342:
853:
829:
291:
393:
526:
536:
494:
355:
815:
684:
305:
277:
365:
249:
791:
25:
697:
671:
514:
419:
2500:
484:
406:
2520:
263:
504:
779:
378:
803:
841:
657:
36:
2510:
136:
advantage of the commonality of the components. However, this also limits their ability to differentiate the products and imposes a risk of losing the tangible uniqueness of the product. The companies have to make a trade-off between reducing their development costs and the degree of differentiation of the products.
144:
Platform sharing is a practice commonly employed by various brands within a corporate group. The fundamental components of a shared platform typically include the chassis and the drive unit. The extent to which different automobile or motorcycle models utilize the same components can vary, leading to
1362:
Leveraging the expense of developing the unseen structural elements—everything that supports the bodywork, mounts the powertrain and suspension, and provides the vehicle's crash protection—across several different vehicles allows manufacturers to generate sufficient sales volume to deliver economies
1048:
The two elements of platforms are constant and non-constant. If the non-constant elements are not designed to be easily integrated into the constant elements of the platform, extensive and expensive changes will have to be made in order to make the elements compatible again. Failure to do so negates
461:
Because automakers spend the majority of time and money on the development of platforms, platform sharing affords manufacturers the ability to cut costs on research and development by spreading it over several product lines. Manufacturers are then able to offer products at a lower cost to consumers.
457:
The car platform strategy has become important in new product development and in the innovation process. The finished products have to be responsive to market needs and to demonstrate distinctiveness while – at the same time – they must be developed and produced at low cost. Adopting such a strategy
1086:
The propensity for a higher number of recall is greatly increased with platform sharing. If a defect is found in one model and that model shares its platform with nine other models, the recall would be magnified by ten thus costing the manufacturer more time and money to fix. An example of problems
1017:
Manufacturers that practice platform sharing have the ability to create several models based on the same design but with different names. This leads to the public looking over certain models and cannibalized sales from competing automakers with essentially similar products. This was prevalent among
329:
chassis, platform-sharing combined with advanced and flexible-manufacturing technology enabled automakers to sharply reduce product development and changeover times, while modular design and assembly allow building a greater variety of vehicles from one basic set of engineered components. Pictured
1202:
Used luxury cars can be great buys, if you ignore all the hype, know how to separate symbol from substance, and are smart enough to know that most of the high-end models don't give you much more than their lower-priced entry-level versions. For example, the Lexus ES 300 is a Toyota Camry with a
1055:
Platform sharing has the ability to be used in too many different models. However, in the minds of the consumers, the products may be too similar and more expensive products may be perceived to be cheaper. For example, the perceived value of a "luxury" brand may be not as desirable if it is too
86:
A basic definition of a platform in cars, from a technical point of view, includes underbody and suspensions (with axles) — where the underbody is made of the front floor, rear floor, engine compartment, and frame (reinforcement of underbody). Key mechanical components that define an automobile
625:
that debuted in mid-1981 in four of GM's divisions. Subsequently, GM introduced its "A" bodies for the same four divisions using the same tread width/wheelbase of the "X" body platform, but with larger bodywork to make the cars seem larger, and with larger trunk compartments. They were popular
135:
Platform sharing is a product development method where different products and the brand attached share the same components. The purpose with platform sharing is to reduce the cost and have a more efficient product development process. The companies gain on reduced procurement costs by taking
152:: In the context of structural equality, the differences between vehicles are minimal. Only the brand logo, front fairing, fuel tank, and, where applicable, headlights and rear lights, are distinct. Vehicles with structural equality are often produced on the same assembly line.
73:
to reduce the costs associated with the development of products by basing those products on a smaller number of platforms. This further allows companies to create distinct models from a design perspective on similar underpinnings. A car platform is not to be confused with a
633:
A similar strategy applied to what is known as the N-J-L platform, arguably the most prolific of GM's efforts on one platform. Once more, GM's four lower-level divisions all offered various models on this platform throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s.
175:: Also known as Carry Over Parts (COP), these are common parts that are replicated and adapted to different models. Examples include wheels or chassis components that are identical across different models, with only minor variations like model symbols.
1787:
Take the Lexus ES. It boasts the sexy panache of style and elegance that no other sedan can compare to. Except for the quotidian Toyota Camry, that is. Same car. Same blueprints, same skeleton off the same assembly line in the same factory,
1592:
The most upscale Toyota Camry, the V6 XLE, and the entry-level Lexus ES 300 are clones, but the price difference between them is over $ 4500. For that you get a more finely finished interior on the Lexus and the promise of better
605:
all wore a badge with the letter "K" to indicate their shared platform. In later stages, the "K" platform was extended in wheelbase, as well as use for several of the
Corporation's different models. In the same decade, Fiat and
1240:"Uncommon Knowledge: Automobile Platform Sharing's Potential Impact on Advanced Technologies, pre-print for the 1st International Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering (SAMPE) Automotive Conference"
995:
Platform sharing allows manufacturers to design flexible platforms that can be tailored to a country's specific needs without compromising quality. It also allows for manufacturing standardization and improved
882:. In some cases such as the Lexus ES that is a Toyota Camry, "same car, same blueprints, same skeleton off the same assembly line in the same factory", but the Lexus is marketed with premium coffee in the
458:
affects the development process and also has an important impact on an automaker's organizational structure. A platform strategy also offers advantages for the globalization process of automobile firms.
334:, where designs including 5-door hatchback, sedan, compact SUV and minivan were built on a common floor panel and many shared functional assemblies such as engine, transmission and chassis components.
1002:
Platform sharing allows manufacturers to build/design differentiated products faster and cheaper. This is possible because the development and cost of the original platform have already been paid for.
179:
Platform sharing facilitates the efficient production and development of vehicles by leveraging common components across different models, thereby reducing costs and enhancing operational efficiency.
1100:
In automotive design, the top hat is one or more vehicle upper body structures that can share a common platform. The upper body could vary from a crossover to a sedan or coupe thereby creating
897:
be less noticeable now; however, it is still very apparent. Vehicle architectures primarily consist of "under the skin" components, and shared platforms can show up in unusual places, like the
158:: When vehicles share the same platform, different fairings attach to the same fixation points, allowing for the easy interchange of components such as the fork, wing, engine, and transmission.
231:
in US markets. The chassis unit was common with many shared mechanical components while the exterior styling and interior trims were designed according to its individual brand and category.
1444:
971:
Platform sharing allows manufacturers to cover many different market segments when a platform sharing strategy is implemented. This is exemplified by Ford in the case of the
1869:
571:. These two manufacturers made different category of vehicles under using the same chassis design at different years though the primary vehicle was still in production.
1621:
Toyota Camry XLE V-6 has exactly the same engine and shares many of the same body specifications with the Lexus ES 300. Comparably equipped, except for minor items
61:
is a shared set of common design, engineering, and production efforts, as well as major components, over a number of outwardly distinct models and even types of
1702:
1481:
Wilhelm, B. (1997). "Platform and modular concept at
Volkswagen – their effect on the assembly process". In K. Shimokawa; U. Jürgens; T. Fujimoto (eds.).
989:
Platform sharing allows manufacturers to design parts with fewer variation. A byproduct of this is increased quality, which results in lower defect rates.
1551:
1363:
of scale. This reduces costs, maximizes profits, and if done right can allow a family of vehicles to be built on the same assembly-line equipment.
1732:
1056:
similar to a mass-market version of the same platform. Conversely, platform sharing may increase the price of the economic models. Examples of
965:
Platform sharing allows for fewer parts for different models of vehicles and therefore the task of inventorying those parts is greatly reduced.
1808:
1357:
983:. They are essentially the same vehicles, but they are targeted as being in the mass-market, near luxury, and luxury vehicles segments.
1575:
1178:
1906:
1239:
444:
Greater flexibility across plants (the possibility of transferring production from one plant to another due to standardization)
1763:
1773:
1672:
1642:
1614:
1188:
437:. The concept of product architecture is the scheme by which the function of a product is allocated to physical components.
1855:
1019:
2378:
290:
1662:
1403:
1157:
1088:
1847:
1375:
Schlie, Erik; Yip, George (August 2000). "Regional follows global: strategy mixes in the world automotive industry".
2544:
341:
1710:
2403:
1127:
2481:
2398:
2315:
1874:
852:
2513:
1147:
1137:
1504:
2262:
1899:
2464:
875:
760:
450:
Increased utilization of plants (higher productivity due to the reduction in the number of differences)
169:: These include components like the bodywork or fuel tank, which can vary significantly between models.
124:
1740:
828:
1068:(similar to the K-platform, though it was actually built on a different and unique Q-platform), the
1879:
1800:
1152:
1142:
304:
1349:
2219:
1132:
1105:
1065:
887:
756:
574:
In the United States, platform sharing has been a common practice since the 1960s. This was when
568:
1830:
1527:
735:
marque, as the entry-level luxury models are based on their mainstream lineup. For example, the
276:
2549:
2436:
2082:
1892:
1242:. International Society for the Advancement of Material and Process Engineering. Archived from
1117:
1957:
929:
also share much of their mechanical components but are visually entirely different. Both the
918:
212:
1272:
Muffatto, Moreno (20 April 1999). "Introducing a platform strategy in product development".
248:
2383:
1122:
638:
453:
Reduction of the number of platforms as a result of their localization on a worldwide basis
228:
204:
118:
78:, although such a chassis can be part of an automobile's design platform, as noted below.
8:
2476:
2370:
2345:
2325:
2277:
2045:
976:
626:
through the 1980s, primarily. Even
Cadillac started offering a "J" body model called the
602:
535:
392:
216:
70:
493:
354:
2282:
2156:
1658:
1101:
1049:
the purpose of platform sharing in that it increases costs as opposed to reducing them.
1035:
898:
752:
611:
591:
587:
525:
463:
409:
331:
237:
224:
1388:
1281:
1243:
2519:
2184:
1915:
1769:
1668:
1638:
1610:
1419:
1184:
1069:
1061:
1012:
942:
688:
642:
627:
564:
814:
683:
262:
2448:
2431:
2224:
2189:
1999:
1989:
1952:
1456:
1423:
1415:
1384:
1307:
1277:
930:
794:
75:
560:
2393:
2320:
2136:
2065:
1859:
1057:
980:
926:
675:
381:
268:
1852:
195:
used a single chassis for certain class of model across most of its brands like
162:
The remaining vehicle parts are categorised into "head" parts and system parts:
2340:
2242:
2146:
2141:
1080:
1039:
941:, from the same platforms. One of the least conspicuous recent examples is the
883:
579:
575:
396:
368:
364:
296:
192:
188:
112:
1460:
1326:
1311:
556:
552:
2538:
2503:
2292:
2257:
2252:
2204:
2176:
2151:
2077:
2060:
2009:
1972:
1962:
1944:
1073:
1027:
972:
856:
751:, Chrysler engineers used several M-B platforms for new models including the
700:
622:
615:
583:
422:
345:
1864:
790:
187:
One of the first car companies to use this product development approach was
2469:
2426:
2408:
2199:
2194:
2161:
2050:
2031:
2016:
2004:
1994:
1979:
1967:
1935:
937:
have had much success building many well-differentiated vehicles from many
871:
782:
744:
740:
45:
696:
2523:
2335:
2330:
2267:
2247:
2118:
910:
902:
832:
806:
764:
670:
661:
646:
630:, a much gussied-up version of the other four brands' platform siblings.
24:
1428:
513:
418:
2297:
2214:
2166:
2113:
2026:
2021:
1298:
Olson, Erik L (2008). "Implication of platformsharing on brand value".
906:
879:
866:
Differences between shared models typically involve styling, including
844:
310:
208:
128:
405:
2443:
2097:
2070:
2040:
1031:
1023:
959:
946:
867:
778:
768:
607:
503:
377:
326:
196:
103:
1884:
1528:"The Fiat Tipo is turning 30 (and getting a new model to celebrate)"
715:
Japanese carmakers have followed the platform sharing practice with
2388:
2272:
2128:
2087:
1686:... are automotive twins, as are the Toyota Camry and Lexus ES 300.
1087:
spreading across platforms and numerous versions of models are the
818:
802:
748:
736:
728:
598:
483:
282:
108:
92:
49:
1733:"Q&A: Richard Parry-Jones, Ford Global Product Development VP"
1552:"FIAT TIPO: FUNCTIONALITY, SIMPLICITY AND PERSONALITY TURN THIRTY"
840:
145:
different degrees of structural equality and platform similarity:
2209:
2092:
1984:
922:
548:
254:
96:
16:
Similar design and engineering specs shared between multiple cars
1060:
that suffered from being based on economy platforms include the
656:
1449:
International
Journal of Operations & Production Management
938:
934:
724:
66:
1445:"Platform strategies in international new product development"
35:
732:
720:
716:
551:
from a previously-engineered vehicle, as in the case for the
220:
200:
1404:"The role of product architecture in the manufacturing firm"
1018:
U.S. domestic manufactures from the 1970s onward, e.g., the
2287:
440:
The use of a platform strategy provides several benefits:
1926:
914:
62:
447:
Cost reduction through using resources on a global scale
139:
759:. Other models that share platforms are the European
102:
Front and rear axles and the distance between them -
1324:
211:. Later, Chrysler Corporation would do the same for
44:Identical platform 2007 model year 4-door sedans:
1582:. Vol. 46, no. 6. June 1992. p. 98
578:used the same platform in the development of the
2536:
1761:
621:General Motors used similar strategies with its
547:Originally, a "platform" was a literally shared
182:
1604:
614:to compete with the German-dominated European
99:and other structural and mechanical components
65:, often from different, but somewhat related,
1900:
1274:International Journal of Production Economics
641:was one of the first European cars utilizing
1635:Lemon Aide Guide 2005: New Cars and Minivans
1233:
1231:
1350:"What, Exactly, Is an Automotive Platform?"
1238:Brylawski, Michael (27–29 September 1999).
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
466:are increased, as is return on investment.
1907:
1893:
1765:Control Your Cash: Making Money Make Sense
1505:"Automotive Platform Sharing: an Overview"
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
81:
1632:
1427:
1374:
1300:Journal of Product & Brand Management
1237:
1176:
320:
227:followed the same principle for Ford and
1762:McFarlane, Greg; Kincaid, Betty (2010).
1696:
1694:
1442:
1271:
1208:
851:
839:
827:
813:
801:
789:
777:
739:is essentially an upgraded and rebadged
695:
682:
669:
655:
534:
524:
512:
502:
492:
482:
417:
404:
391:
376:
363:
353:
340:
1667:. Pearson Addison Wesley. p. 672.
1657:
1605:Simmons, Lee; Simmons, Barbara (1997).
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1480:
1293:
1291:
1258:
95:, which serves as a foundation for the
2537:
1576:"Rebate time and the cars are cheaper"
1401:
1347:
1325:Robertson, David; Ulrich Karl (1998).
1914:
1888:
1828:
1725:
1700:
1691:
1297:
1180:Lemon-Aid Used Cars and Minivans 2004
2509:
1822:
1502:
1489:
1288:
890:as part of the higher-priced badge.
886:showroom and reduced greens fees at
2482:Vehicle identification number (VIN)
1833:. Automotive Design and Production.
1829:Kelly, Kevin M. (January 1, 2009).
1525:
921:-mates such as the sports-oriented
140:Characteristics of a joint platform
13:
1811:from the original on 20 April 2008
1360:from the original on 20 May 2021.
1158:List of Volkswagen Group platforms
962:management/smaller number of parts
874:. Examples also involve differing
870:, tail lights, and front and rear
14:
2561:
1841:
1045:Incompatible changes to platforms
949:; both use the GMT-360 platform.
610:jointly developed cars using the
474:
2518:
2508:
2499:
2498:
1925:Part of a series of articles on
1768:. Mill City Press. p. 142.
1327:"Planning for product platforms"
1006:
986:Increased quality and innovation
358:Nissan Bluebird Sylphy G10 Sedan
303:
289:
275:
261:
247:
34:
23:
1801:"Inside Truck Platform Sharing"
1793:
1755:
1651:
1626:
1598:
1568:
1544:
1519:
1474:
773:
710:
651:
478:
435:product or vehicle architecture
384:/Nissan AD Van Y1 Station Wagon
336:
1831:"Ford: Putting on the Top Hat"
1703:"Platform Sharing for Dummies"
1637:. Penguin Group. p. 145.
1436:
1395:
1368:
1341:
1318:
1183:. Penguin Group. p. 294.
1170:
1089:2009–11 Toyota vehicle recalls
433:Many vendors refer to this as
1:
2316:Approach and departure angles
1609:. Bantam Books. p. 131.
1503:Balu, Deepak (30 June 2004).
1485:. Springer. pp. 146–156.
1389:10.1016/S0263-2373(00)00019-0
1348:Markus, Frank (17 May 2021).
1282:10.1016/S0925-5273(98)00173-X
1163:
1128:List of Hyundai-Kia platforms
952:
555:platform chassis used by the
236:Examples of cars sharing the
183:Platform sharing among brands
1739:. April 2009. Archived from
1580:Kiplinger's Personal Finance
1420:10.1016/0048-7333(94)00775-3
1148:List of Stellantis platforms
1138:List of Mitsubishi platforms
7:
2379:Automotive light bulb types
1526:May, Melanie (2018-02-12).
1377:European Management Journal
1111:
755:which was based on the M-B
469:
10:
2566:
1701:Csere, Csaba (June 2003).
1483:Transforming Auto Assembly
1095:
1079:Risk concentration/higher
2494:
2457:
2419:
2369:
2358:
2308:
2235:
2175:
2127:
2106:
1943:
1934:
1922:
1461:10.1108/01443579910260766
1443:Muffatto, Moreno (1999).
1312:10.1108/10610420810887590
69:. It is practiced in the
2399:high-intensity discharge
1633:Edmonston, Phil (2004).
1556:www.media.stellantis.com
1177:Edmonston, Phil (2003).
1153:List of Toyota platforms
1143:List of Nissan platforms
925:and the economy-focused
123:Placement and choice of
2545:Automotive technologies
1331:Sloan Management Review
1133:List of Mazda platforms
1106:product differentiation
1066:Chrysler TC by Maserati
999:Greater product variety
968:Lower development costs
888:Pebble Beach Golf Links
569:Volkswagen Karmann Ghia
539:Volkswagen Karmann-Ghia
117:Type of front and rear
82:Definition and benefits
2083:Stressed member engine
1507:. Frost & Sullivan
1118:List of Ford platforms
992:Global standardization
859:
847:
835:
821:
809:
797:
785:
703:
691:
678:
665:
540:
530:
518:
508:
498:
488:
426:
413:
400:
385:
372:
359:
349:
348:(N16) 5-Door Hatchback
321:Multiple body variants
111:mechanism and type of
2215:Windshield/windscreen
1865:California government
1402:Ulrich, Karl (1995).
1020:Chevrolet Trailblazer
919:Volkswagen A platform
855:
843:
831:
817:
805:
793:
781:
699:
686:
673:
659:
538:
528:
516:
506:
496:
486:
421:
408:
395:
380:
367:
357:
344:
2384:Daytime running lamp
1875:The Truth about Cars
1123:List of GM platforms
731:brand, and Toyota's
645:, also used for the
325:In recent years for
2346:Weight distribution
2278:Omniview technology
1737:Automobile Magazine
1659:Perloff, Jeffrey M.
1246:on 28 November 2010
977:Mercury Mountaineer
150:Structural equality
71:automotive industry
2465:Registration plate
1858:2011-07-15 at the
1713:on 6 December 2010
1276:. 60–61: 145–153.
1102:economies of scale
1036:Oldsmobile Bravada
899:Nissan FM platform
860:
848:
836:
822:
810:
798:
786:
704:
692:
679:
666:
643:a modular platform
612:Type Four platform
592:Oldsmobile Cutlass
588:Chevrolet Chevelle
541:
531:
519:
509:
499:
489:
464:economies of scale
427:
414:
410:Nissan Almera Tino
401:
386:
373:
360:
350:
332:Nissan MS platform
238:Fiat Mini platform
87:platform include:
2532:
2531:
2490:
2489:
2354:
2353:
2185:Glass run channel
2119:Trunk/boot/dickie
1916:Automotive design
1775:978-1-936107-88-9
1743:on 12 August 2010
1674:978-0-321-16073-7
1644:978-0-14-301637-3
1616:978-0-553-57366-4
1190:978-0-670-04375-0
1070:Maybach 57 and 62
1062:Cadillac Cimarron
1013:Badge engineering
943:Chevy Trailblazer
893:Platform sharing
864:
863:
708:
707:
689:Cadillac Cimarron
565:Volkswagen Beetle
563:, as well as the
545:
544:
529:Volkswagen Beetle
431:
430:
399:(T30) Compact SUV
371:P12 Station Wagon
2557:
2522:
2512:
2511:
2502:
2501:
2449:Window deflector
2432:Side-view mirror
2367:
2366:
1990:Continental tire
1953:Backbone chassis
1941:
1940:
1909:
1902:
1895:
1886:
1885:
1835:
1834:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1784:
1782:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1709:. Archived from
1698:
1689:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1655:
1649:
1648:
1630:
1624:
1623:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1589:
1587:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1500:
1487:
1486:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1455:(5/6): 449–460.
1440:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1295:
1286:
1285:
1269:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1235:
1206:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1174:
1052:Product dilution
931:Volkswagen Group
913:positioned as a
795:Chevrolet Malibu
774:
652:
567:frame under the
479:
337:
307:
293:
279:
265:
251:
76:platform chassis
38:
27:
2565:
2564:
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2555:
2554:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2486:
2453:
2415:
2363:
2361:
2350:
2321:Breakover angle
2304:
2231:
2171:
2123:
2102:
1930:
1918:
1913:
1870:Motor Authority
1860:Wayback Machine
1844:
1839:
1838:
1827:
1823:
1814:
1812:
1799:
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1560:
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1534:
1524:
1520:
1510:
1508:
1501:
1490:
1479:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1441:
1437:
1408:Research Policy
1400:
1396:
1373:
1369:
1346:
1342:
1323:
1319:
1296:
1289:
1270:
1259:
1249:
1247:
1236:
1209:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1114:
1098:
1058:luxury vehicles
1009:
981:Lincoln Aviator
955:
927:Volkswagen Golf
713:
676:Pontiac Sunbird
477:
472:
382:Nissan Wingroad
323:
318:
317:
316:
313:
308:
299:
294:
285:
280:
271:
266:
257:
252:
241:
240:
185:
142:
84:
55:
54:
53:
52:
41:
40:
39:
30:
29:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2563:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2516:
2506:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2473:
2472:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2440:
2439:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2420:Other elements
2417:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2386:
2381:
2375:
2373:
2364:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2341:Turning radius
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2300:
2295:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2243:Bumper sticker
2239:
2237:
2236:Other elements
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2222:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2181:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2121:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2095:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2037:
2036:
2035:
2034:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2007:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1947:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1912:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1853:Safe Car Guide
1850:
1843:
1842:External links
1840:
1837:
1836:
1821:
1807:. 2008-04-22.
1792:
1774:
1754:
1724:
1707:Car and Driver
1690:
1673:
1664:Microeconomics
1650:
1643:
1625:
1615:
1607:Penny pinching
1597:
1567:
1543:
1518:
1488:
1473:
1435:
1414:(3): 419–441.
1394:
1383:(4): 343–354.
1367:
1340:
1317:
1306:(4): 244–253.
1287:
1257:
1207:
1189:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1113:
1110:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1077:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1040:Isuzu Ascender
1015:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1003:
1000:
997:
993:
990:
987:
984:
969:
966:
963:
954:
951:
905:marketed as a
862:
861:
849:
837:
824:
823:
811:
799:
787:
712:
709:
706:
705:
693:
680:
667:
597:In the 1980s,
580:Pontiac LeMans
543:
542:
532:
521:
520:
517:Citroën Méhari
510:
500:
490:
476:
475:Early examples
473:
471:
468:
462:Additionally,
455:
454:
451:
448:
445:
429:
428:
415:
402:
397:Nissan X-Trail
388:
387:
374:
369:Nissan Primera
361:
351:
322:
319:
315:
314:
309:
302:
300:
297:Lancia Ypsilon
295:
288:
286:
281:
274:
272:
267:
260:
258:
253:
246:
243:
242:
235:
234:
233:
193:General Motors
189:General Motors
184:
181:
177:
176:
170:
160:
159:
153:
141:
138:
133:
132:
121:
115:
113:power steering
106:
100:
83:
80:
43:
42:
33:
32:
31:
22:
21:
20:
19:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2562:
2551:
2550:Car platforms
2548:
2546:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2515:
2507:
2505:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2483:
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2468:
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2460:
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2418:
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2400:
2397:
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2380:
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2372:
2368:
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2329:
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2322:
2319:
2317:
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2313:
2311:
2307:
2299:
2296:
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2291:
2290:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2258:Hood ornament
2256:
2254:
2253:Front-end bra
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2205:Quarter glass
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2174:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
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2150:
2148:
2145:
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2138:
2135:
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2130:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2096:
2094:
2091:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2068:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2061:Quarter panel
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2024:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1963:Body-on-frame
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1917:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
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1857:
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1845:
1832:
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1796:
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1777:
1771:
1767:
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1728:
1712:
1708:
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1666:
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1660:
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1629:
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1618:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1581:
1577:
1571:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1533:
1532:TheJournal.ie
1529:
1522:
1506:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1484:
1477:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
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1439:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1398:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1344:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1292:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1204:
1203:higher price.
1192:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1173:
1169:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1115:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1075:
1074:Jaguar X-Type
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1028:Buick Rainier
1025:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1007:Disadvantages
1001:
998:
994:
991:
988:
985:
982:
978:
974:
973:Ford Explorer
970:
967:
964:
961:
957:
956:
950:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
891:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
858:
857:Holden Vectra
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
825:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
775:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
702:
701:Daewoo Espero
698:
694:
690:
685:
681:
677:
672:
668:
663:
658:
654:
653:
650:
648:
644:
640:
635:
631:
629:
624:
619:
617:
616:executive car
613:
609:
604:
600:
595:
593:
589:
585:
584:Buick Skylark
581:
577:
572:
570:
566:
562:
561:Citroën Dyane
558:
554:
550:
537:
533:
527:
523:
522:
515:
511:
507:Citroën Ami 6
505:
501:
497:Citroën Dyane
495:
491:
485:
481:
480:
467:
465:
459:
452:
449:
446:
443:
442:
441:
438:
436:
424:
423:Nissan Serena
420:
416:
411:
407:
403:
398:
394:
390:
389:
383:
379:
375:
370:
366:
362:
356:
352:
347:
346:Nissan Pulsar
343:
339:
338:
335:
333:
330:below is the
328:
312:
306:
301:
298:
292:
287:
284:
278:
273:
270:
264:
259:
256:
250:
245:
244:
239:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
180:
174:
171:
168:
165:
164:
163:
157:
156:Same platform
154:
151:
148:
147:
146:
137:
130:
126:
122:
120:
116:
114:
110:
107:
105:
101:
98:
94:
90:
89:
88:
79:
77:
72:
68:
64:
60:
51:
47:
37:
26:
2470:vanity plate
2409:trafficators
2220:washer fluid
2200:Power window
2195:Opera window
2107:Compartments
2055:
1995:Crumple zone
1980:Cabrio coach
1924:
1824:
1813:. Retrieved
1804:
1795:
1786:
1779:. Retrieved
1764:
1757:
1745:. Retrieved
1741:the original
1736:
1727:
1715:. Retrieved
1711:the original
1706:
1685:
1678:. Retrieved
1663:
1653:
1634:
1628:
1620:
1606:
1600:
1591:
1584:. Retrieved
1579:
1570:
1559:. Retrieved
1555:
1546:
1535:. Retrieved
1531:
1521:
1509:. Retrieved
1482:
1476:
1464:. Retrieved
1452:
1448:
1438:
1429:1721.1/48938
1411:
1407:
1397:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1361:
1353:
1343:
1334:
1330:
1320:
1303:
1299:
1273:
1248:. Retrieved
1244:the original
1201:
1194:. Retrieved
1179:
1172:
1099:
894:
892:
884:dealership's
865:
783:Cadillac BLS
757:SLK roadster
747:merged with
745:Daimler-Benz
741:Toyota Camry
714:
711:Recent years
636:
632:
623:"J" platform
620:
596:
573:
546:
460:
456:
439:
434:
432:
412:V10 Mini MPV
324:
186:
178:
173:System Parts
172:
166:
161:
155:
149:
143:
134:
85:
59:car platform
58:
56:
46:Toyota Camry
2404:sealed beam
2336:Roll center
2331:Ride height
2268:Japan black
2263:Instruments
2248:Curb feeler
2114:Hood/bonnet
1880:Motor Trend
1805:Motor Trend
1354:Motor Trend
1337:(4): 19–31.
911:Infiniti FX
903:Nissan 350Z
880:drivetrains
833:Opel Vectra
807:Saturn Aura
662:Opel Ascona
647:Fiat Tempra
557:Citroën Ami
553:Citroën 2CV
487:Citroën 2CV
119:suspensions
2539:Categories
2190:Greenhouse
1815:2008-04-29
1781:6 November
1747:6 November
1717:6 November
1680:6 November
1593:service...
1586:6 November
1561:2024-06-27
1537:2024-06-27
1511:6 November
1466:6 November
1250:6 November
1196:6 November
1164:References
996:logistics.
953:Advantages
907:sports car
868:headlights
845:Fiat Croma
767:, and the
761:Ford Focus
590:, and the
311:Fiat Panda
209:Oldsmobile
167:Head Parts
131:components
129:powertrain
127:and other
2444:Tow hitch
2362:equipment
2288:Tire/tyre
2147:Gull-wing
2137:Butterfly
2098:Trunk lid
2041:Monocoque
1945:Framework
1032:Saab 9-7X
1024:GMC Envoy
960:inventory
947:Chevy SSR
769:Volvo S40
753:Crossfire
639:Fiat Tipo
637:The 1988
618:segment.
327:monocoque
197:Chevrolet
191:in 1908.
104:wheelbase
2504:Category
2389:Headlamp
2371:Lighting
2360:Exterior
2326:Overhang
2309:Geometry
2293:run-flat
2273:Nerf bar
2088:Subframe
2056:Platform
2046:Overhang
1958:Beltline
1856:Archived
1848:EE Times
1809:Archived
1661:(2004).
1358:Archived
1112:See also
1072:and the
819:Saab 9-5
749:Chrysler
743:. After
737:Lexus ES
729:Infiniti
628:Cimarron
599:Chrysler
470:Examples
283:Fiat Uno
269:Fiat 500
213:Plymouth
109:Steering
93:floorpan
50:Lexus ES
2514:Commons
2210:Sunroof
2162:Suicide
2157:Sliding
2152:Scissor
2093:Tonneau
2078:Spoiler
1985:Chassis
1096:Top hat
958:Easier
939:marques
923:Audi TT
901:-mates
876:engines
872:fascias
765:Mazda 3
549:chassis
425:Minivan
255:Ford Ka
229:Mercury
205:Pontiac
97:chassis
67:marques
2524:Portal
2394:hidden
2142:Canopy
2051:Pillar
2032:shaker
2017:Grille
2010:skirts
2005:ponton
2000:Fender
1973:Dagmar
1968:Bumper
1772:
1671:
1641:
1613:
1187:
1081:recall
1064:, the
1038:, and
979:, and
935:Toyota
917:. The
725:Nissan
723:line,
603:K-cars
586:, the
582:, the
223:cars.
217:DeSoto
125:engine
2477:Theft
2458:Legal
2437:power
2298:spare
2283:Parts
2225:wiper
2177:Glass
2129:Doors
2027:scoop
733:Lexus
721:Acura
717:Honda
687:1988
674:1988
660:1986
221:Dodge
201:Buick
2427:Horn
2167:Swan
2071:rack
2066:Roof
2022:Hood
1936:Body
1927:cars
1783:2010
1770:ISBN
1749:2010
1719:2010
1682:2010
1669:ISBN
1639:ISBN
1611:ISBN
1588:2010
1513:2010
1468:2010
1252:2010
1198:2010
1185:ISBN
1104:and
1083:rate
945:and
933:and
909:and
878:and
608:Saab
559:and
225:Ford
219:and
207:and
91:The
63:cars
48:and
1788:...
1457:doi
1424:hdl
1416:doi
1385:doi
1308:doi
1278:doi
915:SUV
895:may
727:'s
719:'s
601:'s
2541::
1803:.
1785:.
1735:.
1705:.
1693:^
1684:.
1619:.
1590:.
1578:.
1554:.
1530:.
1491:^
1453:19
1451:.
1447:.
1422:.
1412:24
1410:.
1406:.
1381:18
1379:.
1356:.
1352:.
1335:39
1333:.
1329:.
1304:17
1302:.
1290:^
1260:^
1210:^
1200:.
1108:.
1034:,
1030:,
1026:,
1022:,
975:,
771:.
763:,
649:.
594:.
576:GM
215:,
203:,
199:,
57:A
1908:e
1901:t
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