938:. The creation and maintenance of a regional economy is supported by communities who believe that their community is economically better off sustaining itself rather than being part of and relying upon a larger economy, such as a national economy or the global economy. This is a movement against the increasing globalization of all economies around the world. The main tenets of fiscal localism include buying products that are made locally and using a currency that is unique to that local economy. This allows a community to grow at a controllable and sustainable rate by supporting farmers, shopkeepers, and service providers of a community. Consumers in these communities are more informed about how their foods and products are grown and made. Using a unique form of currency allows a community to determine its economic growth and health more accurately than using metrics of a national economy to gauge economic health. Taxation in these communities is emphasized at the local level and low importance is put on national taxes. These communities want to separate themselves from the larger national economy so they must rely on revenue generated from local taxation. Banking is also preferred to be done on a local level. Communities that follow fiscal localism would rather have one local bank than be customers of a massive bank that does business across the country as well as internationally.
990:
study which found that "government efficiency increase with the degree of fiscal decentralization". Reasons used to support local taxation include responsiveness, cost efficiency, incentives, and accountability. The
Spanish Institute of Fiscal Studies conducted a study over a period stretching from 1972 to 2005 using data from 23 countries regarding taxes. The study found that "reducing the share of central government in total tax revenue by one percentage point boosts long-run GDP growth by about 0.06 per cent per annum". Setting local taxes is complicated, because too high a tax rate will lead to taxpayers refusing to pay while too low a rate will not give the local government enough funds to function and operate effectively. These taxes are separate from state and federal taxes and are not set at the state or federal level. Increasing local taxes allows a community to reinvest revenue generated from the taxes into public institutions or programs that help the local community. Residents are able to physically see and experience where their tax money is going and how it improves their lives.
999:
the banking system in his essay "Changing the Debate: The Ideas
Redefining Britain." Blume writes, "A more localised banking system - which is more common in other countries but we don't have in the UK - provides a way to connect surplus capital with productive purpose (for the mutual benefit of savers/investors and borrowers)." Advocates for fiscal localism argue that the banking system should be restructured to accommodate the needs of smaller, local communities. These communities that are built around the tenets of fiscal localism want to have local banks that have consumer bases which are limited to the population that is geographically located around the bank. This allows the bank to know its customers on a personal level in order to determine the risk of giving a loan out to someone who lives in the community. It also allows the bank to use its excess capital to invest in services and businesses that are located in these towns, which in turn spurs the local economy at a consistent growth rate.
950:, which was backed by the British Pound sterling at a one-to-one ratio. The idea behind using a unique, local currency is to keep money flowing through the community while preventing money from leaving or relying on money to enter the community. This allows a community to become self-sufficient, have enough funds to create an energy source for the community to use, and eliminate transportation costs for bringing products into the community. A large reason Totnes wanted to become self-sufficient is to decrease its dependence on the use of oil; the town believed that it would be better off in the long run if it were able to operate without relying on oil, which is a finite resource. Following in Totnes' footsteps, several other English towns have established currencies of their own: the
3463:
2674:
885:
3474:
822:
970:
associated with national currency that complementary currencies are seeking to address such as currency speculation and interest-bearing design. This concept is to "complement" the national currency with unique
Calgary Dollars economic activity and increasing the local multiplier of both the Calgary Dollars and the associated percentage of national currency that is often included in the transactions.
1008:
due to the organized nature of these LETS. The five core traits of a LETS include “cost of service, consent, disclosure, equivalence to the regional currency, and interest-free.” Member transactions through a LETS do not have to be solely monetary. A purchase can be repaid through a service performed for the other member involved in the transaction.
966:. A few towns in the United States have also adopted unique currencies. Berkshire, Massachusetts and Ithaca, New York have implemented Massachusetts BerkShares and the HOUR, respectively. While a BerkShare is worth $ .95 US dollars, the HOUR is not convertible to US dollars or any other type of national currency.
1007:
A local exchange trading system (LETS) is composed of local members that want to trade goods and services with other members in the group. These LETS use a unique local currency on which all trade is based upon. Those who are in LETS believe that they benefit both the members and the local community
998:
Modern banks have become monolithic institutions with thousands of branches in their respective countries of service. This globalization of banking institutions and the banking practices used by these organizations is the antithesis of what fiscal localism is about. Toby Blume argues for a shift in
989:
Proponents of fiscal localism argue that paying higher local taxes and lower national taxes will help communities grow and thrive. A report from The TaxPayers' Alliance states that a decentralized form of taxation leads to a more efficient public sector. This report references a German econometric
969:
Calgary
Dollars, created in 1996 as the Bow Chinook Barter Community, has not been backed by or exchangeable with national currency, Canadian dollars. Their belief is that the valuation of 1:1 without exchangeability allows exchanges to be simplified but reduces the linkages to the problems
976:
Lorenzo
Fioramonti, director of the Centre for the Study of Governance Innovation at the University of Pretoria in South Africa, believes that the European Union would be more stable if it used multiple local currencies combined with a
896:
is the most visible face of fiscal localism. There are more complex institutions (both new and well established) that contribute to a community's ability to flourish. Institutions like
1078:. These opponents of Brexit preferred to remain in an organization that encouraged wealth and services to move freely among countries within the union. Then Prime Minister of the
973:
A British Quaker colony in
Pennsylvania created and used the Pennsylvania Pound in the 18th century, but fiscal localism failed for the colony and the currency was abandoned.
1058:
has for centralization is rooted in both economic and political reasons, but the economic reasons lie in his desire for increased fiscal localism. Many citizens of the
1030:
is an economic union that was formed in order to allow free movement of resources and capital between the countries that compose the organization. Discussions of the
1337:
1400:
852:
1426:
1070:
is an example of a community choosing to reject the increasing globalization of economic institutions and policies. However, many citizens of the
1204:
1512:
946:
Unique currencies used by local economies are often backed by a national currency. The town of Totnes, England, from 2007 to 2019 used the
876:, fiscal localism affords voluntary, market structures that help communities trade more efficiently within their communities and regions.
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1500:
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691:
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280:
3109:
3000:
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838:
215:
1149:
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2048:
381:
1271:
3037:
2018:
2008:
1701:
826:
721:
441:
431:
2229:
1054:, wrote, "We know that the European Union is hell bent on further, deeper centralisation." The disdain that
3499:
2738:
2168:
2141:
1062:
share the same negative view of centralization. This resulted in the voting populace choosing to leave the
751:
1205:
https://web.archive.org/web/20170913114022/http://www.complementarycurrency.org/ccDatabase/les_public.html
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2728:
2703:
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2576:
2153:
1998:
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2146:
1836:
1826:
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1716:
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674:
602:
23:
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2072:
2028:
1991:
1741:
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1046:
wanted to do so for economic reasons. Nigel Farage, one of the most prominent endorsers of the
909:
873:
868:
comprises institutions of localized monetary exchange. Sometimes considered a backlash against
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185:
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2851:
2780:
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2214:
2199:
2173:
2112:
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1711:
1706:
931:. Beyond these salient examples, there are thousands of local currencies all over the world.
781:
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116:
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71:
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1976:
1939:
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1721:
1686:
1621:
1467:
1094:, "There would be little we could do to stop discriminatory policies being introduced, and
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81:
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8:
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2003:
1959:
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1841:
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1154:
796:
741:
736:
669:
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345:
180:
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2204:
1636:
1018:
A recent, and perhaps the most widely known, push for fiscal localism occurred when the
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2519:
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2033:
2013:
1981:
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1128:
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2439:
2374:
2299:
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2134:
1971:
1905:
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1851:
1594:
1579:
1138:
771:
731:
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305:
285:
220:
106:
31:
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1038:
have gone on for many years, but was not made official until the public of the
1035:
1031:
1027:
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572:
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2224:
2124:
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951:
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806:
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562:
542:
471:
315:
237:
148:
111:
101:
91:
3424:
3351:
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3266:
3176:
2948:
2524:
2469:
2364:
2354:
2349:
2274:
2119:
1644:
1584:
1159:
1118:
1113:
1055:
978:
963:
959:
947:
924:
681:
557:
421:
416:
411:
396:
350:
325:
300:
295:
242:
96:
3434:
3316:
3271:
3261:
3211:
3201:
3151:
2958:
2499:
2489:
2279:
2158:
2102:
1589:
1098:'s position as the world's leading financial centre would be in danger."
1083:
746:
701:
664:
642:
637:
250:
225:
3376:
3371:
3236:
3161:
3020:
2938:
2918:
2409:
2209:
1986:
916:
76:
44:
915:
Local currency has been in the news most, with journalists citing the
3047:
2871:
2770:
2259:
2189:
1558:
912:
all can contribute to making communities more resilient and wealthy.
766:
290:
255:
190:
54:
49:
884:
2038:
143:
1501:"Do "local currencies" really help the communities that use them?"
1042:
voted to leave. Many of those who were proponents of leaving the
499:
275:
2625:
1427:"The 7 brilliant arguments Theresa May once made against Brexit"
3473:
1475:
1108:
1095:
1012:
821:
627:
1487:
1303:"The Totnes Pound and the American origins of Fiscal Localism"
1527:
1123:
901:
904:'s (Community Development Financial Institutions), and
1002:
3491:
1470:. 17 September 2009 – via news.bbc.co.uk.
2641:
1543:
1401:"Why we must vote LEAVE in the EU referendum"
846:
934:Fiscal localism is rooted in the concept of
1338:"The fiscal and economic case for localism"
16:Institutions of localized monetary exchange
2648:
2634:
1550:
1536:
853:
839:
1370:"The future of localism must be economic"
883:
1498:
1363:
1361:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1296:
1294:
1292:
3492:
1424:
1398:
1241:
1239:
2629:
1531:
3011:New international division of labour
1456:"Fiscal Localism On Rise In Germany"
1358:
1325:
1289:
1186:"Fiscal Localism On Rise In Germany"
1236:
13:
879:
14:
3511:
2655:
1448:
1425:Rampen, Julia (26 October 2016).
1367:
1300:
941:
827:Business and economics portal
3472:
3462:
3461:
2672:
2073:neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis
1066:. This historic decision of the
820:
2673:
1086:said in April 2016 that if the
1468:"No money? Then make your own"
1418:
1399:Farage, Nigel (21 June 2016).
1392:
1264:
1196:
1178:
1003:Local exchange trading systems
1:
2009:Critique of political economy
1557:
1171:
722:Commons-based peer production
442:Socialism of the 21st century
7:
2729:Environmental globalization
2704:Anti-globalization movement
1499:Harford, Tim (3 May 2008).
1101:
10:
3516:
2877:Offshore financial centres
2147:Real business-cycle theory
1074:did not want to leave the
3457:
3415:
3290:
3225:
3142:
3133:
3060:
2897:
2818:
2811:
2691:
2663:
2587:
2545:
2187:
1921:
1670:
1635:
1565:
1134:Community-based economics
1011:
216:Socialist-oriented market
2719:Democratic globalization
1476:"Introducing HOUR Money"
993:
984:
3001:Investor-state disputes
2954:Illicit financial flows
2798:Political globalization
2746:Global financial system
1787:Industrial organization
1617:Computational economics
1145:Local multiplier effect
3342:Christopher Chase-Dunn
3110:Primitive accumulation
2793:Military globalization
2724:Economic globalization
2709:Cultural globalization
1992:Modern monetary theory
1657:Experimental economics
1627:Pluralism in economics
1612:Mathematical economics
1141:(aka informal economy)
910:complementary currency
889:
874:economic globalization
1345:taxpayersalliance.com
1211:on 13 September 2017.
888:Local Farmer's Market
887:
3407:Immanuel Wallerstein
3068:Capital accumulation
2934:Endangered languages
1866:Social choice theory
1622:Behavioral economics
1203:. 13 September 2017
1150:New Economy movement
752:Newly industrialized
495:Collective ownership
356:Vertical archipelago
3500:Localism (politics)
3479:Business portal
3038:Transnational crime
2944:Forced displacement
2929:Economic inequality
2803:Trade globalization
2699:Alter-globalization
1950:American (National)
1650:Economic statistics
1480:www.ithacahours.com
1155:Time-based currency
1022:voted to leave the
737:Inclusive Democracy
3252:Andre Gunder Frank
3026:Race to the bottom
3016:North–South divide
2734:Global citizenship
1492:www.berkshares.org
1129:Community currency
890:
675:Material balancing
157:Buddhist economics
3487:
3486:
3453:
3452:
3312:K. Anthony Appiah
3307:Daniele Archibugi
3056:
3055:
2845:COVID-19 pandemic
2751:Global governance
2623:
2622:
2154:New institutional
1513:"What Is A CDFI?"
1431:newsstatesman.com
1272:"Fiscal Localism"
1247:"Fiscal Localism"
1224:Missing or empty
870:global capitalism
863:
862:
373:By regional model
167:Sabbath economics
3507:
3477:
3476:
3465:
3464:
3418:
3327:Jean Baudrillard
3295:
3242:Giovanni Arrighi
3230:
3187:Branko Milanović
3167:Jagdish Bhagwati
3145:
3140:
3139:
3031:pollution havens
2996:Invasive species
2900:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2766:Global workforce
2676:
2675:
2650:
2643:
2636:
2627:
2626:
1827:Natural resource
1662:Economic history
1600:Mechanism design
1552:
1545:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1524:
1523:on 19 July 2010.
1519:. Archived from
1508:
1495:
1488:"BerkShares Inc"
1483:
1471:
1463:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1396:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1376:. Archived from
1365:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1342:
1334:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1309:. Archived from
1298:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1243:
1234:
1233:
1227:
1222:
1220:
1212:
1207:. Archived from
1200:
1194:
1193:
1182:
1165:Transition Towns
936:decentralization
929:Ithaca, New York
894:local purchasing
855:
848:
841:
825:
824:
583:Municipalization
568:Financialization
538:Collectivization
520:Social ownership
510:Private property
504:Common ownership
462:Common ownership
276:Closed (autarky)
233:State capitalism
211:Socialist market
196:Market socialist
32:Economic systems
19:
18:
3515:
3514:
3510:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3490:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3471:
3449:
3430:Thomas Friedman
3416:
3411:
3362:Anthony Giddens
3337:Manuel Castells
3302:Arjun Appadurai
3293:
3291:
3286:
3228:
3226:
3221:
3217:Joseph Stiglitz
3157:Richard Baldwin
3143:
3135:
3129:
3088:Fiscal localism
3052:
3006:McDonaldization
2924:Development aid
2898:
2893:
2862:Multilingualism
2857:Labor arbitrage
2833:Climate justice
2819:
2807:
2761:Global politics
2714:Deglobalization
2687:
2659:
2654:
2624:
2619:
2616:Business portal
2583:
2582:
2581:
2541:
2305:von Böhm-Bawerk
2193:
2192:
2183:
1955:Ancient thought
1933:
1932:
1926:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1666:
1631:
1595:Contract theory
1580:Decision theory
1561:
1556:
1511:
1486:
1474:
1466:
1454:
1451:
1446:
1445:
1435:
1433:
1423:
1419:
1409:
1407:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1380:on 7 April 2017
1366:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1313:on 5 April 2017
1299:
1290:
1280:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1253:
1245:
1244:
1237:
1225:
1223:
1214:
1213:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1139:Informal sector
1104:
1016:
1005:
996:
987:
944:
892:"Buy local" or
882:
880:Fiscal localism
866:Fiscal localism
859:
819:
812:
811:
777:Post-industrial
772:Post-capitalist
732:Hunter-gatherer
717:
709:
708:
623:
615:
614:
593:Nationalization
553:Demutualization
548:Corporatization
533:
525:
524:
515:State ownership
490:
482:
481:
457:
449:
448:
374:
366:
365:
336:Robinson Crusoe
271:
270:By coordination
263:
262:
247:Traditionalist
107:Neomercantilist
67:
59:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3513:
3503:
3502:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3469:
3458:
3455:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3421:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3332:Zygmunt Bauman
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3233:
3231:
3223:
3222:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3197:Thomas Piketty
3194:
3192:Kevin O'Rourke
3189:
3184:
3182:Michael Hudson
3179:
3174:
3172:Robert Brenner
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3148:
3146:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3106:
3105:
3100:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3064:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3050:
3045:
3043:Westernization
3040:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2903:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2886:
2885:
2884:
2882:Tax inversions
2879:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2852:Digital divide
2849:
2848:
2847:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2828:Climate change
2824:
2822:
2813:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2789:
2788:
2783:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2742:
2741:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2670:
2664:
2661:
2660:
2653:
2652:
2645:
2638:
2630:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2564:
2559:
2553:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2196:
2194:
2188:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2150:
2149:
2139:
2138:
2137:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2115:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2081:
2076:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2019:Disequilibrium
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1967:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1936:
1934:
1922:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1832:Organizational
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1652:
1641:
1639:
1633:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1607:Macroeconomics
1604:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1575:Microeconomics
1571:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1532:
1526:
1525:
1509:
1505:Slate Magazine
1496:
1484:
1472:
1464:
1450:
1449:External links
1447:
1444:
1443:
1417:
1391:
1357:
1324:
1301:Moore, Katie.
1288:
1263:
1235:
1195:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
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1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1092:European Union
1088:United Kingdom
1080:United Kingdom
1076:European Union
1072:United Kingdom
1068:United Kingdom
1064:European Union
1060:United Kingdom
1052:European Union
1048:United Kingdom
1044:European Union
1040:United Kingdom
1036:European Union
1032:United Kingdom
1028:European Union
1024:European Union
1020:United Kingdom
1015:
1010:
1004:
1001:
995:
992:
986:
983:
943:
942:Local currency
940:
906:local currency
881:
878:
861:
860:
858:
857:
850:
843:
835:
832:
831:
830:
829:
814:
813:
810:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
787:Resource-based
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
718:
715:
714:
711:
710:
707:
706:
705:
704:
699:
694:
684:
679:
678:
677:
672:
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651:
650:
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624:
621:
620:
617:
616:
613:
612:
611:
610:
600:
595:
590:
585:
580:
575:
573:Liberalization
570:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
534:
531:
530:
527:
526:
523:
522:
517:
512:
507:
497:
491:
489:Property types
488:
487:
484:
483:
480:
479:
474:
469:
464:
458:
455:
454:
451:
450:
447:
446:
445:
444:
438:Latin America
436:
435:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
401:
400:
399:
394:
389:
384:
375:
372:
371:
368:
367:
364:
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358:
353:
348:
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338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
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308:
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288:
283:
278:
272:
269:
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265:
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230:
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188:
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171:
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159:
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146:
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136:
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126:
125:
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109:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
74:
68:
65:
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61:
60:
58:
57:
52:
47:
41:
38:
35:
34:
28:
27:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3512:
3501:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3468:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3446:
3445:Vandana Shiva
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3414:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3397:Saskia Sassen
3395:
3393:
3392:George Ritzer
3390:
3388:
3387:Antonio Negri
3385:
3383:
3382:L. H. M. Ling
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3367:Michael Hardt
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3347:Alfred Crosby
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3297:
3289:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3277:Susan Strange
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3247:Robert W. Cox
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3224:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3207:Jeffrey Sachs
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3141:
3138:
3132:
3126:
3125:World-systems
3123:
3121:
3120:World history
3118:
3116:
3115:Social change
3113:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3095:
3094:
3093:Modernization
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3032:
3029:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2887:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2817:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2756:Global health
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2657:Globalization
2651:
2646:
2644:
2639:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2200:de Mandeville
2198:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2142:New classical
2140:
2136:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2099:
2098:Malthusianism
2096:
2090:
2087:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2059:Institutional
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1863:
1862:Public choice
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1837:Participation
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1797:Institutional
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1747:Expeditionary
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1737:Environmental
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1541:
1539:
1534:
1533:
1530:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1406:
1405:express.co.uk
1402:
1395:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1368:Blume, Toby.
1364:
1362:
1346:
1339:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1231:
1218:
1210:
1206:
1199:
1191:
1187:
1181:
1177:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1026:in 2016. The
1025:
1021:
1014:
1009:
1000:
991:
982:
980:
974:
971:
967:
965:
961:
957:
956:Brixton Pound
953:
952:Bristol pound
949:
939:
937:
932:
930:
926:
922:
921:Massachusetts
918:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
898:credit unions
895:
886:
877:
875:
871:
867:
856:
851:
849:
844:
842:
837:
836:
834:
833:
828:
823:
818:
817:
816:
815:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
782:Post-scarcity
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
727:Expeditionary
725:
723:
720:
719:
713:
712:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
689:
688:
685:
683:
680:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
656:
653:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
634:
631:
629:
626:
625:
619:
618:
609:
606:
605:
604:
603:Socialization
601:
599:
598:Privatization
596:
594:
591:
589:
588:Mutualization
586:
584:
581:
579:
578:Marketization
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
563:Expropriation
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
543:Communization
541:
539:
536:
535:
529:
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3357:Susan George
3352:Nancy Fraser
3322:Walden Bello
3267:David Harvey
3257:Stephen Gill
3177:Jayati Ghosh
3087:
3083:Earth system
2949:Human rights
2889:Water crisis
2786:early modern
2611:Publications
2567:Publications
2534:
2130:Neoclassical
2120:Mercantilism
2029:Evolutionary
1891:Sociological
1864: /
1762:Geographical
1742:Evolutionary
1717:Digitization
1682:Agricultural
1645:Econometrics
1585:Price theory
1521:the original
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1251:Investopedia
1250:
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1209:the original
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1119:Cooperatives
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1056:Nigel Farage
1050:leaving the
1034:leaving the
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948:Totnes Pound
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914:
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692:Peer-to-peer
687:Self-managed
622:Coordination
558:Deregulation
243:Distributist
97:Mercantilist
3435:Naomi Klein
3317:Ulrich Beck
3292:Politics /
3282:Robert Wade
3272:Ronen Palan
3262:Peter Gowan
3212:Amartya Sen
3202:Dani Rodrik
3152:David Autor
3078:Development
2959:Imperialism
2907:Brain drain
2405:von Neumann
2174:Supply-side
2159:Physiocracy
2103:Marginalism
1792:Information
1732:Engineering
1712:Development
1707:Demographic
1590:Game theory
1567:Theoretical
1374:senscot.net
1350:27 February
1317:27 February
1281:27 February
1256:27 February
1084:Theresa May
797:Traditional
747:Manorialism
742:Information
716:Other types
702:Open access
665:Cybernetics
407:Anglo-Saxon
392:Singaporean
351:Underground
346:Subsistence
251:Corporatist
226:Syndicalist
186:Communalist
72:Associative
66:By ideology
39:Major types
3377:Paul Hirst
3372:David Held
3237:Samir Amin
3227:Political
3162:Ravi Batra
3103:history of
3098:ecological
3073:Dependency
3021:Offshoring
2984:scientific
2974:linguistic
2939:Fair trade
2919:Care drain
2872:Tax havens
2867:Population
2776:History of
2562:Economists
2435:Schumacher
2340:Schumpeter
2310:von Wieser
2230:von ThĂĽnen
2190:Economists
2089:Circuitism
2054:Humanistic
2049:Historical
2024:Ecological
2014:Democratic
1987:Chartalism
1977:Behavioral
1940:Mainstream
1901:Statistics
1896:Solidarity
1817:Managerial
1782:Humanistic
1777:Historical
1722:Ecological
1687:Behavioral
1517:domini.com
1172:References
923:, and the
917:Berkshares
802:Transition
762:Plantation
670:Indicative
532:Transition
382:East Asian
153:Religious
129:Democratic
102:Neoliberal
87:Democratic
77:Capitalist
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3402:John Urry
3294:sociology
3144:Economics
3048:World war
2771:Globality
2739:education
2480:Greenspan
2445:Samuelson
2425:Galbraith
2395:Tinbergen
2335:von Mises
2330:Heckscher
2290:Edgeworth
2169:Stockholm
2164:Socialist
2064:Keynesian
2044:Happiness
2004:Classical
1965:Mutualism
1960:Anarchist
1945:Heterodox
1842:Personnel
1802:Knowledge
1767:Happiness
1757:Financial
1727:Education
1702:Democracy
1637:Empirical
1559:Economics
1090:left the
767:Plutonomy
648:Regulated
477:Voluntary
403:European
256:Feudalism
201:Mutualist
191:Communist
181:Socialist
162:Christian
82:Corporate
55:Communism
50:Socialism
3494:Category
3467:Category
3136:scholars
3061:Theories
2969:cultural
2964:academic
2668:Journals
2591:Category
2571:journals
2557:Glossary
2510:Stiglitz
2475:Rothbard
2455:Buchanan
2440:Friedman
2430:Koopmans
2420:Leontief
2400:Robinson
2285:Marshall
2135:Lausanne
2039:Georgism
2034:Feminist
1982:Buddhist
1972:Austrian
1871:Regional
1847:Planning
1822:Monetary
1752:Feminist
1697:Cultural
1692:Business
1217:cite web
1102:See also
655:Planning
306:Informal
291:Dirigist
144:Georgist
139:Feminist
24:a series
22:Part of
3229:economy
3134:Notable
2912:reverse
2840:Disease
2781:archaic
2692:Aspects
2683:Studies
2678:Outline
2606:Outline
2577:Schools
2569: (
2530:Piketty
2525:Krugman
2390:Kuznets
2380:Kalecki
2355:Polanyi
2245:Cournot
2240:Bastiat
2225:Ricardo
2215:Malthus
2205:Quesnay
2108:Marxian
1999:Chicago
1929:history
1924:Schools
1911:Welfare
1881:Service
1672:Applied
1460:NPR.org
1436:6 April
1410:5 April
1384:6 April
1190:NPR.org
697:Sharing
660:In kind
608:Marxist
500:Commons
467:Private
456:Sectors
427:Rhenish
397:Keralan
387:Chinese
361:Virtual
341:Sharing
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321:Natural
286:Digital
174:Islamic
134:Fascist
122:Welfare
2989:social
2820:Global
2812:Issues
2515:Thaler
2495:Ostrom
2490:Becker
2485:Sowell
2465:Baumol
2370:Myrdal
2365:Sraffa
2360:Frisch
2350:Knight
2345:Keynes
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2315:Veblen
2300:Pareto
2280:Menger
2275:George
2270:Jevons
2265:Walras
2255:Gossen
2179:Thermo
1857:Public
1852:Policy
1807:Labour
1772:Health
1307:Yester
1109:Barter
1096:London
1013:Brexit
962:, and
757:Palace
633:Market
628:Barter
472:Public
432:Soviet
417:Nordic
412:German
378:Asian
311:Market
2979:media
2899:Other
2601:Lists
2596:Index
2547:Lists
2520:Hoppe
2505:Lucas
2470:Solow
2460:Arrow
2450:Simon
2415:Lange
2410:Hicks
2385:Röpke
2375:Hayek
2325:Pigou
2295:Clark
2210:Smith
2125:Mixed
2084:Post-
1906:Urban
1886:Socio
1876:Rural
1341:(PDF)
994:Banks
985:Taxes
807:World
792:Token
682:Price
422:Dutch
316:Mixed
221:State
149:Green
2536:more
2260:Marx
2250:Mill
2235:List
2113:Neo-
2069:Neo-
1438:2017
1412:2017
1386:2017
1352:2017
1319:2017
1283:2017
1258:2017
1230:help
1124:CDFI
902:CDFI
643:Open
638:Free
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301:Gift
296:Dual
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2079:New
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