781:. The army invaded Natangia and besieged an unnamed Natangian castle. While the assault claimed 150 lives of the crusaders, most of Natangian resistance was broken and the region was decimated. Herkus Monte, with a small group of his followers, was forced to withdraw to the forests of southern Prussia. Within a year he was captured and hanged. The last Prussian leader, Glappe of Warmians, was hanged when his siege campaign on Brandenburg (now Ushakovo) was attacked from the rear. The last tribe standing were the Pogesanians, who made a surprise raid into Elbing and ambushed its garrison. In 1274 the Knights made a great expedition to avenge this raid, capturing the rebel headquarters at Heilsberg (
302:
453:
461:
44:
244:
and fight on land soaked by water from melting snow or autumn rains. Summer campaigns were most dangerous as the
Knights would immediately build new castles in the conquered territory. The Teutonic Knight's strategy proved successful: in ten years, five of the seven major Prussian clans fell under control of the less-numerous Teutonic Knights. However, the Prussians further resisted the conquerors, leading to five uprisings over the following fifty years.
749:
253:
727:, who already participated in the Prussian Crusade in 1254 and who was promised by Pope Urban IV all Prussian lands he could conquer, finally arrived in Prussia. His only achievement was forcing Duke Mestwin to reconcile with the Teutonic Knights. His large army was unable to campaign due to an early thaw: heavily armed knights could hardly fight during the wet and swampy spring season.
571:
802:
114:, the largest defeat suffered by the Teutonic Knights in the 13th century. This uprising was the longest, largest, and most threatening to the Teutonic Order, who again were reduced to five of their strongest castles. Reinforcements for the Knights were slow to arrive, despite repeated encouragements from
769:
saw twelve knights and 500 men killed. The
Prussians immediately assaulted Christburg and almost captured it. The Prussians were looting the surrounding area when cavalry from Elbing arrived. Many of the Prussian infantry perished while cavalry escaped. Despite these losses, Diwane was soon back and
760:
The major
Prussian offensive was organized in 1271 together with Linka, leader of the Pogesanians. The Bartian infantry and Pogesanians besieged a border castle, but were fended off by the Knights from Christburg. The Prussians who managed to escape joined their cavalry while the Knights established
718:
When the Dukes returned home, Brandenburg was captured by Glappe and his
Warmians. The very next year Otto returned to rebuild the castle. Both John and Otto died before the end of 1267, and Otto's son was killed in a tournament. Subsequent Dukes of Brandenburg were not as supportive of the Knights.
293:
River. While some historians embrace the
Swantopolk–Prussian alliance without hesitation, others are more careful. They point out that the historical information came from documents written by the Teutonic Knights and must have been ideologically charged to persuade the Pope to declare a crusade not
605:
but as soon as the army returned home, the
Sambians resumed the siege and were reinforced by Herkus Monte and his Natangians. Herkus was later injured and the Natangians retreated, leaving the Sambians unable to stop supplies reaching the castle and the siege eventually failed. Prussians were more
243:
to serve as basis for future expansion. In 1231–1242, forty such castles were built. The
Prussians faced major difficulties in capturing these castles as they were accustomed only to combat in open fields. Most conflicts occurred either in summer or winter. Heavily armoured knights could not travel
813:
After the Great
Uprising, the Prussians rose a number of times against the Knights, but these uprisings were much smaller in scale and posed no real danger to the Teutonic Knights, who could concentrate on further conquests. The number of uprisings is variously considered to be two or three. They
739:
in 1249, the
Knights refused to negotiate with the Prussians. The Prussians were also unable to coordinate their efforts and develop a common strategy: while each clan had its own leader, there was no single leader of all the clans. The Natangians had to watch for attacks from Balga, Brandenburg,
734:
in the border regions. Small groups of men, a dozen to a hundred, made quick raids on farms, villages, border posts, etc. This was a positional warfare where neither side could defeat the other, but the
Teutonic Knights relied on future reinforcements from Germany and Europe, while Prussians were
544:
and relied on siege forts, built around the castle, to cut the supplies to the garrisons. The Teutonic Knights could not raise large armies to deliver supplies to the starving garrisons and smaller castles began to fall. Those castles were usually destroyed and the Prussians manned just a few
95:. The Prussians were successful at first, reducing the Knights to only five of their strongest castles. The duke then suffered a series of military defeats and was eventually forced to make peace with the Teutonic Knights. With Duke Swietopelk's support for the Prussians broken, a prelate of
682:
cut off the region from the rest of Prussia. Supplies to Königsberg were brought by sea, and the castle served as the basis for raids in surrounding Samland (Sambia). The Livonian Order sent troops to Königsberg and the joint forces defeated the Sambians in a decisive battle forcing them to
614:. The Prussians destroyed captured forts instead of using them for their own defence, so the end of successful sieges meant that large Prussian forces did not have to stay near their home and were then free to operate in other parts of Prussia, raiding the Culmerland and
826:
of Sambia, convinced the Sambians not to join the insurrection; Natangians and Warmians had also accepted baptism and promised their loyalty to the Knights. The Pogesanians alone continued the fight and were crushed. Survivors with their Bartian chief escaped to
430:
The peace talks that began in 1247 achieved little, but a new truce was arranged in September 1248 and peace was made on 24 November 1248. Swantopolk had to return lands seized from his brothers, allow Teutonic Knights to pass through his domains, stop charging
411:, to handle the peace negotiations. However, the war was renewed in 1247 when large Teutonic reinforcements arrived in Prussia. On Christmas Eve of 1247 the Knights besieged and overwhelmed a major Pomeranian fortress, which they later renamed Christburg (
765:), blocking the route home. When Christians retired for the night, one half of the Prussian army crossed the river in a distance, to attack the Knights from the rear, while the other half charged straight across the river. The Knights were encircled. The
549:), because they lacked technology to defend the captured castles and organization to provide food and supplies to stationed garrisons. On 29 August 1261 Jacob of Liège, who negotiated the Treaty of Christburg after the first uprising, was elected as
537:, leader of the Sudovians. However, there was no one leader to coordinate efforts of these different forces. Herkus Monte, who was educated in Germany, became the best known and most successful of the leaders, but he commanded only his Natangians.
118:, and the position of the Order looked set to worsen. The Prussians lacked unity and a common strategy and reinforcements finally reached Prussia in around 1265. One by one, the Prussian clans surrendered and the uprising was ended in 1274.
740:
Wehlau, and Königsberg while the Warmians were threatened by garrisons at Christburg and Elbing. This way only Diwane and his Bartians were able to continue the war in the west. They made several minor expeditions to Culmerland each year.
121:
The later three lesser uprisings relied on foreign assistance and were suppressed within one or two years. The last uprising in 1295 effectively ended the Prussian Crusade, and Prussia became a Christian territory with a number of
557:
in three years of his papacy calling for reinforcements to the Knights. However, the reinforcements were slow to come as dukes of Poland and Germany were preoccupied with their own disputes and the Livonian Order was fighting the
846:
The last two Prussian attempts to rid itself of the Teutonic rule were made relying on the foreign powers who were enemies of the Knights. The first one in 1286, also known as the fourth uprising, depended upon help from the
793:. Local nobles had to convert and give hostages, and only a few of them were granted privileges to retain their noble status. From 1274 to 1283 the Teutonic Knights conquered Skalvians, Nadruvians, and Sudovians/Yotvingians.
87:
Prussians. In the first ten years of the crusade, five of the seven major Prussian clans fell under the control of the less numerous Teutonic Knights. However, the Prussians rose against their conquerors on five occasions.
677:
The year of 1265 was the turning point in the uprising: more substantial reinforcements for the Teutonic Knights started arriving in Prussia and Sambia abandoned the fight. Teutonic castles in Königsberg and Wehlau on the
870:
and Lithuania. Lithuanian historians note that fierce resistance by the Prussians won time for the young Lithuanian state to mature and strengthen so it could withstand the hundred-year crusade, culminating in the 1410
352:, Swantopolk's castle on the banks of the Vistula. The ensuing five-week siege of Sartowice failed to recapture the fortress and Swantopolk lost 900 men. In the spring of 1243, Swantopolk also lost the castle at Nakel (
788:
The Knights proceeded to rebuild and strengthen castles destroyed by the Prussians. A number of Prussians escaped either to Sudovia or to Lithuania, or were resettled by the Knights. Many free peasants were made into
879:, who after the 16th century eventually outnumbered the natives. It is estimated that around 1400 Prussians numbered 100,000 and comprised about half of the total population in Prussia. The Prussians were subject to
288:
was fighting against the Knights, who supported his brothers' dynastic claims against him. It has been implied that the new castles of the Knights were competing with his lands over the trade routes along the
851:, the grandson of Swantopolk. The plot was soon revealed and the Bartians and Pogesanians suffered the consequences. In 1295 the last uprising was limited to Natangia and Sambia and depended upon help from
439:
on 7 February 1249. The treaty provided personal freedom and rights to newly converted Christians. It formally ended the uprising, but already in November 1249 the Natangians defeated the Knights at the
621:
A recovered Herkus Monte raided Culmerland with a large force and took many prisoners in 1263. While returning to Natangia, Herkus and his men were confronted by a contingent of their enemies. In the
444:. The skirmishes lasted until 1253 and some sources cite this year as the end of the uprising. At that point the treaty ceased its political power but remained an interesting historical document.
235:, the Knights did not repeat the mistakes of the previous Order and did not push eastwards into the forest of the interior. They would further build fortified log (later brick and stone)
666:
778:
863:, but were never a serious threat. By that time Prussian nobility was already baptized and pro-Teutonic to the extent that peasants killed them first before attacking the Knights.
368:. Some 400 Teutonic soldiers perished, including their marshal. Swantopolk, encouraged by the defeat, gathered an army of 2,000 men and unsuccessfully besieged Culm (Chełmno).
223:, who began a number of expeditions and crusades against the Prussians and later asked the Knights to protect him from raids by the Prussians. Preoccupied with crusades in the
673:
participated twice in the Prussian Crusade: in 1254, when he founded Königsberg, named in his honor, and in 1267, when he helped to suppress the Great Prussian Uprising.
423:. Swantopolk retaliated and destroyed Christburg, but the Knights rebuilt it in a new location. Both Prussian and Swantopolk's armies failed to capture the new castle.
540:
The Prussians besieged many castles that the Knights had built and could not send large armies to fight in the west. Prussians were not familiar with Western European
1941:
215:, they were outnumbered by attacks from Poland, Ruthenians in the southeast and the Teutonic Knights from the west. The Teutonic Order was called to the
99:
negotiated a peace treaty between the Prussians and the Knights. This treaty was never honored or enforced, especially after the Prussian victory in the
1750:
Christiansen counts at least two and hints at the third, Urban counts three, but argues that the fourth "was not an insurrection at all" (p. 369),
264:
The first Prussian uprising was influenced by three major events. Firstly, the Livonian Knights – a subsidiary of the Teutonic Knights – lost the
814:
were suppressed within a year or two and showed exhaustion and division of the Prussian tribes. The third uprising in 1276 was provoked by
365:
364:
help raided the Culmerland (Chełmno Land) and, on their way back, defeated the pursuing Teutonic Knights on 15 June on the banks of the
227:, the Teutonic Knights arrived only in 1230. Their first task was to build a base on the left bank of Vistula at Vogelsang, opposite of
1946:
610:), and the Knights were left only with strongholds in Balga, Elbing, Culm, Thorn, and Königsberg. Most castles fell in 1262–1263, and
752:
A non-contemporary illustration of Teutonic triumph in Prussia: a native Prussian man is crushed by the victorious Teutonic Knights (
33:
585:
The first reinforcement to the Teutonic forces arrived in early 1261, but was wiped out on 21 January 1261 by Herkus Monte in the
17:
684:
1936:
770:
blocked roads leading to Christburg hoping to starve the castle. Diwane was killed during a siege of a small post at Schönsee (
1897:
1860:
1829:
1413:
1327:
1114:
1083:
1039:
999:
625:
that ensued, Prussians killed 40 knights, including the Master and the Marshal. The Prussians also received help from
360:. In the face of these losses, the duke was forced to make a short-lived truce. In the summer of 1243, Prussians with
700:
577:(1261–1264) was especially supportive of the Teutonic cause in Prussia. He served as a papal prelate negotiating the
424:
301:
1921:
553:. He, having an inside scope on events in Prussia, was especially favourable to the Teutonic Knights and issued 22
92:
257:
704:
692:
416:
1846:
1100:
985:
712:
607:
711:, built a castle in the Natangian lands between Balga and Königsberg and named it Brandenburg (since 1945
403:, and another one in early 1246, where 1,500 Pomeranians were killed. Swantopolk II asked for a truce and
1214:(in Lithuanian). Vol. 3. Vilnius, Lithuania: Vyriausioji enciklopedijų redakcija. pp. 459–460.
818:, leader of the Sudovians, who successfully raided Teutonic lands. The next year he, with help from the
1931:
708:
306:
285:
284:
and the Teutonic Knights lost one of its most trusted allies that often supplied troops. Thirdly, Duke
1926:
719:
In 1266 Duke Swantopolk, the supporter of the Prussians during the First Uprising, died and his sons
277:
866:
This last attempt effectively ended the Prussian Crusade and the Knights concentrated on conquering
435:
on ships using the Vistula, and stop any aid to the Prussians. Prussians were compelled to sign the
345:
832:
822:, led 4,000 men into the Culmerland (Chełmno Land). The uprising failed to spread after Theodoric,
474:
76:
606:
successful capturing castles deeper into the Prussian territory (with an exception of Wehlau, now
720:
1702:
1506:
353:
1317:
1075:
1068:
602:
395:
of Elbing and Balga. While the castle withstood Teutonic attacks, the blockade was smashed by
1403:
1034:(2nd ed.). Chicago, Illinois: Lithuanian Research and Studies Center. pp. 121–122.
884:
848:
724:
670:
782:
546:
815:
735:
draining their local resources. After the massacre of surrendered Teutonic soldiers in the
654:
611:
578:
534:
436:
736:
653:
of Lithuania and subsequent dynastic fights prevented Lithuanians from further campaigns.
441:
383:, brothers of Swantopolk, hoped to regain their inheritance. Swantopolk built a castle at
100:
8:
766:
753:
220:
212:
953:
887:
and eventually became extinct sometime after the 16th century. It is believed that the
872:
586:
37:
762:
622:
594:
489:. As the uprising was spreading through Prussian lands, each clan chose a leader: the
1893:
1856:
1825:
1707:
1511:
1409:
1323:
1110:
1079:
1035:
995:
949:
900:
731:
598:
281:
265:
905:
404:
372:
273:
96:
72:
68:
316:
Prussians besieged Teutonic castles and managed to capture all except for Elbing (
1210:
Jonas Zinkus; et al., eds. (1987). "Prūsų ir vakarinių lietuvių sukilimai".
486:
111:
216:
771:
482:
376:
240:
107:
748:
452:
1915:
1027:
880:
777:
In the winter of 1271–1272 reinforcements arrived from Meissen, led by Count
574:
550:
408:
115:
60:
860:
1706:. Vol. III. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. pp. 461–462.
888:
715:). Due to bad weather they did not organize campaigns into Prussian lands.
688:
679:
541:
502:
348:) in the western parts. In December 1242, the Knights were able to capture
232:
412:
1866:
1120:
1005:
876:
819:
723:
and Warcisław briefly joined the Prussians in the uprising. In 1267 King
646:
554:
530:
420:
361:
269:
163:
153:
123:
934:
Jonynas, Ignas (1937). "Christburgo taika". In Vaclovas Biržiška (ed.).
809:, who the Prussians hoped would help defeat the Teutonic Knights in 1295
460:
938:(in Lithuanian). Vol. 5. Kaunas: Spaudos Fondas. pp. 459–464.
856:
840:
559:
399:. In late 1245 Swantopolks's army suffered a great defeat at S(ch)wetz
396:
380:
371:
The Teutonic Knights managed to gather a coalition against Swantopolk:
203:
178:
43:
400:
341:
252:
867:
836:
665:
650:
630:
626:
590:
522:
478:
473:
The major revolt began on 20 September 1260. It was triggered by the
349:
224:
1510:. Vol. V. Boston, Massachusetts: Juozas Kapočius. p. 210.
317:
1647:(in Lithuanian). Vol. 6. Kaunas: Spaudos Fondas. p. 1084.
634:
498:
392:
329:
325:
295:
193:
183:
173:
84:
56:
32:
For uprisings by Poles against Kingdom of Prussia and Germany, see
1850:
1104:
989:
683:
surrender. In 1265 reinforcements arrived from Germany: armies of
657:, leader of Sudovians, raided Culm (Chełmno) in 1263 and in 1265.
357:
337:
228:
27:
13th-century revolts by Old Prussians against the Teutonic Knights
1711:
1643:
Ivinskis, Zenonas (1937). "Divanas". In Vaclovas Biržiška (ed.).
1515:
852:
806:
790:
696:
642:
615:
526:
510:
290:
1892:(in Lithuanian) (2nd ed.). Gimtasis žodis. pp. 73–74.
570:
828:
638:
518:
514:
506:
494:
490:
432:
384:
333:
236:
891:
became extinct sometime at the beginning of the 18th century.
601:
to fulfil his crusader duties in Prussia. This army broke the
1822:
Foreword to the Past: A Cultural History of the Baltic People
699:
arrived in Prussia, but were unable to achieve much. In 1266
427:
raided Warmia and Natangia, forcing the locals to surrender.
388:
321:
310:
276:
in April 1242. Secondly, southern Poland was devastated by a
64:
855:, Grand Duke of Lithuania. The rebels captured Bartenstein (
645:, killing Duke Siemowit I, and raided Culmerland, provoking
260:). It was one of five castles not captured by the Prussians.
875:, with minimal territorial losses. The Prussian lands were
823:
110:
as "the great Prussian uprising", was prompted by the 1260
80:
801:
447:
247:
211:
Although the Prussians repelled early incursions by the
83:
and Christian Europe, sought to conquer and convert the
1855:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Elektroninės leidybos namai.
1109:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Elektroninės leidybos namai.
994:(in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Elektroninės leidybos namai.
1700:
Simas Sužiedėlis, ed. (1970–1978). "Mantas, Herkus".
1699:
1503:
407:appointed his chaplain, Jacob of Liège, the future
1067:
796:
761:a camp on the opposite bank of the Dargune River (
589:. In January 1262 reinforcements arrived from the
529:. One clan that did not join the uprising was the
231:(Thorn), which was completed a year later. Led by
481:military victory against the joint forces of the
1913:
1504:Simas Sužiedėlis, ed. (1970–1978). "Skomantas".
649:to join the uprising. The assassination of King
298:Prussians but also against the Christian duke.
71:that took place in the 13th century during the
256:Ruins of the Teutonic castle in Rehden (today
1322:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 379.
456:Map of the Prussian clans in the 13th century
1887:
1209:
1065:
375:were given territories in Prussia, Dukes of
1942:Wars involving the Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1844:
1098:
983:
948:
843:, who fled there after the Great Uprising.
391:separated from the Vistula, and launched a
1638:
1636:
1634:
954:"Ar priminsime Europai apie Šiaulių mūšį?"
743:
468:
1315:
1101:"Ordinų žemės ir pilys XIII–XIV amžiuose"
730:The warfare with the Prussians relied on
565:
91:The first uprising was supported by Duke
1642:
1074:(2nd ed.). Penguin Books. pp.
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
835:where they joined some of the Bartians,
800:
747:
664:
569:
459:
451:
300:
251:
47:Baltic tribes and Prussian clans c. 1200
42:
1682:
1680:
1631:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1499:
1497:
1140:
1138:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
933:
448:The Great Prussian uprising (1260–1274)
248:The first Prussian uprising (1242–1249)
14:
1914:
1819:
1758:also counts two, but in 1286 and 1295.
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
859:) by surprise and plundered as far as
1852:Gimtoji istorija. Nuo 7 iki 12 klasės
1106:Gimtoji istorija. Nuo 7 iki 12 klasės
1026:
991:Gimtoji istorija. Nuo 7 iki 12 klasės
918:
877:repopulated by colonists from Germany
533:. The uprising was also supported by
124:settlers from different German states
1677:
1535:
1494:
1401:
1135:
968:
464:Schematic map of the second uprising
1190:
1048:
545:castles, notably one in Heilsberg (
24:
581:after the first Prussian uprising.
25:
1958:
1947:Wars involving the Teutonic Order
1847:"Ordinai ir baltų genčių likimai"
1408:. Osprey Publishing. p. 22.
55:were two major and three smaller
986:"Ordinų raida XIII–XIV amžiuose"
660:
356:), which dominated trade on the
93:Swietopelk II, Duke of Pomerania
36:. For uprisings in Silesia, see
1888:Sabaliauskas, Algirdas (2002).
1881:
1845:Kulikauskas, Gediminas (2002).
1838:
1813:
1800:
1787:
1774:
1761:
1754:counts two (in 1276 and 1295),
1744:
1731:
1718:
1693:
1664:
1651:
1618:
1605:
1592:
1579:
1566:
1553:
1522:
1481:
1468:
1455:
1442:
1429:
1395:
1382:
1369:
1356:
1343:
1309:
1296:
1283:
1270:
1257:
1244:
1231:
1218:
1177:
1099:Kulikauskas, Gediminas (2002).
984:Kulikauskas, Gediminas (2002).
797:Further uprisings and aftermath
1164:
1151:
1092:
1020:
942:
417:Henry III, Margrave of Meissen
137:Timeline of Teutonic conquest
133:
106:The second uprising, known in
13:
1:
1937:Medieval rebellions in Europe
1752:Tarybų Lietuvos enciklopedija
1212:Tarybų Lietuvos enciklopedija
911:
379:received Nakel, and Dukes of
129:
485:and Teutonic Knights in the
7:
1066:Christiansen, Eric (1997).
894:
785:) and ending the uprising.
542:siege tactics and machinery
239:along major rivers and the
10:
1963:
1824:. CEU Press. p. 147.
1645:Lietuviškoji enciklopedija
936:Lietuviškoji enciklopedija
324:in the eastern regions of
307:Swantopolk II of Pomerania
286:Swantopolk II of Pomerania
31:
1319:History of the Art of War
956:(in Lithuanian). Delfi.lt
280:in 1241; Poland lost the
136:
1316:Delbreuck, Hans (1990).
833:Grand Duchy of Lithuania
612:Bartenstein fell in 1264
258:Radzyń Chełmiński Castle
1922:13th-century rebellions
744:The end of the uprising
469:Preparation and tactics
425:Otto III of Brandenburg
34:Greater Poland Uprising
18:First Prussian Uprising
1820:Bojtár, Endre (1999).
1756:Encyclopedia Lituanica
1703:Encyclopedia Lituanica
1507:Encyclopedia Lituanica
1402:Wise, Terence (1984).
810:
757:
674:
593:, led by Wilhelm VII,
582:
566:Early Prussian success
465:
457:
313:
261:
48:
1405:The Knights of Christ
1070:The Northern Crusades
952:(22 September 2006).
804:
751:
725:Ottokar II of Bohemia
671:Ottokar II of Bohemia
668:
597:, who was obliged by
573:
463:
455:
415:), and newly arrived
304:
255:
46:
1808:The Prussian Crusade
1795:The Prussian Crusade
1782:The Prussian Crusade
1769:The Prussian Crusade
1739:The Prussian Crusade
1726:The Prussian Crusade
1688:The Prussian Crusade
1672:The Prussian Crusade
1659:The Prussian Crusade
1626:The Prussian Crusade
1613:The Prussian Crusade
1600:The Prussian Crusade
1587:The Prussian Crusade
1574:The Prussian Crusade
1561:The Prussian Crusade
1548:The Prussian Crusade
1530:The Prussian Crusade
1489:The Prussian Crusade
1476:The Prussian Crusade
1463:The Prussian Crusade
1450:The Prussian Crusade
1437:The Prussian Crusade
1390:The Prussian Crusade
1377:The Prussian Crusade
1364:The Prussian Crusade
1351:The Prussian Crusade
1304:The Prussian Crusade
1291:The Prussian Crusade
1278:The Prussian Crusade
1265:The Prussian Crusade
1252:The Prussian Crusade
1239:The Prussian Crusade
1226:The Prussian Crusade
1185:The Prussian Crusade
1172:The Prussian Crusade
1159:The Prussian Crusade
1146:The Prussian Crusade
1032:The Prussian Crusade
633:. In summer of 1262
579:Treaty of Christburg
437:Treaty of Christburg
103:at the end of 1249.
1254:, pp. 207, 209–210.
767:Battle of Paganstin
754:Christoph Hartknoch
603:siege of Königsberg
221:Konrad I of Masovia
79:, supported by the
950:Baranauskas, Tomas
873:Battle of Grunwald
811:
783:Lidzbark Warmiński
758:
675:
587:Battle of Pokarwis
583:
547:Lidzbark Warmiński
466:
458:
314:
262:
53:Prussian uprisings
49:
38:Silesian uprisings
1932:Baltic rebellions
1899:978-9955-512-17-2
1862:978-9986-9216-9-1
1831:978-963-9116-42-9
1415:978-0-85045-604-2
1329:978-0-8032-6585-1
1116:978-9986-9216-9-1
1085:978-0-14-026653-5
1041:978-0-929700-28-1
1001:978-9986-9216-9-1
901:Northern Crusades
889:Prussian language
839:, and all of the
737:Battle of Krücken
599:Pope Alexander IV
442:Battle of Krücken
354:Nakło nad Notecią
346:Radzyń Chełmiński
294:only against the
282:Battle of Legnica
266:Battle on the Ice
209:
208:
101:Battle of Krücken
16:(Redirected from
1954:
1927:Prussian Crusade
1904:
1903:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1865:. Archived from
1842:
1836:
1835:
1817:
1811:
1806:Urban, William.
1804:
1798:
1793:Urban, William.
1791:
1785:
1780:Urban, William.
1778:
1772:
1767:Urban, William.
1765:
1759:
1748:
1742:
1737:Urban, William.
1735:
1729:
1724:Urban, William.
1722:
1716:
1715:
1697:
1691:
1686:Urban, William.
1684:
1675:
1670:Urban, William.
1668:
1662:
1657:Urban, William.
1655:
1649:
1648:
1640:
1629:
1624:Urban, William.
1622:
1616:
1611:Urban, William.
1609:
1603:
1598:Urban, William.
1596:
1590:
1585:Urban, William.
1583:
1577:
1572:Urban, William.
1570:
1564:
1559:Urban, William.
1557:
1551:
1546:Urban, William.
1544:
1533:
1528:Urban, William.
1526:
1520:
1519:
1501:
1492:
1487:Urban, William.
1485:
1479:
1474:Urban, William.
1472:
1466:
1461:Urban, William.
1459:
1453:
1448:Urban, William.
1446:
1440:
1435:Urban, William.
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1399:
1393:
1388:Urban, William.
1386:
1380:
1375:Urban, William.
1373:
1367:
1362:Urban, William.
1360:
1354:
1349:Urban, William.
1347:
1341:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1313:
1307:
1302:Urban, William.
1300:
1294:
1289:Urban, William.
1287:
1281:
1276:Urban, William.
1274:
1268:
1263:Urban, William.
1261:
1255:
1250:Urban, William.
1248:
1242:
1237:Urban, William.
1235:
1229:
1224:Urban, William.
1222:
1216:
1215:
1207:
1188:
1183:Urban, William.
1181:
1175:
1170:Urban, William.
1168:
1162:
1157:Urban, William.
1155:
1149:
1144:Urban, William.
1142:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1119:. Archived from
1096:
1090:
1089:
1073:
1063:
1046:
1045:
1024:
1018:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1004:. Archived from
981:
966:
965:
963:
961:
946:
940:
939:
931:
906:Prussia (region)
405:Pope Innocent IV
373:Dukes of Masovia
274:Alexander Nevsky
213:Order of Dobrzyń
134:
97:Pope Innocent IV
75:. The crusading
73:Prussian Crusade
69:Teutonic Knights
21:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1912:
1911:
1908:
1907:
1900:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1870:
1869:on 3 March 2008
1863:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1818:
1814:
1805:
1801:
1792:
1788:
1779:
1775:
1766:
1762:
1749:
1745:
1736:
1732:
1723:
1719:
1698:
1694:
1685:
1678:
1669:
1665:
1656:
1652:
1641:
1632:
1623:
1619:
1610:
1606:
1597:
1593:
1584:
1580:
1571:
1567:
1558:
1554:
1545:
1536:
1527:
1523:
1502:
1495:
1486:
1482:
1473:
1469:
1460:
1456:
1447:
1443:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1418:
1416:
1400:
1396:
1387:
1383:
1374:
1370:
1361:
1357:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1314:
1310:
1301:
1297:
1288:
1284:
1275:
1271:
1262:
1258:
1249:
1245:
1236:
1232:
1223:
1219:
1208:
1191:
1182:
1178:
1169:
1165:
1156:
1152:
1143:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1123:on 3 March 2008
1117:
1097:
1093:
1086:
1064:
1049:
1042:
1025:
1021:
1011:
1009:
1008:on 3 March 2008
1002:
982:
969:
959:
957:
947:
943:
932:
919:
914:
897:
799:
763:Dzierzgoń River
746:
707:, co-rulers of
693:Margrave Albert
663:
623:Battle of Löbau
568:
487:Battle of Durbe
471:
450:
344:), and Rehden (
278:Mongol invasion
250:
182:
177:
132:
112:Battle of Durbe
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1960:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1906:
1905:
1898:
1880:
1861:
1837:
1830:
1812:
1799:
1786:
1773:
1760:
1743:
1741:, pp. 332–333.
1730:
1728:, pp. 331–332.
1717:
1692:
1676:
1663:
1661:, pp. 326–327.
1650:
1630:
1617:
1604:
1591:
1589:, pp. 311–313.
1578:
1565:
1563:, pp. 309–310.
1552:
1534:
1532:, pp. 306–307.
1521:
1493:
1491:, pp. 299–300.
1480:
1467:
1465:, pp. 285–287.
1454:
1441:
1439:, pp. 281–283.
1428:
1414:
1394:
1381:
1379:, pp. 324–325.
1368:
1366:, pp. 279–280.
1355:
1342:
1328:
1308:
1306:, pp. 230–231.
1295:
1293:, pp. 228–229.
1282:
1269:
1267:, pp. 211–213.
1256:
1243:
1230:
1228:, pp. 203–204.
1217:
1189:
1187:, pp. 201–203.
1176:
1174:, pp. 199–201.
1163:
1161:, pp. 198–199.
1150:
1148:, pp. 183–191.
1134:
1115:
1091:
1084:
1047:
1040:
1028:Urban, William
1019:
1000:
967:
941:
916:
915:
913:
910:
909:
908:
903:
896:
893:
798:
795:
745:
742:
732:guerilla raids
662:
659:
595:Duke of Jülich
567:
564:
483:Livonian Order
470:
467:
449:
446:
377:Greater Poland
249:
246:
241:Vistula Lagoon
207:
206:
201:
197:
196:
191:
187:
186:
171:
167:
166:
161:
157:
156:
151:
147:
146:
145:Prussian clan
143:
139:
138:
131:
128:
108:historiography
77:military order
67:, against the
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1959:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1910:
1901:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1848:
1841:
1833:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1809:
1803:
1796:
1790:
1783:
1777:
1770:
1764:
1757:
1753:
1747:
1740:
1734:
1727:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1696:
1689:
1683:
1681:
1673:
1667:
1660:
1654:
1646:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1627:
1621:
1614:
1608:
1601:
1595:
1588:
1582:
1575:
1569:
1562:
1556:
1549:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1531:
1525:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1508:
1500:
1498:
1490:
1484:
1477:
1471:
1464:
1458:
1451:
1445:
1438:
1432:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1398:
1391:
1385:
1378:
1372:
1365:
1359:
1352:
1346:
1331:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1312:
1305:
1299:
1292:
1286:
1279:
1273:
1266:
1260:
1253:
1247:
1240:
1234:
1227:
1221:
1213:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1186:
1180:
1173:
1167:
1160:
1154:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1102:
1095:
1087:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1052:
1043:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1023:
1007:
1003:
997:
993:
992:
987:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
955:
951:
945:
937:
930:
928:
926:
924:
922:
917:
907:
904:
902:
899:
898:
892:
890:
886:
882:
881:Germanization
878:
874:
869:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
849:Duke of Rügen
844:
842:
838:
834:
830:
825:
821:
817:
808:
803:
794:
792:
786:
784:
780:
775:
773:
768:
764:
755:
750:
741:
738:
733:
728:
726:
722:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
685:Duke Albrecht
681:
672:
667:
661:Turning point
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
619:
617:
613:
609:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
580:
576:
575:Pope Urban IV
572:
563:
561:
556:
552:
551:Pope Urban IV
548:
543:
538:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
462:
454:
445:
443:
438:
434:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
409:Pope Urban IV
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
312:
309:in a park in
308:
303:
299:
297:
292:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
259:
254:
245:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
188:
185:
180:
175:
172:
169:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
155:
152:
149:
148:
144:
141:
140:
135:
127:
125:
119:
117:
116:Pope Urban IV
113:
109:
104:
102:
98:
94:
89:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
65:Baltic tribes
63:, one of the
62:
61:Old Prussians
58:
54:
45:
39:
35:
30:
19:
1909:
1889:
1883:
1871:. Retrieved
1867:the original
1851:
1840:
1821:
1815:
1807:
1802:
1794:
1789:
1781:
1776:
1768:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1738:
1733:
1725:
1720:
1701:
1695:
1687:
1671:
1666:
1658:
1653:
1644:
1625:
1620:
1612:
1607:
1599:
1594:
1586:
1581:
1573:
1568:
1560:
1555:
1547:
1529:
1524:
1505:
1488:
1483:
1475:
1470:
1462:
1457:
1449:
1444:
1436:
1431:
1419:. Retrieved
1404:
1397:
1389:
1384:
1376:
1371:
1363:
1358:
1350:
1345:
1333:. Retrieved
1318:
1311:
1303:
1298:
1290:
1285:
1277:
1272:
1264:
1259:
1251:
1246:
1238:
1233:
1225:
1220:
1211:
1184:
1179:
1171:
1166:
1158:
1153:
1145:
1125:. Retrieved
1121:the original
1105:
1094:
1069:
1031:
1022:
1010:. Retrieved
1006:the original
990:
958:. Retrieved
944:
935:
885:assimilation
865:
845:
812:
787:
776:
759:
729:
717:
689:Braunschweig
680:Pregel River
676:
620:
584:
539:
503:Herkus Monte
493:were led by
472:
429:
419:subdued the
370:
315:
263:
233:Hermann Balk
210:
120:
105:
90:
52:
50:
29:
820:Lithuanians
805:Grand Duke
779:Dietrich II
774:) in 1273.
709:Brandenburg
647:Pogesanians
627:Lithuanians
560:Semigallian
555:papal bulls
531:Pomesanians
523:Pogesanians
421:Pogesanians
358:Noteć River
305:Statue for
270:Lake Peipus
219:in 1226 by
164:Pogesanians
154:Pomesanians
1916:Categories
1890:Mes baltai
912:References
861:Königsberg
857:Bartoszyce
841:Nadruvians
562:uprising.
499:Natangians
479:Samogitian
475:Lithuanian
381:Pomerellia
217:Culmerland
204:Nadruvians
179:Natangians
130:Background
1810:, p. 382.
1797:, p. 369.
1784:, p. 344.
1771:, p. 342.
1712:74-114275
1690:, p. 330.
1674:, p. 327.
1628:, p. 326.
1615:, p. 315.
1602:, p. 324.
1576:, p. 298.
1550:, p. 308.
1516:74-114275
1478:, p. 289.
1452:, p. 284.
1392:, p. 296.
1353:, p. 273.
1280:, p. 228.
1241:, p. 206.
868:Samogitia
837:Skalvians
816:Skomantas
772:Wąbrzeźno
655:Skomantas
651:Mindaugas
641:attacked
631:Sudovians
591:Rhineland
535:Skomantas
413:Dzierzgoń
366:Osa River
350:Sartowice
340:), Culm (
336:; Thorn (
225:Holy Land
200:1274–1275
190:1252–1257
170:1238–1241
150:1233–1237
57:uprisings
1030:(2000).
895:See also
713:Ushakovo
701:Otto III
635:Treniota
608:Znamensk
515:Warmians
507:Bartians
491:Sambians
393:blockade
387:, where
362:Sudovian
326:Natangia
194:Sambians
184:Bartians
174:Warmians
1076:105–108
853:Vytenis
831:in the
807:Vytenis
756:, 1684)
721:Mestwin
697:Meissen
643:Masovia
616:Kuyavia
527:Auktume
511:Diwanus
401:Świecie
342:Chełmno
291:Vistula
237:castles
59:by the
1896:
1873:9 July
1859:
1828:
1710:
1514:
1421:5 July
1412:
1335:3 July
1326:
1127:9 July
1113:
1082:
1038:
1012:9 July
998:
960:9 July
829:Hrodna
705:John I
639:Shvarn
521:, the
519:Glappe
513:, the
505:, the
497:, the
495:Glande
385:Zantyr
334:Warmia
320:) and
318:Elbląg
791:serfs
669:King
433:tolls
389:Nogat
338:Toruń
330:Barta
322:Balga
311:Oliwa
296:pagan
229:Toruń
85:pagan
81:Popes
1894:ISBN
1875:2007
1857:ISBN
1826:ISBN
1708:LCCN
1512:LCCN
1423:2007
1410:ISBN
1337:2007
1324:ISBN
1129:2007
1111:ISBN
1080:ISBN
1036:ISBN
1014:2007
996:ISBN
962:2007
883:and
824:vogt
703:and
691:and
637:and
629:and
477:and
397:cogs
332:and
160:1237
142:Year
51:The
695:of
687:of
525:by
517:by
509:by
501:by
272:to
268:on
1918::
1849:.
1679:^
1633:^
1537:^
1496:^
1192:^
1137:^
1103:.
1078:.
1050:^
988:.
970:^
920:^
618:.
328:,
181:,
176:,
126:.
1902:.
1877:.
1834:.
1714:.
1518:.
1425:.
1339:.
1131:.
1088:.
1044:.
1016:.
964:.
40:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
