Mr Coaker (Traditional) tabs, MIDI"
432:resulting in its ten remaining stores being sold.
61:and nineteen men following a speech by him at the
45:. The development of the FPU mirrored that of the
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275:, the initial requirement that members swear an
187:Relationship with Political and Business Elites
162:. Eight members of the FPU were elected to the
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1018:The Fishermen's Protective Union and Politics
745:The Fishermen's Protective Union and Politics
646:Formation of the Fishermen's Protective Union
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952:Baker, Melvin, "Newfoundland in the 1920s",
827:Jenny Higgins, "The 1914 Sealing Disaster,"
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231:his role in the sealing disasters of 1914.
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699:"D-F | Memorial University Libraries"
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783:105, no. 4 (Spring, 2013): 43-51.
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751:. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
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667:. Retrieved 18 February 2008.
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404:resulting in the collapse of
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425:responsible government
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