205:
2372:
Thereafter war and military defeat led to a change in car tax policy and after 1945 tax horse-power returned in West
Germany, applying the 1928 formula, as a determinant of annual car tax on new cars purchased in or after 1945. However, the introduction of tax on road fuel in 1951 and progressive increases in fuel tax thereafter reduced the importance of annual car tax so that today far more of the tax on car ownership is collected via fuel taxes than via annual car tax.
241:
replacing it at first with a tax on cubic capacity, which was in turn replaced by a flat tax applying from 1 January 1948. However
British cars and cars in other countries applying the same approach to automobile taxation continued to feature long, relatively narrow cylinders even in the 1950s and 1960s, partly because limited investment meant that new car models often had new bodies but their engines were carried over from earlier generations.
2367:
After April 1928, recognizing the logic of the linear relationship between tax horsepower and engine capacity, the authorities simply set car tax rates according to engine size for passenger cars. (For commercial vehicles vehicle tax became a function of vehicle weight.) Attempts to correlate new tax
493:
Although tax horsepower was computed on a similar basis in several other
European countries during the two or three decades before the Second World War, continental cylinder dimensions were quoted in millimetres. As a result of rounding when converting the formula between the two measurement systems,
2869:
switched to a system based on a calculation including engine size and weight. The tax horsepower system remained in effect for seven cantons long into the 21st century; however, as of 2022, although quite likely earlier, Geneva was the only canton to still base road tax purely on tax horsepower. The
52:
rating was computed not from actual engine power but by a mathematical formula based on cylinder dimensions. At the beginning of the twentieth century, tax power was reasonably close to real power; as the internal combustion engine developed, real power became larger than nominal taxable power by a
273:
all achieved notable initial sales success in the US in the late 1940s, until the short service life of the engines when asked to routinely drive long distances at freeway speeds became clear. Other imports originating in countries with different tax rules and existent high speed road networks, in
236:
layout could easily use very narrow bores. Despite OHV engines having significant benefits in economy, refinement and performance, the RAC system made these engines more expensive to own because it placed them in a higher tax class than sidevalve engines of identical power output. Despite this, by
3021:
The fiscal benefits of reduced cylinder diameters (bore) in favor of longer cylinders (stroke) in
Britain and Ireland may have been a factor in encouraging the proliferation of relatively small six-cylinder-engined models appearing in Europe in the 1930s, as the market began to open up for faster
2607:
For vehicles where the above formula cannot be applied (e.g. electric vehicles), the tax horsepower is derived from the effective engine power (which is defined by law as the maximum power that the engine can provide after being used at full power from 30 minutes, which is normally lower than the
2371:
In 1933 the Hitler government came into power and identified the promotion of the auto industry as key to economic recovery: new cars purchased after April 1933 were no longer burdened by an annual car tax charge and German passenger car production surged from 41,727 in 1932 to 276,804 in 1938.
2864:
The limits between the horsepower denominations were drawn at either 0.49, 0.50, or 0.51 in different cantons. Thus, the eight horsepower category would cover cars of about 7.5–8.5 CV. In 1973 Berne switched to a taxation system based on vehicle weight, and a few other cantons followed. In 1986
240:
While the RAC system had protected the home market from the import of large-engined low-priced mass-produced
American cars, the need for roomy generously proportioned cars for export was now paramount and the British government abandoned the tax horsepower system with effect from 1 January 1947
227:
To minimise tax ratings
British designers developed engines with very long stroke and low piston surface area. Another effect was the multiplicity of models: Sevens, Eights, Nines, Tens, Elevens, Twelves, Fourteens, Sixteens etc., each to fit with a taxation class. Larger, more lightly stressed
3008:
Unlike the
British system, the Tokyo system favored short-stroked engines, but since the tax categories were rather wide and only represented a portion of vehicle taxes it had less impact on sales. In 1950 new legislation was passed that taxed engine displacement in 500 cc increments. The
2396:
Fiscal horsepower also lives on in Spain, but is defined simply in terms of overall engine capacity. It therefore encourages small engines, but does not influence the ratio of cylinder bore to stroke. The current
Spanish definition does, however, add a factor that varies in order to favour
200:
At first the RAC rating was usually representative of the car's actual (brake) horsepower, but as engine design and technology progressed in the 1920s and 1930s these two figures began to diverge, with engines making much more power than their RAC ratings suggested: by 1924 the 747 cc
286:
In
Australia, the various states had their own automobile taxation system. Several depended on the RAC formula, but the flaws of this system were well known as early as 1909. Another formula was the Dendy-Marshall formula, which included an engine's stroke. Several Australian states used
3041:(displacement) engines are penalized, so engineers working where engine capacity is taxed are encouraged to minimize capacity. This rarely happened in the US, where license plate fees, even adjusted for horsepower ratings, were comparatively much lower than European car taxes.
485:). (This last term should not be confused with later horsepower ratings by the SAE.) This value is still used for taxation and license fee purposes in the State of Missouri for passenger vehicles, with electric vehicles assigned to the 12–23 Horsepower bracket by statute.
3029:
Another effect was to make it very expensive to run cars imported from countries where there was no fiscal incentive to minimise cylinder diameters: this may have limited car imports from the US to Europe during a period when western governments were employing naked
197:, to circumvent the import tariffs that, up to that point, had increased the effective price of foreign cars. Under the RAC's formula the Model T was a 22 'tax horsepower' car, making it more expensive to run than its British-built rivals on sale for the same price.
256:
became potentially damaging at high power outputs. Many smaller
British cars did not cope well with sustained cruising at 60 mph (97 km/h) or more, which led to reliability problems when the vehicles were exported to other markets, especially the
2036:= parameter calculated from a weighted arithmetic average speed in kilometres per hour theoretically reached by the vehicle at an engine speed of 1000 revolutions per minute in each gearbox ratio (see dropdown table to the right for more details).
188:
mass production methods meant that the Model T was competitively priced with British-built cars despite being a much larger, more durable and more powerful car than other available similarly-priced models. In 1912 Ford opened
472:
During the early twentieth century, automobiles in the United States were specified with a figure identical to RAC horsepower and computed using the same formula; this was known either as "NACC horsepower" (named for the
2363:
Incomplete fractions were rounded up to the nearest whole number so a four-stroke engined car of 1,000 cc (61 cu in) would end up designated as a 4 PS (or four horsepower) car for car tax purposes.
237:
1948 the Standard Flying Twelve, a typical mid-size saloon, produced 44 bhp (45 PS; 33 kW) from a 1.6-litre (98 cu in) engine, nearly four times as much horsepower as the RAC system suggested.
2476:
2122:
796:
2932:
2777:
596:
1942:
366:
3034:
in response to economic depression, and thereby encouraged US auto-makers wishing to exploit the European auto-markets to set up their own dedicated subsidiary plants in the larger European markets.
3459:
Durch Reichsgesetz befreite Adolf Hitler im FrĂĽhjahr 1933 alle Volksgenossen, die ein Automobil kauften, von der Kraftfahrzeugsteuer. Binnen zwei Jahren stieg der Auto-Absatz auf das Doppelte.
3026:
because the small cylinder diameter reduced the space available for overhead valves and the lengthy combustion chamber in any case reduced their potential for improving combustion efficiency.
2288:
2241:
1707:
111:
1771:
522:("grey cards"). It is an administrative unit originally calculated partly from the power of the engine and used to calculate the amount of tax that may be due at the time of registration.
1632:
1568:
1493:
1433:
2649:
1311:
165:
The formula was calculated from total piston surface area (i.e., "bore" only). The factor of 2.5 accounts for characteristics that were widely seen in engines at the time, such as a
1836:
1362:
228:
engines may have been equally economical to run and, in less variety, produced much more economically. The system discouraged manufacturers from switching to more fuel-efficient
2169:) was introduced in Germany on 3 June 1906 however in contrast to many regions, i.e. British and French tax horsepower formulae above, it was calculated based on the overall
3022:
middle-weight models. The system clearly perpetuated side-valve engines in countries where the taxation system encouraged these engine designs, and delayed the adoption of
1081:
2380:
Fiscal horsepower is still used in Italy for insurance purposes; it was formerly used also for car property taxation and it is based on engine displacement. Following the
295:
also depended on Dendy-Marshall, at least in the 1920s. The Automobile Club of Australia's "A.C.A. formula" used the same calculations as did Dendy-Marshall formula. The
502:
In Belgium, the tax power depended on the cubic capacity of the engine in cubic centimetres at the rate of 1 tax horse power for every 200 cm (12 cu in).
3236:
964:
932:
688:
2682:
2509:
2151:
180:
way of taxing higher-value cars more than low-cost ones but was also introduced to protect the domestic British motor industry from foreign imports, especially the
3513:
395:
3002:
2980:
2958:
2847:
2825:
2803:
2708:
2601:
2579:
2557:
2535:
2357:
2335:
2313:
2034:
2012:
1990:
1968:
1232:
1188:
1151:
1129:
1107:
1044:
1024:
1004:
984:
910:
888:
866:
844:
822:
710:
666:
644:
622:
461:
439:
417:
159:
137:
201:(45.6 cu in) engine of the Austin Seven (named for its 7 hp rating) produced 10.5 brake horsepower, 50 percent more than its official rating.
532:
Its use in France dates from 1 January 1913. It was updated in 1956, with further revisions in 1978 and a new emission-based system introduced in 1998.
2723:
of Switzerland used (and use) a variety of different taxation methods. Originally, all of Switzerland used the tax horsepower, calculated as follows:
2870:
plethora of different taxation systems has contributed to there always being an uncommonly wide variety of different cars marketed in Switzerland.
478:
3388:"LOI n° 2019-1479 du 28 décembre 2019 de finances pour 2020 (1) : Titre IER : Dispositions Relatives aux Ressources (Articles 1 à 95)"
2403:
2368:
horsepower values with old ones result in small differences due to roundings used in the new formula which are, for most purposes, unimportant.
2059:
3325:"Circulaire du 28 décembre 1956 relative à l'évaluation de la puissance administrative des différentes catégories de véhicules automobiles"
3081:
3327:[Circular of December 28, 1956 relating to the evaluation of the tax horsepower of the different categories of motor vehicles].
2882:
was naturally the strictest, due to the population and vehicle density there, and used a tax horsepower system of their own devising:
742:
2888:
2729:
541:
3528:
2384:
up until the 1990s, it was heavily imposed on vehicles with engines larger than 2,000 cc, prompting Italian car makers to fit
1888:
1234:
is a representation of the average speed across the forward gears, with various adjustments added for various transmission types.
3588:
3438:
474:
315:
306:
Several Australian states also added vehicle weight to the power rating, to get a power-weight unit which determined taxation.
3572:
3418:
3255:
1882:
A new system was announced on 23 December 1977 to come into force on 1 January 1978 calculated by the following formula:
216:
It became common for the name of a model to include both its RAC tax horsepower and its actual power output, such as the
3542:
2248:
2201:
1641:
75:
3249:
1714:
17:
40:
were reckoned in some European countries such as Britain, Belgium, Germany, France and Italy; some US states like
482:
296:
2049:
emissions in grams per kilometre (g/km) and the maximum engine power in kilowatts (kW). If C is the amount of CO
1581:
1508:
1442:
1373:
3387:
2614:
3214:
1260:
3498:
1794:
1320:
518:(literally "steam horses") in tax law, is used for the issuing of French registration certificates known as
3689:
2720:
721:
494:
a British tax horse-power unit ended up being worth 1.014 continental (i.e. French) tax horse-power units.
62:
2180:
cars than to four-stroke engined cars based on the fact each cylinder in a two-stroke engine fires (has a
252:
for their size, but low maximum speeds. The long stroke also meant that piston speeds and the load on the
2608:
rated engine power). Until 1998 the nominal power of the engine was used instead of the effective power.
3621:, vol. Trade Information Bulletin no. 463, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, pp. 48–49
190:
690:
is the maximum engine speed in revolutions per second, derived from manufacturers' performance claims,
3632:
245:
3484:
3202:, vol. Trade Information Bulletin no. 463, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, p. 56
1202:
represent the theoretical speed in km/h of the vehicle with the engine running at 1000 rpm in
1052:
258:
3614:
3360:[Relating to the evaluation of the administrative power of certain vehicular categories].
3195:
2045:
From 1998 until January 2020, the fiscal tax depended on a standardised value of carbon dioxide CO
3684:
3589:"Motorfahrzeugsteuer in der Schweiz (Bemessungsgrundlagen der Motorfahrzeugsteuer nach Kantonen)"
3151:
166:
3679:
943:
713:
204:
3357:
3324:
3298:
3178:
3358:"Relative à l'évaluation de la puissance administrative de certaines catégories de véhicules"
3085:
3023:
2181:
949:
917:
673:
292:
229:
3111:
Motor-Car Taxation. Effects of Different Methods on Design. Models for Home Use and Export.
2153:
is expressed in horsepower, rounded to the nearest integer. The official emission rate of CO
2660:
2487:
2129:
3158:. Vol. 3, no. 6. New York City: New Publication Company. June 1909. p. 42.
8:
3592:
3038:
2858:
2170:
717:
48:
purchase and renewal fees for passenger automobiles based on taxable horsepower. The tax
377:
2987:
2965:
2943:
2832:
2810:
2788:
2693:
2586:
2564:
2542:
2520:
2342:
2320:
2298:
2019:
1997:
1975:
1953:
1217:
1173:
1136:
1114:
1092:
1029:
1009:
989:
969:
939:
895:
873:
851:
829:
807:
695:
651:
629:
607:
446:
424:
402:
144:
122:
3567:(in German and French). Vol. 82. Berne, Switzerland: Hallwag AG. pp. 96–97.
3446:
3663:
3568:
3414:
3369:
3336:
3245:
3159:
2177:
288:
275:
170:
253:
3656:
3183:, vol. 44, Canberra: Commonwealth Bureau of Census and Statistics, p. 409
2879:
1046:
combine to form the engine's displacement, a commission simplified the formula to:
262:
244:
The emphasis on long strokes, combined with the nature of British roads in the pre-
2157:
included in the calculation is taken from the European certificate of conformity.
2878:
In pre-war Japan, different prefectures had different automobile tax structures.
2381:
233:
177:
217:
209:
736:
In a circular issued on 28 December 1956, the chevaux fiscaux was defined as:
526:
3673:
3373:
3340:
3244:, Office of Road Safety, Commonwealth Department of Transport, pp. 1–4,
3163:
3031:
1131:= displacement in litres (1 L = 1,000 cc or 61.02 cu in),
529:(two tax horsepower) was the car that kept such a name for the longest time.
45:
248:
era, meant that British engines tended to deliver strong low- and mid-range
3546:
3434:
3016:
2385:
938:
The result is multiplied by 0.7 for a four-stroke, diesel engine (also for
270:
266:
181:
2471:{\displaystyle P_{f}=T\left({0.785\cdot D^{2}\cdot R}\right)^{0.6}\cdot n}
3037:
Taxation can modify incentives and tax horsepower is no exception. Large
3010:
221:
2117:{\displaystyle P_{A}={\frac {C}{45}}+\left({\frac {P}{40}}\right)^{1.6}}
232:
engines as these generally required larger bores, while the established
2185:
194:
185:
49:
37:
1784:
drive ratio is only applied to the fourth (top) gear. The calculations
36:
or taxable horsepower was an early system by which taxation rates for
3272:
1153:= constant of 5.7294 for petrol engines and 4.0106 for diesel engines
3619:
The Balance of International Payments of the United States in 1922-
3200:
The Balance of International Payments of the United States in 1922-
41:
3082:"The RAC HP (horsepower) Rating - Was there any technical basis?"
1871:
The provision for four-speed automatics was added on 15 May 1983.
303:
statistics until this publication was discontinued in June 1976.
66:
3514:"The Impossible Six-Valve Engine Maserati Nearly Built in 1985"
2866:
791:{\displaystyle P={K\times n\times D^{2}\times L\times \omega }}
301:
Registration of New Motor Vehicles, Make of Vehicles, Australia
249:
2927:{\displaystyle {\text{tax HP}}={\frac {D\times S\times n}{3}}}
2772:{\displaystyle {\text{CV/PS}}=0.4\times i\times d^{2}\times S}
2176:
The German formula applied a higher tax horse-power factor to
1782:
For transmissions with one or more overdrive speeds, the over-
591:{\displaystyle CV=n\times D^{2}\times L\times \omega \times K}
3615:"Motor-Vehicle Taxation and Regulations in Foreign Countries"
3196:"Motor-Vehicle Taxation and Regulations in Foreign Countries"
2188:
or four-stroke cylinder only fires every second revolution .
1937:{\displaystyle P=m\left(0.0458\ {\frac {C}{K}}\right)^{1.48}}
69:
at the invitation of the British government. The formula is:
3362:
Journal officiel de la République française: Lois et décrets
3329:
Journal officiel de la République française: Lois et décrets
2537:= 0.08 for four-stroke engines, 0.11 for two-stroke engines,
278:, proved more reliable, and achieved greater sales success.
169:
in the cylinder of 90 psi (6.2 bar) and a maximum
361:{\displaystyle HP={\frac {D\times D\times L\times n}{12}}}
3017:
Impact on engine design and on auto-industry development
1164:
1978 Engine Speed Parameter Formulas
3529:"Taxes Made The Ferrari 208 The Slowest Prancing Horse"
712:
is a coefficient depending on the number of cylinders (
535:
It was originally defined using the following formula:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
2191:
The formulae for calculating units of tax horsepower (
2990:
2968:
2946:
2891:
2835:
2813:
2791:
2732:
2696:
2663:
2617:
2589:
2567:
2545:
2523:
2490:
2406:
2345:
2323:
2301:
2251:
2204:
2132:
2062:
2022:
2000:
1978:
1956:
1891:
1797:
1717:
1644:
1584:
1511:
1445:
1376:
1323:
1263:
1220:
1176:
1139:
1117:
1095:
1055:
1032:
1012:
992:
972:
952:
920:
898:
876:
854:
832:
810:
745:
698:
676:
654:
632:
610:
544:
449:
427:
405:
380:
318:
147:
125:
78:
3445:(in German) (20). Spiegel Gruppe: 27. Archived from
2388:
for extra power without enlarging the displacement.
139:
is the diameter (or bore) of the cylinder in inches,
3180:
Official Year Book of the Commonwealth of Australia
3051:
2960:= the diameter (or bore) of the cylinder in inches,
1848:reached in the lowest and highest available ratios
1786:are administered as for a five-speed transmission.
309:The Dendy-Marshall / A.C.A. formula is as follows:
2996:
2974:
2952:
2926:
2841:
2819:
2797:
2771:
2702:
2676:
2643:
2595:
2573:
2551:
2529:
2503:
2470:
2351:
2329:
2307:
2282:
2235:
2145:
2116:
2028:
2006:
1984:
1962:
1936:
1862:"Automatics" include semi-automatic transmissions.
1830:
1765:
1701:
1626:
1562:
1487:
1427:
1356:
1305:
1226:
1182:
1145:
1123:
1101:
1075:
1038:
1018:
998:
978:
958:
926:
904:
882:
860:
838:
816:
790:
704:
682:
660:
638:
616:
590:
477:), "ALAM horsepower" (for NACC's predecessor, the
455:
441:= the length (or stroke) of the cylinder in inches
433:
419:= the diameter (or bore) of the cylinder in inches
411:
389:
360:
153:
131:
105:
3390:(in French). France: Legifrance. 29 December 2019
3671:
3271:
2283:{\displaystyle 0.45\times i\times d^{2}\times s}
2236:{\displaystyle 0.30\times i\times d^{2}\times s}
1992:= coefficient of 1 for petrol or 0.7 for diesel,
1702:{\displaystyle K={\frac {k1+k2+k3+1.25\ k4}{4}}}
724:: 0.00015; six-or-more-cylinder engine: 0.00013)
479:Association of Licensed Automobile Manufacturers
106:{\displaystyle {\frac {D\times D\times n}{2.5}}}
3069:. 23rd year of publication: 20–22. Spring 1968.
2827:= the diameter (or bore) of the cylinder in cm,
1766:{\displaystyle K={\frac {k1+k2+1.4\ k3}{3.48}}}
3427:
3009:automobile tax is paid every year during the
2397:four-stroke engines over two-stroke engines.
934:= speed of rotation in revolutions per second
3666:in the Spanish Knowledge at 31 December 2009
3545:. Carfolio. 1 September 2013. Archived from
3413:(in German). Motorbuch Verlag. p. 532.
3659:in the French Knowledge at 31 December 2009
3115:, Saturday, 16 Feb 1946; pg. 5; Issue 50378
3499:"Drive to curb Italian tax on luxury cars"
3352:
3350:
1627:{\displaystyle K={\frac {k1+k2+k4}{3.48}}}
1563:{\displaystyle K={\frac {k1+k2+k3+k5}{4}}}
1488:{\displaystyle K={\frac {k1+k2+k3}{3.48}}}
1428:{\displaystyle K={\frac {k1+k2+k3+k4}{4}}}
3662:This entry incorporates information from
3655:This entry incorporates information from
3563:BĂĽschi, Hans-Ulrich, ed. (5 March 1987).
3107:
3105:
3103:
2337:= the diameter (or bore) of each cylinder
173:of 1,000 feet per minute (5.1 m/s).
3228:
3212:
2644:{\displaystyle P_{f}={\frac {P}{5.152}}}
203:
3558:
3556:
3511:
3347:
3234:
2053:released and P the engine power, then:
2014:= engine capacity in cubic centimetres,
1846:represent the velocity at 1000 rpm
1306:{\displaystyle K={\frac {k1+k2+k3}{3}}}
475:National Automobile Chamber of Commerce
14:
3672:
3612:
3562:
3433:
3317:
3176:
3100:
1831:{\displaystyle K={\frac {km+kM}{2.3}}}
1357:{\displaystyle K={\frac {k1+k2}{2.7}}}
3487:. Victorian Historic Racing Register.
3144:
1169:
488:
27:Taxation measure based on engine size
3553:
2359:= the stroke length of each cylinder
646:is the cylinder bore in centimetres,
3581:
3526:
3079:
1865:
1856:
24:
3591:(in German, French, and Italian).
3411:Deutsche Autos 1920-1945, volume 2
3299:"Missouri Revised Statute 301.070"
3224:. No. 2. Adelaide. p. 7.
3124:Change in Motor Tax on 1 January.
3084:. wolfhound.org.uk. Archived from
3067:Milestones, the Journal of the IAM
208:1912 Wolseley 16-20 see also 1913
65:rating was devised in 1910 by the
25:
3701:
3543:"2 litre tax break cars in Italy"
3482:
3441:[Only for House Brands].
3213:Mitchell, Leon, ed. (June 2012).
176:The system introduced a somewhat
3633:"Annual Automobile Tax in Japan"
481:), or "SAE horsepower" (for the
467:
291:reverted to RAC hp in 1957. The
3625:
3606:
3535:
3520:
3505:
3501:. Politico Europe. 14 May 1997.
3491:
3485:"Italian "tax-break" Supercars"
3476:
3464:
3402:
3380:
3291:
3265:
3235:Stanton, H.G. (December 1981),
2581:= stroke length in centimetres,
2559:= cylinder bore in centimetres,
2040:
1157:
731:
514:, often abbreviated to CV from
483:Society of Automotive Engineers
297:Australian Bureau of Statistics
3512:Perkins, Chris (31 May 2018).
3277:Missouri Department of Revenue
3206:
3187:
3170:
3131:
3118:
3073:
2982:= the piston stroke in inches,
2714:
2184:) every revolution whereas an
13:
1:
3273:"Missouri Motor Vehicle Fees"
3044:
1076:{\displaystyle P={C\times K}}
942:vehicles or those running on
668:is the stroke in centimetres,
3335:(18): 910. 22 January 1957.
3303:Missouri Reviser of Statutes
1791:
1710:
1637:
1574:
1501:
1439:
1370:
1317:
1257:
1161:
281:
7:
2198:four-stroke engined cars =
1970:= puissance administrative,
1109:= puissance administrative,
824:= puissance administrative,
624:is the number of cylinders,
10:
3706:
3238:Inventory of Exposure Data
3193:
2805:= the number of cylinders,
2245:two-stroke engined cars =
2160:
497:
161:is the number of cylinders
56:
3470:
3408:
3368:(104): 4279. 5 May 1983.
3065:"The Horse-power story".
3004:= the number of cylinders
2849:= the piston stroke in cm
2315:= the number of cylinders
2173:from its implementation.
1852:
1571:
1498:
986:are both constants while
505:
463:= the number of cylinders
287:Dendy-Marshall, although
3141:, Wednesday, 18 Jun 1947
3128:, Wednesday, 13 Feb 1946
2873:
2391:
2375:
1248:Automatic transmissions
912:= stroke in centimetres,
3409:Oswald, Werner (2001).
2710:= effective power in kW
959:{\displaystyle \omega }
927:{\displaystyle \omega }
683:{\displaystyle \omega }
167:mean effective pressure
53:factor of ten or more.
3032:protectionist policies
3024:overhead valve engines
2998:
2976:
2954:
2928:
2843:
2821:
2799:
2773:
2704:
2678:
2645:
2597:
2575:
2553:
2531:
2505:
2472:
2353:
2331:
2309:
2284:
2237:
2147:
2118:
2030:
2008:
1986:
1964:
1938:
1832:
1767:
1703:
1628:
1564:
1489:
1429:
1358:
1307:
1228:
1184:
1147:
1125:
1103:
1077:
1040:
1020:
1000:
980:
960:
928:
906:
890:= bore in centimetres,
884:
868:= number of cylinders,
862:
846:= constant of 0.00015,
840:
818:
792:
714:single-cylinder engine
706:
684:
662:
640:
618:
592:
457:
435:
413:
391:
362:
213:
155:
133:
107:
3613:Haynes, C.E. (1923),
3222:Serpolette's Tricycle
3194:Haynes, C.E. (1923),
3177:Carver, S.R. (1958),
2999:
2977:
2955:
2929:
2844:
2822:
2800:
2774:
2705:
2679:
2677:{\displaystyle P_{f}}
2646:
2603:= Number of cylinders
2598:
2576:
2554:
2532:
2506:
2504:{\displaystyle P_{f}}
2473:
2354:
2332:
2310:
2285:
2238:
2148:
2146:{\displaystyle P_{A}}
2119:
2031:
2009:
1987:
1965:
1939:
1833:
1768:
1704:
1629:
1565:
1490:
1430:
1359:
1308:
1242:Manual transmissions
1229:
1185:
1148:
1126:
1104:
1078:
1041:
1021:
1001:
981:
961:
929:
907:
885:
863:
841:
819:
793:
707:
685:
663:
641:
619:
593:
458:
436:
414:
392:
363:
299:used RAC hp in their
293:Union of South Africa
207:
193:to build Model Ts in
156:
134:
108:
3664:the equivalent entry
3657:the equivalent entry
3565:Automobil Revue 1987
3439:"Nur bei Hausmarken"
3437:, ed. (8 May 1967).
3152:"Hints and Wrinkles"
2988:
2966:
2944:
2889:
2833:
2811:
2789:
2730:
2694:
2661:
2615:
2587:
2565:
2543:
2521:
2488:
2404:
2343:
2321:
2299:
2249:
2202:
2130:
2060:
2020:
1998:
1976:
1954:
1889:
1795:
1715:
1642:
1582:
1509:
1443:
1374:
1321:
1261:
1218:
1174:
1137:
1115:
1093:
1053:
1030:
1010:
990:
970:
950:
918:
896:
874:
852:
830:
808:
743:
722:four-cylinder engine
696:
674:
652:
630:
608:
542:
447:
425:
403:
397:= nominal horsepower
378:
316:
145:
123:
76:
3690:History of taxation
3549:on 24 October 2017.
3516:. Road & Track.
3305:. State of Missouri
3279:. State of Missouri
3215:"Sublime Semmering"
3088:on 24 November 2020
2859:engine displacement
2195:) were as follows:
2171:engine displacement
1166:
718:two-cylinder engine
261:. Cars such as the
3531:. ROSSOautomobili.
3080:Hodgson, Richard.
2994:
2972:
2950:
2924:
2839:
2817:
2795:
2769:
2700:
2684:= Tax Horsepower (
2674:
2641:
2593:
2571:
2549:
2527:
2511:= Tax Horsepower (
2501:
2468:
2349:
2327:
2305:
2280:
2233:
2143:
2114:
2026:
2004:
1982:
1960:
1934:
1828:
1763:
1699:
1624:
1560:
1485:
1425:
1354:
1303:
1224:
1214:th forward gears.
1180:
1162:
1143:
1121:
1099:
1073:
1036:
1016:
996:
976:
956:
924:
902:
880:
858:
836:
814:
788:
702:
680:
658:
636:
614:
588:
489:Continental Europe
453:
431:
409:
390:{\displaystyle HP}
387:
358:
214:
151:
129:
103:
3574:978-3-444-00458-2
3420:978-3-613-02170-9
3137:The New Car Tax.
2997:{\displaystyle n}
2975:{\displaystyle S}
2953:{\displaystyle D}
2922:
2895:
2855:1.6/π = 0.51
2842:{\displaystyle S}
2820:{\displaystyle d}
2798:{\displaystyle i}
2736:
2703:{\displaystyle P}
2639:
2596:{\displaystyle n}
2574:{\displaystyle R}
2552:{\displaystyle D}
2530:{\displaystyle T}
2352:{\displaystyle s}
2330:{\displaystyle d}
2308:{\displaystyle i}
2178:two stroke engine
2165:Tax horse-power (
2102:
2084:
2029:{\displaystyle K}
2007:{\displaystyle C}
1985:{\displaystyle m}
1963:{\displaystyle P}
1921:
1912:
1880:
1879:
1826:
1761:
1750:
1697:
1686:
1638:k5 > 1.25*k4:
1622:
1558:
1483:
1423:
1352:
1301:
1227:{\displaystyle K}
1183:{\displaystyle K}
1146:{\displaystyle K}
1124:{\displaystyle C}
1102:{\displaystyle P}
1039:{\displaystyle L}
1019:{\displaystyle D}
999:{\displaystyle n}
979:{\displaystyle K}
905:{\displaystyle L}
883:{\displaystyle D}
861:{\displaystyle n}
839:{\displaystyle K}
817:{\displaystyle P}
720: : 0.00017;
716: : 0.00020;
705:{\displaystyle K}
661:{\displaystyle L}
639:{\displaystyle D}
617:{\displaystyle n}
456:{\displaystyle n}
434:{\displaystyle L}
412:{\displaystyle D}
356:
289:Western Australia
276:Volkswagen Beetle
154:{\displaystyle n}
132:{\displaystyle D}
101:
18:Fiscal horsepower
16:(Redirected from
3697:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3601:
3599:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3560:
3551:
3550:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3509:
3503:
3502:
3495:
3489:
3488:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3456:
3454:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3354:
3345:
3344:
3321:
3315:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3284:
3269:
3263:
3262:
3260:
3254:, archived from
3243:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3219:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3148:
3142:
3135:
3129:
3122:
3116:
3109:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3093:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3062:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2995:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2951:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2923:
2918:
2901:
2896:
2893:
2880:Tokyo Prefecture
2856:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2826:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2762:
2761:
2737:
2734:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2683:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2632:
2627:
2626:
2602:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2477:
2475:
2474:
2469:
2461:
2460:
2455:
2451:
2444:
2443:
2416:
2415:
2358:
2356:
2355:
2350:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2289:
2287:
2286:
2281:
2273:
2272:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2234:
2226:
2225:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2095:
2085:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2035:
2033:
2032:
2027:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1961:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1872:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1829:
1827:
1822:
1805:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1762:
1757:
1748:
1725:
1711:k4 > 1.4*k3:
1708:
1706:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1693:
1684:
1652:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1618:
1592:
1578:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1561:
1559:
1554:
1519:
1505:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1486:
1484:
1479:
1453:
1434:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1419:
1384:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1348:
1331:
1312:
1310:
1309:
1304:
1302:
1297:
1271:
1233:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1170:For calculating
1167:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1144:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1045:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1025:
1023:
1022:
1017:
1005:
1003:
1002:
997:
985:
983:
982:
977:
965:
963:
962:
957:
940:wood gas-powered
933:
931:
930:
925:
911:
909:
908:
903:
889:
887:
886:
881:
867:
865:
864:
859:
845:
843:
842:
837:
823:
821:
820:
815:
797:
795:
794:
789:
787:
774:
773:
711:
709:
708:
703:
689:
687:
686:
681:
667:
665:
664:
659:
645:
643:
642:
637:
623:
621:
620:
615:
597:
595:
594:
589:
569:
568:
516:"chevaux-vapeur"
462:
460:
459:
454:
440:
438:
437:
432:
418:
416:
415:
410:
396:
394:
393:
388:
367:
365:
364:
359:
357:
352:
329:
254:big end bearings
160:
158:
157:
152:
138:
136:
135:
130:
112:
110:
109:
104:
102:
97:
80:
21:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3670:
3669:
3652:
3651:
3641:
3639:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3611:
3607:
3597:
3595:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3575:
3561:
3554:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3525:
3521:
3510:
3506:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3481:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3452:
3450:
3449:on 4 March 2016
3432:
3428:
3421:
3407:
3403:
3393:
3391:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3356:
3355:
3348:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3308:
3306:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3282:
3280:
3270:
3266:
3261:on 5 April 2020
3258:
3252:
3241:
3233:
3229:
3217:
3211:
3207:
3192:
3188:
3175:
3171:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3136:
3132:
3123:
3119:
3110:
3101:
3091:
3089:
3078:
3074:
3064:
3063:
3052:
3047:
3019:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2902:
2900:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2876:
2854:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2757:
2753:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2717:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2686:Potencia fiscal
2668:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2658:
2631:
2622:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2513:Potencia fiscal
2495:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2485:
2456:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2424:
2423:
2411:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2394:
2382:1973 oil crisis
2378:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2300:
2297:
2296:
2268:
2264:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2221:
2217:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2163:
2156:
2137:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2108:
2094:
2090:
2089:
2076:
2067:
2063:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2043:
2021:
2018:
2017:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1928:
1913:
1906:
1902:
1901:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1876:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1838:
1806:
1804:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1785:
1783:
1778:
1726:
1724:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1653:
1651:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1593:
1591:
1583:
1580:
1579:
1576:
1520:
1518:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1454:
1452:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1385:
1383:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1332:
1330:
1322:
1319:
1318:
1272:
1270:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1245:Forward speeds
1239:Forward speeds
1219:
1216:
1215:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1160:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1094:
1091:
1090:
1062:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1011:
1008:
1007:
991:
988:
987:
971:
968:
967:
951:
948:
947:
919:
916:
915:
897:
894:
893:
875:
872:
871:
853:
850:
849:
831:
828:
827:
809:
806:
805:
769:
765:
752:
744:
741:
740:
734:
728:
697:
694:
693:
675:
672:
671:
653:
650:
649:
631:
628:
627:
609:
606:
605:
564:
560:
543:
540:
539:
520:"cartes grises"
508:
500:
491:
470:
448:
445:
444:
426:
423:
422:
404:
401:
400:
379:
376:
375:
330:
328:
317:
314:
313:
284:
274:particular the
212:and many others
146:
143:
142:
124:
121:
120:
81:
79:
77:
74:
73:
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3703:
3693:
3692:
3687:
3685:Units of power
3682:
3668:
3667:
3660:
3650:
3649:
3624:
3605:
3580:
3573:
3552:
3534:
3527:Lammers, Max.
3519:
3504:
3490:
3475:
3463:
3426:
3419:
3401:
3379:
3346:
3316:
3290:
3264:
3250:
3227:
3205:
3186:
3169:
3143:
3130:
3117:
3099:
3072:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3018:
3015:
3006:
3005:
2993:
2983:
2971:
2961:
2949:
2935:
2934:
2921:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2899:
2875:
2872:
2851:
2850:
2838:
2828:
2816:
2806:
2794:
2780:
2779:
2768:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2699:
2689:
2671:
2667:
2652:
2651:
2638:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2605:
2604:
2592:
2582:
2570:
2560:
2548:
2538:
2526:
2516:
2498:
2494:
2479:
2478:
2467:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2450:
2447:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2422:
2419:
2414:
2410:
2393:
2390:
2377:
2374:
2361:
2360:
2348:
2338:
2326:
2316:
2304:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2257:
2254:
2232:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2140:
2136:
2125:
2124:
2111:
2106:
2101:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2066:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2025:
2015:
2003:
1993:
1981:
1971:
1959:
1945:
1944:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1909:
1905:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1878:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1864:
1854:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1825:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1803:
1800:
1790:
1787:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1723:
1720:
1709:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1683:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1650:
1647:
1635:
1634:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1605:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1573:
1570:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1438:
1435:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1382:
1379:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1316:
1313:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1269:
1266:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1235:
1223:
1179:
1159:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1142:
1132:
1120:
1110:
1098:
1084:
1083:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1058:
1035:
1015:
995:
975:
955:
936:
935:
923:
913:
901:
891:
879:
869:
857:
847:
835:
825:
813:
799:
798:
786:
783:
780:
777:
772:
768:
764:
761:
758:
755:
751:
748:
733:
730:
726:
725:
701:
691:
679:
669:
657:
647:
635:
625:
613:
599:
598:
587:
584:
581:
578:
575:
572:
567:
563:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
507:
504:
499:
496:
490:
487:
469:
466:
465:
464:
452:
442:
430:
420:
408:
398:
386:
383:
369:
368:
355:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
336:
333:
327:
324:
321:
283:
280:
230:overhead valve
218:Wolseley 14/60
210:Vauxhall 30-98
163:
162:
150:
140:
128:
114:
113:
100:
96:
93:
90:
87:
84:
63:RAC horsepower
61:The so-called
58:
55:
34:tax horsepower
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3702:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3680:Vehicle taxes
3678:
3677:
3675:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3620:
3616:
3609:
3594:
3590:
3584:
3576:
3570:
3566:
3559:
3557:
3548:
3544:
3538:
3530:
3523:
3515:
3508:
3500:
3494:
3486:
3483:Davis, Adam.
3479:
3472:
3467:
3460:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3435:Jacobi, Claus
3430:
3422:
3416:
3412:
3405:
3389:
3383:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3364:(in French).
3363:
3359:
3353:
3351:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3331:(in French).
3330:
3326:
3320:
3304:
3300:
3294:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3257:
3253:
3251:0-642-51178-0
3247:
3240:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3216:
3209:
3201:
3197:
3190:
3182:
3181:
3173:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3147:
3140:
3134:
3127:
3121:
3114:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3068:
3061:
3059:
3057:
3055:
3050:
3042:
3040:
3035:
3033:
3027:
3025:
3014:
3012:
2991:
2984:
2969:
2962:
2947:
2940:
2939:
2938:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2909:
2906:
2903:
2897:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2871:
2868:
2862:
2860:
2836:
2829:
2814:
2807:
2792:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2766:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2726:
2725:
2724:
2722:
2697:
2690:
2687:
2669:
2665:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2636:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2611:
2610:
2609:
2590:
2583:
2568:
2561:
2546:
2539:
2524:
2517:
2514:
2496:
2492:
2484:
2483:
2482:
2465:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2417:
2412:
2408:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2389:
2387:
2386:turbochargers
2383:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2346:
2339:
2324:
2317:
2302:
2295:
2294:
2293:
2290:
2277:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2243:
2230:
2227:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2196:
2194:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2174:
2172:
2168:
2158:
2138:
2134:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2023:
2016:
2001:
1994:
1979:
1972:
1957:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1868:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1841:
1823:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1798:
1788:
1781:
1776:
1775:
1758:
1754:
1751:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1648:
1645:
1636:
1619:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1588:
1585:
1555:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1502:k5 ≤ 1.25*k4:
1497:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1436:
1420:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1367:
1366:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1314:
1298:
1294:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1267:
1264:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1221:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1177:
1168:
1165:
1140:
1133:
1118:
1111:
1096:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1049:
1048:
1047:
1033:
1013:
993:
973:
953:
945:
941:
921:
914:
899:
892:
877:
870:
855:
848:
833:
826:
811:
804:
803:
802:
784:
781:
778:
775:
770:
766:
762:
759:
756:
753:
749:
746:
739:
738:
737:
729:
723:
719:
715:
699:
692:
677:
670:
655:
648:
633:
626:
611:
604:
603:
602:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
565:
561:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
538:
537:
536:
533:
530:
528:
523:
521:
517:
513:
512:Cheval Fiscal
503:
495:
486:
484:
480:
476:
468:United States
450:
443:
428:
421:
406:
399:
384:
381:
374:
373:
372:
353:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
325:
322:
319:
312:
311:
310:
307:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
279:
277:
272:
268:
264:
260:
259:United States
255:
251:
247:
242:
238:
235:
231:
225:
223:
219:
211:
206:
202:
198:
196:
192:
187:
183:
179:
174:
172:
168:
148:
141:
126:
119:
118:
117:
98:
94:
91:
88:
85:
82:
72:
71:
70:
68:
64:
54:
51:
47:
46:license plate
43:
39:
35:
30:
19:
3640:. Retrieved
3636:
3627:
3618:
3608:
3596:. Retrieved
3583:
3564:
3547:the original
3537:
3522:
3507:
3493:
3478:
3466:
3458:
3451:. Retrieved
3447:the original
3442:
3429:
3410:
3404:
3392:. Retrieved
3382:
3365:
3361:
3332:
3328:
3319:
3307:. Retrieved
3302:
3293:
3281:. Retrieved
3276:
3267:
3256:the original
3237:
3230:
3221:
3208:
3199:
3189:
3179:
3172:
3156:MotorBoating
3155:
3146:
3138:
3133:
3125:
3120:
3112:
3090:. Retrieved
3086:the original
3075:
3066:
3036:
3028:
3020:
3013:obligation.
3007:
2936:
2877:
2863:
2852:
2781:
2718:
2685:
2653:
2606:
2512:
2480:
2395:
2379:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2291:
2244:
2197:
2192:
2190:
2182:power stroke
2175:
2166:
2164:
2126:
2044:
2041:1998 formula
1946:
1881:
1867:
1858:
1843:
1839:
1575:k4 ≤ 1.4*k3:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1163:
1158:1978 formula
1085:
937:
800:
735:
732:1956 formula
727:
600:
534:
531:
524:
519:
515:
511:
509:
501:
492:
471:
370:
308:
305:
300:
285:
271:Hillman Minx
267:Morris Minor
243:
239:
226:
215:
199:
186:Henry Ford's
182:Ford Model T
175:
171:piston speed
164:
115:
60:
33:
31:
29:
3637:Accessj.com
3443:Der Spiegel
2715:Switzerland
1255:(or fewer)
527:Citroën 2CV
222:Alvis 12/70
178:progressive
38:automobiles
3674:Categories
3309:3 December
3283:3 December
3045:References
2186:Otto cycle
1779:Overdrive
263:Austin A40
195:Manchester
50:horsepower
3642:7 January
3374:0373-0425
3341:0373-0425
3164:1531-2623
3139:The Times
3126:The Times
3113:The Times
3092:11 August
2913:×
2907:×
2764:×
2751:×
2745:×
2463:⋅
2446:⋅
2433:⋅
2275:×
2262:×
2256:×
2228:×
2215:×
2209:×
2193:Steuer-PS
2167:Steuer-PS
1777:Manual w/
1499:5 speeds
1368:4 speeds
1067:×
954:ω
946:). Since
922:ω
785:ω
782:×
776:×
763:×
757:×
678:ω
583:×
580:ω
577:×
571:×
558:×
347:×
341:×
335:×
282:Australia
234:sidevalve
224:of 1938.
191:a factory
92:×
86:×
3598:6 August
3473:, p. 533
3039:capacity
3011:road tax
1572:4-speed
1437:3-speed
1315:2-speed
1253:3 speeds
269:and the
246:motorway
220:and the
44:charged
42:Illinois
2782:where:
2721:cantons
2719:The 26
2654:where:
2481:where:
2292:where:
2161:Germany
1947:where:
1086:where:
801:where:
601:where:
498:Belgium
371:where:
116:where:
57:Britain
3571:
3471:Oswald
3453:18 May
3417:
3372:
3339:
3248:
3162:
2937:where
2894:tax HP
2867:Ticino
2861:in cc
2857:times
1911:
1908:0.0458
1749:
1685:
1577:
1504:
1210:nd...
1026:, and
506:France
265:, the
250:torque
3394:5 May
3259:(PDF)
3242:(PDF)
3218:(PDF)
2874:Japan
2735:CV/PS
2637:5.152
2430:0.785
2392:Spain
2376:Italy
3644:2018
3600:2022
3569:ISBN
3455:2013
3415:ISBN
3396:2024
3370:ISSN
3337:ISSN
3311:2020
3285:2020
3246:ISBN
3160:ISSN
3094:2007
2253:0.45
2206:0.30
1930:1.48
1842:and
1789:CVT
1759:3.48
1682:1.25
1620:3.48
1481:3.48
1206:st,
1198:...
966:and
525:The
510:The
32:The
3593:TCS
3366:115
2853:or
2742:0.4
2458:0.6
2110:1.6
1824:2.3
1746:1.4
1350:2.7
944:CNG
99:2.5
67:RAC
3676::
3635:.
3617:,
3555:^
3457:.
3349:^
3333:89
3301:.
3275:.
3220:.
3198:,
3154:.
3102:^
3053:^
2688:),
2515:),
2100:40
2082:45
1844:kM
1840:km
1200:kn
1196:k2
1194:,
1192:k1
1190:,
1006:,
354:12
184:.
3646:.
3602:.
3577:.
3423:.
3398:.
3376:.
3343:.
3313:.
3287:.
3166:.
3096:.
2992:n
2970:S
2948:D
2920:3
2916:n
2910:S
2904:D
2898:=
2837:S
2815:d
2793:i
2767:S
2759:2
2755:d
2748:i
2739:=
2698:P
2670:f
2666:P
2634:P
2629:=
2624:f
2620:P
2591:n
2569:R
2547:D
2525:T
2497:f
2493:P
2466:n
2453:)
2449:R
2441:2
2437:D
2426:(
2421:T
2418:=
2413:f
2409:P
2347:s
2325:d
2303:i
2278:s
2270:2
2266:d
2259:i
2231:s
2223:2
2219:d
2212:i
2155:2
2139:A
2135:P
2105:)
2097:P
2092:(
2087:+
2079:C
2074:=
2069:A
2065:P
2051:2
2047:2
2024:K
2002:C
1980:m
1958:P
1925:)
1919:K
1916:C
1904:(
1899:m
1896:=
1893:P
1820:M
1817:k
1814:+
1811:m
1808:k
1802:=
1799:K
1755:3
1752:k
1743:+
1740:2
1737:k
1734:+
1731:1
1728:k
1722:=
1719:K
1695:4
1691:4
1688:k
1679:+
1676:3
1673:k
1670:+
1667:2
1664:k
1661:+
1658:1
1655:k
1649:=
1646:K
1616:4
1613:k
1610:+
1607:2
1604:k
1601:+
1598:1
1595:k
1589:=
1586:K
1556:4
1552:5
1549:k
1546:+
1543:3
1540:k
1537:+
1534:2
1531:k
1528:+
1525:1
1522:k
1516:=
1513:K
1477:3
1474:k
1471:+
1468:2
1465:k
1462:+
1459:1
1456:k
1450:=
1447:K
1421:4
1417:4
1414:k
1411:+
1408:3
1405:k
1402:+
1399:2
1396:k
1393:+
1390:1
1387:k
1381:=
1378:K
1346:2
1343:k
1340:+
1337:1
1334:k
1328:=
1325:K
1299:3
1295:3
1292:k
1289:+
1286:2
1283:k
1280:+
1277:1
1274:k
1268:=
1265:K
1222:K
1212:n
1208:2
1204:1
1178:K
1141:K
1119:C
1097:P
1070:K
1064:C
1060:=
1057:P
1034:L
1014:D
994:n
974:K
900:L
878:D
856:n
834:K
812:P
779:L
771:2
767:D
760:n
754:K
750:=
747:P
700:K
656:L
634:D
612:n
586:K
574:L
566:2
562:D
555:n
552:=
549:V
546:C
451:n
429:L
407:D
385:P
382:H
350:n
344:L
338:D
332:D
326:=
323:P
320:H
149:n
127:D
95:n
89:D
83:D
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
