Volkswagen Beetle - Knowledge

517: 1378: 47: 975: 910: 1020:, manufacturing capacity increased significantly. Production in 1946 and 1947 was rated at 9,878 and 8,973 examples, respectively, but in Nordhoff's first year, 1948, manufacture doubled to approximately 19,244 units. On 6 August 1955, the millionth example was assembled and by 1959, production capacity was rated at 700,000 units per year. By mid-1948, the Forces of Occupation received 20,991 cars, leaving less than 10,000 for export or domestic consumption. The number of employees increased from 6,033 by the end of 1945 to almost 57,000 in 1957. After the war, over 10,000 apartments were built to house the workers in Wolfsburg, which then had a population of nearly 60,000. In 1959, Volkswagen invested more than DM500 966:(1916–2000), a British Army officer, has been widely acknowledged for the reopening of the factory. Hirst was ordered to take control of the heavily bombed factory, which the Americans had captured. Recognising the scarcity of occupations in Germany and the shortage of vehicles in the British Army, Hirst persuaded the British military to order 20,000 cars, stating that it "was the limit set by the availability of materials". By March 1946, production capacity was rated at approximately 1,000 units per month. Based on an eight-hour shift in mid-1946, production was around 2,500 per month. At the time, about 1,800 machine tools were in operation, of which 200 were used exclusively for the key components. 986: 783:; German for 'Strength Through Joy') derived from the Nazi organisation once Hitler ceremoniously laid the foundation stone for the Volkswagen factory on 26 May 1938. As part of this organisation, Volkswagen urged workers to "save five marks a week and get your car". Before the completion of the KdF factory, many Germans had already signed up for a savings plan to buy a car. At that time, Germany had fewer cars than other European countries. In 1930, there were only about 500,000 registered cars in Germany, while France and Great Britain had over 1 million each, and the USA had more than 26 million. However, the onset of 1481:. This extended the stroke from 64 mm (2.5 in) to 69 mm (2.7 in), resulting in an engine displacement of approximately 78 cubic inches (1,280 cm). 1965 also marked the Beetle's most extensive design change when its body stampings were extensively revised. It allowed for significantly larger windows, a departure from previous designs. The windshield increased by 11% in area and adopted a slight curvature, replacing its flat configuration. Door windows also expanded by 6%, with a slight backward canting of door vent window edges. Rear side windows increased by 17.5%, and the rear window by 19.5%. 550:(KdF), announced in 1938 that every German would own a Volkswagen within ten years. However, there were challenges. Gasoline prices in Germany were high due to taxes, making it expensive for private car ownership. Gasoline was also primarily used for the military in the Nazi regime. Despite that, the Nazi leaders saw the mass-produced car as a way to promote their system. It symbolised a shift from cars being a privilege for the wealthy to a dream that lower-class Germans could now fulfil. Hitler was particularly enthusiastic about it because the car could easily be adapted for military use. 1925: 1943: 850: 1563: 1743: 1103: 1756: 678:, Jaray's findings influenced the design of "Hitler's streamlined KdF car", later known as the 'beetle', which became the best-selling car globally post-war. Jaray's research results in fluid mechanics for ground-bound vehicles extended beyond the VW Beetle, impacting the Tatra 77 and other vehicles. His initial patents and publications date back to the early 1920s. The engineer Christian Binnebesel scientifically presented Jaray's significant contribution to streamline form in his 2008 dissertation. 1873: 766: 1886: 1847: 1073:. We are now moving away from them and we must recognise that fact and use the time given us. The wheel of history never turns back! Whatever opportunities you miss today will never return! The new year will have 366 days this time; every day, we will cross one off—and soon there will be only four left. No power of heaven or earth will bring those days back. Let us use this time, as long as we are free to do so, as we are now, and as we shall still be for a few years. 8274: 1239:. In 1993, the brand stated that the Chico was intended to begin production in 1995. However, this plan was abandoned once Volkswagen realised that the project was commercially infeasible. Mays and Thomas recognised the difficulties faced by the brand and suggested the need for a vehicle that included the recognisable design of the Beetle as a potential solution to improve customer appeal. During development, this car was known as the "Concept One" project. The 9133: 1912: 1795: 1808: 1821: 1899: 1782: 1860: 1834: 1730: 1717: 1704: 1691: 1678: 1769: 663:. Key elements of this concept included the air-cooled four-cylinder boxer engine at the rear, the transmission positioned in front of the rear axle, and the distinctive roundish shape. Dieter Landenberger, the head of Porsche's historical archive, later affirmed that Barényi played a "decisive role in the authorship of the later VW Beetle". Since then, he has been known for conceiving the original car design. 1607:. This fuel-injection system proved much more straightforward and reliable than previous injection systems used on German-assembled Volkswagens since 1967. Vehicles with these modifications can be identified externally by the reintroduced louvred engine lid, heavier and larger bumper bars, four-stud wheels with twenty ventilation holes and a "1600i" badge on the engine lid. The 1993 model also featured a 1180:. By 1979, the Golf constituted over 50 per cent of Volkswagen sales, and it eventually became Volkswagen's most successful model since the Beetle. As opposed to the Beetle, the Golf was substantially redesigned over its lifetime, with only a few components carried over between generations. On 10 January 1980, the final Beetle convertible of 330,281 rolled off the production line at the 1329:, which became a standard feature from April onwards. In 1952, the equipment was enhanced with the addition of vent windows in the doors, and the wheels were reduced to a diameter of 15 inches (380 mm) from the previous 16 inches (410 mm). On 10 March 1953, the split rear window was replaced with a one-piece rear window. Starting in 1954, the 1119:, which was made to preserve a free market of imported international automobiles through political pressure and lobbying. On 17 February 1972, the world car production record was broken by the Beetle, with a total of 15,007,034 units produced worldwide, thereby surpassing the production figure that had been held by the American 484:, serving as the chief engineer; and Josef Mickl and Franz Xaver Reimspiess, the latter credited for devising the iconic Volkswagen badge. The project saw significant milestones in October 1935 with the completion of the first two Type-60 prototypes, identified as cars V1 (sedan) and V2 (convertible), denoted with a "V" (for 1559:, but the extra space was in front of the windshield. For 1971, the overall length increased by 8 cm (3.1 in), doubling the front trunk capacity and adding 3 cu ft (0.1 m) of luggage space. Volkswagen also implemented a new fresh-air ventilation system, drawing its air from the rear quarter panels. 1392:, Don Werner noted, "Five years ago, out of every ten imported cars sold, six were Volkswagens. latest figures show the ratio is now down to about every four out of every ten. If the current VW starts to slip, the new —soon to be introduced—probably will be imported to justify the more than 600 dealerships and the $ 100 1465:, including the incorporation of an air filter into the oil filter, the introduction of larger-diameter cylinder head induction ports and the adoption of plastic for the headliner and window guides. Volkswagen replaced the Wolfsburg crest on the hood, which had been present since 1951, with the company's lettering. A 1955:

Official exportation of the Beetle to the Brazilian market began on 23 March 1953, with its parts imported from Germany. For the local market, the Type 1 was officially known "Volkswagen Fusca". In January 1959, Volkswagen shifted assembly to the new São Bernardo do Campo plant, initially maintaining

791:. With the Volkswagen facility dedicated solely to wartime requirements, the over 330,000 KdF savers could not acquire their vehicles. Following the war, numerous KdF savers pressed for the receipt of a Volkswagen. When their request was denied, the VW saver initiative ensued, spanning several years. 1657:

became available, and the De Luxe model featured small traffic indicator side lamps ahead of the top door hinge. The steering wheel's centre boss was restyled to resemble that of the contemporary Golf and Polo. In 1998, Volkswagen removed the small through-flow ventilation slots behind the rear side

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The Type 11 standard limousine, initially designated as the Type 60 before 1946, received the dub "Pretzel Beetle" due to its distinctive oval-shaped, vertically divided rear window. On 1 July 1949, the Volkswagen lineup was expanded to include the "export" model featuring enhanced interiors, chrome

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It took a year for Volkswagen to officially confirm the production of the concept in its final form, which was slated for completion by the end of the century. To help gauge public demand of the forthcoming automobile in the United States, Volkswagen implemented a free-access telephone line to allow

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sedan. None of these models achieved the level of success of the Beetle. The overdependence on a singular model, which was experiencing a decline in popularity, meant that Volkswagen was in a financial crisis and needed German government funding to produce the Beetle's replacement. Consequently, the

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million to increase daily production by 1,000, reaching a final target of 3,000 per day. During 1960, the company occasionally increased production by around 100; by the end of 1960, Volkswagen planned to produce 4,000 examples daily. Nordhoff stated, "Then we believe we shall have reached a balance

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In August 1972, the 1303 range superseded the 1302 model, which featured a curved windshield. This design change elicited mixed opinions; some favoured it, while others expressed dissatisfaction. Despite the effort to infuse the Beetle with a modernised design, this did not resonate with consumers,

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In 1971, the 1200 received a larger windscreen, while the 1300 received a power increase to 32 kW (43 hp) and larger brakes, effectively replacing the 1500. Volkswagen replaced the 1300 with the 1300A "economy version" in 1973 for the 1974 model year, possessing the same specifications as

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In 1967, updates comprised shortened front and rear bonnets, box-profile bumpers with a railway rails design that were installed at a higher position, vertically oriented scattering discs for the headlights and larger rear lights with an iron design. Volkswagen introduced external fuel filler flap,

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of 1,192 cc (1.19 L; 72.74 cu in), surpassing the previous 1,131 cc (1.1 L; 69.0 cu in). This engine produced 22 kW (30 PS), a 4 kW (5.4 PS) improvement over its predecessor. In 1955, the traditional VW semaphore turn signals were replaced

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While the design of the Beetle changed little over its lifespan, Volkswagen implemented over 78,000 incremental updates. Typically subtle, these alterations usually involved minor updates to the exterior, interior, colours and lighting. More noteworthy changes have comprised new engines, models and

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mounted at the rear. Hitler and Porsche both were influenced by the Tatras. Hitler, an avid automotive enthusiast, rode in Tatras multiple times during political tours of Czechoslovakia and had frequent dinners with Ledwinka. Following one such tour, Hitler remarked to Porsche, "This is the car for

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compelled Volkswagen to use "1302" instead. Volkswagen produced the more powerful 1302S alongside the 1302. The latter has an engine displacement of 79 cubic inches (1,300 cm), while the former has a capacity of 96.7 cubic inches (1,584 cm). In English-speaking countries, the name "Super

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and a stabiliser. The enlargement of the front trunk became possible as a result. Unlike its predecessor, the spare wheel was no longer positioned diagonally at the front under the hood but instead rested horizontally under a cover in the trunk area. The company initially intended to designate the

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plant after 11,916,519 examples were made there. Following its discontinuation, Volkswagen ceased the ongoing development of the Beetle in Germany. On 19 January 1978, the last Beetle sedan manufactured in Europe rolled off the production line at the Emden plant with the chassis number 1182034030.

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In 1925, Austro-Hungarian automotive engineer Béla Barényi designed a car similarly shaped to the Beetle, more than five years before Porsche unveiled his initial "People's Car" design. Through a court ruling in 1953, Barényi successfully asserted his authorship and associated claims. He explained

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Over its lifespan, the Beetle's design remained consistent, yet Volkswagen implemented over 78,000 incremental updates. These modifications were often subtle, involving minor alterations to its exterior, interior, colours, and lighting. Some more noteworthy changes included the introduction of new

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and inspected by Hitler. Two V3s were delivered to Berlin in August for examination by other Nazi Party officials, who showed great interest in them. By June 1936, the V3s underwent over 50,000 km (31,000 mi) of testing across various terrains. A series of thirty W30 development models,

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While it was largely successful in the 1960s, recording its highest sales growth in North America from 1960 to 1965, the Beetle started facing competition from more contemporary designs worldwide in the 1970s. The decade started out well for Volkswagen, who sold 569,000 Beetles in 1970. In 1970,

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and rear-wheel drive in a two-door bodywork featuring a flat front windscreen, accommodating four passengers and providing luggage storage under the front bonnet and behind the rear seat, and it has a drag coefficient of 0.48. The bodywork attached with eighteen bolts to the Beetle's nearly flat

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form. The Beetle was introduced to the Mexican market in 1954, and began official production ten years later. The local market referred to the Beetle as the "Vocho". The introduction of a new taxi regulation in Mexico City, requiring only four-door vehicles to be permitted to prevent robberies,

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began on 27 December 1945; Volkswagen made fifty-five vehicles by the end of the year. The Volkswagen facility, initially slated for dismantling and transportation to Britain under American control in 1945, faced a lack of interest from British car manufacturers; an official report included the

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Volkswagen entered into partnership with eClassics, enabling Beetle owners to electrify their vehicles. The electric conversion kit includes a battery with a capacity of 36.8 kWh, providing an estimated range of 200 kilometres (120 mi). The converted Beetle can achieve a top speed of 150

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took place in 1957, and by 1960, locally manufactured body panels were integrated for the first time. Despite the introduction of larger windows for the European Type One body in 1965, Volkswagen Australia opted to maintain production of the smaller-windowed bodies with features tailored for

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Josef Ganz's potential early contributions to the original Beetle's development remained controversial for years and lacked clear clarification. Research suggests that his idea and the concept of a compact car played a significant role in the VW Beetle's development and its prototypes. Ganz

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cent of sub-2,750 lb (1,250 kg) commercial vehicle market there. Nordhoff's recurring encouragement proved to be highly effective. He consistently urged the team to work harder, reduce expenses and avoid complacency and corporate inefficiencies. In January 1960, Nordhoff quoted:

1374:. In January, the valve-clearing adjusting nut was slightly enlarged and resistor-type ignition leads were adopted. In March, Volkswagen made several modifications to its front trailing arm and the steering damper. In May 1960, Volkswagen added plastic warm air ducts to decrease noise. 348:

from 1938 to 2003. One of the most iconic cars in automotive history, the Beetle is noted for its distinctive shape. Its production period of 65 years is the longest of any single generation of automobile, and its total production of over 21.5 million is the most of any car of a single

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phrase, "The vehicle does not meet the fundamental technical requirement of a motor-car it is quite unattractive to the average buyer To build the car commercially would be a completely uneconomic enterprise." Instead, the factory remained operational by producing cars for the

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and a swing-axle Tatra—both featuring elements such as a central tubular frame, independent wheel suspension, and a rear/mid-engine design. Ganz incorporated these technical features into his proposed vehicle designs. Hitler reportedly saw cars designed by Josef Ganz at the 1933

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before the scheduled date; two of them disappeared during the conflict. Austrian Otto Mathé acquired the third Berlin-Rome car and raced it throughout the 1950s, becoming the fastest in its class during the 1950 Alpine Cup. He continued to use it until his death in 1995.

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eliminating the need to open the front bonnet for refuelling. In September 1967, the 1500 Beetle was introduced. Its engine displacement was approximately 91.1 cubic inches (1,493 cm), its power output was 32 kW (43 hp) and it featured a three-speed

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steering, but in July of that year, Volkswagen discontinued both of them. The long-serving 1200 was renamed the "1200L" in 1976, with the additional deluxe features incorporated into the car's interior. In July 1984, Volkswagen eliminated the engine lid louvres.

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by conventional flashing directional indicator lamps for North America, followed by their worldwide replacement in 1961. In 1958, the Beetle received a revised instrument panel, and a larger rectangular rear window replaced the previous oval design.

700:, designed by Ganz for the Standard vehicle factory, featured an implied teardrop-shaped body on a central tubular frame with a rear swing axle, yet the engine was transversely installed in front of the axle, not longitudinally as a rear engine. 1497:. The 1300 transitioned from six-volt to twelve-volt electrics and received dual circuit braking and a fuel gauge. The 1500 also received these alterations, as well as carburettor enhancements. In 1969, the 1200 received twelve-volt electrics, 1286:

plant in Mexico, Volkswagen produced the final Type 1, after 21,529,464 examples were produced globally during its tenure. Its production span of 65 years is the longest of any single generation of automobile, and its total production of over

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commissioned by Porsche and manufactured by Daimler-Benz, underwent testing in early April 1937, covering a total distance of over 2,900,000 kilometres (1,800,000 mi). All vehicles featured the characteristic rounded design and included

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mi) journey from Berlin to Rome. Erwin Komenda supervised the development process, while Karl Froelich was responsible for creating official plans that they subsequently used to form a wooden scale model. The model was wind tunnel tested at

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Volkswagen introduced the 1300 in August 1965, equipped with a 1.3-litre engine producing 29.5 kW (39.6 hp). Although featuring an identical design, the 6 horsepower (4.5 kW) increase was achieved through the adoption of the

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million, with Beetle operations beginning there on 1 December 1964. By late 1965, Volkswagen's annual production exceeded 1,600,000 units, averaging 6,800 units per day. Volkswagen's share of all cars produced in West Germany reached 48.6

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my roads". From 1933 onwards, Ledwinka and Porsche met regularly to discuss their designs, and Porsche admitted, "Well, sometimes I looked over his shoulder, and sometimes he looked over mine" while designing the Volkswagen. The

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In the mid-1960s, the traditional labels "standard" and "export" for the Beetle's model variants were superseded by numerical designations, approximately correlating with the engine displacements. In the October 1961 issue of

634:(1875–1951) and his team were generally known as the original designers of the Volkswagen. However, there has been debate over whether he was the original designer. Rumours circulated, suggesting that other designers, such as 1231:. Recognising that Japanese manufacturers dominated the market in the 1970s and '80s, Volkswagen needed to introduce a vehicle to regain popularity. Before this, the company began the development of a city car, codenamed " 383:

meant that production was delayed until the war had ended. The car was originally called the Volkswagen Type 1 and marketed simply as the Volkswagen, but it was not until 1968 that it was officially named the "Beetle".

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Volkswagen implemented designations for the Beetle in the 1960s, including 1200, 1300, 1500, 1600, 1302, and 1303. Volkswagen introduced a series of large luxury models throughout the 1960s and 1970s—comprising the

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members to express their thoughts on the car. The line quickly became inundated with calls, with many saying, "You build it, I'll buy it!" Work on the Concept One continued, with further redesigns on its front

1203:, whose cars were uprated in reliability and performance. The closure of Volkswagen's Pennsylvania factory was due to high costs, subpar quality, and poor sales. In the United States, Volkswagen introduced the 747:

in 1938, leading to the Nazi administration of the Tatra factory in October. Hitler instructed Tatra to focus exclusively on heavy trucks and diesel engines, discontinuing all car models except the V8-engined

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in 1925, predating Porsche's claims by almost ten years. The result was the Volkswagen Type 1 and the introduction of the Volkswagen brand. Volkswagen initially slated production for the late 1930s, but

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Many assume that Paul Jaray shaped the car's body design through his aerodynamics calculations. According to a November 2021 update of research mentioned in the fifteenth report by the German newspaper

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had failed to leave a positive impression on industry executives in both Europe and North America. The new engine essentially possessed identical specifications as the previous model; it was a

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Australian models. This decision was influenced by the constraints of the market size and the expenses associated with retooling. By this juncture, Australian content had surged to nearly 95

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that he had previously elucidated the concept of the Beetle, which was already formulated in the 1920s, to Porsche in great detail. However, this concept was not protected sufficiently by

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Over its 65-year tenure, Volkswagen produced the Volkswagen Type 1 in numerous locations worldwide. The following list encompasses all the locations in which it was manufactured.

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and a front stabiliser bar, providing independent suspension at all wheels, albeit the front axle was designed with double longitudinal trailing arms, whereas the rear axle was a

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litres of fuel per 100 km (33.6 mpg US/40.4 mpg UK). All components were designed for a quick and inexpensive part exchange. As Hitler explained, the reason for choosing an

9581: 4936: 4302: 4267: 3022: 6863: 1279:. Simultaneously, Volkswagen announced that it would be named the "New Beetle". After over six years of planning and development, Volkswagen introduced the New Beetle in 1997. 10993: 4502: 3987: 1538:

The 1302 possessed the same 32.4 kW (44 PS) output as the 1300, whereas the 1302S saw an increase to 36.8 kW (50 PS). This was facilitated by a twin-port

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persisted until 1944 when the production at the plant halted due to the extensive damage inflicted by the Allied air raids. Due to gasoline shortages late in the war, a few "

4778: 6104: 2784: 4912: 4712: 10042: 4659: 3830: 2199: 9574: 2817: 3666: 3191: 10986: 9609: 4558: 3564: 3786: 1588:, the sole model available was the single-carburettor version with 98 cubic inches (1,600 cm). From late 1992 for the 1993 model year, Volkswagen standardised 11898: 9162: 4837: 10978: 10057: 9147: 5889: 2878: 2275: 5546: 3450: 3688: 3533: 1090:

company constituted 50.4% of all West German cars produced that year. In 1968, the Type 1 was officially given the name "Beetle" (from "der Käfer", German for

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cent, representing a 3.3% increase from the previous year. When including Audis produced at Ingolstadt, the combined output from Volkswagen and its

5675: 942:. Allied dismantling policy changed from late 1946 to mid-1947. During this period, heavy industry in Germany continued until 1951. In March 1947, 736:. It accommodated five passengers in its compact four-door body, which provided luggage storage under the front bonnet and behind the rear seats. 516: 10073: 5488: 4233: 3138: 1211:, both of which had little success. The overall sales suffered a significant downturn, leading to the loss of many dealerships for the company. 752:. The issue resurfaced post-World War II, and in 1965, Volkswagen paid Ringhoffer-Tatra 1,000,000 Deutsche Marks in an out-of-court settlement. 1321:

bumpers, and trim. It was offered in a variety of colours to distinguish it from the preceding "Standard" model. Starting in 1950, an optional

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kilometres per hour (93 mph), and an hour of charging can store sufficient energy for a journey exceeding 150 kilometres (93 mi).

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The number of Beetle units sold by Volkswagen was at its lowest in the 1980s. The Beetle faced competition from Japanese automakers such as

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brought the factory into operation and by the close of 1945, 1,785 Volkswagens had been built, delivered to the occupying powers and the

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Formal introduction of the Volkswagen Beetle to the Australian market took place in 1953, followed by local assembly operations at the

1040:. Daily production increased to approximately 5,091, and the plant employed over 43,500 workers. By 1962, Nordhoff had spent over DM675 374:

and his design team began developing and designing the car in the early 1930s, but the fundamental design concept can be attributed to

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was also introduced. In 1965, the 1200A designation was introduced for the standard Beetle with the 22 kW (30 hp) engine.

3977: 1924: 11008: 9177: 4768: 2958: 320: 11918: 8972: 8950: 8073: 8032: 5863: 2322: 2091: 1116: 6094: 1347:"The 1961 Volkswagen sedan provides the kind of happy surprise that comes when an excellent motor vehicle is made even better." 11893: 4902: 4702: 2857: 441:, insisted on the development of a vehicle that could accommodate two adults and three children while not using more than seven 1325:

with a textile cover could be added at an extra cost. By March of the same year, the export model began to be equipped with a

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Originally designated as the Type 60 by Porsche, the Beetle project involved a team of designers and engineers comprising

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By the early 1960s, the Wolfsburg facility was massive. It accommodated about 10,000 production machines and covered 10.8

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by Josef Mickl. Dubbed the "Berlin-Rome car", Porsche AG's engineers designed the Type 60 K 10, officially known as the

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After its discontinuation in Germany, production of the Volkswagen Beetle continued in Australia, Mexico and Nigeria.

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and a new ignition switch. Stylistic improvements included new paint colours and interior design options, a coloured

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The VW 1302, introduced in August 1970, featured a redesigned front end. It incorporated a new front axle featuring

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In the 1960s and '70s, Volkswagen augmented its product portfolio with several models to supplement the Type 1—the

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pre-production cars produced in 1938 introduced split rear windows, and subsequently, Volkswagen introduced fifty

463:—a car affordable and practical enough for lower-class people to own—to serve the country's new road network, the 8871: 6333: 4605: 3611: 3241: 2380: 897: 743:, Tatra filed numerous legal claims against VW for patent infringement. Tatra launched a lawsuit, halted only by 8826: 1295:. To celebrate the occasion, Volkswagen marketed a series of 3,000 Beetles as "Última Edición" (Final Edition). 581:, so the series production of the then-called Volkswagen car could not begin until peacetime; nevertheless, 210 11943: 11352: 11301: 11292: 10759: 9042: 8007: 7010: 5397: 5262: 4580: 2883: 1991: 1505:. In 1970, the 1500 received a new carburettor and dual circuit braking, and Volkswagen discontinued the 1500. 807: 674: 455: 404:

compact hatchbacks in Europe prompted Volkswagen's gradual shift away from rear-wheel drive, starting with the

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between supply and demand so that we can finally deliver Volkswagens to customers without a waiting period".

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The production of the Beetle was possible through agreements with companies like Chrysler in Mexico and the

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expressed disappointment in its power increase, noting, "Even with 14 more power, the total output of 50

1486: 1259:. To reduce production investments and expenses, Volkswagen initially planned to use the platform of the 817: 236: 5685: 492:. The testing of three additional V3 prototypes began on 11 July 1936, the first of which was driven to 11958: 11913: 11314: 9037: 7917: 3186: 1646:. A standard version was also released in 1993, featuring painted bumper bars and many minor removals. 1555:

is very modest for the size of the engine". The Super Beetle had a 2 cm (0.8 in) increase in

1003: 822:(Type 87), featured a Type 1 Beetle body mounted on the robust chassis of the four-wheel-drive Type 86 502: 8934: 11816: 10961: 10739: 10670: 10661: 10654: 10015: 9914: 9909: 9554: 8656: 8497: 7028: 4222: 3203: 1623: 974: 533:. Since the KdF was never delivered to the public, it is likely that this was an advertisement photo. 449:

was that many rural doctors did not have access to garages for maintaining coolant. On 22 June 1934,

9439: 11933: 10789: 8532: 8324: 7704: 7681: 7539: 7497: 7466: 7294: 6245: 430: 10516: 8349: 3851: 3107:"I Found This Beautiful, Bizarre Car In A German Design Museum – And Its Backstory Is Fascinating" 1773: 1377: 796: 9923: 9882: 9423: 8562: 8354: 8339: 8101: 7963: 6287: 2822: 1124: 3353: 2129:

When referring to the surname "Porsche" of Ferdinand Porsche, it should not be mistaken for the

585:

were manufactured by the end of the war in May 1945. Following the cessation of hostilities the

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drivetrain, wider fenders, and oversized Kronprinz all-terrain tyres, reminiscent of the later

611: 24: 8319: 6036: 5498: 5452: 5407: 5272: 4478: 2737: 11908: 11903: 11687: 11537: 11514: 11509: 11504: 10826: 10692: 10678: 10459: 10444: 10439: 10429: 10424: 10419: 9826: 9821: 9078: 9012: 8960: 8904: 8761: 8671: 8557: 8522: 6480: 5680: 5570: 5020: 4873: 4042: 4023: 2481: 2414: 2042: 1405: 921:

Following the war, the Beetle experienced a significant growth in success. On 11 April 1945,

325: 20: 8452: 3721:"Here's How The Volkswagen Beetle Became The World's Best-Selling Car, At Least For A While" 1131:

million Beetles had been manufactured. On 1 July 1974, the final Beetle was produced at the

896:. Although the engineers produced three vehicles, they never made it to the race due to the 11827: 10734: 8756: 8751: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8696: 8666: 8492: 8447: 8427: 4931: 2012: 1535:

Beetle"—alongside "1600"—was included on the written description but not the engine cover.

1409: 889: 784: 562: 538: 11761: 3636: 8: 11938: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11848: 11808: 11454: 11449: 11444: 11430: 10953: 10614: 10605: 10600: 10396: 10390: 10385: 10380: 10375: 10370: 10365: 10360: 10348: 10343: 10338: 10333: 10328: 10317: 10002: 9940: 9892: 9887: 9808: 9803: 9541: 9428: 9373: 9337: 9093: 9027: 8886: 8806: 8791: 8786: 8726: 8587: 8407: 8369: 8249: 8218: 7871: 7397: 6968: 6691: 6668: 6434: 5928: 4707: 4585: 4297: 3951: 3528: 3017: 2024:

cent. The final Australian-assembled Beetle rolled off the production line in July 1976.

1877: 1807: 1608: 1589: 1522: 1427: 1338: 1204: 1173: 590: 315: 224: 11756: 11751: 11711: 11704: 11699: 11673: 11664: 11615: 11475: 11463: 11439: 11413: 11285: 10922: 10917: 10912: 10802: 10627: 10584: 10491: 8846: 8836: 8831: 8746: 8582: 8567: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8457: 8259: 8233: 8208: 8189: 8126: 6549: 5955: 5119: 4741: 4228: 3919: 3617: 3524:"The first car to bear the Porsche name is up for sale, and here's why it's a big deal" 2948: 2194: 2117: 1620: 1544: 1244: 1208: 1188:. It was the most successful convertible for a long time and was replaced by the first 1177: 985: 867: 779: 137: 116: 6665:

Porsche The Ultimate Guide: Everything You Need to Know About Every Porsche Ever Built

5853: 2312: 1501:

and a locking fuel cap. The 1300 was available with a semi-automatic transmission and

732:

of 1936 had a 1,749 cc, rear-located, rear-wheel drive, air-cooled four-cylinder

412:

began to dominate the market, which contributed to the Beetle's declining popularity.

11788: 11776: 11586: 11581: 11374: 11338: 11278: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10780: 10775: 10754: 10544: 9961: 9956: 9859: 9796: 9409: 9391: 9368: 8909: 8861: 8841: 8816: 8766: 8676: 8622: 8592: 8577: 8572: 8527: 8467: 8462: 8442: 8437: 8422: 8417: 8402: 8309: 8304: 8254: 8228: 8223: 8193: 8151: 8136: 8131: 8096: 7967: 7944: 7940: 7921: 7898: 7875: 7852: 7848: 7829: 7825: 7806: 7784: 7765: 7746: 7727: 7708: 7685: 7662: 7643: 7620: 7593: 7570: 7543: 7520: 7501: 7480: 7470: 7447: 7443: 7424: 7401: 7378: 7358: 7350: 7340: 7321: 7298: 7275: 7252: 7229: 7202: 7198: 7179: 7156: 7133: 7129: 7110: 7087: 7064: 7045: 6995: 6991: 6972: 6949: 6930: 6907: 6888: 6853: 6829: 6806: 6802: 6783: 6760: 6741: 6737: 6718: 6714: 6695: 6672: 6649: 6626: 6603: 6580: 6576: 6553: 6526: 6507: 6503: 6484: 6461: 6457: 6438: 6415: 6411: 6392: 6388: 6369: 6350: 6346: 6314: 6310: 6291: 6268: 6249: 6226: 6222: 6203: 6180: 6157: 6138: 5999: 5600: 2985: 2888: 2104: 2052: 2008: 1999:

influenced Volkswagen's decision to the end of the production of the Beetle in 2003.

1760: 1747: 1635: 1604: 1542:, enabling the engines to breathe more effortlessly. The British automotive magazine 1478: 1447: 1412: 1397: 1309: 1248: 1165: 1157: 1144: 1140: 1107: 1013: 930: 788: 697: 635: 631: 450: 446: 401: 393: 389: 375: 371: 153: 104: 99: 2849: 364:—an inexpensive, simple, mass-produced car—to serve Germany's new road network, the 11610: 11398: 11017: 10839: 10819: 10474: 10322: 10088: 9984: 9605: 9480: 9381: 9350: 9186: 8866: 8851: 8691: 8602: 8597: 8512: 8502: 8472: 8432: 8359: 8329: 8203: 8198: 8169: 8121: 8065: 7992: 7803: 6199: 5541: 3278: 3111: 2953: 1627: 1552: 1518: 1264: 1232: 1148: 951: 724: 693: 607: 574: 489: 480:, who specialised in the bodywork; Josef Kales, responsible for the engine design; 380: 189: 121: 11948: 11603: 11568: 11482: 10894: 10877: 10566: 10434: 10412: 10292: 8661: 8607: 8517: 8397: 8213: 8184: 8179: 8174: 8146: 8116: 8111: 8106: 6844: 6329: 5884: 5849: 5799: 5647: 5615: 5595: 5345: 4055: 3559: 2308: 1976:

million examples were produced there, and resumed in 1992, extending until 1996.

1812: 1593: 1572: 1431: 1326: 1276: 1260: 1189: 1169: 1161: 1044:

million in expanding the factory. At that time, Volkswagen sales constituted 34.5

688: 610:

featured a central structural tunnel. The front and rear suspension incorporated

558: 405: 19:

This article is about the original Volkswagen Beetle. For the 1997–2011 car, see

5924:"From 'Herbie the Love Bug' to punch buggy, the Beetle remains iconic in Mexico" 2116:

It is the longest-running automobile without significant changes in design; the

11721: 11256: 11241: 11224: 11219: 11209: 10712: 10297: 9780: 9462: 9404: 8876: 8741: 8507: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8364: 8299: 7589: 7566: 7438:

Pfundner, Martin; Christoph Graf von Seherr-Thoss, Hans; Swann, Andrew (2005).

7225: 4497: 4336: 3825: 3661: 3143: 2921:[From craft to industry – car body construction in Germany until 1939] 2622: 1995: 1972:

cent Brazilian-made components. Production persisted until 1986, after over 3.3

1659: 1658:

windows and standardised front disc brakes. Furthermore, Volkswagen included a

1612: 1466: 1451: 1236: 1224: 1152: 958:". It cannot be done unless we exterminate or move 25,000,000 people out of it. 955: 943: 875:

highway system and to promote the purported beginning of the production of the

522: 465: 397: 366: 128: 4223:"Volkswagen Beetle, Symbol of '60s Counterculture, Will Be Discontinued Again" 11842: 11619: 11552: 11384: 11345: 11200: 10551: 10539: 10302: 8612: 8389: 7420: 7248: 6645: 6622: 6176: 2892: 2543: 1964:

cent of its German parts. However, by the mid-1960s, the cars had about 99.93

1942: 1616: 1539: 1455: 1334: 709: 647: 477: 46: 8017: 8002: 7484: 7437: 7362: 3642: 3272:

Herships, Sally; Wyman, Sarah; Pedulla, Amy; Bobkoff, Dan (13 August 2020),

2919:"Vom Handwerk zur Industrie – Der PKW-Karosseriebau in Deutschland bis 1939" 1362:

In 1960, Volkswagen introduced a series of technical alterations. The front

1127:

for permanent exhibition in its industrial history section. By 1973, over 16

849: 11744: 10935: 9973: 9848: 9453: 9113: 9088: 6926: 4832: 4606:"Here's How The Golf Became One Of The Best Selling Volkswagen's Ever Made" 3887: 3856: 3781: 2779: 1885: 1639: 1600: 1502: 1292: 1256: 1120: 1102: 1053: 939: 922: 810:. These vehicles were derived mechanically from the Type 1 and used by the 802: 740: 733: 602: 566: 493: 438: 434: 357: 350: 3657:"The Oldest-Surviving Porsche Will Probably Fetch $ 20 Million at Auction" 1721: 1571:

resulting in declining Beetle sales. In 1975, the 1303 and 1303S received

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within chrome housings, and the rear indicators were integrated into the

1353: 1228: 1033: 934: 713: 712:, whom Porsche was a contemporary, worked at the Czechoslovakian company 619: 356:

The Beetle was conceived in the early 1930s. The leader of Nazi Germany,

294: 143: 10026: 2336: 787:

hindered the distribution of the cars, and there was a lack of time for

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Cleaver, E. L.; Clute, Eugene; Reid, Kenneth; Whitehead, R. F. (1961).

6134: 3013:"The unknown Jewish engineer behind Hitler's vaunted Volkswagen Beetle" 2130: 1708: 1631: 1585: 1474: 1462: 1396:

million investment in facilities". He continued by expressing that the

1371: 1367: 1247:, and a red convertible variant of the model was showcased at the 1995 1115:

fifteen Volkswagen dealerships in Washington convened to implement the

1097: 1087: 1017: 963: 893: 854: 765: 721: 717: 643: 639: 615: 543: 473:

and has existed since the introduction of automotive mass-production.

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as standard and removed the "1600i" inscription from the engine lid.

1643: 1556: 1527: 1435: 1305: 1272: 1268: 1240: 1132: 1037: 926: 812: 769:

Sand-coloured VW Type 82E with four-wheel drive — a Wehrmacht Beetle.

570: 481: 416:

engines, models and systems, such as improved technology or comfort.

260: 243: 204: 3689:"First Car to Wear Porsche Badge Could Fetch More Than $ 20 Million" 2143: 1156:

company introduced a new generation of water-cooled, front-engined,

11187: 10283: 8924: 8919: 3777:"From Hitler to Herbie and hubris – how Volkswagen was brought low" 3725: 3445: 3358: 2385: 2154:

The convertibles were constructed at this location, not the coupes.

1929: 1898: 1851: 1820: 1494: 1443: 1110:

served as the Beetle's replacement once Wolfsburg production ended.

872: 835: 749: 729: 578: 9875: 9416: 4060:. Vol. 16. Illinois: Heinz Moeller-Verlag. 1972. p. 28. 3612:"'First' Porsche Heads to Auction, and a Record Price Is Expected" 3297: 3088: 3086: 3084: 3082: 3080: 2777:[Béla Barényi was the spiritual father of the VW Beetle], 2163:

For a complete overview of the discontinuation of the Beetle, see

760: 11822: 10967: 10766: 9521: 9517: 9506: 9491: 9098: 9068: 2238: 1916: 1903: 1859: 1799: 1786: 1781: 1755: 1729: 1716: 1703: 1695: 1690: 1677: 1363: 1322: 1181: 914: 232: 7354: 6799:

How To Modify Volkswagen Beetle Chassis, Suspension & Brakes

5802:. Vol. 24. United Kingdom: n.p. 27 April 1973. p. 884. 5537:"The final Volkswagen Beetle has rolled off the production line" 3321: 2164: 1461:. On 30 July 1962, Volkswagen made several updates for the 1963 9608:, car timeline, United States & Canada market, 1950–1989 — 9103: 6095:"Volkswagen will help turn old Beetles and microbuses electric" 5326: 4262: 4182: 3077: 2657: 2083: 1838: 1833: 1768: 1283: 1220: 1196: 1091: 1077:

The Emden facility represented an expenditure exceeding DM154.4

660: 470: 179: 170: 4549:"19 January 1978: production of the VW Beetle ends in Germany" 4001: 1509:

the 1300 but maintaining the same overall design as the 1200.

1214: 1176:, all of which were styled by the Italian automotive designer 601:

The Beetle featured a rear-located, air-cooled four-cylinder,

11013: 10595: 10084: 9601: 9182: 8061: 4828:"Herbie the Toxic Bug? How the fun went out of the VW Beetle" 3381: 1682: 1531: 1415:. It generated 40 kilowatts (54 PS; 54 hp) at 3,900 1227:

returned to California to open Volkswagen's Design Centre at

1200: 1070: 904: 622:

forms the Beetle's engine, transmission, and cylinder heads.

10009: 9548: 6282:

Cassis, Youssef; De Luca, Giuseppe; Florio, Massimo (2015).

5181: 5179: 4974: 4367: 3309: 9495: 7722:

Shuler, Terry; Borgeson, Griffith; Sloniger, Jerry (1985).

7153:

The VW Beetle during the war and in military use afterwards

5951:"In This Mexican Neighborhood, Locals Say ¡Viva el Beetle!" 3915:"Ivan Hirst, British Officer Who Revived VW, Is Dead at 84" 3756: 3271: 3065: 2653:"Ford Could Have Paid Nothing To Own VW After World War II" 1512: 1419:

rpm and produced 83 newton-metres (61 lbf⋅ft) at 2,000

1315: 1036:

in roofed area, more than the combined residential area in

7149:

Der VW-Käfer im Kriege und im militärischen Einsatz danach

5755: 5753: 5704: 5702: 5478: 5476: 4178:"Luxury Lineage: A Brief History of the Volkswagen Beetle" 3643:

Pfundner, Christoph Graf von Seherr-Thoss & Swann 2005

3398: 3396: 3055: 3053: 3051: 2729: 2727: 1426:

The 1961 Beetle introduced a full-synchronised four-speed

1123:

for nearly fifty years. Volkswagen donated the car to the

950:

There is the illusion that the New Germany left after the

846:" (wood-burner) Beetles were built fueled with wood logs. 9951: 7272:

The Volkswagen factory and its workers in the Third Reich

7245:

VW Transporter and Microbus Specification Guide 1967–1979

6327: 5770: 5768: 5463: 5461: 5215: 5176: 4159: 4157: 4144: 4142: 4127: 3578: 3246: 3162: 2547: 2342: 5806: 5780: 5413: 5314: 5252: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5203: 4998: 4927:"Volkswagen's iconic Beetle roars into the 21st Century" 4884: 4882: 4807: 4797: 4795: 4456: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4117: 4115: 4076: 3947:"75 years ago, the beloved VW Beetle entered production" 2743: 925:, where 17,000 people lived, was officially designated " 6016: 6014: 5974: 5818: 5750: 5699: 5604:. Vol. 112, no. 4. October 1959. p. 122. 5504: 5473: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5381: 5350:, vol. 18, France: Edita S. A., 1970, p. 58, 5302: 5290: 5098: 4962: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4526: 4524: 4427: 4415: 3821:"The Volkswagen Beetle Entered Production 75 Years Ago" 3393: 3048: 2544:"Volkswagen: From the Third Reich to emissions scandal" 7721: 7268:

Das Volkswagenwerk und seine Arbeiter im Dritten Reich

5903: 5830: 5765: 5738: 5516: 5458: 5278: 5227: 5164: 5127: 5074: 5062: 5050: 5038: 5026: 4629: 4391: 4154: 4139: 4100: 4034: 4032: 3500: 3488: 3036: 2755: 2712: 2688: 2511: 2461: 2459: 2011:

facility in the subsequent year. The establishment of

913:

The early post-war export model at the 1948 Amsterdam

5714: 5576: 5425: 5239: 4950: 4879: 4792: 4439: 4403: 4379: 4355: 4201: 4112: 4088: 2881:[When Hitler stole the idea for the Beetle], 2798: 2700: 2565: 2523: 2487: 2360: 6042: 6011: 5726: 5628: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5378: 5366: 5148:"The Bug's Life: A History of the Volkswagen Beetle" 4986: 4673: 4509: 4293:"Your handy 1949–79 Volkswagen Beetle buyer's guide" 3464: 3408: 3209: 2499: 2432: 2420: 2348: 2213: 1098:

Decline and end of West German production: 1970–1990

794:

During the war, the factory predominantly built the

11020:, car timeline, South American market, 1980–present 8003:

The In-Depth History of the Volkswagen Super Beetle

6281: 5191: 5086: 4851: 3744: 3590: 3476: 3420: 3333: 3303: 3221: 2775:"Béla Barényi war der geistige Vater des VW-Käfers" 2676: 2456: 2444: 5877: 5123:. Vol. 7, no. 81. May 1961. p. 943. 4734: 4703:"Volkswagen New Beetle squashed but not forgotten" 4329: 4255: 4221: 3800: 3610: 2289: 2266:"The Car Models That Have Been Around the Longest" 2187: 2086:"), in parts of the English-speaking world as the 6151: 3883:"UN Chronicle, A magazine for the United Nations" 3327: 2189:"With New Beetle Come Wistful Hints of Old Flame" 1275:and its broader range of engine options with the 11840: 11030: 6497: 5800:"Investors Chronicle and Stock Exchange Gazette" 5332: 4286: 4284: 2951:[The silence of the car manufacturers], 2381:"The Real Story Behind The Nazis And Volkswagen" 1337:, increased by 2 mm (0.08 in), and an 1243:version of the project was revealed at the 1994 344:, is a small car produced by the German company 11899:Cars powered by rear-mounted 4-cylinder engines 6059: 6057: 4493:"The Type 3 Was VW Trying to Out Beetle Itself" 4323: 4321: 4319: 3356:[Last round in the VW saver process?], 3139:"The Bittersweet Joy of Driving the Last Tatra" 1298: 761:World War II and military production: 1938–1945 10091:, car timeline, European market, 1980s–present 7265: 7123: 6619:The Beetle: The Chronicles of the People's Car 4220:Tsang, Amie; Ewing, Jack (14 September 2018), 3844: 3387: 3071: 1493:, some stylistic improvements and an external 1219:In 1991, the planning of a new car began once 81:Käfer, Carocha, Coccinelle, Fusca, Vocho, Buba 10994: 10058: 10027:Volkswagen Group of America corporate website 9582: 9189:, car timeline, European market, 1950–1979 — 9163: 8047: 8033: 7989:Beetle – A brief history of a well-loved icon 7957: 7678:VW New Beetle : The Performance Handbook 7339:. United States: Robert Bentley, Publishers. 7242: 7169: 6196:Color Trends and Selection for Product Design 4373: 4281: 3315: 2301: 2103:While the first units were produced in 1938, 1619:and engine compartment lamps and an optional 7911: 7243:Molenaar, Vincent; Prinz, Alexander (2013). 7192: 6054: 5948: 4980: 4316: 3762: 3517: 3515: 3092: 2142:For more information about its decline, see 2077: 1446:vent to prevent odours in the car, standard 816:. These vehicles, including several hundred 777:was officially substituted by the term KdF ( 488:– "prototype") signifying their status as a 8737:GTI Roadster/Supersport Vision Gran Turismo 7155:] (in German). Germany: Podzun-Pallas. 7035: 6642:The Beetle: Design and evolution, the story 6304: 5879:"In Brazil, the Beetle rolls along-for-now" 4007: 3584: 2733: 2615: 1291:million is the most of any car of a single 1215:New Beetle and end of production: 1990–2003 11001: 10987: 10065: 10051: 9589: 9575: 9170: 9156: 8040: 8026: 7960:The Oxford Handbook of the Weimar Republic 7958:Ziemann, Benjamin; Rossol, Nadine (2021). 7583: 6152:Angolia, J. R.; Littlejohn, David (1999). 6092: 4219: 3441:"Escape Roads: 1943 Volkswagen Kübelwagen" 3242:"Nazi Propaganda: Saving for a Volkswagen" 3168: 3136: 2916: 2378: 1946:Interior of the 1961 Brazilian-built Fusca 1579: 905:Post-war production and success: 1945–1970 45: 7724:The Origin and Evolution of the VW Beetle 7656: 7058: 6962: 6920: 6878: 6498:Copping, Richard; Cservenka, Ken (2005). 5842: 5786: 5004: 4732: 4327: 4082: 3978:"The good oil: Fog lights are a nuisance" 3521: 3512: 3402: 3059: 2946: 2917:Binnebesel, Christian (16 October 2007). 2879:"Als Hitler die Idee für den Käfer stahl" 2234:"Bye-bye Beetle, thanks for the memories" 453:received a development contract from the 273:4,079–4,140 mm (160.6–163.0 in) 7842: 7759: 7519:(in German). Germany: Motorbuch Verlag. 7288: 7266:Mommsen, Hans; Grieger, Manfred (1996). 7063:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: R. Bentley. 6776:The Complete Book of Classic Volkswagens 6685: 6662: 5949:Kanno-Youngs, Zolan (26 December 2023), 5812: 5209: 5145: 4647: 4546: 4462: 3944: 3506: 3042: 2981:"Ganz – The true story of the VW Beetle" 2694: 2646: 2644: 2517: 2372: 2307: 2219: 2185: 1941: 1561: 1513:Mid-life and declining models: 1970–1986 1376: 1316:Initial and successful models: 1946–1974 1101: 908: 871:arranged an event to showcase Germany's 848: 764: 515: 78:Volkswagen 1200/1300/1302/1303/1500/1600 7912:Willson, Quentin; Selby, David (1995). 7888: 7797: 7778: 7606: 7586:Hans Ledwinka: Seine Autos – Sein Leben 7556: 7514: 6773: 6754: 6639: 6616: 6539: 6474: 6451: 6428: 6405: 6382: 6366:VW Beetle Specification Guide 1949–1967 6363: 6340: 6262: 6216: 6032: 5980: 5921: 5862:(in German). No. 39. p. 136. 5836: 5824: 5759: 5708: 5566: 5522: 5510: 5494: 5482: 5467: 5403: 5320: 5308: 5268: 5233: 5221: 5185: 5133: 5104: 5080: 5068: 5056: 5044: 5032: 5016: 4968: 4869: 4766: 4736:"Germans Join Race To Build Small Cars" 4700: 4578: 4530: 4433: 4421: 4397: 4290: 4175: 4163: 4106: 4038: 4019: 3818: 3654: 3104: 3010: 2850:"Paul Jaray and the Shape of Necessity" 2749: 2718: 2706: 2571: 2529: 2493: 2477: 2366: 2231: 1665: 1117:Volkswagen American Dealers Association 625: 281:1,539–1,585 mm (60.6–62.4 in) 265:2,400–2,420 mm (94.5–95.3 in) 11841: 11044: 11041: 11038: 11035: 10115: 10112: 10109: 10106: 9638: 9635: 9632: 9629: 9216: 9213: 9210: 7740: 7698: 7675: 7633: 7533: 7391: 7334: 7124:Margolius, Ivan; Henry, J. G. (2016). 7100: 6943: 6593: 6523:50 years of Volkswagens in New Zealand 6408:VW Beetle: The Car of the 20th Century 6193: 6170: 5909: 5856:[VW-daughter: Fusca success]. 5774: 5744: 5431: 5419: 5284: 5146:Stoklosa, Alexander (31 August 2023), 4956: 4900: 4813: 4801: 4733:Mitchener, Brandon (19 January 1993), 4688: 4635: 4547:Hasegawa, Takahiro (19 January 2021), 4474: 4385: 4257:"VW: Is Nostalgia A Basis For Buying?" 4207: 4176:Solomon, Michael (14 September 2018), 4148: 4133: 4121: 4094: 3945:Gillogly, Brandon (29 December 2020), 3912: 3775:Rankin, Jennifer (27 September 2015), 3774: 3470: 3215: 3151:from the original on 22 September 2023 2860:from the original on 30 September 2023 2761: 2541: 2505: 2450: 2438: 2426: 2263: 2144:§ Decline and end of German production 1333:engine had a 77 mm (3.0 in) 1235:", in which they invested millions of 861:) was largely derived from the Beetle. 429:In May 1934, at a meeting at Berlin's 11743: 10982: 10046: 9570: 9151: 8021: 7999:from the original on 14 January 2024. 7865: 7819: 7781:Vintage Volkswagen Beetle Accessories 7609:Postmoderne Concierge: Die Tagesschau 7491: 7460: 7414: 7369: 7311: 7146: 7077: 7019:from the original on 16 February 2024 7008: 6985: 6904:Thinking Small: The Long Strange Trip 6901: 6842: 6819: 6566: 6520: 6128: 6048: 5992: 5963:from the original on 19 February 2024 5732: 5720: 5634: 5582: 5534: 5499:§ Landmarks of the Years 1965 to 1967 5391: 5372: 5296: 5256: 4992: 4939:from the original on 20 February 2017 4915:from the original on 29 February 2024 4888: 4840:from the original on 29 November 2022 4749:from the original on 16 November 2023 4618:from the original on 28 February 2024 4603: 4593:from the original on 16 February 2024 4515: 4450: 4409: 4361: 4305:from the original on 10 December 2023 4291:McAleer, Brendan (16 December 2022), 4253: 4064:from the original on 23 February 2024 3990:from the original on 24 February 2024 3833:from the original on 12 February 2024 3806: 3789:from the original on 15 February 2023 3750: 3686: 3669:from the original on 21 February 2024 3596: 3494: 3482: 3438: 3426: 3414: 3351: 3339: 3254:from the original on 3 September 2021 3239: 3227: 3105:Carlson, Nicholas (8 February 2014), 2682: 2650: 2641: 2583: 2465: 2410: 2354: 2325:from the original on 21 December 2018 2278:from the original on 24 December 2023 1615:and front seats, a protection alarm, 1381:Rear view of a 1961 Volkswagen Type 1 1282:On 30 July 2003 at 9:05 a.m., at the 408:in 1974. In the late 1970s and '80s, 299:730–930 kg (1,610–2,050 lb) 11924:German inventions of the Nazi period 11047: 10118: 10101: 9624: 9205: 7934: 7613:Postmodern Concierge: The Tagesschau 7215: 7170:Maxton, G. P; Wormald, John (1996). 6796: 6731: 6708: 6239: 6107:from the original on 5 November 2023 6065:"1957 Volkswagen Beetle Oval Window" 6020: 5448: 5197: 5170: 5092: 4857: 4825: 4715:from the original on 3 December 2023 4662:from the original on 27 January 2023 4579:English, Andrew (14 February 2024), 4561:from the original on 6 December 2023 4236:from the original on 17 January 2024 3864:from the original on 8 December 2023 3718: 3608: 3536:from the original on 6 December 2023 3453:from the original on 9 December 2022 2993:from the original on 5 December 2023 2978: 2961:from the original on 5 December 2023 2936:from the original on 10 August 2017. 2804: 2630:from the original on 19 January 2024 2554:from the original on 3 November 2023 2393:from the original on 2 December 2023 2379:Torchinsky, Jason (2 October 2015), 2315:[In King Nordhoff's realm], 2295: 2264:Dorger, Samanda (27 December 2021), 2202:from the original on 17 January 2024 2076:It is known informally in German as 745:Germany's invasion of Czechoslovakia 8089: 7745:. United States: Beeman Jorgensen. 7126:Tatra – The Legacy of Hans Ledwinka 6156:. Germany: R.J. Bender Publishing. 5922:Quintos, Norie (23 February 2021), 5866:from the original on 21 April 2017. 5676:"History of Volkswagen in Malaysia" 5549:from the original on 13 August 2022 4826:Moss, Stephen (17 September 2018), 4581:"The Full English: Volkswagen Golf" 4490: 3819:Perkins, Chris (28 December 2020), 3625:from the original on 11 August 2019 3567:from the original on 1 October 2023 3366:from the original on 8 October 2016 3354:"Letzte Runde im VW-Sparer-Prozeß?" 3286:from the original on 18 August 2022 3194:from the original on 18 August 2022 2847: 2810: 2616:de Oliveira, Astrid (26 May 2018), 2027: 1937: 1530:already held by the French company 1489:. In 1968, the 1200 received fully 13: 8014:from the original on 3 March 2024. 7743:Volkswagen, Then, Now, and Forever 7617:VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften 6846:Zen & the Art of Pond Building 6007:from the original on 22 March 2024 5892:from the original on 21 March 2024 5354:from the original on 19 March 2024 4781:from the original on 20 March 2023 4650:"History of the Volkswagen Beetle" 4505:from the original on 14 March 2023 4190:from the original on 5 August 2023 3927:from the original on 18 March 2023 3733:from the original on 27 March 2023 2899:from the original on 26 April 2023 2665:from the original on 11 March 2023 2591:Federal Agency for Civic Education 2186:Meredith, Robyn (4 January 1998), 2165:§ New Beetle and end of production 650:, may have influenced its design. 14: 11975: 10032:North American Volkswagen engines 10022:Volkswagen Group of America, Inc. 8010:, published by Volkswagen Group, 7982: 6866:from the original on 7 March 2024 6851:Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. 6368:. United Kingdom: Crowood Press. 6093:O'Kane, Sean (5 September 2019), 4769:"Kill the cars you love the most" 4701:McAleer, Brendan (4 April 2018), 4270:from the original on 20 June 2020 3522:Schreiber, Ronnie (14 May 2019), 3304:Cassis, De Luca & Florio 2015 3240:Welch, David (17 February 2011), 2947:Brosowsky, B. M. (22 July 2016), 2929:. pp. 94, 119–124, 298–311. 2321:, vol. 33/1955, p. 16, 2246:from the original on 14 July 2019 2120:is the longest-running nameplate. 1994:, who assembled cars imported in 1597:Digifant engine management system 946:helped change policy by stating: 708:The Austrian automobile designer 360:, decided there was a need for a 11817:A marque of the Volkswagen Group 10962:A marque of the Volkswagen Group 10016:A marque of the Volkswagen Group 9555:A marque of the Volkswagen Group 9132: 9131: 8272: 7897:]. Germany: Delius Klasing. 7822:How to Restore Volkswagen Beetle 7103:Companies That Changed the World 6284:Infrastructure Finance in Europe 6154:Labor Organizations of the Reich 6086: 6075:from the original on 25 May 2022 6037:§ Volkswagen Australasia Pty Ltd 5986: 5942: 5915: 5870: 5792: 5684:, 3 January 2007, archived from 5668: 5640: 5608: 5588: 5528: 5338: 5139: 5110: 4919: 4901:Taylor, Alex (2 November 2011), 4894: 4819: 4767:Ziegler, Chris (23 April 2016), 4760: 4726: 4694: 4648:Coughlin, J. R. (16 July 2014), 4641: 4604:Shutt, Mike (25 December 2023), 4597: 4572: 4540: 4484: 4344:from the original on 21 May 2016 4328:Bernstein, Marty (10 May 2006), 4247: 4213: 4169: 3719:Wren, Wesley (22 January 2018), 3701:from the original on 18 May 2022 3137:Sorokanich, Bob (30 June 2017), 3025:from the original on 28 May 2023 2979:Raes, Suzanne (12 August 2020), 2651:Bruce, Chris (18 October 2018), 2232:Dowling, Joshua (13 July 2019), 2157: 2148: 2136: 1923: 1910: 1897: 1884: 1871: 1858: 1845: 1832: 1819: 1806: 1793: 1780: 1767: 1754: 1741: 1728: 1715: 1702: 1689: 1676: 984: 973: 565:because the Volkswagen plant at 8152:Virtus / Polo Sedan / Lavida XR 7320:]. Germany: Campus-Verlag. 6334:Reinhold Publishing Corporation 6332:. Vol. 42. United States: 6121: 5995:"Mexico's Mania for the Beetle" 4048: 3970: 3938: 3906: 3875: 3812: 3768: 3712: 3680: 3648: 3602: 3547: 3432: 3345: 3274:"25. The VW Beetle's Dark Past" 3265: 3233: 3174: 3130: 3119:from the original on 6 May 2021 3098: 3004: 2972: 2940: 2910: 2887:(in German), 15 November 2021, 2871: 2841: 2767: 2609: 2577: 2535: 2131:automotive brand he established 1584:Starting in 1986, for the 1987 1267:, the company unveiled another 1069:We shall some day speak of the 11919:First car made by manufacturer 9797:Fastback / Squareback (Type 3) 8732:EDAG Biwak (New Beetle estate) 8074:Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles 6759:. London: Crowood Publishing. 6640:Etzold, Hans-Rüdiger (1988b). 6617:Etzold, Hans-Rüdiger (1988a). 6307:The Race for Hitler's X-Planes 5854:"VW-Tochter: Erfolg mit Fusca" 3913:Patton, Phil (22 March 2000), 3655:Perkins, Chris (14 May 2019), 3182:"Innsbruck News, May 27, 1938" 2957:, pp. 28 ePaper 23 Nord, 2884:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 2783:, 1 March 2007, archived from 2588:[People's Community], 2584:Wildt, Michael (24 May 2012), 2257: 2225: 2179: 2123: 2110: 2097: 2070: 1992:Studebaker-Packard Corporation 806:(Type 166) and numerous other 675:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung 513:cars, completed in July 1939. 456:Verband der Automobilindustrie 1: 11894:Cars powered by boxer engines 7914:The Ultimate Classic Car Book 7640:University of Wisconsin Press 7584:Schmarbeck, Wolfgang (1990). 7193:Meyer-Larsen, Werner (2000). 6594:Etzold, Hans-Rüdiger (1983). 5993:Kraul, Chris (22 July 2023), 5596:"Popular Mechanics, Oct 1959" 5535:Allen, James (12 July 2019), 4903:"VW Beetles through the ages" 3328:Angolia & Littlejohn 1999 3011:Tenorio, Rich (19 May 2018), 2949:"Das Schweigen der Autobauer" 2927:Technische Universität Berlin 2618:"Hitler and 'his Volkswagen'" 2058: 1432:anti-icing carburettor heater 879:, involving a 1,500-kilometre 720:prototype, which featured an 527: 159:Rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive 23:. For the 2011–2019 car, see 10010:Volkswagen corporate website 9549:Volkswagen corporate website 9463:Type 181 Kurierwagen/Trekker 6881:Die Wahrheit bedeutet Schuld 6822:Volkswagen Beetles and Buses 5333:Copping & Cservenka 2005 4254:Light, Larry (22 May 2020), 3609:Sass, Rob (11 August 2019), 2173: 2107:did not commence until 1945. 2002: 1519:MacPherson suspension struts 1366:were relocated to the front 1299:Models and history of design 865:Planned for September 1939, 739:Just before the outbreak of 546:, the Nazi official heading 424: 289:1,500 mm (59.1 in) 16:Small family car (1938–2003) 7: 8978:Discontinued diesel engines 8956:Discontinued petrol engines 8190:T-Cross / Tacqua / Tharu XR 7845:Chrysler Engines, 1922–1998 7726:. Virginia: Princeton Pub. 7661:. South Africa: Tafelberg. 7440:Alpine Trials & Rallies 7176:Economist Intelligence Unit 7036:Leffingwell, Randy (2022). 6948:. United Kingdom: Matador. 6887:]. Germany: TwentySix. 6525:. New Zealand: Transpress. 5852:, ed. (19 September 1966). 5654:U.S. Department of Commerce 5622:Economist Intelligence Unit 5117:"Knowing your Volkswagen". 3687:Block, Fang (13 May 2019), 2594:(in German), archived from 2036: 1986:Volkswagen Beetle in Mexico 1487:semi-automatic transmission 1263:. However, in 1995, at the 1004:Wolfsburg assembly facility 716:. In 1931, Tatra built the 381:the outbreak of war in 1939 10: 11980: 11787: 11775: 11771: 11769: 11767: 11760: 11755: 11750: 11737: 11730: 11726: 11694: 11692: 11679: 11672: 11611:Large family car 11598: 11596: 11594: 11592: 11578: 11576: 11574: 11563: 11561: 11559: 11557: 11536: 11499: 11497: 11481: 11467: 11448: 11408: 11406: 11404: 11395: 11393: 11391: 11389: 11373: 11369: 11367: 11356: 11351: 11330: 11326: 11324: 11318: 11313: 11309: 11300: 11291: 11270: 11266: 11264: 11255: 11251: 11249: 11240: 11236: 11234: 11223: 11218: 11208: 11195: 11193: 11191: 10928: 10907: 10905: 10889: 10887: 10885: 10883: 10874: 10872: 10870: 10868: 10847: 10845: 10834: 10832: 10830: 10814: 10812: 10810: 10808: 10797: 10795: 10793: 10779: 10774: 10770: 10758: 10753: 10749: 10747: 10729: 10727: 10711: 10707: 10705: 10691: 10687: 10685: 10653: 10633: 10613: 10604: 10583: 10579: 10577: 10561: 10559: 10557: 10555: 10534: 10532: 10458: 10454: 10409: 10407: 10405: 10403: 10327: 10301: 10287: 10276: 10274: 10272: 9981: 9979: 9977: 9965: 9960: 9955: 9946: 9935: 9933: 9929: 9922: 9903: 9881: 9854: 9852: 9834: 9832: 9818: 9816: 9814: 9802: 9795: 9791: 9770: 9471: 9461: 9457: 9434: 9422: 9399: 9386: 9367: 9363: 9345: 9343: 9332: 9330: 9318: 9308: 9305: 9302: 9299: 9296: 9293: 9290: 9287: 9284: 9281: 9248: 9245: 9242: 9239: 9236: 9233: 9230: 9227: 9224: 9221: 8877:W12 Coupe/Roadster (Nardò) 7918:Dorling Kindersley Limited 7701:Volkswagen Cars and Trucks 7515:Rosenow, Nicholas (2013). 7147:Mayer, Hans-Georg (1988). 6906:. New York: Random House. 6879:Hielscher, Ulrich (2020). 6546:Beetle, the successful car 6330:"Progressive Architecture" 6305:Christopher, John (2012). 6267:. Italy: Edizioni Savine. 5848: 3439:Allen, Jim (15 May 2012), 3388:Mommsen & Grieger 1996 3187:Austrian Newspapers Online 3072:Margolius & Henry 2016 2542:Bowler, Tim (2 May 2015), 2313:"In König Nordhoffs Reich" 1983: 1056:automotive market and 42.3 830:included a portal axle, a 419: 51:1965–1966 Volkswagen Käfer 18: 11889:Cars discontinued in 2003 11803: 11794: 11792: 11782: 11773: 11748: 11739: 11735: 11728: 11719: 11715: 11710: 11708: 11703: 11698: 11696: 11681: 11677: 11663: 11661: 11657: 11652: 11647: 11642: 11637: 11632: 11630: 11628: 11623: 11614: 11609: 11602: 11600: 11585: 11580: 11567: 11565: 11550: 11546: 11541: 11534: 11529: 11527: 11525: 11520: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11501: 11493: 11491: 11486: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11462: 11458: 11453: 11443: 11438: 11436: 11434: 11429: 11419: 11412: 11410: 11397: 11382: 11378: 11371: 11363: 11361: 11349: 11344: 11337: 11335: 11328: 11320: 11311: 11305: 11298: 11296: 11289: 11284: 11277: 11275: 11268: 11260: 11253: 11245: 11238: 11230: 11228: 11213: 11204: 11199: 11197: 11186: 11025: 11010:Volkswagen Passenger Cars 10948: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10909: 10900: 10893: 10891: 10876: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10849: 10838: 10836: 10825: 10818: 10816: 10801: 10799: 10788: 10784: 10772: 10751: 10743: 10738: 10733: 10731: 10722: 10718: 10716: 10709: 10701: 10696: 10689: 10676: 10674: 10669: 10667: 10665: 10660: 10658: 10648: 10644: 10642: 10637: 10635: 10631: 10626: 10624: 10620: 10618: 10611: 10609: 10599: 10594: 10590: 10588: 10581: 10565: 10563: 10550: 10543: 10538: 10536: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10486: 10479: 10472: 10468: 10463: 10456: 10450: 10448: 10443: 10438: 10433: 10428: 10423: 10418: 10411: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10359: 10354: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10315: 10306: 10296: 10291: 10289: 10278: 10270: 10265: 10096: 10081:Volkswagen Passenger Cars 9997: 9988: 9983: 9944: 9939: 9937: 9927: 9920: 9913: 9908: 9898: 9891: 9886: 9879: 9867: 9865: 9863: 9858: 9856: 9843: 9838: 9836: 9825: 9820: 9807: 9800: 9793: 9786: 9779: 9777: 9775: 9619: 9598:Volkswagen Passenger Cars 9536: 9468: 9459: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9436: 9427: 9420: 9415: 9408: 9403: 9401: 9395: 9390: 9388: 9379: 9372: 9365: 9349: 9347: 9336: 9334: 9325: 9200: 9179:Volkswagen Passenger Cars 9127: 9051: 9003: 8943: 8895: 8640: 8388: 8290: 8281: 8270: 8242: 8160: 8080: 8058: 7783:. CarTech, Incorporated. 7779:Szantai, Stephan (2022). 7534:Rieger, Bernhard (2013). 7101:Mantle, Jonathan (2014). 7029:Austrian National Library 6921:Hopfinger, K. B. (1954). 6874:– via Google Books. 6755:Gooding, Richard (2016). 6711:Volkswagen's of the World 6602:]. Germany: Bucheli. 6567:Euler, Christian (2010). 6475:Copping, Richard (2014). 6452:Copping, Richard (2011). 6429:Copping, Richard (2023). 6406:Copping, Richard (2002). 6383:Copping, Richard (2005). 6364:Copping, Richard (2018). 6341:Copping, Richard (2001). 6217:Bobbitt, Malcolm (2001). 5617:Quarterly Economic Review 4374:Maxton & Wormald 1996 4072:– via Google Books. 3316:Ziemann & Rossol 2021 3204:Austrian National Library 2818:"Inductees: Béla Barényi" 1979: 1950: 1638:—allowing for the use of 1624:limited-slip differential 1526:car as the "1301", but a 1304:systems, such as updated 755: 596: 308: 303: 293: 285: 277: 269: 259: 254: 214: 169: 164: 152: 127: 115: 110: 98: 88: 71: 61: 56: 44: 37: 11181: 11178: 11175: 11172: 11169: 11166: 11163: 11160: 11157: 11154: 11151: 11148: 11145: 11142: 11139: 11136: 11133: 11130: 11127: 11124: 11121: 11118: 11115: 11112: 11109: 11106: 11103: 11100: 11097: 11094: 11091: 11088: 11085: 11082: 11079: 11076: 11073: 11070: 11067: 11064: 11061: 11058: 11055: 11052: 10790:Subcompact crossover SUV 10255: 10252: 10249: 10246: 10243: 10240: 10237: 10234: 10231: 10228: 10225: 10222: 10219: 10216: 10213: 10210: 10207: 10204: 10201: 10198: 10195: 10192: 10189: 10186: 10183: 10180: 10177: 10174: 10171: 10168: 10165: 10162: 10159: 10156: 10153: 10150: 10147: 10144: 10141: 10138: 10135: 10132: 10129: 10126: 10123: 9924:Karmann Ghia Convertible 9760: 9757: 9754: 9751: 9748: 9745: 9742: 9739: 9736: 9733: 9730: 9727: 9724: 9721: 9718: 9715: 9712: 9709: 9706: 9703: 9700: 9697: 9694: 9691: 9688: 9685: 9682: 9679: 9676: 9673: 9670: 9667: 9664: 9661: 9658: 9655: 9652: 9649: 9646: 9643: 9514: 9503: 9488: 9477: 9278: 9275: 9272: 9269: 9266: 9263: 9260: 9257: 9254: 9251: 8448:Citi Golf (South Africa) 7843:Weertman, W. L. (2007). 7760:Sloniger, Jerry (1980). 7705:Motorbooks International 7682:Motorbooks International 7657:Schnetler, Fred (1997). 7634:Scholz, Natalie (2023). 7607:Schmitz, Ulrich (1990). 7557:Riegler, Thomas (2019). 7540:Harvard University Press 7498:Cornell University Press 7467:Berkley Publishing Group 7295:Gallery Publishing Group 7059:Ludvigsen, Karl (2000). 7038:Porsche 75th Anniversary 6963:Ingrassia, Paul (2012). 6944:Imseng, Dominik (2016). 6686:Flammang, J. M. (1996). 6663:Faragher, Scott (2005). 6540:Dageför, Werner (1997). 6246:Motorbooks International 5542:The Sunday Times Driving 5362:– via Google Books 4981:Willson & Selby 1995 3352:K. D. (9 October 1959), 3093:Willson & Selby 1995 2311:, ed. (10 August 1955), 2063: 2013:Volkswagen Australia Ltd 838:. The production of the 587:British occupying forces 505:. A further batch of 44 11884:Cars introduced in 1938 11358:Parati / Gol Country II 8722:Cross Coupe GTE concept 7964:Oxford University Press 7935:Wood, Jonathan (2003). 7889:Wiersch, Bernd (2005). 7800:Take the Silk Road Home 7798:Terenna, Barry (2012). 7377:. India: Anthem Press. 7289:McCarthy, Mike (1986). 6542:Käfer, der Erfolkswagen 6288:Oxford University Press 6219:The Volkswagen Bus Book 6194:Becker, Doreen (2016). 5649:Foreign Commerce Weekly 2823:Automotive Hall of Fame 1580:Final models: 1986–2003 1125:Smithsonian Institution 11353:Parati / Gol Country I 10902:Mid-size crossover SUV 9962:Microbus (Type 2 - T2) 9957:Microbus (Type 2 - T1) 9516: Manufactured by 9505: Manufactured by 9490: Manufactured by 9059:List of passenger cars 8985:North American engines 8847:T-Cross Breeze Concept 8652:1-Litre/L1/XL1 Concept 8538:Passat (North America) 8325:Country Buggy/Sakbayan 7741:Shuler, Terry (1996). 7699:Seume, Keith (2001b). 7676:Seume, Keith (2001a). 7335:Nelson, W. H. (1965). 7274:]. Germany: ECON. 6946:Ugly is Only Skin-deep 6902:Hiott, Andrea (2012). 6820:Hayes, Rusell (2020). 6774:Gunnell, John (2017). 6573:Porsche and Volkswagen 6569:Porsche und Volkswagen 6521:Coyle, Philip (2004). 6263:Carroll, Bill (2016). 6240:Burt, William (2002). 6171:Barber, Chris (2003). 6129:Adler, Dennis (2003). 3983:The New Zealand Herald 3555:"1939 Porsche Type 64" 2078: 2048:Volkswagen Beetle (A5) 1947: 1626:. The engine received 1567: 1491:independent suspension 1382: 1349: 1327:hydraulic brake system 1160:models, including the 1111: 1075: 1016:assumed management at 960: 918: 862: 808:light utility vehicles 770: 534: 370:. The German engineer 25:Volkswagen Beetle (A5) 11944:Rear-engined vehicles 11809:Deutsche Arbeitsfront 11302:Voyage / Gol Sedan II 10954:Deutsche Arbeitsfront 10827:Compact crossover SUV 10003:Deutsche Arbeitsfront 9542:Deutsche Arbeitsfront 9094:Deutsche Arbeitsfront 9079:AutoMuseum Volkswagen 7937:The Volkswagen Beetle 7866:Welch, David (2008). 7494:The Fruits of Fascism 7492:Reich, Simon (2018). 7461:Price, R. L. (2003). 7415:Peene, James (2022). 7392:Patton, Phil (2002). 7172:Driving Over a Cliff? 7078:Marsh, W. B. (2020). 7061:Battle for the Beetle 6986:Kiley, David (2002). 6885:The truth means guilt 6843:Herda, D. J. (2008). 6481:Bloomsbury Publishing 5681:Motor Trader Magazine 2854:Architecture Of Speed 2043:Volkswagen New Beetle 1945: 1774:São Bernardo do Campo 1609:third-generation Golf 1565: 1380: 1345: 1108:first-generation Golf 1105: 1067: 954:can be reduced to a " 948: 912: 852: 768: 519: 326:Volkswagen New Beetle 21:Volkswagen New Beetle 11929:Hungarian inventions 11828:Volkswagen do Brasil 11293:Voyage / Gol Sedan I 10693:New Beetle Cabriolet 9440:Type 34 Karmann Ghia 7895:The Beetle Chronicle 7872:Taylor & Francis 7764:. Patrick Stephens. 7398:Simon & Schuster 7314:Geschichte des Autos 7312:Möser, Kurt (1997). 7216:Meck, Georg (2016). 7080:Voices From the Past 7009:Klein, Karl (1938). 6988:Getting the Bugs Out 6969:Simon & Schuster 6797:Hale, James (2004). 6732:Glen, Simon (2017). 6709:Glen, Simon (2003). 5888:, 20 November 1994, 4932:The Washington Times 4057:German International 2092:many other nicknames 1666:Markets and assembly 1590:catalytic converters 1566:1983 Volkswagen 1200 1499:hazard warning lamps 1402:horizontally opposed 890:Stuttgart University 785:the Second World War 626:Design controversies 563:the Second World War 520:Two KdF cars on the 11964:Volkswagen vehicles 9479: Developed by 9028:Transparent Factory 8857:T-Prime Concept GTE 8375:Type 147 (Fridolin) 8335:Hebmüller Cabriolet 8122:Jetta/Sagitar/Vento 7820:Tyler, Jim (2004). 7588:(in German). Graz: 6692:Krause Publications 6669:Krause Publications 6435:Amberley Publishing 6173:Birth of the Beetle 5929:National Geographic 5624:. 1966. p. 11. 4136:, pp. 156–157. 4010:, pp. 202–203. 3095:, pp. 214–215. 3018:The Times of Israel 2848:Scheppe, Wolfgang, 2598:on 17 February 2024 2586:"Volksgemeinschaft" 2343:Cleaver et al. 1961 2094:in other languages. 1996:complete knock-down 1428:manual transmission 1339:engine displacement 1192:cabriolet in 1979. 689:Hanomag Kommissbrot 687:personally drove a 410:Japanese automakers 321:Volkswagen Gol (G1) 316:Volkswagen Golf Mk1 94:21,529,464 produced 10662:Golf III Cabriolet 9941:181 Thing / Safari 9910:Rabbit Convertible 9905:Beetle Convertible 8832:Phaeton D2 Concept 8822:New Beetle Ragster 8777:I.D. Space Vizzion 8310:1500/1600 (Type 3) 7962:. United Kingdom: 7939:. United Kingdom: 7870:. United Kingdom: 7802:. United Kingdom: 7442:. United Kingdom: 7396:. United Kingdom: 7375:Re-Balancing China 7318:History of the car 6923:Beyond Expectation 6849:. United Kingdom: 6644:. United Kingdom: 6621:. United Kingdom: 6550:Prestel Publishing 6479:. United Kingdom: 6456:. United Kingdom: 6433:. United Kingdom: 6410:. United Kingdom: 6387:. United Kingdom: 6309:. United Kingdom: 6286:. United Kingdom: 6175:. United Kingdom: 5956:The New York Times 5688:on 2 December 2015 5620:. United Kingdom: 5120:Practical Motorist 4742:The New York Times 4229:The New York Times 3920:The New York Times 3618:The New York Times 2830:on 1 November 2009 2195:The New York Times 2118:Chevrolet Suburban 1948: 1568: 1383: 1245:Detroit Motor Show 1178:Giorgetto Giugiaro 1112: 1052:cent of the total 931:series manufacture 919: 868:Kraft durch Freude 863: 780:Kraft durch Freude 771: 548:Kraft durch Freude 539:Kraft durch Freude 535: 11959:Volkswagen Beetle 11914:Ferdinand Porsche 11836: 11835: 11798: 11797: 10976: 10975: 10943: 10942: 10671:Golf VI Cabriolet 10077: 10040: 10039: 9992: 9991: 9612: 9564: 9563: 9531: 9530: 9520:and developed by 9193: 9145: 9144: 9064:Emissions scandal 8990:Air-cooled engine 8827:New Compact Coupé 8717:CrossBlue Concept 8702:Concept BlueSport 8636: 8635: 8443:Citi Golf (China) 8268: 8267: 8008:An Ode to the Bug 7973:978-0-1988-4577-5 7950:978-0-7478-0565-6 7941:Osprey Publishing 7904:978-3-7688-1695-3 7891:Die Käfer-Chronik 7881:978-1-1344-7750-0 7858:978-0-7680-3181-2 7849:SAE International 7847:. United States: 7835:978-1-9037-0690-9 7826:Veloce Publishing 7812:978-1-1058-2576-7 7790:978-1-6132-5750-0 7752:978-0-9297-5812-1 7733:978-0-9150-3845-9 7714:978-1-6105-9246-8 7703:. United States: 7691:978-1-6105-9248-2 7680:. United States: 7668:978-0-6240-3623-4 7659:A century of cars 7649:978-0-2993-4430-6 7636:Redeeming Objects 7626:978-3-6630-6747-4 7576:978-3-6452-0510-8 7549:978-0-6740-7575-7 7538:. Massachusetts: 7526:978-3-6133-1023-0 7507:978-1-5017-3215-7 7476:978-1-5578-8421-3 7465:. United States: 7453:978-1-9047-8895-9 7444:Veloce Publishing 7430:978-0-7198-4014-2 7417:VW Classic Beetle 7407:978-0-7432-0242-8 7384:978-1-7830-8416-6 7346:978-0-8376-0147-2 7327:978-3-5933-6575-6 7304:978-0-8317-7088-4 7281:978-3-4301-6785-7 7258:978-1-8479-7545-4 7235:978-3-6441-0003-9 7208:978-0-4713-5357-7 7185:978-0-2015-9392-1 7162:978-3-7909-0357-7 7139:978-1-8458-4799-9 7130:Veloce Publishing 7116:978-1-7857-8664-8 7093:978-1-7842-9114-3 7051:978-0-7603-7266-1 7040:. United States: 7012:Drogisten Zeitung 7001:978-0-4712-2598-0 6990:. United States: 6978:978-1-4516-4063-2 6967:. United States: 6965:Engines of Change 6955:978-1-7858-9317-9 6936:978-0-5986-4028-4 6913:978-0-3455-2142-2 6894:978-0-3455-2142-2 6859:978-1-4027-4274-3 6835:978-0-7603-6767-4 6824:. United States: 6812:978-1-9037-0699-2 6803:Veloce Publishing 6789:978-0-7603-4987-8 6778:. United States: 6766:978-1-7850-0152-9 6747:978-1-8458-4952-8 6738:Veloce Publishing 6734:Volkswagen Type 3 6724:978-1-9037-0693-0 6715:Veloce Publishing 6701:978-0-8734-1419-7 6667:. United States: 6655:978-0-8542-9648-4 6632:978-0-8542-9845-7 6609:978-3-7168-1613-4 6586:978-3-5275-0523-4 6559:978-3-7913-1891-2 6532:978-0-9088-7650-1 6513:978-1-9047-8872-0 6504:Veloce Publishing 6500:Volkswagen Beetle 6490:978-1-7844-2021-5 6477:Volkswagen Beetle 6467:978-1-7871-1643-6 6458:Veloce Publishing 6454:Volkswagen Beetle 6444:978-1-3981-1338-1 6412:Veloce Publishing 6398:978-1-9047-8892-8 6389:Veloce Publishing 6375:978-1-7850-0490-2 6356:978-1-8458-4732-6 6347:Veloce Publishing 6320:978-0-7524-7711-4 6311:The History Press 6297:978-0-1987-1341-8 6274:978-8-8963-6599-1 6255:978-1-6105-9244-4 6244:. United States: 6242:Volkswagen Beetle 6232:978-1-8458-4995-5 6223:Veloce Publishing 6209:978-0-3233-9406-2 6186:978-1-8596-0959-0 6163:978-0-9121-3876-3 6144:978-0-7603-5190-1 6133:. United States: 6000:Los Angeles Times 5652:. United States: 5601:Popular Mechanics 5422:, pp. 97–99. 5299:, pp. 92–93. 5224:, pp. 55–56. 5188:, pp. 53–54. 5173:, pp. 46–48. 4816:, pp. 12–13. 3860:, 18 March 2000, 3763:Meyer-Larsen 2000 3497:, pp. 30–33. 2807:, pp. 58–61. 2752:, pp. 40–43. 2105:series production 2053:Volkswagen Type 2 2009:Clayton, Victoria 1649:From 1997, front 1642:—and an electric 1636:compression ratio 1628:hydraulic tappets 1605:electric ignition 1448:windshield wipers 1413:air-cooled engine 1310:hydraulic braking 1249:Geneva Motor Show 1158:front-wheel-drive 1014:Heinrich Nordhoff 789:series production 698:Standard Superior 632:Ferdinand Porsche 575:military vehicles 451:Ferdinand Porsche 447:air-cooled engine 402:front-wheel drive 372:Ferdinand Porsche 342:Volkswagen Type 1 340:, officially the 338:Volkswagen Beetle 334: 333: 203:1600 cc H4 ( 105:Ferdinand Porsche 38:Volkswagen Type 1 11971: 11724: 11690: 11555: 11387: 11375:SpaceFox / Suran 11028: 11027: 11018:Volkswagen Group 11003: 10996: 10989: 10980: 10979: 10939: 10932: 10698:Beetle Cabriolet 10681: 10655:Golf I Cabriolet 10484: 10477: 10475:Large family car 10399: 10325: 10099: 10098: 10089:Volkswagen Group 10075: 10067: 10060: 10053: 10044: 10043: 9893:Scirocco II 9622: 9621: 9610: 9606:Volkswagen Group 9591: 9584: 9577: 9568: 9567: 9524: 9515: 9509: 9504: 9498: 9494:and designed by 9489: 9483: 9478: 9384: 9382:Large family car 9361: 9359:Small family car 9203: 9202: 9191: 9187:Volkswagen Group 9172: 9165: 9158: 9149: 9148: 9135: 9134: 9119:Westfalia Camper 8887:e-Beetle Concept 8882:XL Sport Concept 8812:Microbus Concept 8657:Alltrack Concept 8623:Voyage/Gol Sedan 8618:Vento/Polo Sedan 8345:Kommandeurswagen 8305:411/412 (Type 4) 8288: 8287: 8276: 8087: 8086: 8066:Volkswagen Group 8042: 8035: 8028: 8019: 8018: 7993:Volkswagen Group 7977: 7954: 7931: 7908: 7885: 7862: 7839: 7816: 7804:Lulu Press, Inc. 7794: 7775: 7756: 7737: 7718: 7695: 7672: 7653: 7630: 7615:]. Germany: 7603: 7580: 7565:]. Germany: 7553: 7536:The People's Car 7530: 7517:Volkswagen Käfer 7511: 7488: 7457: 7434: 7411: 7388: 7366: 7331: 7308: 7285: 7262: 7239: 7224:]. Germany: 7212: 7189: 7166: 7143: 7120: 7097: 7074: 7055: 7032: 7026: 7024: 7005: 6992:Wiley Publishing 6982: 6959: 6940: 6917: 6898: 6875: 6873: 6871: 6839: 6816: 6793: 6770: 6751: 6728: 6705: 6682: 6659: 6636: 6613: 6590: 6575:]. Germany: 6563: 6548:]. Germany: 6536: 6517: 6494: 6471: 6448: 6425: 6421:978-1-901295-863 6402: 6379: 6360: 6337: 6324: 6301: 6278: 6265:Volkswagen Guide 6259: 6236: 6213: 6200:Elsevier Science 6190: 6167: 6148: 6116: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6090: 6084: 6083: 6082: 6080: 6061: 6052: 6046: 6040: 6030: 6024: 6018: 6009: 6008: 5990: 5984: 5978: 5972: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5946: 5940: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5919: 5913: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5899: 5897: 5881: 5874: 5868: 5867: 5850:Augstein, Rudolf 5846: 5840: 5834: 5828: 5822: 5816: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5796: 5790: 5784: 5778: 5772: 5763: 5757: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5724: 5718: 5712: 5706: 5697: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5672: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5644: 5638: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5612: 5606: 5605: 5592: 5586: 5580: 5574: 5564: 5558: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5532: 5526: 5520: 5514: 5508: 5502: 5492: 5486: 5480: 5471: 5465: 5456: 5446: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5401: 5395: 5389: 5376: 5370: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5342: 5336: 5330: 5324: 5318: 5312: 5306: 5300: 5294: 5288: 5282: 5276: 5266: 5260: 5254: 5237: 5231: 5225: 5219: 5213: 5207: 5201: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5161: 5160: 5158: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5124: 5114: 5108: 5102: 5096: 5090: 5084: 5078: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5048: 5042: 5036: 5030: 5024: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4972: 4966: 4960: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4935:, 21 July 2011, 4923: 4917: 4916: 4898: 4892: 4886: 4877: 4867: 4861: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4847: 4845: 4823: 4817: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4790: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4738: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4698: 4692: 4686: 4671: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4645: 4639: 4633: 4627: 4626: 4625: 4623: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4544: 4538: 4528: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4491:Huffman, J. P., 4488: 4482: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4454: 4448: 4437: 4431: 4425: 4419: 4413: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4333: 4325: 4314: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4288: 4279: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4259: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4243: 4241: 4225: 4217: 4211: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4197: 4195: 4173: 4167: 4161: 4152: 4146: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4119: 4110: 4104: 4098: 4092: 4086: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4052: 4046: 4036: 4027: 4017: 4011: 4008:Christopher 2012 4005: 3999: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3986:, 11 July 2009, 3974: 3968: 3967: 3966: 3964: 3955:, archived from 3942: 3936: 3935: 3934: 3932: 3910: 3904: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3895:on 19 April 2009 3891:, archived from 3879: 3873: 3872: 3871: 3869: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3772: 3766: 3760: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3740: 3738: 3716: 3710: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3614: 3606: 3600: 3594: 3588: 3585:Leffingwell 2022 3582: 3576: 3575: 3574: 3572: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3543: 3541: 3519: 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3378: 3373: 3371: 3349: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3293: 3291: 3279:Business Insider 3269: 3263: 3262: 3261: 3259: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3201: 3199: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3158: 3156: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3112:Business Insider 3102: 3096: 3090: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3008: 3002: 3001: 3000: 2998: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2968: 2966: 2954:Die Tageszeitung 2944: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2924: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2906: 2904: 2875: 2869: 2868: 2867: 2865: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2837: 2835: 2826:, archived from 2814: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2734:Christopher 2012 2731: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2672: 2670: 2648: 2639: 2638: 2637: 2635: 2613: 2607: 2606: 2605: 2603: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2521: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2491: 2485: 2475: 2469: 2463: 2454: 2448: 2442: 2436: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2408: 2402: 2401: 2400: 2398: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2340: 2334: 2333: 2332: 2330: 2309:Augstein, Rudolf 2305: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2286: 2285: 2283: 2261: 2255: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2229: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2209: 2207: 2191: 2183: 2167: 2161: 2155: 2152: 2146: 2140: 2134: 2127: 2121: 2114: 2108: 2101: 2095: 2081: 2074: 2028:Retrofit program 2023: 2019: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1938:Specific markets 1928: 1927: 1915: 1914: 1902: 1901: 1889: 1888: 1876: 1875: 1863: 1862: 1850: 1849: 1837: 1836: 1824: 1823: 1811: 1810: 1798: 1797: 1785: 1784: 1772: 1771: 1759: 1758: 1746: 1745: 1733: 1732: 1720: 1719: 1707: 1706: 1694: 1693: 1681: 1680: 1551: 1503:radial-ply tyres 1422: 1418: 1395: 1358: 1290: 1265:Tokyo Motor Show 1130: 1085: 1080: 1063: 1059: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1031: 1023: 988: 977: 886: 882: 859:pictured in 1981 840:Kommandeurswagen 828:Kommandeurswagen 819:Kommandeurswagen 725:flat-twin engine 694:Berlin Auto Show 630:German-Bohemian 608:platform chassis 532: 529: 444: 433:, the leader of 295:Kerb weight 122:Small family car 111:Body and chassis 72:Also called 49: 35: 34: 11979: 11978: 11974: 11973: 11972: 11970: 11969: 11968: 11934:Police vehicles 11839: 11838: 11837: 11832: 11799: 11720: 11686: 11551: 11505:Jetta / Bora II 11383: 11021: 11007: 10977: 10972: 10944: 10930: 10929: 10679:T-Roc Cabriolet 10677: 10480: 10473: 10395: 10329:Polo / Derby II 10321: 10316: 10092: 10071: 10041: 10036: 9993: 9772:Beetle (Type 1) 9615: 9595: 9565: 9560: 9532: 9527: 9513: 9512: 9502: 9501: 9487: 9486: 9476: 9475: 9454:Utility vehicle 9380: 9357: 9320:Beetle (Type 1) 9196: 9176: 9146: 9141: 9123: 9047: 8999: 8939: 8891: 8872:Touran HyMotion 8643: 8632: 8384: 8315:Beetle (Type 1) 8283: 8277: 8264: 8238: 8162: 8156: 8082: 8076: 8068: 8054: 8046: 7991:, published by 7985: 7980: 7974: 7951: 7928: 7905: 7882: 7868:The Third Reich 7859: 7836: 7813: 7791: 7772: 7753: 7734: 7715: 7692: 7669: 7650: 7627: 7600: 7577: 7559:Motor-Klassiker 7550: 7527: 7508: 7477: 7454: 7431: 7408: 7385: 7347: 7328: 7305: 7282: 7259: 7236: 7222:Car makes money 7218:Auto Macht Geld 7209: 7186: 7163: 7140: 7117: 7094: 7071: 7052: 7022: 7020: 7002: 6979: 6956: 6937: 6914: 6895: 6869: 6867: 6860: 6836: 6813: 6790: 6767: 6748: 6725: 6702: 6679: 6656: 6633: 6610: 6587: 6560: 6533: 6514: 6491: 6468: 6445: 6422: 6399: 6376: 6357: 6321: 6298: 6275: 6256: 6233: 6210: 6187: 6164: 6145: 6124: 6119: 6110: 6108: 6091: 6087: 6078: 6076: 6063: 6062: 6055: 6047: 6043: 6031: 6027: 6019: 6012: 5991: 5987: 5979: 5975: 5966: 5964: 5947: 5943: 5934: 5932: 5920: 5916: 5908: 5904: 5895: 5893: 5885:Chicago Tribune 5876: 5875: 5871: 5847: 5843: 5835: 5831: 5823: 5819: 5811: 5807: 5798: 5797: 5793: 5785: 5781: 5773: 5766: 5758: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5731: 5727: 5719: 5715: 5707: 5700: 5691: 5689: 5674: 5673: 5669: 5659: 5657: 5646: 5645: 5641: 5633: 5629: 5614: 5613: 5609: 5594: 5593: 5589: 5581: 5577: 5565: 5561: 5552: 5550: 5533: 5529: 5521: 5517: 5509: 5505: 5493: 5489: 5481: 5474: 5466: 5459: 5447: 5438: 5430: 5426: 5418: 5414: 5402: 5398: 5390: 5379: 5371: 5367: 5357: 5355: 5347:Automobile Year 5344: 5343: 5339: 5331: 5327: 5323:, p. 1985. 5319: 5315: 5307: 5303: 5295: 5291: 5283: 5279: 5267: 5263: 5255: 5240: 5232: 5228: 5220: 5216: 5208: 5204: 5196: 5192: 5184: 5177: 5169: 5165: 5156: 5154: 5144: 5140: 5132: 5128: 5116: 5115: 5111: 5103: 5099: 5091: 5087: 5079: 5075: 5067: 5063: 5055: 5051: 5043: 5039: 5031: 5027: 5015: 5011: 5003: 4999: 4991: 4987: 4979: 4975: 4967: 4963: 4955: 4951: 4942: 4940: 4925: 4924: 4920: 4899: 4895: 4887: 4880: 4868: 4864: 4856: 4852: 4843: 4841: 4824: 4820: 4812: 4808: 4800: 4793: 4784: 4782: 4765: 4761: 4752: 4750: 4731: 4727: 4718: 4716: 4699: 4695: 4687: 4674: 4665: 4663: 4646: 4642: 4634: 4630: 4621: 4619: 4602: 4598: 4577: 4573: 4564: 4562: 4545: 4541: 4529: 4522: 4514: 4510: 4489: 4485: 4473: 4469: 4461: 4457: 4449: 4440: 4432: 4428: 4420: 4416: 4408: 4404: 4396: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4372: 4368: 4360: 4356: 4347: 4345: 4326: 4317: 4308: 4306: 4289: 4282: 4273: 4271: 4252: 4248: 4239: 4237: 4218: 4214: 4206: 4202: 4193: 4191: 4174: 4170: 4162: 4155: 4147: 4140: 4132: 4128: 4120: 4113: 4105: 4101: 4093: 4089: 4081: 4077: 4067: 4065: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4037: 4030: 4018: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3993: 3991: 3976: 3975: 3971: 3962: 3960: 3943: 3939: 3930: 3928: 3911: 3907: 3898: 3896: 3881: 3880: 3876: 3867: 3865: 3850: 3849: 3845: 3836: 3834: 3817: 3813: 3805: 3801: 3792: 3790: 3773: 3769: 3761: 3757: 3749: 3745: 3736: 3734: 3717: 3713: 3704: 3702: 3685: 3681: 3672: 3670: 3653: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3628: 3626: 3607: 3603: 3595: 3591: 3583: 3579: 3570: 3568: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3539: 3537: 3520: 3513: 3505: 3501: 3493: 3489: 3481: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3456: 3454: 3437: 3433: 3425: 3421: 3413: 3409: 3401: 3394: 3386: 3382: 3369: 3367: 3350: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3326: 3322: 3314: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3289: 3287: 3270: 3266: 3257: 3255: 3238: 3234: 3226: 3222: 3214: 3210: 3197: 3195: 3180: 3179: 3175: 3169:Schmarbeck 1990 3167: 3163: 3154: 3152: 3135: 3131: 3122: 3120: 3103: 3099: 3091: 3078: 3070: 3066: 3058: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3028: 3026: 3009: 3005: 2996: 2994: 2977: 2973: 2964: 2962: 2945: 2941: 2933: 2922: 2915: 2911: 2902: 2900: 2877: 2876: 2872: 2863: 2861: 2846: 2842: 2833: 2831: 2816: 2815: 2811: 2803: 2799: 2790: 2788: 2773: 2772: 2768: 2764:, p. 1900. 2760: 2756: 2748: 2744: 2732: 2725: 2717: 2713: 2705: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2681: 2677: 2668: 2666: 2649: 2642: 2633: 2631: 2614: 2610: 2601: 2599: 2582: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2557: 2555: 2540: 2536: 2528: 2524: 2516: 2512: 2504: 2500: 2492: 2488: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2457: 2449: 2445: 2437: 2433: 2425: 2421: 2409: 2405: 2396: 2394: 2377: 2373: 2365: 2361: 2353: 2349: 2341: 2337: 2328: 2326: 2306: 2302: 2298:, pp. 3–5. 2294: 2290: 2281: 2279: 2262: 2258: 2249: 2247: 2230: 2226: 2218: 2214: 2205: 2203: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2170: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2141: 2137: 2128: 2124: 2115: 2111: 2102: 2098: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2039: 2030: 2021: 2017: 2005: 1988: 1982: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1940: 1935: 1922: 1909: 1896: 1883: 1870: 1857: 1844: 1831: 1818: 1805: 1792: 1779: 1766: 1753: 1740: 1727: 1714: 1701: 1688: 1675: 1668: 1582: 1573:rack and pinion 1549: 1515: 1438:that increased 1434:, a redesigned 1420: 1416: 1393: 1360: 1351: 1318: 1301: 1288: 1217: 1128: 1100: 1083: 1078: 1061: 1057: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1029: 1021: 1010: 1009: 1008: 1007: 1002:) views of the 998:) and outdoor ( 991: 990: 989: 980: 979: 978: 907: 898:outbreak of war 884: 880: 826:prototype. The 800:(Type 82), the 763: 758: 628: 599: 559:series-produced 530: 501:, rear-mounted 442: 431:Kaiserhof Hotel 427: 422: 330: 250: 210: 200:1500 cc H4 197:1300 cc H4 194:1200 cc H4 148: 129:Body style 93: 84: 52: 39: 33: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11977: 11967: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11931: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11851: 11834: 11833: 11831: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11813: 11804: 11801: 11800: 11796: 11795: 11793: 11791: 11786: 11780: 11779: 11774: 11772: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11747: 11741: 11740: 11738: 11736: 11734: 11729: 11727: 11725: 11717: 11716: 11714: 11709: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11695: 11693: 11691: 11683: 11682: 11680: 11678: 11676: 11671: 11662: 11659: 11658: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11629: 11627: 11622: 11613: 11607: 11606: 11601: 11599: 11597: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11589: 11584: 11579: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11571: 11566: 11564: 11562: 11560: 11558: 11556: 11548: 11547: 11545: 11543:Beetle / Fusca 11540: 11535: 11533: 11528: 11526: 11524: 11518: 11517: 11512: 11507: 11502: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11494: 11492: 11490: 11485: 11480: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11466: 11460: 11459: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11435: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11417: 11416: 11411: 11409: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11401: 11396: 11394: 11392: 11390: 11388: 11380: 11379: 11377: 11372: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11364: 11362: 11360: 11355: 11350: 11348: 11342: 11341: 11336: 11334: 11329: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11321: 11319: 11317: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11306: 11304: 11299: 11297: 11295: 11290: 11288: 11282: 11281: 11276: 11274: 11269: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11261: 11259: 11254: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11246: 11244: 11239: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11231: 11229: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11212: 11210:Subcompact car 11206: 11205: 11203: 11198: 11196: 11194: 11192: 11190: 11184: 11183: 11180: 11177: 11174: 11171: 11168: 11165: 11162: 11159: 11156: 11153: 11150: 11147: 11144: 11141: 11138: 11135: 11132: 11129: 11126: 11123: 11120: 11117: 11114: 11111: 11108: 11105: 11102: 11099: 11096: 11093: 11090: 11087: 11084: 11081: 11078: 11075: 11072: 11069: 11066: 11063: 11060: 11057: 11054: 11050: 11049: 11046: 11043: 11040: 11037: 11034: 11026: 11023: 11022: 11006: 11005: 10998: 10991: 10983: 10974: 10973: 10971: 10970: 10965: 10958: 10949: 10946: 10945: 10941: 10940: 10926: 10925: 10920: 10915: 10910: 10908: 10906: 10904: 10898: 10897: 10892: 10890: 10888: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10880: 10875: 10873: 10871: 10869: 10866: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10848: 10846: 10843: 10842: 10837: 10835: 10833: 10831: 10829: 10823: 10822: 10817: 10815: 10813: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10805: 10800: 10798: 10796: 10794: 10792: 10786: 10785: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10771: 10769: 10763: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10744: 10742: 10740:Golf Sportsvan 10737: 10732: 10730: 10728: 10726: 10720: 10719: 10717: 10715: 10710: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10702: 10700: 10695: 10690: 10688: 10686: 10683: 10682: 10675: 10673: 10668: 10666: 10664: 10659: 10657: 10652: 10646: 10645: 10643: 10641: 10636: 10634: 10632: 10630: 10625: 10622: 10621: 10619: 10617: 10612: 10610: 10608: 10603: 10598: 10592: 10591: 10589: 10587: 10582: 10580: 10578: 10576: 10570: 10569: 10564: 10562: 10560: 10558: 10556: 10554: 10548: 10547: 10542: 10540:Passat CC → CC 10537: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10529: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10509: 10504: 10499: 10494: 10485: 10478: 10470: 10469: 10467: 10462: 10457: 10455: 10452: 10451: 10449: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10416: 10415: 10410: 10408: 10406: 10404: 10401: 10400: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10358: 10352: 10351: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10326: 10314: 10308: 10307: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10288: 10286: 10280: 10279: 10277: 10275: 10273: 10271: 10269: 10264: 10258: 10257: 10254: 10251: 10248: 10245: 10242: 10239: 10236: 10233: 10230: 10227: 10224: 10221: 10218: 10215: 10212: 10209: 10206: 10203: 10200: 10197: 10194: 10191: 10188: 10185: 10182: 10179: 10176: 10173: 10170: 10167: 10164: 10161: 10158: 10155: 10152: 10149: 10146: 10143: 10140: 10137: 10134: 10131: 10128: 10125: 10121: 10120: 10117: 10114: 10111: 10108: 10105: 10097: 10094: 10093: 10070: 10069: 10062: 10055: 10047: 10038: 10037: 10035: 10034: 10029: 10024: 10019: 10012: 10007: 9998: 9995: 9994: 9990: 9989: 9987: 9982: 9980: 9978: 9976: 9970: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9954: 9948: 9947: 9945: 9943: 9938: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9930: 9928: 9926: 9921: 9918: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9896: 9895: 9890: 9885: 9880: 9878: 9872: 9871: 9866: 9864: 9862: 9857: 9855: 9853: 9851: 9845: 9844: 9842: 9837: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9829: 9824: 9819: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9799: 9794: 9792: 9790: 9784: 9783: 9778: 9776: 9774: 9769: 9763: 9762: 9759: 9756: 9753: 9750: 9747: 9744: 9741: 9738: 9735: 9732: 9729: 9726: 9723: 9720: 9717: 9714: 9711: 9708: 9705: 9702: 9699: 9696: 9693: 9690: 9687: 9684: 9681: 9678: 9675: 9672: 9669: 9666: 9663: 9660: 9657: 9654: 9651: 9648: 9645: 9641: 9640: 9637: 9634: 9631: 9628: 9620: 9617: 9616: 9594: 9593: 9586: 9579: 9571: 9562: 9561: 9559: 9558: 9551: 9546: 9537: 9534: 9533: 9529: 9528: 9526: 9525: 9510: 9499: 9484: 9472: 9470: 9466: 9465: 9460: 9458: 9456: 9450: 9449: 9447: 9445:VW-Porsche 914 9442: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9419: 9413: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9396: 9394: 9389: 9387: 9385: 9377: 9376: 9371: 9366: 9364: 9362: 9354: 9353: 9348: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9340: 9335: 9333: 9331: 9329: 9323: 9322: 9317: 9311: 9310: 9307: 9304: 9301: 9298: 9295: 9292: 9289: 9286: 9283: 9280: 9277: 9274: 9271: 9268: 9265: 9262: 9259: 9256: 9253: 9250: 9247: 9244: 9241: 9238: 9235: 9232: 9229: 9226: 9223: 9219: 9218: 9215: 9212: 9209: 9201: 9198: 9197: 9175: 9174: 9167: 9160: 9152: 9143: 9142: 9140: 9139: 9128: 9125: 9124: 9122: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9055: 9053: 9049: 9048: 9046: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9009: 9007: 9001: 9000: 8998: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8981: 8980: 8973:Diesel engines 8970: 8969: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8951:Petrol engines 8947: 8945: 8941: 8940: 8938: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8901: 8899: 8893: 8892: 8890: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8862:Taigun Concept 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8829: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8754: 8749: 8744: 8739: 8734: 8729: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8648: 8646: 8638: 8637: 8634: 8633: 8631: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8603:Suran/SpaceFox 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8498:Golf Sportsvan 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8394: 8392: 8386: 8385: 8383: 8382: 8380:VW-Porsche 914 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8296: 8294: 8285: 8279: 8278: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8246: 8244: 8240: 8239: 8237: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8221: 8216: 8211: 8206: 8201: 8196: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8170:Atlas/Teramont 8166: 8164: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8142:Passat (China) 8139: 8137:Passat/Magotan 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8093: 8091: 8084: 8078: 8077: 8059: 8056: 8055: 8052:passenger cars 8045: 8044: 8037: 8030: 8022: 8016: 8015: 8005: 8000: 7984: 7983:External links 7981: 7979: 7978: 7972: 7955: 7949: 7932: 7926: 7909: 7903: 7886: 7880: 7863: 7857: 7840: 7834: 7817: 7811: 7795: 7789: 7776: 7770: 7757: 7751: 7738: 7732: 7719: 7713: 7696: 7690: 7673: 7667: 7654: 7648: 7631: 7625: 7604: 7598: 7581: 7575: 7567:Franzis Verlag 7554: 7548: 7531: 7525: 7512: 7506: 7489: 7475: 7458: 7452: 7435: 7429: 7412: 7406: 7389: 7383: 7367: 7345: 7332: 7326: 7309: 7303: 7286: 7280: 7263: 7257: 7240: 7234: 7226:Rowohlt Verlag 7213: 7207: 7197:. California: 7190: 7184: 7167: 7161: 7144: 7138: 7121: 7115: 7098: 7092: 7075: 7069: 7056: 7050: 7033: 7006: 7000: 6983: 6977: 6960: 6954: 6941: 6935: 6918: 6912: 6899: 6893: 6876: 6858: 6840: 6834: 6817: 6811: 6794: 6788: 6771: 6765: 6752: 6746: 6729: 6723: 6706: 6700: 6683: 6677: 6660: 6654: 6637: 6631: 6614: 6608: 6591: 6585: 6564: 6558: 6537: 6531: 6518: 6512: 6495: 6489: 6472: 6466: 6449: 6443: 6426: 6420: 6403: 6397: 6380: 6374: 6361: 6355: 6338: 6325: 6319: 6302: 6296: 6279: 6273: 6260: 6254: 6237: 6231: 6214: 6208: 6191: 6185: 6168: 6162: 6149: 6143: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6118: 6117: 6085: 6053: 6041: 6025: 6023:, p. 106. 6010: 5985: 5983:, p. 130. 5973: 5941: 5914: 5912:, p. 217. 5902: 5869: 5841: 5829: 5827:, p. 161. 5817: 5815:, p. 239. 5805: 5791: 5787:Schnetler 1997 5779: 5777:, p. 118. 5764: 5762:, p. 162. 5749: 5747:, p. 121. 5737: 5725: 5723:, p. 152. 5713: 5711:, p. 127. 5698: 5667: 5639: 5627: 5607: 5587: 5585:, p. 147. 5575: 5559: 5527: 5515: 5513:, p. 111. 5503: 5487: 5485:, p. 257. 5472: 5457: 5436: 5424: 5412: 5396: 5377: 5365: 5337: 5325: 5313: 5311:, p. 119. 5301: 5289: 5287:, p. 308. 5277: 5261: 5259:, p. 219. 5238: 5226: 5214: 5212:, p. 207. 5202: 5190: 5175: 5163: 5152:Car And Driver 5138: 5126: 5109: 5107:, p. 147. 5097: 5085: 5073: 5061: 5049: 5037: 5025: 5009: 5005:Hielscher 2020 4997: 4985: 4983:, p. 212. 4973: 4971:, p. 171. 4961: 4949: 4918: 4893: 4891:, p. 156. 4878: 4862: 4850: 4818: 4806: 4791: 4759: 4725: 4693: 4672: 4640: 4638:, p. 340. 4628: 4596: 4571: 4539: 4520: 4508: 4498:Road and Track 4483: 4467: 4465:, p. 157. 4455: 4453:, p. 108. 4438: 4436:, p. 304. 4426: 4424:, p. 271. 4414: 4412:, p. 123. 4402: 4390: 4378: 4366: 4364:, p. 121. 4354: 4337:Bloomberg L.P. 4331:"The VW Story" 4315: 4280: 4246: 4212: 4200: 4168: 4153: 4151:, p. 157. 4138: 4126: 4124:, p. 156. 4111: 4109:, p. 106. 4099: 4097:, p. 154. 4087: 4085:, p. 156. 4083:Hopfinger 1954 4075: 4047: 4028: 4012: 4000: 3969: 3959:on 1 June 2023 3937: 3905: 3874: 3843: 3826:Road and Track 3811: 3799: 3767: 3765:, p. 183. 3755: 3743: 3711: 3679: 3662:Yahoo! Finance 3647: 3635: 3601: 3589: 3577: 3546: 3511: 3499: 3487: 3475: 3463: 3431: 3419: 3417:, p. 161. 3407: 3403:Ingrassia 2012 3392: 3390:, p. 330. 3380: 3344: 3332: 3330:, p. 215. 3320: 3318:, p. 437. 3308: 3306:, p. 199. 3296: 3264: 3232: 3220: 3208: 3173: 3171:, p. 174. 3161: 3144:Road and Track 3129: 3097: 3076: 3064: 3060:Ludvigsen 2000 3047: 3035: 3003: 2971: 2939: 2909: 2870: 2840: 2809: 2797: 2766: 2754: 2742: 2723: 2721:, p. 136. 2711: 2699: 2687: 2675: 2640: 2623:Deutsche Welle 2608: 2576: 2564: 2534: 2522: 2510: 2498: 2486: 2470: 2455: 2443: 2431: 2419: 2403: 2371: 2359: 2357:, p. 212. 2347: 2345:, p. 133. 2335: 2300: 2288: 2256: 2224: 2212: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2168: 2156: 2147: 2135: 2122: 2109: 2096: 2068: 2067: 2065: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2056: 2055: 2050: 2045: 2038: 2035: 2029: 2026: 2004: 2001: 1984:Main article: 1981: 1978: 1952: 1949: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1933: 1920: 1907: 1894: 1893:, South Africa 1881: 1868: 1855: 1842: 1829: 1816: 1803: 1790: 1777: 1764: 1751: 1738: 1725: 1712: 1699: 1686: 1672: 1667: 1664: 1660:security alarm 1630:, a full-flow 1613:steering wheel 1581: 1578: 1514: 1511: 1467:heating system 1452:steering wheel 1442:, an external 1406:overhead valve 1344: 1317: 1314: 1300: 1297: 1271:, sharing its 1237:Deutsche Marks 1225:Freeman Thomas 1216: 1213: 1099: 1096: 1071:Golden Fifties 1018:Volkswagenwerk 993: 992: 983: 982: 981: 972: 971: 970: 969: 968: 956:pastoral state 944:Herbert Hoover 906: 903: 762: 759: 757: 754: 706: 705: 684: 683: 669: 668: 656: 655: 627: 624: 598: 595: 591:postal service 523:Reichsautobahn 466:Reichsautobahn 426: 423: 421: 418: 367:Reichsautobahn 332: 331: 329: 328: 323: 318: 312: 310: 306: 305: 301: 300: 297: 291: 290: 287: 283: 282: 279: 275: 274: 271: 267: 266: 263: 257: 256: 252: 251: 249: 248: 247:semi-automatic 239: 237:semi-automatic 228: 220: 218: 212: 211: 209: 208: 201: 198: 195: 192: 184: 175: 173: 167: 166: 162: 161: 156: 150: 149: 147: 146: 140: 133: 131: 125: 124: 119: 113: 112: 108: 107: 102: 96: 95: 90: 86: 85: 83: 82: 79: 75: 73: 69: 68: 63: 59: 58: 54: 53: 50: 42: 41: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11976: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11954:Taxi vehicles 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11847: 11846: 11844: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11818: 11814: 11811: 11810: 11806: 11805: 11802: 11790: 11785: 11781: 11778: 11766: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11746: 11742: 11733: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11706: 11701: 11689: 11685: 11684: 11675: 11670: 11666: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11626: 11621: 11617: 11612: 11608: 11605: 11591: 11588: 11583: 11573: 11570: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11539: 11532: 11523: 11519: 11516: 11515:Jetta / Vento 11511: 11510:Jetta / Vento 11506: 11496: 11489: 11484: 11477: 11472: 11465: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11432: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11418: 11415: 11403: 11400: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11366: 11359: 11354: 11347: 11343: 11340: 11333: 11323: 11316: 11308: 11303: 11294: 11287: 11283: 11280: 11273: 11263: 11258: 11248: 11243: 11233: 11226: 11221: 11216: 11211: 11207: 11202: 11189: 11185: 11051: 11033: 11029: 11024: 11019: 11015: 11011: 11004: 10999: 10997: 10992: 10990: 10985: 10984: 10981: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10963: 10959: 10956: 10955: 10951: 10950: 10947: 10938: 10937: 10927: 10924: 10919: 10914: 10903: 10899: 10896: 10882: 10879: 10867: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10844: 10841: 10828: 10824: 10821: 10807: 10804: 10791: 10787: 10782: 10777: 10768: 10765: 10764: 10761: 10756: 10746: 10741: 10736: 10725: 10721: 10714: 10704: 10699: 10694: 10684: 10680: 10672: 10663: 10656: 10651: 10647: 10640: 10629: 10623: 10616: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10593: 10586: 10575: 10572: 10571: 10568: 10553: 10552:Executive car 10549: 10546: 10541: 10531: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10513: 10508: 10503: 10498: 10493: 10489: 10483: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10453: 10446: 10441: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10421: 10417: 10414: 10402: 10398: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10353: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10324: 10319: 10313: 10310: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10285: 10282: 10281: 10268: 10263: 10260: 10259: 10122: 10104: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10086: 10082: 10078: 10068: 10063: 10061: 10056: 10054: 10049: 10048: 10045: 10033: 10030: 10028: 10025: 10023: 10020: 10018: 10017: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10005: 10004: 10000: 9999: 9996: 9986: 9985:Rabbit Pickup 9975: 9972: 9971: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9950: 9949: 9942: 9932: 9925: 9919: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9897: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9877: 9874: 9873: 9870: 9861: 9850: 9847: 9846: 9841: 9831: 9828: 9827:Jetta II 9823: 9813: 9810: 9805: 9798: 9789: 9785: 9782: 9773: 9768: 9765: 9764: 9642: 9627: 9623: 9618: 9614: 9607: 9603: 9599: 9592: 9587: 9585: 9580: 9578: 9573: 9572: 9569: 9557: 9556: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9544: 9543: 9539: 9538: 9535: 9523: 9519: 9511: 9508: 9500: 9497: 9493: 9485: 9482: 9474: 9473: 9467: 9464: 9455: 9452: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9433: 9430: 9425: 9418: 9414: 9411: 9406: 9398: 9393: 9383: 9378: 9375: 9370: 9360: 9356: 9355: 9352: 9342: 9339: 9328: 9324: 9321: 9316: 9313: 9312: 9220: 9208: 9204: 9199: 9195: 9188: 9184: 9180: 9173: 9168: 9166: 9161: 9159: 9154: 9153: 9150: 9138: 9130: 9129: 9126: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9056: 9054: 9050: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9010: 9008: 9006: 9002: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8979: 8976: 8975: 8974: 8971: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8953: 8952: 8949: 8948: 8946: 8942: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8902: 8900: 8898: 8894: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8867:Tarok Concept 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8852:T-Roc Concept 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8773: 8770: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8753: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8743: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8682:Bulli Concept 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8649: 8647: 8645: 8639: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8563:Polo (Russia) 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8533:Passat Lingyu 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8395: 8393: 8391: 8387: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8297: 8295: 8293: 8289: 8286: 8280: 8275: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8247: 8245: 8241: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8217: 8215: 8212: 8210: 8207: 8205: 8202: 8200: 8197: 8195: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8167: 8165: 8159: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8095: 8094: 8092: 8088: 8085: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8057: 8053: 8050: 8043: 8038: 8036: 8031: 8029: 8024: 8023: 8020: 8013: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7998: 7994: 7990: 7987: 7986: 7975: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7956: 7952: 7946: 7942: 7938: 7933: 7929: 7927:0-7894-0159-2 7923: 7919: 7915: 7910: 7906: 7900: 7896: 7892: 7887: 7883: 7877: 7873: 7869: 7864: 7860: 7854: 7850: 7846: 7841: 7837: 7831: 7827: 7823: 7818: 7814: 7808: 7805: 7801: 7796: 7792: 7786: 7782: 7777: 7773: 7771:0-85059-441-3 7767: 7763: 7758: 7754: 7748: 7744: 7739: 7735: 7729: 7725: 7720: 7716: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7697: 7693: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7674: 7670: 7664: 7660: 7655: 7651: 7645: 7641: 7638:. Wisconsin: 7637: 7632: 7628: 7622: 7618: 7614: 7610: 7605: 7601: 7599:3-900310-56-4 7595: 7591: 7587: 7582: 7578: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7563:Motor Classic 7560: 7555: 7551: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7532: 7528: 7522: 7518: 7513: 7509: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7490: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7463:The VW Beetle 7459: 7455: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7436: 7432: 7426: 7422: 7421:Crowood Press 7418: 7413: 7409: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7390: 7386: 7380: 7376: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7348: 7342: 7338: 7333: 7329: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7310: 7306: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7287: 7283: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7264: 7260: 7254: 7250: 7249:Crowood Press 7246: 7241: 7237: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7214: 7210: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7191: 7187: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7168: 7164: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7145: 7141: 7135: 7131: 7127: 7122: 7118: 7112: 7108: 7104: 7099: 7095: 7089: 7085: 7081: 7076: 7072: 7070:0-8376-0071-5 7066: 7062: 7057: 7053: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7034: 7030: 7018: 7014: 7013: 7007: 7003: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6984: 6980: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6961: 6957: 6951: 6947: 6942: 6938: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6919: 6915: 6909: 6905: 6900: 6896: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6877: 6865: 6861: 6855: 6852: 6848: 6847: 6841: 6837: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6818: 6814: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6795: 6791: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6772: 6768: 6762: 6758: 6753: 6749: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6730: 6726: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6707: 6703: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6684: 6680: 6678:0-87349-720-1 6674: 6670: 6666: 6661: 6657: 6651: 6647: 6646:Haynes Manual 6643: 6638: 6634: 6628: 6624: 6623:Haynes Manual 6620: 6615: 6611: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6592: 6588: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6565: 6561: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6538: 6534: 6528: 6524: 6519: 6515: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6496: 6492: 6486: 6482: 6478: 6473: 6469: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6450: 6446: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6427: 6423: 6417: 6413: 6409: 6404: 6400: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6381: 6377: 6371: 6367: 6362: 6358: 6352: 6348: 6344: 6339: 6335: 6331: 6326: 6322: 6316: 6312: 6308: 6303: 6299: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6280: 6276: 6270: 6266: 6261: 6257: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6238: 6234: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6215: 6211: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6192: 6188: 6182: 6178: 6177:Haynes Manual 6174: 6169: 6165: 6159: 6155: 6150: 6146: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6127: 6126: 6106: 6102: 6101: 6096: 6089: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6060: 6058: 6051:, p. 47. 6050: 6045: 6038: 6034: 6029: 6022: 6017: 6015: 6006: 6002: 6001: 5996: 5989: 5982: 5977: 5962: 5958: 5957: 5952: 5945: 5931: 5930: 5925: 5918: 5911: 5906: 5891: 5887: 5886: 5880: 5873: 5865: 5861: 5860: 5855: 5851: 5845: 5839:, p. 61. 5838: 5833: 5826: 5821: 5814: 5813:Flammang 1996 5809: 5801: 5795: 5789:, p. 41. 5788: 5783: 5776: 5771: 5769: 5761: 5756: 5754: 5746: 5741: 5735:, p. 38. 5734: 5729: 5722: 5717: 5710: 5705: 5703: 5687: 5683: 5682: 5677: 5671: 5655: 5651: 5650: 5643: 5637:, p. 36. 5636: 5631: 5623: 5619: 5618: 5611: 5603: 5602: 5597: 5591: 5584: 5579: 5572: 5568: 5563: 5548: 5544: 5543: 5538: 5531: 5525:, p. 23. 5524: 5519: 5512: 5507: 5500: 5496: 5491: 5484: 5479: 5477: 5470:, p. 57. 5469: 5464: 5462: 5454: 5450: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5434:, p. 99. 5433: 5428: 5421: 5416: 5409: 5405: 5400: 5394:, p. 96. 5393: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5382: 5375:, p. 95. 5374: 5369: 5353: 5349: 5348: 5341: 5335:, p. 62. 5334: 5329: 5322: 5317: 5310: 5305: 5298: 5293: 5286: 5281: 5274: 5270: 5265: 5258: 5253: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5245: 5243: 5236:, p. 57. 5235: 5230: 5223: 5218: 5211: 5210:Weertman 2007 5206: 5200:, p. 53. 5199: 5194: 5187: 5182: 5180: 5172: 5167: 5153: 5149: 5142: 5136:, p. 57. 5135: 5130: 5122: 5121: 5113: 5106: 5101: 5095:, p. 28. 5094: 5089: 5083:, p. 24. 5082: 5077: 5071:, p. 28. 5070: 5065: 5059:, p. 18. 5058: 5053: 5047:, p. 14. 5046: 5041: 5035:, p. 27. 5034: 5029: 5022: 5018: 5013: 5007:, p. 26. 5006: 5001: 4995:, p. 33. 4994: 4989: 4982: 4977: 4970: 4965: 4959:, p. 54. 4958: 4953: 4938: 4934: 4933: 4928: 4922: 4914: 4910: 4909: 4904: 4897: 4890: 4885: 4883: 4875: 4871: 4866: 4860:, p. 91. 4859: 4854: 4839: 4835: 4834: 4829: 4822: 4815: 4810: 4804:, p. 11. 4803: 4798: 4796: 4780: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4763: 4748: 4744: 4743: 4737: 4729: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4704: 4697: 4690: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4661: 4657: 4656: 4651: 4644: 4637: 4632: 4617: 4613: 4612: 4607: 4600: 4592: 4588: 4587: 4582: 4575: 4560: 4556: 4555: 4550: 4543: 4536: 4532: 4527: 4525: 4518:, p. 99. 4517: 4512: 4504: 4500: 4499: 4494: 4487: 4480: 4476: 4471: 4464: 4463:Flammang 1996 4459: 4452: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4435: 4430: 4423: 4418: 4411: 4406: 4400:, p. 98. 4399: 4394: 4388:, p. 97. 4387: 4382: 4376:, p. 84. 4375: 4370: 4363: 4358: 4343: 4339: 4338: 4332: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4304: 4300: 4299: 4294: 4287: 4285: 4269: 4265: 4264: 4258: 4250: 4235: 4231: 4230: 4224: 4216: 4210:, p. 90. 4209: 4204: 4189: 4185: 4184: 4179: 4172: 4166:, p. 38. 4165: 4160: 4158: 4150: 4145: 4143: 4135: 4130: 4123: 4118: 4116: 4108: 4103: 4096: 4091: 4084: 4079: 4063: 4059: 4058: 4051: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4033: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4009: 4004: 3989: 3985: 3984: 3979: 3973: 3958: 3954: 3953: 3948: 3941: 3926: 3922: 3921: 3916: 3909: 3894: 3890: 3889: 3884: 3878: 3863: 3859: 3858: 3853: 3847: 3832: 3828: 3827: 3822: 3815: 3808: 3803: 3788: 3784: 3783: 3778: 3771: 3764: 3759: 3753:, p. 21. 3752: 3747: 3732: 3728: 3727: 3722: 3715: 3700: 3696: 3695: 3690: 3683: 3668: 3664: 3663: 3658: 3651: 3645:, p. 67. 3644: 3639: 3624: 3620: 3619: 3613: 3605: 3599:, p. 58. 3598: 3593: 3587:, p. 22. 3586: 3581: 3566: 3562: 3561: 3556: 3550: 3535: 3531: 3530: 3525: 3518: 3516: 3509:, p. 28. 3508: 3507:Flammang 1996 3503: 3496: 3491: 3485:, p. 33. 3484: 3479: 3473:, p. 85. 3472: 3467: 3452: 3448: 3447: 3442: 3435: 3429:, p. 30. 3428: 3423: 3416: 3411: 3405:, p. 89. 3404: 3399: 3397: 3389: 3384: 3377: 3365: 3362:(in German), 3361: 3360: 3355: 3348: 3342:, p. 26. 3341: 3336: 3329: 3324: 3317: 3312: 3305: 3300: 3285: 3281: 3280: 3275: 3268: 3253: 3249: 3248: 3243: 3236: 3230:, p. 70. 3229: 3224: 3218:, p. 74. 3217: 3212: 3205: 3193: 3189: 3188: 3183: 3177: 3170: 3165: 3150: 3146: 3145: 3140: 3133: 3118: 3114: 3113: 3108: 3101: 3094: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3081: 3073: 3068: 3062:, p. 16. 3061: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3045:, p. 18. 3044: 3043:McCarthy 1986 3039: 3024: 3020: 3019: 3014: 3007: 2992: 2988: 2987: 2982: 2975: 2960: 2956: 2955: 2950: 2943: 2932: 2928: 2920: 2913: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2885: 2880: 2874: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2844: 2829: 2825: 2824: 2819: 2813: 2806: 2801: 2787:on 4 May 2012 2786: 2782: 2781: 2776: 2770: 2763: 2758: 2751: 2746: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2728: 2720: 2715: 2709:, p. 58. 2708: 2703: 2697:, p. 22. 2696: 2695:Flammang 1996 2691: 2685:, p. 61. 2684: 2679: 2664: 2660: 2659: 2654: 2647: 2645: 2629: 2625: 2624: 2619: 2612: 2597: 2593: 2592: 2587: 2580: 2574:, p. 11. 2573: 2568: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2538: 2532:, p. 17. 2531: 2526: 2520:, p. 28. 2519: 2518:Sloniger 1980 2514: 2508:, p. 22. 2507: 2502: 2496:, p. 22. 2495: 2490: 2483: 2479: 2474: 2468:, p. 16. 2467: 2462: 2460: 2452: 2447: 2441:, p. 12. 2440: 2435: 2429:, p. 11. 2428: 2423: 2416: 2412: 2407: 2392: 2388: 2387: 2382: 2375: 2369:, p. 43. 2368: 2363: 2356: 2351: 2344: 2339: 2324: 2320: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2304: 2297: 2292: 2277: 2273: 2272: 2267: 2260: 2245: 2241: 2240: 2235: 2228: 2221: 2220:Faragher 2005 2216: 2201: 2197: 2196: 2190: 2182: 2178: 2166: 2160: 2151: 2145: 2139: 2132: 2126: 2119: 2113: 2106: 2100: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2080: 2073: 2069: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2034: 2025: 2014: 2010: 2000: 1997: 1993: 1987: 1977: 1944: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1892: 1887: 1882: 1880:, Philippines 1879: 1874: 1869: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1854:, New Zealand 1853: 1848: 1843: 1840: 1835: 1830: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1801: 1796: 1791: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1762: 1757: 1752: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1723: 1718: 1713: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1697: 1692: 1687: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1673: 1671: 1663: 1661: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1640:unleaded fuel 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1577: 1574: 1564: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1547: 1546: 1541: 1540:cylinder head 1536: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1520: 1510: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1457: 1456:mile-per-hour 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1440:boot capacity 1437: 1433: 1429: 1424: 1414: 1411: 1410:four-cylinder 1407: 1403: 1399: 1391: 1390: 1379: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1359: 1357:, August 1960 1356: 1355: 1348: 1343: 1340: 1336: 1335:cylinder bore 1332: 1328: 1324: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1296: 1294: 1285: 1280: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1212: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1137: 1134: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1109: 1104: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1074: 1072: 1066: 1055: 1039: 1035: 1026: 1019: 1015: 1005: 1001: 997: 987: 976: 967: 965: 959: 957: 953: 947: 945: 941: 936: 932: 928: 924: 916: 911: 902: 899: 895: 891: 878: 874: 870: 869: 860: 856: 851: 847: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 820: 815: 814: 809: 805: 804: 799: 798: 792: 790: 786: 782: 781: 776: 767: 753: 751: 746: 742: 737: 735: 731: 726: 723: 719: 715: 711: 710:Hans Ledwinka 704:Hans Ledwinka 703: 702: 701: 699: 695: 690: 681: 680: 679: 677: 676: 666: 665: 664: 662: 653: 652: 651: 649: 648:Hans Ledwinka 645: 641: 637: 633: 623: 621: 617: 613: 609: 604: 594: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 551: 549: 545: 541: 540: 525: 524: 518: 514: 512: 508: 504: 500: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 478:Erwin Komenda 474: 472: 468: 467: 462: 458: 457: 452: 448: 440: 436: 432: 417: 413: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 385: 382: 377: 373: 369: 368: 363: 359: 354: 352: 347: 343: 339: 327: 324: 322: 319: 317: 314: 313: 311: 307: 302: 298: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 262: 258: 253: 246: 245: 240: 238: 235: 234: 229: 226: 222: 221: 219: 217: 213: 206: 202: 199: 196: 193: 191: 188: 185: 183: 181: 177: 176: 174: 172: 168: 163: 160: 157: 155: 151: 145: 141: 139: 135: 134: 132: 130: 126: 123: 120: 118: 114: 109: 106: 103: 101: 97: 91: 87: 80: 77: 76: 74: 70: 67: 64: 60: 55: 48: 43: 36: 32:Motor vehicle 30: 26: 22: 11909:Convertibles 11904:Compact cars 11815: 11807: 11745:Pickup truck 11530: 11521: 11315:Polo Classic 11031: 10960: 10952: 10934: 10615:Scirocco III 10266: 10102: 10014: 10001: 9904: 9883:Karmann Ghia 9822:Jetta I 9809:Golf II 9771: 9625: 9553: 9540: 9424:Karmann Ghia 9319: 9206: 9114:Volkswagen R 9089:Ehra-Lessien 9033:Westmoreland 8935:Race Touareg 8355:Schwimmwagen 8340:Karmann Ghia 8314: 8282:Discontinued 8069: 7959: 7936: 7916:. New York: 7913: 7894: 7890: 7867: 7844: 7821: 7799: 7780: 7762:The VW Story 7761: 7742: 7723: 7700: 7677: 7658: 7635: 7612: 7608: 7585: 7562: 7558: 7535: 7516: 7496:. New York: 7493: 7462: 7439: 7416: 7393: 7374: 7371:Nolan, Peter 7337:Small Wonder 7336: 7317: 7313: 7290: 7271: 7267: 7244: 7221: 7217: 7195:Germany, Inc 7194: 7171: 7152: 7148: 7125: 7102: 7079: 7060: 7037: 7027:– via 7021:. Retrieved 7011: 6987: 6964: 6945: 6927:G. T. Foulis 6922: 6903: 6884: 6880: 6868:. Retrieved 6845: 6821: 6798: 6775: 6756: 6733: 6710: 6690:. Michigan: 6687: 6664: 6641: 6618: 6599: 6595: 6572: 6568: 6545: 6541: 6522: 6499: 6476: 6453: 6430: 6407: 6384: 6365: 6342: 6306: 6283: 6264: 6241: 6218: 6195: 6172: 6153: 6130: 6122:Bibliography 6109:, retrieved 6098: 6088: 6077:, retrieved 6068: 6044: 6033:Copping 2018 6028: 5998: 5988: 5981:Gunnell 2017 5976: 5965:, retrieved 5954: 5944: 5933:, retrieved 5927: 5917: 5905: 5894:, retrieved 5883: 5872: 5857: 5844: 5837:Copping 2014 5832: 5825:Bobbitt 2001 5820: 5808: 5794: 5782: 5760:Copping 2011 5740: 5728: 5716: 5709:Gunnell 2017 5690:, retrieved 5686:the original 5679: 5670: 5658:. Retrieved 5648: 5642: 5630: 5616: 5610: 5599: 5590: 5578: 5567:Copping 2001 5562: 5551:, retrieved 5540: 5530: 5523:Gunnell 2017 5518: 5511:Gunnell 2017 5506: 5495:Copping 2001 5490: 5483:Gunnell 2017 5468:Copping 2014 5427: 5415: 5404:Copping 2001 5399: 5368: 5356:, retrieved 5346: 5340: 5328: 5321:Rosenow 2013 5316: 5309:Copping 2011 5304: 5292: 5280: 5269:Copping 2018 5264: 5234:Gunnell 2017 5229: 5222:Gunnell 2017 5217: 5205: 5193: 5186:Gunnell 2017 5166: 5155:, retrieved 5151: 5141: 5134:Copping 2011 5129: 5118: 5112: 5105:Riegler 2019 5100: 5088: 5081:Gunnell 2017 5076: 5069:Copping 2014 5064: 5057:Gunnell 2017 5052: 5045:Szantai 2022 5040: 5033:Copping 2014 5028: 5017:Copping 2023 5012: 5000: 4988: 4976: 4969:Copping 2011 4964: 4952: 4941:, retrieved 4930: 4921: 4906: 4896: 4870:Copping 2023 4865: 4853: 4842:, retrieved 4833:The Guardian 4831: 4821: 4809: 4783:, retrieved 4772: 4762: 4751:, retrieved 4740: 4728: 4717:, retrieved 4706: 4696: 4691:, p. 7. 4664:, retrieved 4653: 4643: 4631: 4620:, retrieved 4609: 4599: 4584: 4574: 4563:, retrieved 4552: 4542: 4531:Gooding 2016 4511: 4496: 4486: 4470: 4458: 4434:Schmitz 1990 4429: 4422:Wiersch 2005 4417: 4405: 4398:Gunnell 2017 4393: 4381: 4369: 4357: 4346:, retrieved 4335: 4307:, retrieved 4296: 4272:, retrieved 4261: 4249: 4238:, retrieved 4227: 4215: 4203: 4192:, retrieved 4181: 4171: 4164:Copping 2005 4129: 4107:Copping 2011 4102: 4090: 4078: 4066:. Retrieved 4056: 4050: 4039:Carroll 2016 4020:Carroll 2016 4015: 4003: 3992:, retrieved 3981: 3972: 3961:, retrieved 3957:the original 3950: 3940: 3929:, retrieved 3918: 3908: 3899:30 September 3897:, retrieved 3893:the original 3888:UN Chronicle 3886: 3877: 3868:30 September 3866:, retrieved 3857:The Guardian 3855: 3852:"Ivan Hirst" 3846: 3835:, retrieved 3824: 3814: 3809:, p. 9. 3802: 3791:, retrieved 3782:The Guardian 3780: 3770: 3758: 3746: 3735:, retrieved 3724: 3714: 3703:, retrieved 3692: 3682: 3671:, retrieved 3660: 3650: 3638: 3627:, retrieved 3616: 3604: 3592: 3580: 3569:, retrieved 3560:RM Sotheby's 3558: 3549: 3538:, retrieved 3527: 3502: 3490: 3478: 3466: 3455:, retrieved 3444: 3434: 3422: 3410: 3383: 3374:– via 3368:, retrieved 3357: 3347: 3335: 3323: 3311: 3299: 3288:, retrieved 3277: 3267: 3256:, retrieved 3245: 3235: 3223: 3211: 3202:– via 3196:, retrieved 3185: 3176: 3164: 3153:, retrieved 3142: 3132: 3121:, retrieved 3110: 3100: 3074:, p. 5. 3067: 3038: 3027:, retrieved 3016: 3006: 2995:, retrieved 2984: 2974: 2963:, retrieved 2952: 2942: 2912: 2901:, retrieved 2882: 2873: 2862:, retrieved 2853: 2843: 2832:, retrieved 2828:the original 2821: 2812: 2800: 2789:, retrieved 2785:the original 2780:Handelsblatt 2778: 2769: 2757: 2750:Bobbitt 2001 2745: 2719:Etzold 1988a 2714: 2707:Terenna 2012 2702: 2690: 2678: 2667:, retrieved 2656: 2632:, retrieved 2621: 2611: 2600:, retrieved 2596:the original 2589: 2579: 2572:Copping 2005 2567: 2556:, retrieved 2537: 2530:Etzold 1988b 2525: 2513: 2501: 2494:Copping 2011 2489: 2478:Copping 2018 2473: 2453:, p. 9. 2446: 2434: 2422: 2406: 2395:, retrieved 2384: 2374: 2367:Dageför 1997 2362: 2350: 2338: 2327:, retrieved 2316: 2303: 2291: 2280:, retrieved 2269: 2259: 2248:, retrieved 2237: 2227: 2222:, p. 7. 2215: 2204:, retrieved 2193: 2181: 2159: 2150: 2138: 2125: 2112: 2099: 2087: 2072: 2031: 2006: 1989: 1954: 1932:, Yugoslavia 1669: 1648: 1601:lambda probe 1583: 1569: 1543: 1537: 1516: 1507: 1483: 1471: 1425: 1387: 1384: 1361: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1319: 1302: 1281: 1253: 1218: 1194: 1184:facility in 1138: 1121:Ford Model T 1113: 1076: 1068: 1027: 1011: 999: 995: 961: 949: 940:British Army 929:". Official 923:Fallersleben 920: 876: 866: 864: 858: 843: 839: 832:Schwimmwagen 831: 827: 823: 818: 811: 803:Schwimmwagen 801: 795: 793: 778: 774: 772: 741:World War II 738: 734:boxer engine 707: 685: 673: 670: 657: 654:Béla Barényi 636:Béla Barényi 629: 612:torsion bars 603:boxer engine 600: 582: 567:Fallersleben 554: 552: 547: 537: 536: 521: 510: 506: 494:Obersalzberg 485: 475: 464: 461:people's car 460: 454: 439:Adolf Hitler 435:Nazi Germany 428: 414: 386: 376:Béla Barényi 365: 362:people's car 361: 358:Adolf Hitler 355: 341: 337: 335: 242: 231: 216:Transmission 187:1100 cc 178: 62:Manufacturer 29: 11762:Saveiro III 11732:Caddy / Van 11712:Touareg III 11654:Passat VIII 11421:Compact car 10923:Touareg III 10724:Compact MPV 10650:Convertible 10606:Scirocco II 10522:Passat VIII 10356:Compact car 10262:Economy car 9900:Convertible 9315:Economy car 9074:Advertising 9023:Chattanooga 8995:Wasserboxer 8930:Meyers Manx 8915:Formula Vee 8897:Racing cars 8837:SMV Concept 8817:Milano Taxi 8782:ID. Vizzion 8772:I.D. Roomzz 8687:C Coupe GTE 8390:Watercooled 8204:Taigo/Nivus 7128:. England: 6925:. Indiana: 6757:Porsche 914 6198:. Germany: 5910:Patton 2002 5859:Der Spiegel 5775:Nelson 1965 5745:Patton 2002 5432:Seume 2001b 5420:Seume 2001b 5285:Nelson 1965 4957:Becker 2016 4943:29 February 4844:29 February 4814:Seume 2001a 4802:Seume 2001a 4785:29 February 4753:28 February 4719:28 February 4689:Seume 2001a 4666:28 February 4636:Nelson 1965 4622:28 February 4565:28 February 4475:Mantle 2014 4386:Seume 2001b 4348:27 February 4309:27 February 4274:27 February 4240:27 February 4208:Imseng 2016 4194:26 February 4149:Nelson 1965 4134:Nelson 1965 4122:Nelson 1965 4095:Nelson 1965 3994:24 February 3963:26 February 3931:24 February 3837:23 February 3737:23 February 3705:21 February 3673:21 February 3629:21 February 3571:22 February 3540:20 February 3471:Scholz 2023 3457:21 February 3376:Zeit Online 3370:20 February 3290:17 February 3258:17 February 3216:Etzold 1983 3198:17 February 3155:19 February 3123:19 February 3029:18 February 2997:18 February 2965:18 February 2903:17 February 2864:17 February 2791:17 February 2762:Rieger 2013 2669:17 February 2634:17 February 2602:17 February 2558:20 February 2506:Seume 2001b 2451:Shuler 1996 2439:Seume 2001b 2427:Seume 2001b 2397:16 February 2318:Der Spiegel 2282:16 February 2206:16 February 1919:, Venezuela 1802:, Indonesia 1750:, Australia 1655:immobiliser 1651:disc brakes 1459:speedometer 1389:Motor Trend 1354:Motor Trend 1229:Simi Valley 1054:West German 1034:square feet 952:annexations 844:Holzbrenner 620:Light alloy 531: 1943 144:convertible 11939:Rally cars 11879:2000s cars 11874:1990s cars 11869:1980s cars 11864:1970s cars 11859:1960s cars 11854:1950s cars 11849:1940s cars 11843:Categories 11757:Saveiro II 11705:Touareg II 11674:Santana IF 11649:Passat VII 11538:New Beetle 11488:Santana II 11332:Polo Sedan 10918:Touareg II 10863:Tiguan III 10601:Scirocco I 10574:Luxury car 10517:Passat VII 10497:Passat III 10460:New Beetle 9888:Scirocco I 9429:Scirocco I 9084:BlueMotion 9018:Bratislava 9013:Autoeuropa 8966:VR6 engine 8905:Polo R WRC 8762:I.D. Crozz 8752:I.D. Buggy 8672:Bio Runner 8598:SpaceCross 8558:Polo Playa 8523:New Beetle 8350:Kübelwagen 8214:Taos/Tharu 8163:Crossovers 8049:Volkswagen 7419:. London: 7293:. Canada: 7247:. London: 7174:. London: 7107:Transworld 7105:. London: 7084:Icon Books 7082:. Canada: 7042:Motorbooks 6826:Motorbooks 6780:Motorbooks 6688:Volkswagen 6600:The Beetle 6385:Volkswagen 6135:Motorbooks 6049:Hayes 2020 5733:Coyle 2004 5721:Hayes 2020 5635:Hayes 2020 5583:Hayes 2020 5569:, p. 5451:, p. 5406:, p. 5392:Hayes 2020 5373:Hayes 2020 5297:Hayes 2020 5271:, p. 5257:Tyler 2004 5019:, p. 4993:Herda 2008 4889:Hayes 2020 4872:, p. 4586:Hagerty UK 4533:, p. 4516:Hayes 2020 4477:, p. 4451:Hayes 2020 4410:Nolan 2015 4362:Kiley 2002 4041:, p. 4022:, p. 3807:Hayes 2020 3751:Hayes 2020 3597:Adler 2003 3495:Mayer 1988 3483:Mayer 1988 3427:Euler 2010 3415:Reich 2018 3340:Marsh 2020 3228:Welch 2008 2925:. Berlin: 2736:, p. 2683:Kiley 2002 2480:, p. 2466:Hayes 2020 2413:, p. 2411:Peene 2022 2355:Möser 1997 2082:(meaning " 2059:References 1906:, Thailand 1828:, Malaysia 1709:Ingolstadt 1634:, a 6.6:1 1632:oil filter 1586:model year 1475:crankshaft 1463:model year 1372:tail lamps 1364:indicators 1306:dashboards 1088:Auto-Union 964:Ivan Hirst 894:Porsche 64 855:Porsche 64 824:Kübelwagen 797:Kübelwagen 775:Volkswagen 722:air-cooled 682:Josef Ganz 667:Paul Jaray 644:Josef Ganz 640:Paul Jaray 616:swing axle 583:KdF-Wagens 544:Robert Ley 499:air-cooled 346:Volkswagen 304:Chronology 255:Dimensions 165:Powertrain 89:Production 66:Volkswagen 11812:(founder) 11784:Panel van 11752:Saveiro I 11700:Touareg I 11669:Passat II 11665:Santana I 11644:Passat VI 11634:Passat IV 11587:Tiguan II 10957:(founder) 10913:Touareg I 10858:Tiguan II 10781:Sharan II 10767:Large MPV 10760:Touran II 10735:Golf Plus 10527:Passat IX 10512:Passat VI 10502:Passat IV 10488:Passat II 10397:Golf VIII 10312:Supermini 10006:(founder) 9915:Cabriolet 9545:(Founder) 9327:Supermini 9109:Platforms 9038:Wolfsburg 9005:Factories 8961:G40 / G60 8757:I.D. Buzz 8712:Concept R 8707:Concept D 8697:Concept A 8667:Auto 2000 8493:Golf Plus 8428:Cabriolet 8292:Aircooled 8097:Arteon/CC 7824:. Italy: 7590:Weishaupt 6801:. Italy: 6736:. Italy: 6713:. Italy: 6596:Der Käfer 6502:. Italy: 6345:. Italy: 6343:VW Beetle 6221:. Italy: 6100:The Verge 6069:Richmonds 6021:Glen 2017 5449:Glen 2003 5198:Burt 2002 5171:Burt 2002 5093:Burt 2002 4908:CNN Money 4858:Burt 2002 4774:The Verge 4655:CNN Money 4611:SlashGear 4554:MoneyWeek 2893:0174-4909 2805:Meck 2016 2296:Wood 2003 2271:TheStreet 2174:Citations 2090:, and by 2079:der Käfer 2003:Australia 1891:Uitenhage 1867:, Nigeria 1826:Shah Alam 1815:, Ireland 1789:, Finland 1763:, Belgium 1748:Melbourne 1737:, Germany 1735:Wolfsburg 1724:, Germany 1722:Osnabrück 1711:, Germany 1698:, Germany 1685:, Germany 1644:fuel pump 1617:handbrake 1557:wheelbase 1528:trademark 1523:wishbones 1477:from the 1454:and a 90- 1436:fuel tank 1273:wheelbase 1269:prototype 1241:prototype 1186:Osnabrück 1133:Wolfsburg 1038:Wolfsburg 927:Wolfsburg 917:Autoshow. 877:KdF-Wagen 836:Baja Bugs 813:Wehrmacht 773:The name 579:armaments 571:Wolfsburg 555:KdF-Wagen 482:Karl Rabe 425:KdF-Wagen 309:Successor 261:Wheelbase 244:Autostick 227:transaxle 205:flex-fuel 92:1938–2003 11639:Passat V 11625:Passat I 11582:Tiguan I 11455:Golf VII 11445:Golf III 11431:Brasilia 11188:City car 10936:Electric 10853:Tiguan I 10776:Sharan I 10755:Touran I 10507:Passat V 10482:Passat I 10445:Jetta VI 10425:Jetta II 10391:Golf VII 10371:Golf III 10334:Polo III 10284:City car 10076:previous 9849:Mid-size 9804:Rabbit I 9410:Passat I 9137:Category 8925:Baja Bug 8920:EMPI Imp 8807:Magellan 8792:ID. Aero 8787:ID. Life 8727:EcoRacer 8644:vehicles 8588:Scirocco 8408:Atlantic 8370:Type 18A 8320:Brasília 8284:vehicles 8250:ID. Buzz 8219:Tavendor 8083:vehicles 8070:See also 8012:archived 7997:archived 7485:53368758 7373:(2015). 7363:39060652 7355:98022447 7017:Archived 6864:Archived 6105:archived 6079:22 March 6073:archived 6005:archived 5967:22 March 5961:archived 5935:22 March 5896:21 March 5890:archived 5864:Archived 5692:20 March 5660:20 March 5553:20 March 5547:archived 5358:15 March 5352:archived 4937:archived 4913:archived 4838:archived 4779:archived 4747:archived 4713:archived 4660:archived 4616:archived 4591:archived 4559:archived 4503:archived 4342:archived 4303:archived 4268:archived 4234:archived 4188:archived 4062:Archived 3988:archived 3925:archived 3862:archived 3831:archived 3793:18 March 3787:archived 3731:archived 3726:Autoweek 3699:archived 3694:Barron's 3667:archived 3623:archived 3565:archived 3534:archived 3451:archived 3446:Autoweek 3364:archived 3359:Die Zeit 3284:archived 3252:archived 3192:archived 3149:archived 3117:archived 3023:archived 2991:archived 2959:archived 2931:Archived 2897:archived 2858:archived 2663:archived 2628:archived 2552:archived 2391:archived 2386:Jalopnik 2323:archived 2276:archived 2250:14 March 2244:archived 2200:archived 2037:See also 1930:Sarajevo 1852:Auckland 1841:, Mexico 1776:, Brazil 1761:Brussels 1495:fuel cap 1444:gas tank 1331:Type 122 1293:platform 1174:Scirocco 1172:and the 1147:and the 1032:million 994:Indoor ( 873:Autobahn 750:Tatra 87 730:Tatra 97 557:was not 490:test car 486:Versuchs 396:and the 351:platform 241:3-speed 230:4-speed 223:4-speed 100:Designer 57:Overview 40:"Beetle" 11823:4motion 11450:Golf IV 11440:Pointer 11414:T-Cross 11279:Polo VI 11272:Polo IV 11242:Gol III 11016:of the 10968:4motion 10803:T-Cross 10628:Corrado 10585:Phaeton 10492:Santana 10440:Jetta V 10420:Jetta I 10386:Golf VI 10376:Golf IV 10366:Golf II 10349:Polo VI 10339:Polo IV 10323:Derby I 10087:of the 10074:« 9967:Vanagon 9869:Quantum 9788:Compact 9767:Economy 9613: » 9604:of the 9522:Porsche 9518:Karmann 9507:Karmann 9492:Karmann 9469:Legend 9351:Derby I 9194: » 9185:of the 9099:G-Lader 9069:4Motion 9052:Related 9043:Zwickau 8944:Engines 8842:Stanley 8797:ID.Next 8747:ID.2all 8642:Concept 8583:Santana 8568:Quantum 8553:Pointer 8548:Phideon 8543:Phaeton 8458:Corrado 8453:Clásico 8365:SP1/SP2 8260:Viloran 8234:Touareg 8209:Talagon 8127:Lamando 8081:Current 8064:of the 7291:Porsche 7023:6 March 6870:7 March 6431:VW Golf 6131:Porsche 6111:8 April 4708:Hagerty 4298:Hagerty 4068:6 March 3952:Hagerty 3529:Hagerty 2239:The Age 1917:Caracas 1904:Bangkok 1800:Jakarta 1787:Heinola 1696:Hanover 1653:and an 1611:-style 1545:Autocar 1323:sunroof 1209:Corrado 1182:Karmann 1151:-based 1006:, 1960. 933:of the 915:AutoRAI 661:patents 561:before 503:engines 420:History 233:Saxomat 142:2-door 136:2-door 11949:Sedans 11777:Amarok 11471:Apollo 11339:Virtus 11225:Gol II 11048:2020s 11045:2010s 11042:2000s 11039:1990s 11036:1980s 11014:marque 10933: 10931: 10545:Arteon 10465:Beetle 10381:Golf V 10361:Golf I 10344:Polo V 10267:Beetle 10119:2020s 10116:2010s 10113:2000s 10110:1990s 10107:1980s 10085:marque 9974:Pickup 9860:Type 4 9840:Dasher 9639:1980s 9636:1970s 9633:1960s 9630:1950s 9602:marque 9392:Type 4 9374:Golf I 9369:Type 3 9338:Polo I 9217:1970s 9214:1960s 9211:1950s 9183:marque 9104:Herbie 8910:I.D. R 8767:I.D. R 8677:BUDD-e 8593:Sharan 8578:Routan 8573:Rabbit 8528:Parati 8468:Dasher 8463:Corsar 8438:Caribe 8423:Cabrio 8418:C-Trek 8413:Beetle 8403:Apollo 8255:Touran 8229:Tiguan 8224:Tayron 8194:Taigun 8132:Lavida 8062:marque 7970: 7947: 7924: 7901: 7878: 7855: 7832: 7809: 7787: 7768: 7749: 7730: 7711: 7688: 7665: 7646: 7623: 7596: 7573: 7546: 7523: 7504: 7483: 7473: 7450: 7427: 7404: 7381: 7361: 7353: 7343: 7324: 7301: 7278: 7255: 7232: 7205: 7182: 7159: 7136: 7113: 7090: 7067: 7048: 6998: 6975: 6952: 6933: 6910: 6891: 6856: 6832: 6809: 6786: 6763: 6744: 6721: 6698: 6675: 6652: 6629: 6606: 6583: 6556: 6529: 6510: 6487: 6464: 6441: 6418: 6395: 6372: 6353: 6317: 6294: 6271: 6252: 6229: 6206: 6183: 6160: 6141: 5656:. 1950 5157:14 May 4263:Forbes 4183:Forbes 2891: 2834:20 May 2658:Motor1 2329:17 May 2084:beetle 2022: 2018: 1980:Mexico 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1951:Brazil 1878:Manila 1839:Puebla 1813:Dublin 1592:, the 1550: 1479:Type 3 1421: 1417: 1398:Type 3 1394: 1368:bonnet 1289: 1284:Puebla 1257:fascia 1221:J Mays 1205:Rabbit 1197:Toyota 1168:, the 1166:Passat 1164:, the 1145:Type 4 1143:, the 1141:Type 3 1129: 1092:beetle 1084: 1079: 1062: 1058: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1030: 1022: 996:bottom 962:Major 935:saloon 885: 881: 756:Tenure 696:. 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