776:
design – a specific torque of sorts. This is useful for comparing engines of different displacements. Mean effective pressure is also useful for initial design calculations; that is, given a torque, standard MEP values can be used to estimate the required engine displacement. However, mean effective pressure does not reflect the actual pressures inside an individual combustion chamber – although the two are certainly related – and serves only as a convenient measure of performance.
1141:
925:
1543:
As piston engines usually have their maximum torque at a lower rotating speed than the maximum power output, the BMEP is lower at full power (at higher rotating speed). If the same engine is rated 72 kW at 5400 min = 90 s, and its BMEP is 0.80 MPa, we get the following equation:
775:
Speed has dropped out of the equation, and the only variables are the torque and displacement volume. Since the range of maximum brake mean effective pressures for good engine designs is well established, we now have a displacement-independent measure of the torque-producing capacity of an engine
1538:
1136:{\displaystyle p_{\text{me}}={2\pi }\cdot {0.5^{-1}}{{159\,{\text{N}}{\cdot }{\text{m}}} \over {2000\,{\text{cm}}^{3}}}={2\pi }\cdot {0.5^{-1}}{{15900\,{\text{N}}{\cancel {\cdot {\text{cm}}}}} \over {2000\,{\text{cm}}^{{\cancel {3}}2}}}\approx 100\,N\cdot cm^{-2}=1\,{\text{MPa}}}
1854:
787:; i.e., the pressure volume integral in the work per cycle equation. Sometimes the term FMEP (friction mean effective pressure) is used as an indicator of the mean effective pressure lost to friction (or friction torque) and is just the difference between IMEP and BMEP.
695:
1935:. Since naturally aspirated four-stroke engines must perform pumping work to suck the charge into the cylinder, and to remove the exhaust from the cylinder, IMEP may be split into the high-pressure, gross mean effective pressure (GMEP,
770:
1378:
164:
1931:) - Mean effective pressure calculated from in-cylinder pressure over the complete engine cycle (720° in a four-stroke, 360° in a two-stroke). IMEP may be determined by planimetering the area in an engine's
1207:
538:
1712:
597:
870:
1661:
1327:
917:
1701:
1367:
2433:
2067:
1614:
1280:
2162:
451:
269:
2367:
2340:
298:
2606:
1999:
608:
419:
2100:
1963:
1929:
1896:
2313:
1571:
1237:
827:
346:
372:
2387:
473:
394:
320:
240:
2001:). In naturally aspirated engines, PMEP is negative, and in super- or turbocharged engines, it is usually positive. IMEP may be derived from PMEP and GMEP:
2599:
2102:) - Theoretical mean effective pressure required to overcome engine friction, can be thought of as mean effective pressure lost due to friction:
706:
1533:{\displaystyle P={2000\,cm^{3}\cdot 1\,N\cdot cm^{-2}\cdot 60\,s^{-1}\cdot 0.5}=60,000\,N\cdot m\cdot s^{-1}=60,000\,{\text{W}}=60\,{\text{kW}}}
1864:
Mean effective pressure (MEP) is defined by the location measurement and method of calculation, some commonly used MEPs are given here:
3028:
2592:
111:
1154:
485:
1849:{\displaystyle P={2000\,cm^{3}\cdot 0.80\,N\cdot cm^{-2}\cdot 90\,s^{-1}\cdot 0.5}=72,000\,N\cdot m\cdot s^{-1}=72\,{\text{kW}}}
2998:
2694:
2492:
2448:
549:
3023:
833:
1620:
1286:
876:
1667:
2535:, 8th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2017, ISBN 978-3-658-10901-1, DOI 10.1007/978-3-658-10902-8_3, p. 26, formula 3.48
1333:
2392:
2942:
2584:
3163:
2004:
2752:
1577:
1243:
2105:
2983:
1932:
2571:
3199:
2978:
2858:
2552:, 8th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2017, ISBN 978-3-658-10901-1, DOI 10.1007/978-3-658-10902-8_3, p. 27
2518:, 8th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2017, ISBN 978-3-658-10901-1, DOI 10.1007/978-3-658-10902-8_3, p. 24
104:
1151:
If we know the crankshaft speed, we can also determine the engine's power output from the MEP figure:
207:. When friction losses are subtracted from the IMEP, the result is the brake mean effective pressure (
2823:
424:
3058:
2973:
2808:
247:
2345:
2318:
276:
3194:
2922:
2747:
690:{\displaystyle P=i\cdot n\cdot V_{\text{d}}\cdot p_{\text{me}}=p_{\text{me}}=2\pi \cdot n\cdot M}
3158:
2993:
2893:
1968:
401:
3168:
2947:
2908:
2873:
2714:
2436:
2075:
1938:
1904:
1871:
3153:
3081:
3033:
2627:
2618:
2292:
1550:
1216:
806:
325:
180:
1210:
In our example, the engine puts out 159 N·m of torque at 3600 min (=60 s):
8:
3122:
2828:
351:
184:
2470:
Heywood, J. B., "Internal
Combustion Engine Fundamentals", McGraw-Hill Inc., 1988, p. 50
3137:
2988:
2937:
2833:
2767:
2372:
458:
379:
305:
225:
187:. Despite having the dimension of pressure, MEP cannot be measured. When quoted as an
3018:
2898:
2868:
2863:
2818:
2803:
2664:
2488:
2444:
2266:
2787:
2777:
2679:
3066:
2888:
2848:
2843:
2772:
2615:
800:
A four-stroke engine produces 159 N·m of torque, and displaces 2000 cm
3112:
3102:
2762:
2689:
2649:
88:
2614:
2550:
2533:
2516:
3188:
3038:
2883:
2878:
2813:
2757:
2669:
783:
torque. Net indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) is calculated using the
44:
2546:
Kapitel 3 · Kenngrößen – table 3.16: Effektiver
Mitteldruck heutiger Motoren
2529:
Kapitel 3 · Kenngrößen – table 3.16: Effektiver
Mitteldruck heutiger Motoren
2512:
Kapitel 3 · Kenngrößen – table 3.16: Effektiver
Mitteldruck heutiger Motoren
3173:
3132:
3127:
2903:
2724:
2709:
2684:
765:{\displaystyle p_{\text{me}}={{M\cdot 2\pi } \over {V_{\text{d}}\cdot i}}.}
204:
183:
and is a measure of an engine's capacity to do work that is independent of
53:
602:
We now see that, BMEP is a measure of expressing torque per displacement:
479:
Then, BMEP may be used to dertermine an engine's power output as follows:
3117:
3043:
2968:
2963:
2704:
2674:
2565:
780:
3107:
3097:
3048:
2838:
2782:
2719:
2659:
2579:
784:
61:
3071:
2654:
2644:
196:
1898:) - Mean effective pressure calculated from measured brake torque.
779:
Brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) is calculated from measured
159:{\displaystyle {\mathsf {L}}^{-1}{\mathsf {M}}{\mathsf {T}}^{-2}}
39:
2729:
2699:
1202:{\displaystyle P=i\cdot n\cdot V_{\text{d}}\cdot p_{\text{me}}}
533:{\displaystyle P=i\cdot n\cdot V_{\text{d}}\cdot p_{\text{me}}}
200:
94:
69:
3092:
65:
2487:(in German). Wiesbaden: Vieweg+Teubner Verlag. p. 41.
322:= number of cycles per revolution (for a 4-stroke engine,
700:
And thus, the equation for BMEP in terms of torque is:
2566:
Brake Mean
Effective Pressure (bmep), Power and Torque
2478:
2476:
2395:
2375:
2348:
2321:
2295:
2108:
2078:
2007:
1971:
1941:
1907:
1874:
1715:
1670:
1623:
1580:
1553:
1381:
1336:
1289:
1246:
1219:
1157:
928:
879:
836:
809:
709:
611:
552:
488:
461:
427:
404:
382:
354:
328:
308:
279:
250:
228:
114:
2369:
by multiplying it with the number of rotary pistons
1859:
592:{\displaystyle P=\omega \cdot M=2\pi \cdot n\cdot M}
2473:
865:{\displaystyle M=159\,{\text{N}}{\cdot }{\text{m}}}
2548:, in Richard van Basshuysen, Fred Schäfer (eds.):
2531:, in Richard van Basshuysen, Fred Schäfer (eds.):
2514:, in Richard van Basshuysen, Fred Schäfer (eds.):
2427:
2381:
2361:
2334:
2307:
2156:
2094:
2061:
1993:
1957:
1923:
1890:
1848:
1695:
1656:{\displaystyle V_{\text{d}}=2000\,{\text{cm}}^{3}}
1655:
1608:
1565:
1532:
1361:
1322:{\displaystyle V_{\text{d}}=2000\,{\text{cm}}^{3}}
1321:
1274:
1231:
1201:
1135:
912:{\displaystyle V_{\text{d}}=2000\,{\text{cm}}^{3}}
911:
864:
821:
764:
689:
591:
532:
467:
445:
413:
388:
366:
340:
314:
292:
263:
234:
158:
2506:
2504:
1965:) and the pumping mean effective pressure (PMEP,
3186:
2203:Passenger car engine (naturally aspirated Otto)
1696:{\displaystyle p_{\text{me}}=0.80\,{\text{MPa}}}
1078:
1053:
179:) is a quantity relating to the operation of a
2501:
2164:. FMEP rises with an increase in engine speed.
2600:
2443:, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York 1973,
1362:{\displaystyle p_{\text{me}}=1\,{\text{MPa}}}
2428:{\displaystyle V_{\text{d}}=2V_{\text{c}}i}
2289:Wankel engines are four-stroke engines, so
2219:Passenger car engine (turbocharged Diesel)
2607:
2593:
300:= displacement volume in cubic centimetre;
16:Measure of an engine's capacity to do work
2482:
2211:Passenger car engine (turbocharged Otto)
1901:Indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP,
1840:
1808:
1775:
1746:
1726:
1687:
1640:
1590:
1524:
1512:
1474:
1441:
1412:
1392:
1353:
1306:
1256:
1127:
1098:
1069:
1046:
995:
974:
896:
846:
2072:Friction mean effective pressure (FMEP,
271:= mean effective pressure in megapascal;
2272:
195:), it may be thought of as the average
3187:
2243:Medium-speed industrial Diesel engine
2168:
2062:{\displaystyle p_{mi}=p_{mg}-p_{miGW}}
142:
134:
118:
2588:
2283:
1868:Brake mean effective pressure (BMEP,
1609:{\displaystyle n=90\,{\text{s}}^{-1}}
1275:{\displaystyle n=60\,{\text{s}}^{-1}}
203:during the different portions of its
2235:High-speed industrial Diesel engine
2157:{\displaystyle p_{mr}=p_{mi}-p_{me}}
2621:components, systems and terminology
2441:Rotationskolben-Verbrennungsmotoren
2342:is derived from the chamber volume
2251:Low-speed two-stroke Diesel engine
2227:Lorry engine (turbocharged Diesel)
1147:Power from MEP and crankshaft speed
396:= number of revolutions per second;
13:
14:
3211:
2572:All About Mean Effective Pressure
2559:
2254:1.5 MPa (217.6 lbf/in)
2246:2.5 MPa (362.6 lbf/in)
2238:2.8 MPa (406.1 lbf/in)
2230:2.4 MPa (348.1 lbf/in)
2222:2.0 MPa (290.1 lbf/in)
2214:2.2 MPa (319.1 lbf/in)
2206:1.3 MPa (188.5 lbf/in)
2198:1.6 MPa (232.1 lbf/in)
2190:1.2 MPa (174.0 lbf/in)
1860:Types of mean effective pressures
189:indicated mean effective pressure
796:MEP from torque and displacement
2483:Schreiner, Klaus (2011-05-25).
2195:Race car engine (NA Formula 1)
2943:Propeller speed reduction unit
2538:
2521:
2464:
446:{\displaystyle \omega =2\pi n}
1:
2485:Basiswissen Verbrennungsmotor
2457:
543:Since we know that power is:
264:{\displaystyle p_{\text{me}}}
214:
2753:Capacitor discharge ignition
2362:{\displaystyle V_{\text{c}}}
2335:{\displaystyle V_{\text{d}}}
293:{\displaystyle V_{\text{d}}}
7:
2260:
790:
10:
3216:
3146:
3080:
3057:
3011:
2956:
2930:
2921:
2796:
2763:Electronic fuel injection
2738:
2635:
2626:
475:= torque in newton-metre.
348:, for a 2-stroke engine,
103:
75:
51:
38:
26:
21:
2809:Aircraft engine starting
2277:
1994:{\displaystyle p_{miGW}}
414:{\displaystyle \omega =}
2854:Mean effective pressure
421:angular velocity, i.e.
242:= power output in watt;
173:mean effective pressure
22:Mean effective pressure
2894:Time between overhauls
2429:
2383:
2363:
2336:
2309:
2158:
2096:
2095:{\displaystyle p_{mr}}
2063:
1995:
1959:
1958:{\displaystyle p_{mg}}
1925:
1924:{\displaystyle p_{mi}}
1892:
1891:{\displaystyle p_{me}}
1850:
1697:
1657:
1610:
1567:
1534:
1363:
1323:
1276:
1233:
1203:
1137:
913:
866:
823:
766:
691:
593:
534:
469:
447:
415:
390:
368:
342:
316:
294:
265:
236:
160:
3169:Ice protection system
2909:Volumetric efficiency
2874:Overhead valve engine
2437:Wolf-Dieter Bensinger
2430:
2384:
2364:
2337:
2310:
2308:{\displaystyle i=0.5}
2159:
2097:
2064:
1996:
1960:
1926:
1893:
1851:
1698:
1658:
1611:
1568:
1566:{\displaystyle i=0.5}
1535:
1364:
1324:
1277:
1234:
1232:{\displaystyle i=0.5}
1204:
1138:
914:
867:
824:
822:{\displaystyle i=0.5}
767:
692:
594:
535:
470:
448:
416:
391:
369:
343:
341:{\displaystyle i=0.5}
317:
295:
266:
237:
161:
3154:Auxiliary power unit
3034:Flight data recorder
2580:Tiddler steam engine
2393:
2373:
2346:
2319:
2293:
2273:Notes and references
2174:BMEP typical values
2106:
2076:
2005:
1969:
1939:
1905:
1872:
1713:
1668:
1621:
1578:
1551:
1379:
1334:
1287:
1244:
1217:
1155:
1082:
1062:
926:
877:
834:
807:
707:
609:
550:
486:
459:
425:
402:
380:
352:
326:
306:
277:
248:
226:
181:reciprocating engine
112:
3123:Pressure carburetor
2859:Naturally aspirated
2829:Engine displacement
2315:; the displacement
2175:
2169:BMEP typical values
367:{\displaystyle i=1}
185:engine displacement
3138:Updraft carburetor
3012:Engine instruments
2938:Propeller governor
2834:Four-stroke engine
2425:
2379:
2359:
2332:
2305:
2182:Typical max. BMEP
2173:
2154:
2092:
2059:
1991:
1955:
1921:
1888:
1846:
1693:
1653:
1606:
1563:
1530:
1359:
1319:
1272:
1229:
1199:
1133:
909:
862:
819:
762:
687:
589:
530:
465:
443:
411:
386:
364:
338:
312:
290:
261:
232:
156:
55:SI base units
3200:Engine technology
3182:
3181:
3019:Annunciator panel
3007:
3006:
2917:
2916:
2899:Two-stroke engine
2869:Overhead camshaft
2849:Manifold pressure
2819:Compression ratio
2494:978-3-8348-1279-7
2449:978-3-642-52174-4
2419:
2403:
2382:{\displaystyle i}
2356:
2329:
2267:Compression ratio
2258:
2257:
2187:Motorbike engine
1844:
1691:
1678:
1645:
1631:
1595:
1528:
1516:
1357:
1344:
1311:
1297:
1261:
1196:
1183:
1131:
1090:
1074:
1060:
1050:
1009:
1000:
988:
978:
936:
901:
887:
860:
850:
757:
747:
717:
663:
650:
637:
527:
514:
468:{\displaystyle M}
389:{\displaystyle n}
315:{\displaystyle i}
287:
258:
235:{\displaystyle P}
169:
168:
3207:
3164:Hydraulic system
2984:Counter-rotating
2928:
2927:
2680:Hydraulic tappet
2633:
2632:
2609:
2602:
2595:
2586:
2585:
2553:
2544:Ulrich Spicher:
2542:
2536:
2527:Ulrich Spicher:
2525:
2519:
2510:Ulrich Spicher:
2508:
2499:
2498:
2480:
2471:
2468:
2452:
2434:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2405:
2404:
2401:
2388:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2368:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2327:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2287:
2176:
2172:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2137:
2136:
2121:
2120:
2101:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2091:
2090:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2036:
2035:
2020:
2019:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1964:
1962:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1953:
1930:
1928:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1919:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1795:
1788:
1787:
1768:
1767:
1739:
1738:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1680:
1679:
1676:
1662:
1660:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1651:
1646:
1643:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1596:
1593:
1572:
1570:
1569:
1564:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1517:
1514:
1499:
1498:
1461:
1454:
1453:
1434:
1433:
1405:
1404:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1328:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1309:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1270:
1262:
1259:
1238:
1236:
1235:
1230:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1120:
1119:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1075:
1072:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1051:
1048:
1041:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1021:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1001:
998:
990:
989:
986:
984:
979:
976:
969:
967:
966:
965:
949:
938:
937:
934:
918:
916:
915:
910:
908:
907:
902:
899:
889:
888:
885:
871:
869:
868:
863:
861:
858:
856:
851:
848:
828:
826:
825:
820:
771:
769:
768:
763:
758:
756:
749:
748:
745:
738:
724:
719:
718:
715:
696:
694:
693:
688:
665:
664:
661:
652:
651:
648:
639:
638:
635:
598:
596:
595:
590:
539:
537:
536:
531:
529:
528:
525:
516:
515:
512:
474:
472:
471:
466:
452:
450:
449:
444:
420:
418:
417:
412:
395:
393:
392:
387:
373:
371:
370:
365:
347:
345:
344:
339:
321:
319:
318:
313:
299:
297:
296:
291:
289:
288:
285:
270:
268:
267:
262:
260:
259:
256:
241:
239:
238:
233:
165:
163:
162:
157:
155:
154:
146:
145:
138:
137:
131:
130:
122:
121:
99:
79:other quantities
77:Derivations from
56:
34:
19:
18:
3215:
3214:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3205:
3204:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3159:Coffman starter
3142:
3085:
3076:
3067:Carburetor heat
3059:Engine controls
3053:
3003:
2979:Contra-rotating
2952:
2913:
2844:Ignition timing
2792:
2773:Ignition system
2740:
2734:
2637:
2622:
2613:
2562:
2557:
2556:
2543:
2539:
2526:
2522:
2509:
2502:
2495:
2481:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2416:
2412:
2400:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2390:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2353:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2326:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2316:
2294:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2275:
2263:
2171:
2145:
2141:
2129:
2125:
2113:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2083:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2044:
2040:
2028:
2024:
2012:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1976:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1946:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1912:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1879:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1841:
1825:
1821:
1780:
1776:
1760:
1756:
1734:
1730:
1722:
1714:
1711:
1710:
1688:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1628:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1597:
1592:
1591:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1552:
1549:
1548:
1525:
1513:
1491:
1487:
1446:
1442:
1426:
1422:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1354:
1341:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1313:
1308:
1307:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1209:
1193:
1189:
1180:
1176:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1128:
1112:
1108:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1014:
1002:
997:
996:
991:
985:
980:
975:
970:
968:
958:
954:
953:
942:
933:
929:
927:
924:
923:
903:
898:
897:
884:
880:
878:
875:
874:
857:
852:
847:
835:
832:
831:
808:
805:
804:
793:
785:indicated power
744:
740:
739:
725:
723:
714:
710:
708:
705:
704:
660:
656:
647:
643:
634:
630:
610:
607:
606:
551:
548:
547:
524:
520:
511:
507:
487:
484:
483:
460:
457:
456:
426:
423:
422:
403:
400:
399:
381:
378:
377:
353:
350:
349:
327:
324:
323:
307:
304:
303:
284:
280:
278:
275:
274:
255:
251:
249:
246:
245:
227:
224:
223:
217:
147:
141:
140:
139:
133:
132:
123:
117:
116:
115:
113:
110:
109:
83:
80:
78:
54:
32:
29:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3213:
3203:
3202:
3197:
3195:Piston engines
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3120:
3115:
3113:Inlet manifold
3110:
3105:
3103:Fuel injection
3100:
3095:
3089:
3087:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3001:
2999:Variable-pitch
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2974:Constant-speed
2971:
2966:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2744:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2690:Obturator ring
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2650:Connecting rod
2647:
2641:
2639:
2630:
2628:Piston engines
2624:
2623:
2612:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2576:
2575:
2569:
2568:, Factory Pipe
2561:
2560:External links
2558:
2555:
2554:
2537:
2520:
2500:
2493:
2472:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2424:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2399:
2378:
2352:
2325:
2304:
2301:
2298:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2255:
2252:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2170:
2167:
2166:
2165:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2089:
2086:
2082:
2070:
2056:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2015:
2011:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1952:
1949:
1945:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1899:
1885:
1882:
1878:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1839:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1771:
1766:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1749:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1718:
1704:
1703:
1686:
1683:
1674:
1663:
1650:
1639:
1636:
1627:
1616:
1603:
1600:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1573:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1541:
1540:
1523:
1520:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1502:
1497:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1457:
1452:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1437:
1432:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1370:
1369:
1352:
1349:
1340:
1329:
1316:
1305:
1302:
1293:
1282:
1269:
1266:
1255:
1252:
1249:
1239:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1192:
1188:
1179:
1175:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1126:
1123:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1086:
1081:
1068:
1056:
1045:
1036:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1005:
994:
983:
973:
964:
961:
957:
952:
948:
945:
941:
932:
920:
919:
906:
895:
892:
883:
872:
855:
845:
842:
839:
829:
818:
815:
812:
798:
797:
792:
789:
773:
772:
761:
755:
752:
743:
737:
734:
731:
728:
722:
713:
698:
697:
686:
683:
680:
677:
674:
671:
668:
659:
655:
646:
642:
633:
629:
626:
623:
620:
617:
614:
600:
599:
588:
585:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
564:
561:
558:
555:
541:
540:
523:
519:
510:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
477:
476:
464:
454:
442:
439:
436:
433:
430:
410:
407:
397:
385:
375:
363:
360:
357:
337:
334:
331:
311:
301:
283:
272:
254:
243:
231:
216:
213:
167:
166:
153:
150:
144:
136:
129:
126:
120:
107:
101:
100:
81:
76:
73:
72:
58:
49:
48:
42:
36:
35:
30:
28:Common symbols
27:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3212:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:Other systems
3145:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3084:and induction
3083:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3039:Glass cockpit
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2961:
2959:
2955:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2884:Shock cooling
2882:
2880:
2879:Rotary engine
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2758:Dual ignition
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2670:Cylinder head
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2619:piston engine
2617:
2610:
2605:
2603:
2598:
2596:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2574:, Harleyc.com
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2517:
2513:
2507:
2505:
2496:
2490:
2486:
2479:
2477:
2467:
2463:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2422:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2397:
2376:
2350:
2323:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2286:
2282:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2149:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2071:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2032:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2013:
2009:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1973:
1950:
1947:
1943:
1934:
1916:
1913:
1909:
1900:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1837:
1834:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1789:
1784:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1769:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1740:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1684:
1681:
1672:
1664:
1648:
1637:
1634:
1625:
1617:
1601:
1598:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1574:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1547:
1546:
1545:
1521:
1518:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1450:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1435:
1430:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1382:
1375:
1374:
1373:
1350:
1347:
1338:
1330:
1314:
1303:
1300:
1291:
1283:
1267:
1264:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1240:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1213:
1212:
1211:
1190:
1186:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1146:
1145:
1124:
1121:
1116:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1084:
1079:
1066:
1054:
1043:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1003:
992:
981:
971:
962:
959:
955:
950:
946:
943:
939:
930:
922:
921:
904:
893:
890:
881:
873:
853:
843:
840:
837:
830:
816:
813:
810:
803:
802:
801:
795:
794:
788:
786:
782:
777:
759:
753:
750:
741:
735:
732:
729:
726:
720:
711:
703:
702:
701:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
657:
653:
644:
640:
631:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
605:
604:
603:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
546:
545:
544:
521:
517:
508:
504:
501:
498:
495:
492:
489:
482:
481:
480:
462:
455:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
408:
405:
398:
383:
376:
361:
358:
355:
335:
332:
329:
309:
302:
281:
273:
252:
244:
229:
222:
221:
220:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
151:
148:
127:
124:
108:
106:
102:
98:
97:
92:
91:
86:
82:
74:
71:
67:
63:
59:
57:
50:
46:
43:
41:
37:
31:
25:
20:
3174:Recoil start
3133:Turbocharger
3128:Supercharger
2994:Single-blade
2904:Valve timing
2853:
2725:Sleeve valve
2710:Poppet valve
2685:Main bearing
2549:
2545:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2484:
2466:
2440:
2285:
2179:Engine type
1863:
1705:
1542:
1371:
1150:
799:
778:
774:
699:
601:
542:
478:
218:
208:
199:acting on a
192:
188:
176:
172:
170:
95:
89:
84:
40:SI unit
3118:Intercooler
3044:Hobbs meter
2969:Blade pitch
2964:Autofeather
2957:Terminology
2864:Monosoupape
2824:Dead centre
2797:Terminology
2705:Piston ring
2675:Gudgeon pin
781:dynamometer
3189:Categories
3108:Gascolator
3098:Carburetor
3049:Tachometer
2931:Components
2923:Propellers
2839:Horsepower
2804:Air-cooled
2783:Spark plug
2748:Alternator
2741:components
2739:Electrical
2720:Rocker arm
2660:Crankshaft
2638:components
2636:Mechanical
2458:References
1933:pV-diagram
215:Derivation
2768:Generator
2139:−
2038:−
1827:−
1819:⋅
1813:⋅
1790:⋅
1782:−
1770:⋅
1762:−
1751:⋅
1741:⋅
1599:−
1493:−
1485:⋅
1479:⋅
1456:⋅
1448:−
1436:⋅
1428:−
1417:⋅
1407:⋅
1265:−
1187:⋅
1174:⋅
1168:⋅
1114:−
1103:⋅
1093:≈
1055:⋅
1032:−
1023:⋅
1019:π
982:⋅
960:−
951:⋅
947:π
854:⋅
751:⋅
736:π
730:⋅
682:⋅
676:⋅
673:π
641:⋅
628:⋅
622:⋅
584:⋅
578:⋅
575:π
563:⋅
560:ω
518:⋅
505:⋅
499:⋅
438:π
429:ω
406:ω
149:−
125:−
105:Dimension
3072:Throttle
2989:Scimitar
2695:Oil pump
2665:Cylinder
2655:Crankpin
2645:Camshaft
2616:Aircraft
2451:, p. 66)
2261:See also
791:Examples
197:pressure
2948:Spinner
2788:Starter
2778:Magneto
2715:Pushrod
2389:and 2:
68:⋅
64:⋅
3086:system
2889:Stroke
2730:Tappet
2700:Piston
2491:
2447:
1706:Then:
1372:Thus:
201:piston
45:Pascal
3093:Avgas
3029:EICAS
2435:(see
2278:Notes
1044:15900
219:Let:
205:cycle
3082:Fuel
3024:EFIS
2814:Bore
2489:ISBN
2445:ISBN
1744:0.80
1724:2000
1685:0.80
1638:2000
1390:2000
1304:2000
1067:2000
993:2000
894:2000
209:BMEP
193:IMEP
171:The
47:(Pa)
2303:0.5
1806:000
1793:0.5
1690:MPa
1561:0.5
1510:000
1472:000
1459:0.5
1356:MPa
1227:0.5
1130:MPa
1096:100
1028:0.5
972:159
956:0.5
844:159
817:0.5
336:0.5
211:).
177:MEP
52:In
3191::
2503:^
2475:^
2439::
1843:kW
1838:72
1800:72
1773:90
1677:me
1644:cm
1588:90
1527:kW
1522:60
1504:60
1466:60
1439:60
1343:me
1310:cm
1254:60
1195:me
1073:cm
1059:cm
999:cm
935:me
900:cm
716:me
662:me
649:me
526:me
374:);
257:me
87:=
62:kg
60:1
2608:e
2601:t
2594:v
2497:.
2423:i
2418:c
2414:V
2410:2
2407:=
2402:d
2398:V
2377:i
2355:c
2351:V
2328:d
2324:V
2300:=
2297:i
2150:e
2147:m
2143:p
2134:i
2131:m
2127:p
2123:=
2118:r
2115:m
2111:p
2088:r
2085:m
2081:p
2069:.
2055:W
2052:G
2049:i
2046:m
2042:p
2033:g
2030:m
2026:p
2022:=
2017:i
2014:m
2010:p
1987:W
1984:G
1981:i
1978:m
1974:p
1951:g
1948:m
1944:p
1917:i
1914:m
1910:p
1884:e
1881:m
1877:p
1835:=
1830:1
1823:s
1816:m
1810:N
1803:,
1797:=
1785:1
1778:s
1765:2
1758:m
1754:c
1748:N
1736:3
1732:m
1728:c
1720:=
1717:P
1682:=
1673:p
1649:3
1635:=
1630:d
1626:V
1602:1
1594:s
1585:=
1582:n
1558:=
1555:i
1519:=
1515:W
1507:,
1501:=
1496:1
1489:s
1482:m
1476:N
1469:,
1463:=
1451:1
1444:s
1431:2
1424:m
1420:c
1414:N
1410:1
1402:3
1398:m
1394:c
1386:=
1383:P
1351:1
1348:=
1339:p
1315:3
1301:=
1296:d
1292:V
1268:1
1260:s
1251:=
1248:n
1224:=
1221:i
1191:p
1182:d
1178:V
1171:n
1165:i
1162:=
1159:P
1125:1
1122:=
1117:2
1110:m
1106:c
1100:N
1085:2
1080:3
1049:N
1035:1
1016:2
1012:=
1004:3
987:m
977:N
963:1
944:2
940:=
931:p
905:3
891:=
886:d
882:V
859:m
849:N
841:=
838:M
814:=
811:i
760:.
754:i
746:d
742:V
733:2
727:M
721:=
712:p
685:M
679:n
670:2
667:=
658:p
654:=
645:p
636:d
632:V
625:n
619:i
616:=
613:P
587:M
581:n
572:2
569:=
566:M
557:=
554:P
522:p
513:d
509:V
502:n
496:i
493:=
490:P
463:M
453:;
441:n
435:2
432:=
409:=
384:n
362:1
359:=
356:i
333:=
330:i
310:i
286:d
282:V
253:p
230:P
191:(
175:(
152:2
143:T
135:M
128:1
119:L
96:V
93:·
90:W
85:p
70:s
66:m
33:p
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