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by Union forces, so he ordered the 22nd Texas
Cavalry there. Lynde reached Newtonia and found it held by the Confederates. After realizing that his mountain howitzers lacked the range to shell Newtonia, Lynde ordered a retreat. Two Confederate soldiers were captured, and informed the Union commander that Newtonia was occupied in strength. Meanwhile, Cooper and Shelby's two regiments arrived in Newtonia after the Union retreat; the retreating Union force was not pursued. Cooper then returned to the main Confederate camp. The two reinforcing regiments remained in Newtonia overnight, but were sent back to the main Confederate camp early the next morning. The 22nd Texas Cavalry arrived after the Union patrol had left Granby; the Texans occupied the abandoned town. Salomon noted the sounds of combat coming from the Newtonia area, and sent two companies of the 9th Wisconsin Infantry to support Lynde.
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line with nine available cannons, as well as the 6th Kansas
Cavalry, the 3rd Indian Home Guard, and a portion of the 9th Wisconsin Infantry. Three cannons and their crews that had seen heavy fighting in Lynde's morning action and the 10th Kansas Infantry formed a reserve. The Union guns began an artillery duel with Howell's cannons, and the Confederate cannoneers were soon forced to retreat. An attempt by the Confederates to use the Ritchey barn as a fortification proved futile once the Union guns found the range of the structure. Meanwhile, the Confederates were again reinforced: Bledsoe's battery returned after leaving the field to resupply, and the 1st Choctaw Regiment arrived.
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withdrew the pieces some distance, although the guns' silent presence did discourage a small Union cavalry force from advancing against the new
Confederate artillery position. At this time, Confederate reinforcements in the form of the 1st Choctaw and Chickasaw Mounted Rifles and the 5th Missouri Cavalry arrived. The fresh units were enough to turn the tide against the 9th Wisconsin Infantry, which conducted a fighting retreat out of Newtonia. Additionally, the 22nd Texas Cavalry arrived from Granby to further strengthen the Confederates. The 22nd Texas Cavalry had planned on assaulting the Union artillery position, but the Missouri cavalry, commanded by Colonel
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Newtonia area around 07:00 on
September 30. An attempt to cut off the Confederate skirmish line by the men of the 6th Kansas Cavalry failed, and Jacobi's force lost the element of surprise. After some hard fighting, the detachment was joined by Lynde's probing force, who had returned to the Newtonia area. Hawpe responded to the start of the action by reporting the Union advance to Cooper. The Confederates, represented by the 31st Texas Cavalry, the 1st Cherokee Battalion, and Bledsoe's artillery, took up defensive positions near
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Confederates were aware that Union reinforcements were on the way, and Howell placed his cannons in a position where they commanded the road the Union troops were advancing down. Union soldiers sighted
Confederate troops positioned in front of Newtonia, and two Union cannons were then unlimbered. They began firing at the Confederate line, which soon retreated. After reaching Newtonia, the Union artillery again fired at the Confederate position, although Howell's guns quickly responded, driving off the Union cannons.
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1145:, and Totten's division arrived from Springfield. By October 4, Cooper had decided to abandon Newtonia and southwestern Missouri. Shelby's cavalry was tasked with remaining in Newtonia to serve as a rear guard. However, he did not remain there long, as he soon received word that his line of retreat was in danger of being cut by the Union advance. Shelby fell back, and the Union troops occupied Newtonia after a brief bombardment of the town.
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999:. Estimates of Confederate strength vary. Foote gives the total Confederate strength as 5,500 men: composed of 2,500 cavalrymen and 3,000 "Indians and guerrillas". The historian Daniel O'Flaherty provides a range compatible with Foote's estimate, the historian Larry Wood gives a range of 4,000 to 7,000, and other sources provide a range of 6,000 to 7,000.
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owned, the
Newtonia Battlefields Protection Association has ownership of 20 acres (8.1 ha). At least nine Union soldiers are buried in the cemetery, although not all of them are related to the First Battle of Newtonia. More war-related burials had previously been located there, as many of the military burials were exhumed and moved to the
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The repulse of the 6th Kansas
Cavalry and 3rd Indian Home Guard had occurred in the mid-morning of the 30th, and no further serious fighting occurred until the early afternoon. Salomon had left Sarcoxie earlier, but did not reach the Union line until about 15:30. He then proceeded to form a defensive
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in 2004. The separately-listed Mathew H. Ritchey House is located within the district. The site contains the
Ritchey barn and barnyard site, a Civil War-era cemetery, the Newtonia Branch stream, the historic Neosho Road, and the battlefield itself. While much of the land in the district is privately
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During the battle, the
Confederates suffered 78 casualties; Union casualties are variously reported as 245 or over 400. Confederate casualties were highest in the 5th Missouri Cavalry, which lost four men killed and 11 wounded. The Confederates saw 15 officers become casualties, including one killed
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Cooper then sent Jeans' regiment and the 22nd Texas
Cavalry to probe the Union line, but artillery fire and the 3rd Indian Home Guard drove them back; the 6th Kansas Cavalry was detached south as a result of this threat. The 3rd Indian Home Guard pursued the retreating Confederates, threatening the
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A brigade of Unionist Missouri state militia forces commanded by Colonel George Hall arrived on the field as Salomon was ordering his retreat. Hall was ordered to cover the Union withdrawal, and the militia formed a line between Salomon's retreating force and the pursuing Confederates. A few pieces
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from the Union artillery. After this, the Union artillery concentrated on Bledsoe's battery. The Confederate guns ran low on ammunition after about 30 minutes, and when the Union commanders saw the Confederate artillery fire slacken, the 9th Wisconsin Infantry charged the Confederate line. Bledsoe
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back towards Newtonia, and determined that a strong enemy force occupied the town. Hawpe, still commanding the Confederates in Newtonia, reported the Union probe to Cooper, who sent Jean's regiment and the 5th Missouri Cavalry to Newtonia. Cooper had also been informed that Granby had been occupied
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was left behind in Sarcoxie. The two regiments encountered the Confederates pursuing Lynde's column, and the pursuit ended in the face of these fresh Union troops. In the interim, more Confederate units had reached Newtonia: Jeans' Cavalry Regiment and four cannons under the command of Howell. The
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Like Cooper, Salomon learned about the fighting by hearing the sounds of battle coming from Newtonia. In response, Salomon sent the rest of the 6th Kansas Cavalry and the 3rd Indian Home Guard towards the town. Additional Union forces would begin moving towards Newtonia later, although Salomon's
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The detachment from the 9th Wisconsin Infantry, joined by two more companies of the regiment, commanded by Lieutenant Colonel Arthur Jacobi, was reinforced by 45 men of the 6th Kansas Cavalry, 50 men from the 3rd Indian Home Guard, and three guns of the 25th Ohio Battery; the group reached the
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in each of the 1st Choctaw Regiment and the 1st Choctaw and Chickasaw Mounted Rifles. Salomon did not file an official report of his losses. However, he did note that the morning stage of the battle resulted in more Union casualties than the afternoon stage. Four
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of the Union cannons as aiming points. The Confederate fire panicked the Union forces, and the orderly retreat turned into a rout. Some of the Union soldiers fled all the way to Sarcoxie. By this point, darkness had fallen, and neither army wished to bring on a
475:. Union casualties are variously reported as either 245 or over 400, and Confederate casualties were 78. Blunt's full division began advancing towards Newtonia in early October, leading Cooper to abandon Missouri. A portion of the battlefield was listed on the
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Despite defeating Salomon's Union force, the Confederate position around Newtonia was still not secure. Salomon had represented only the advance guard of Blunt's command. On October 2, additional troops of Blunt's division reached the Newtonia area from
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Both sides brought up further reinforcements, and seesaw fighting took place during much of the afternoon. Shortly before nightfall, Cooper's Confederates made an all-out attack against the Union line; this led Salomon to withdraw from the field.
462:, led by Salomon, reached the vicinity of Newtonia on September 29, and attacked Cooper's position on September 30. A Union probing force commanded by Colonel Edward Lynde was driven out of Newtonia by Cooper's forces on the morning of the 30th.
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was fought near the site of the 1862 battle. In the 1864 battle, a Union army commanded by Blunt attacked and defeated a Confederate army led by Price. The Confederates had been retreating southwards after being defeated at the battles of
1016:, one to Granby, and one to Newtonia. While the patrol to Neosho participated in a small action, the men sent to Granby saw no Confederate soldiers. The force headed for Newtonia consisted of 150 men from the 9th Kansas Cavalry, in four
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784:'s efforts to rebuild Confederate strength in Arkansas. While Hindman was successful in forging an army in an underdeveloped region, his methods were unpopular with prominent Arkansas civilians and he was replaced by Major General
1116:. Around the same time, Cooper called off the pursuit. The 1st Choctaw and Chickasaw Mounted Rifles failed to receive the order; Cooper later sent an officer to retrieve the regiment, ordering it back to the Confederate camp.
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This state of affairs did not last long. Price sent some of his troops into Missouri to obtain supplies and recruit new volunteers. The state was also raided by Confederate forces including the command of
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commanded by Colonel George Hall covered the Union retreat, although Confederate artillery fire struck the retreating forces. This panicked some of Salomon's men, and the retreat turned into a disorderly
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The Mathew H. Ritchey House is notable for having served as a headquarters building for both sides during the two battles of Newtonia and was used as a field hospital after the fighting. The
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of Union artillery had remained in fighting order, and these guns supported Hall's line. Darkness hampered the effectiveness of the Union cannons, but Howell's artillery responded, using the
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has suggested that it may be possible to enlarge the area of the historic district. However, the same study determined that the site did not meet the inclusion criteria for becoming
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at the cannoneers of Bledsoe's battery. Cooper noticed that sounds of battle were coming from Newtonia, and sent the 34th Texas Cavalry there to reinforce Hawpe.
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The men of the 31st Texas Cavalry had been taking shelter behind a stone wall, but left its cover to assault the Union line. This charge was quickly repulsed by
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to produce flour. After receiving Hawpe's appraisal of Newtonia's potential as a military base, Cooper ordered him to remain in Newtonia and reinforced him with
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in September. However, Union forces concentrated against Price, who then retreated back into southwestern Missouri. In February 1862, Union Brigadier General
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of the 9th Wisconsin Infantry were stated to have suffered particularly high losses; those companies had been engaged with Lynde in the morning fight.
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advanced against Price's position, causing the Confederates to abandon Missouri and enter Arkansas. In March, Price, McCulloch, and Major General
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1160:. First Newtonia was the first battle in the American Civil War that saw Native Americans fight on both sides in an organized manner.
611:. The fort surrendered on April 13. Shortly after Fort Sumter was attacked, Lincoln requested that the states remaining in the Union
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Cooper sent a scouting force to the Newtonia area on September 27. Commanded by Colonel Trezevant C. Hawpe, it was composed of the
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in 1860. Lincoln's candidacy was regionally successful, as much of his support was from the northern states, while he received no
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847:. Hawpe determined that Newtonia, which was a communications hub, would be a good encampment and had his troops begin operating a
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by the 1st Choctaw Regiment stabilized the situation for the Confederates. The 1st Choctaw and Chickasaw Mounted Rifles also
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stated that the total strength of the Union column was 4,000 men, although other sources place the overall strength at 4,500.
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2676:"National Register of Historic Places Inventory Nomination Form: First Battle of Newtonia Historic District"
1833:"The War in Missouri: The First Fight at Newtonia. Full and Interesting Particulars from an Officer Engaged"
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sites. The Ritchey House and 25 acres of the battlefields including the Old Newtonia Cemetery were added to
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led the Union high command to feel secure enough to proclaim that " no Rebel flag now flying in Missouri".
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coming to exceed that of the South, the balance of power began to shift, and many southerners decided that
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753:. At one point Quantrill's guerrillas combined with a regular Confederate force commanded by Colonel
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The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies
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2640:. Vol. 1, Fort Sumter to Perryville (First Vintage Books ed.). New York: Vintage Books.
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858:. On September 28, Hawpe was informed by local residents that Union troops were advancing towards
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moved south into Virginia and attacked two Confederate armies commanded by Brigadier Generals
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695:'s Confederate force. Lyon attacked Price and McCulloch's combined camp on August 10 in the
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Stone wall near the Ritchey House. Fighting occurred close to this area during the battle.
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preserves 152.3 acres (61.6 ha) of the battlefield; the district was listed on the
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The Union force engaged at Newtonia was a mixture of all three arms of the Union Army:
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This period of increased Confederate activity in Missouri was related to Major General
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joined forces. Under the command of Van Dorn, the Confederates attacked Curtis at the
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were positioned in Missouri, with Hindman's infantry component still in Arkansas near
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2781:(reprint ed.). Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press.
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Hazelwood, Laura A.; Stith, Matt; Patterson, Tiffany; Maserang, Robert (May 2004).
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2851:. Vol. 13. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. 1880.
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has participated in the preservation of 8 acres (3.2 ha) of the battlefield.
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on March 7 and 8 but were repulsed. Pea Ridge and another Union victory at the
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2564:"The Army of the Frontier's First Campaign: The Confederates Win at Newtonia"
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during the early 19th century, a large cultural divide developed between the
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The Confederate forces at Newtonia included the 1st Cherokee Battalion, the
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followed suit in early 1861. On February 4, the seceding states formed the
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attached to Company F of the 9th Kansas Cavalry. Three of the cannons were
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Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Missouri
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on August 11. Union forces suffered another defeat on August 15, at the
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American Civil War: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection
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2512:"Fight to preserve Newtonia continues, but with new sense of urgency"
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Battles of the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War
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being used to defend the institution. With the population of the
2599:(1st paperback ed.). Washington, D.C.: National Geographic.
2493:"S. Rept. 117-185 - Wilson's Creek National Battlefield Addition"
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On September 29, Salomon sent out three scouting forces: one to
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2827:; Arnold, James R.; Wiener, Roberta; Coffey, John T. (eds.).
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Flag of the 6th Kansas Cavalry, showing Newtonia battle honor
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2544:. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press.
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organization, supported the Confederacy, Brigadier General
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The Confederate Native American troops retreated back to
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2743:. Fayetteville, Arkansas: University of Arkansas Press.
2392:"National Register of Historic Places 2005 Weekly Lists"
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for the war effort. In the coming weeks, the states of
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and two were mountain howitzers. Also present was the
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garrison. On the morning of April 12, the Confederates
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was the only way to preserve slavery, especially after
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Civil War Site Advisory Committee Update and Resurvey
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2659:. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press.
2574:(3). State Historical Society of Missouri: 283–319.
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757:. This combined force defeated a Union force at the
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History of the National Register of Historic Places
2722:(2nd ed.). Boston/New York: Houghton Mifflin.
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1953:
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Trans-Mississippi theater of the American Civil War
2740:Guide to Missouri Confederate Regiments, 1861–1865
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983:Beal G. Jeans' Missouri Cavalry Regiment, Hawpe's
631:joined the Confederacy. A Union army commanded by
281:A map of Missouri showing the location of Newtonia
2887:. Charleston, South Carolina: The History Press.
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2597:Fields of Honor: Pivotal Battles of the Civil War
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4265:Confederate victories of the American Civil War
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824:. A Union force commanded by Brigadier General
454:. A Union force commanded by Brigadier General
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2759:"Newtonia Battlefields Special Resource Study"
2293:
1797:
1091:stability of the main Confederate line, but a
4270:Battles of the American Civil War in Missouri
3508:
2929:
2819:Spurgeon, Ian M.; Pierpaoli, Paul G. (2013).
1231:an official unit of the National Park Service
434:. Cooper's force had moved into southwestern
306:
4024:St. Louis (city): Downtown and Downtown West
2868:. Woodstock, Vermont: The Countryman Press.
2384:
1650:
1648:
1584:
931:Infantry Regiments. Artillery came from the
2798:Fields of Blood: The Prairie Grove Campaign
1198:The Mathew H. Ritchey House in October 2021
458:moved to intercept Cooper's force. Blunt's
3515:
3501:
2936:
2922:
2681:. Missouri Department of Natural Resources
2620:. Kansas City, Missouri: Franklin Hudson.
1204:First Battle of Newtonia Historic District
1186:First Battle of Newtonia Historic District
657:Meanwhile, the population of the state of
481:First Battle of Newtonia Historic District
404:was fought on September 30, 1862, between
313:
299:
45:
3524:U.S. National Register of Historic Places
2617:The Union Indian Brigade in the Civil War
2539:
1645:
1513:
822:Confederate-sympathizing Native Americans
804:, by Holmes. Cooper's force included the
2699:The Oxford Companion to Military History
2509:
1597:
1193:
1123:
1073:
1032:
973:1st Choctaw and Chickasaw Mounted Rifles
515:1860 United States Presidential Election
2831:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO.
2715:
2654:
2613:
2366:
2329:
2215:
2159:
2108:
2025:
2013:
1639:
1549:
1537:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1417:
1405:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1357:
1321:
1227:American Battlefield Protection Program
1080:American Battlefield Protection Program
997:Captain Sylvanus Howell's Texas Battery
4247:
2866:The Complete Civil War Road Trip Guide
2736:
2693:
2594:
2558:
2278:
2251:
2203:
2135:
2093:
2064:
2052:
2037:
2001:
1974:
1959:
1947:
1920:
1908:
1860:
1814:
1785:
1758:
1693:
1620:
1566:
1501:
1345:
1333:
1309:
1297:
1285:
3496:
2917:
2885:The Two Civil War Battles of Newtonia
2863:
2632:
2263:
1708:
1243:Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023
1007:
294:
16:1862 battle of the American Civil War
4260:Operations North of Boston Mountains
3475:
2882:
2795:
2317:
2305:
2227:
1723:
1598:Ostmeyer, Andy (February 19, 2011).
1525:
1489:
1477:
1465:
1208:National Register of Historic Places
477:National Register of Historic Places
324:Operations North of Boston Mountains
2779:General Jo Shelby: Undefeated Rebel
2701:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
2510:Ostmeyer, Andy (October 15, 2021).
1239:Wilson's Creek National Battlefield
1037:Map of the First Battle of Newtonia
939:Light Artillery Batteries, and the
13:
2945:Missouri in the American Civil War
2802:University of North Carolina Press
881:
874:'s division was expected to leave
14:
4311:
2902:
2716:Kennedy, Frances H., ed. (1998).
899:. Union cavalry consisted of the
856:Joseph Bledsoe's Missouri Battery
4231:
4217:
4149:
4142:
3474:
3465:
3464:
263:
262:
255:
150:
138:
2800:. Chapel Hill, North Carolina:
2777:O'Flaherty, Daniel O. (2000) .
2719:The Civil War Battlefield Guide
2503:
2485:
2446:
2335:
1255:
1179:
1028:
919:present at the battle were the
4285:1862 in the American Civil War
1263:12th Missouri Cavalry Regiment
962:
1:
3779:Jackson: Downtown Kansas City
2764:. National Park Service. 2013
2192:Spurgeon & Pierpaoli 2013
1747:Spurgeon & Pierpaoli 2013
1272:
1213:Springfield National Cemetery
989:5th Missouri Cavalry Regiment
578:Confederate States of America
486:
230:
224:
220:
157:Confederate States of America
2540:Allardice, Bruce S. (1995).
1656:"Missouri Civil War Battles"
1119:
991:, Colonel James G. Stevens'
975:, Colonel A. M. Alexander's
915:Cavalry Regiments. Infantry
866:and Salomon rendezvoused at
759:First Battle of Independence
584:became the nascent nation's
63:September 30, 1862
7:
4171:National Historic Landmarks
4034:St. Louis (city): Southwest
4029:St. Louis (city): Northwest
3011:Price's Missouri Expedition
2343:"Second Battle of Newtonia"
993:22nd Texas Cavalry Regiment
985:31st Texas Cavalry Regiment
977:34th Texas Cavalry Regiment
841:31st Texas Cavalry Regiment
717:Battle of Island Number Ten
646:on July 21. In the ensuing
10:
4316:
3784:Jackson: Kansas City other
2821:"First Battle of Newtonia"
2655:Gerteis, Louis S. (2012).
2638:The Civil War: A Narrative
2595:Bearss, Edwin C. (2007) .
2568:Missouri Historical Review
2533:
2480:National Park Service 2013
2459:American Battlefield Trust
2433:American Battlefield Trust
2347:American Battlefield Trust
2175:National Park Service 2013
1579:National Park Service 2013
1220:American Battlefield Trust
1183:
767:Department of the Missouri
726:
722:
661:was badly divided. While
490:
4225:American Civil War portal
4179:
4158:
4140:
3534:
3460:
3439:
3419:
3361:
3354:
3324:
3298:
3291:
3259:
3194:
3163:
3107:
3026:
3019:
2998:
2977:
2951:
2796:Shea, William L. (2009).
2737:McGhee, James E. (2008).
2657:The Civil War in Missouri
1788:, pp. 287, 293, 302.
1165:Second Battle of Newtonia
1163:On October 28, 1864, the
1082:'s map of the battlefield
1002:
995:, Bledsoe's Battery, and
613:provide 75,000 volunteers
499:the United States matured
332:
250:
237:
214:
190:
162:
131:
55:
44:
33:Trans-Mississippi Theater
30:
25:
1261:Officially known as the
1248:
1044:Mathew H. Ritchey's farm
886:
701:the capture of Lexington
697:Battle of Wilson's Creek
648:First Battle of Bull Run
402:First Battle of Newtonia
26:First Battle of Newtonia
4275:Newton County, Missouri
2969:Harney–Price Convention
2964:Capture of Camp Jackson
2864:Weeks, Michael (2009).
2614:Britton, Wiley (1922).
2397:. National Park Service
1658:. National Park Service
1190:Mathew H. Ritchey House
4184:Keeper of the Register
2454:"Newtonia Battlefield"
2429:"Newtonia Battlefield"
1199:
1154:Battle of Clark's Mill
1129:
1083:
1038:
845:1st Cherokee Battalion
513:. By the time of the
408:soldiers commanded by
163:Commanders and leaders
4295:September 1862 events
4204:Contributing property
3049:Battle of Dug Springs
2542:More Generals in Gray
2416:Hazelwood et al. 2004
2379:Hazelwood et al. 2004
2240:Hazelwood et al. 2004
2148:Official Records 1880
2121:Official Records 1880
2077:Official Records 1880
1990:Hazelwood et al. 2004
1933:Official Records 1880
1897:Official Records 1880
1885:Official Records 1880
1873:Official Records 1880
1774:Official Records 1880
1682:Official Records 1880
1372:, pp. 19–21, 23.
1235:National Park Service
1197:
1127:
1077:
1036:
953:3rd Indian Home Guard
832:by Brigadier General
802:Little Rock, Arkansas
796:under the command of
741:, and was plagued by
650:, the Union army was
523:industrializing North
238:Casualties and losses
206:Shelby's Iron Brigade
4239:United States portal
2883:Wood, Larry (2010).
1504:, pp. 284, 286.
1408:, pp. 138, 141.
969:1st Choctaw Regiment
786:Theophilus H. Holmes
775:Army of the Frontier
769:, Brigadier General
670:Missouri State Guard
666:Claiborne F. Jackson
605:fired on Fort Sumter
599:was still held by a
552:, and the states of
419:column commanded by
278:class=notpageimage|
2499:. October 18, 2022.
2369:, pp. 285–286.
2332:, pp. 148–149.
2254:, pp. 318–319.
2206:, pp. 317–318.
2150:, pp. 295–296.
2138:, pp. 314–316.
2096:, pp. 313–314.
2055:, pp. 310–312.
2040:, pp. 308–310.
2004:, pp. 306–308.
1977:, pp. 304–305.
1950:, pp. 303–304.
1923:, pp. 301–302.
1911:, pp. 295–300.
1817:, pp. 292–293.
1623:, pp. 291–292.
1569:, pp. 286–287.
1552:, pp. 147–148.
1444:, pp. 146–147.
1432:, pp. 144–145.
763:Battle of Lone Jack
713:Battle of Pea Ridge
680:, commander of the
640:P. G. T. Beauregard
101:36.8836°N 94.1845°W
97: /
4300:Newtonia, Missouri
3074:Blue Mills Landing
1839:. October 16, 1862
1837:The New York Times
1602:. The Joplin Globe
1200:
1143:Fort Scott, Kansas
1130:
1084:
1039:
1008:Preliminary action
981:Lieutenant Colonel
945:mountain howitzers
644:Joseph E. Johnston
609:American Civil War
509:over the issue of
493:American Civil War
432:American Civil War
428:Newtonia, Missouri
80:Newtonia, Missouri
38:American Civil War
4212:
4211:
4199:Historic district
3490:
3489:
3435:
3434:
3350:
3349:
3306:John S. Marmaduke
3264:(by city or town)
3255:
3254:
3099:Mount Zion Church
2894:978-1-59629-857-6
2875:978-0-88150-860-4
2811:978-0-8078-3315-5
2750:978-1-55728-870-7
2729:978-0-395-74012-5
2666:978-0-8262-1972-5
2606:978-1-4262-0093-9
2320:, pp. 94–96.
2308:, pp. 91–92.
2230:, pp. 86–88.
2016:, pp. 93–94.
1761:, pp. 97–99.
1492:, pp. 14–15.
1396:, pp. 35–37.
1384:, pp. 23–25.
1360:, pp. 11–15.
1336:, pp. 30–31.
1312:, pp. 23–24.
1300:, pp. 22–23.
1172:in Missouri, and
943:, as well as two
941:25th Ohio Battery
878:on September 29.
834:Frederick Salomon
790:Douglas H. Cooper
782:Thomas C. Hindman
771:John M. Schofield
751:William Quantrill
682:St. Louis Arsenal
633:Brigadier General
593:Charleston Harbor
424:Frederick Salomon
421:Brigadier General
413:Douglas H. Cooper
395:
394:
289:
288:
196:Salomon's brigade
177:Douglas H. Cooper
169:Frederick Salomon
127:
126:
106:36.8836; -94.1845
4307:
4290:1862 in Missouri
4241:
4236:
4235:
4234:
4227:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4153:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4039:St. Louis County
3517:
3510:
3503:
3494:
3493:
3478:
3477:
3468:
3467:
3447:General Order 11
3427:Confederate Home
3359:
3358:
3337:Thomas Ewing Jr.
3332:Samuel R. Curtis
3316:Joseph O. Shelby
3296:
3295:
3265:
3227:2nd Independence
3135:1st Independence
3094:Blackwater Creek
3024:
3023:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2915:
2914:
2898:
2879:
2860:
2842:
2815:
2792:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2763:
2754:
2733:
2712:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2680:
2670:
2651:
2629:
2610:
2591:
2560:Bearss, Edwin C.
2555:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2489:
2483:
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2321:
2315:
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2276:
2267:
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2255:
2249:
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2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2189:
2178:
2172:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2097:
2091:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2041:
2035:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1987:
1978:
1972:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1945:
1936:
1930:
1924:
1918:
1912:
1906:
1900:
1894:
1888:
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
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1849:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1829:
1818:
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1801:
1795:
1789:
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1777:
1771:
1762:
1756:
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1744:
1727:
1721:
1712:
1706:
1697:
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1595:
1582:
1576:
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1553:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1480:, pp. 7–10.
1475:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
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1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1289:
1283:
1266:
1259:
1150:Indian Territory
955:. The historian
810:Joseph O. Shelby
739:Joseph C. Porter
705:Samuel R. Curtis
607:, beginning the
452:Native Americans
444:Joseph O. Shelby
347:1st Independence
327:
325:
315:
308:
301:
292:
291:
266:
265:
259:
232:
226:
222:
182:Joseph O. Shelby
155:
154:
143:
142:
112:
111:
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108:
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102:
98:
95:
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93:
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68:
57:
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49:
40:
23:
22:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4309:
4308:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4245:
4244:
4237:
4232:
4230:
4223:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4208:
4175:
4154:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4143:
4138:
3536:
3530:
3521:
3491:
3486:
3456:
3452:Bleeding Kansas
3431:
3415:
3404:Second Newtonia
3363:
3346:
3320:
3287:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3251:
3190:
3171:2nd Springfield
3159:
3115:Roan's Tan Yard
3103:
3084:1st Springfield
3015:
2994:
2973:
2959:Liberty Arsenal
2947:
2942:
2905:
2895:
2876:
2839:
2825:Tucker, Spencer
2812:
2789:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2751:
2730:
2709:
2695:Holmes, Richard
2684:
2682:
2678:
2667:
2648:
2607:
2552:
2536:
2531:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2508:
2504:
2491:
2490:
2486:
2478:
2474:
2464:
2462:
2452:
2451:
2447:
2437:
2435:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2418:, pp. 8–9.
2414:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2377:
2373:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2328:
2324:
2316:
2312:
2304:
2300:
2294:O'Flaherty 2000
2292:
2285:
2277:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2194:, p. 1401.
2190:
2181:
2173:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2100:
2092:
2083:
2075:
2071:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2044:
2036:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2008:
2000:
1996:
1988:
1981:
1973:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1946:
1939:
1931:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1859:
1852:
1842:
1840:
1831:
1830:
1821:
1813:
1804:
1798:O'Flaherty 2000
1796:
1792:
1784:
1780:
1772:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1749:, p. 1400.
1745:
1730:
1722:
1715:
1707:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1680:
1671:
1661:
1659:
1654:
1653:
1646:
1638:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1605:
1603:
1600:"Damnable Time"
1596:
1585:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1556:
1548:
1544:
1536:
1532:
1524:
1520:
1512:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1468:, pp. 6–7.
1464:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1416:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1380:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1344:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1269:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1241:in 2022 by the
1192:
1184:Main articles:
1182:
1122:
1097:counterattacked
1060:B. Frank Gordon
1031:
1010:
1005:
965:
895:, cavalry, and
889:
884:
882:Opposing forces
864:William A. Weer
731:
725:
582:Jefferson Davis
539:electoral votes
531:Abraham Lincoln
507:southern states
503:northern states
495:
489:
479:in 2004 as the
442:led by Colonel
398:
397:
396:
391:
377:McGuire's Store
352:Compton's Ferry
328:
323:
321:
319:
285:
284:
283:
282:
280:
274:
273:
272:
271:
267:
243:245 or over 400
210:
186:
149:
137:
105:
103:
99:
96:
91:
88:
86:
84:
83:
82:
66:
64:
50:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4313:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4243:
4242:
4228:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4194:Property types
4191:
4186:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4173:
4168:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4155:
4141:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4044:Ste. Genevieve
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
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3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3789:Jackson: Other
3786:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
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3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3619:Cape Girardeau
3616:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3540:
3538:
3532:
3531:
3520:
3519:
3512:
3505:
3497:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3472:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3449:
3443:
3441:
3440:Related topics
3437:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3430:
3429:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3411:Wilson's Creek
3408:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3399:First Newtonia
3393:
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3345:
3344:
3342:Nathaniel Lyon
3339:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3321:
3319:
3318:
3313:
3311:Sterling Price
3308:
3302:
3300:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3269:
3267:
3260:
3257:
3256:
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3249:
3244:
3242:Marmiton River
3239:
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3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3198:
3196:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3181:Cape Girardeau
3178:
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3160:
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3105:
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3101:
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3076:
3071:
3066:
3064:Dry Wood Creek
3061:
3059:Wilson's Creek
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3030:
3028:
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3017:
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2912:
2911:
2904:
2903:External links
2901:
2900:
2899:
2893:
2880:
2874:
2861:
2843:
2838:978-1851096770
2837:
2816:
2810:
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2713:
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2592:
2562:(April 1966).
2556:
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2484:
2472:
2445:
2420:
2408:
2383:
2371:
2359:
2334:
2322:
2310:
2298:
2296:, p. 126.
2283:
2281:, p. 319.
2268:
2256:
2244:
2232:
2220:
2208:
2196:
2179:
2164:
2152:
2140:
2125:
2123:, p. 304.
2113:
2098:
2081:
2079:, p. 298.
2069:
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2042:
2030:
2018:
2006:
1994:
1979:
1964:
1952:
1937:
1935:, p. 197.
1925:
1913:
1901:
1899:, p. 294.
1889:
1887:, p. 293.
1877:
1875:, p. 305.
1865:
1863:, p. 295.
1850:
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1800:, p. 125.
1790:
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1776:, p. 301.
1763:
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1698:
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1686:
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1669:
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1625:
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1530:
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1516:, p. 191.
1514:Allardice 1995
1506:
1494:
1482:
1470:
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1456:, p. 149.
1446:
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1105:muzzle flashes
1030:
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888:
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883:
880:
826:James G. Blunt
798:James S. Rains
794:Elkhorn Tavern
755:John T. Hughes
727:Main article:
724:
721:
689:Sterling Price
678:Nathaniel Lyon
636:Irvin McDowell
621:North Carolina
547:South Carolina
519:states' rights
491:Main article:
488:
485:
456:James G. Blunt
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3381:Fort Davidson
3379:
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3362:Monuments and
3360:
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3217:2nd Lexington
3215:
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3202:Fort Davidson
3200:
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3069:1st Lexington
3067:
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3006:Shelby's Raid
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2788:0-8078-4878-6
2784:
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2708:0-19-866209-2
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2649:
2647:0-394-74623-6
2643:
2639:
2635:
2634:Foote, Shelby
2631:
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2551:0-8071-1967-9
2547:
2543:
2538:
2537:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2482:, p. 34.
2481:
2476:
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2460:
2455:
2449:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2417:
2412:
2393:
2387:
2381:, pp. 4.
2380:
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2307:
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2280:
2275:
2273:
2266:, p. 47.
2265:
2260:
2253:
2248:
2242:, p. 17.
2241:
2236:
2229:
2224:
2218:, p. 97.
2217:
2212:
2205:
2200:
2193:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2177:, p. 16.
2176:
2171:
2169:
2162:, p. 96.
2161:
2156:
2149:
2144:
2137:
2132:
2130:
2122:
2117:
2111:, p. 95.
2110:
2105:
2103:
2095:
2090:
2088:
2086:
2078:
2073:
2067:, p. 99.
2066:
2061:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2039:
2034:
2028:, p. 94.
2027:
2022:
2015:
2010:
2003:
1998:
1992:, p. 16.
1991:
1986:
1984:
1976:
1971:
1969:
1961:
1956:
1949:
1944:
1942:
1934:
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1917:
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1725:
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1580:
1575:
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1563:
1561:
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1528:, p. 15.
1527:
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1347:
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1306:
1299:
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1288:, p. 35.
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1055:canister fire
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986:
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958:
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950:
949:3-inch rifles
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
929:9th Wisconsin
926:
922:
918:
914:
913:3rd Wisconsin
910:
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902:
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764:
760:
756:
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748:
745:attacks from
744:
740:
737:
730:
720:
718:
714:
710:
709:Earl Van Dorn
706:
702:
698:
694:
693:Ben McCulloch
690:
687:
686:Major General
683:
679:
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520:
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494:
484:
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469:
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461:
460:advance force
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
430:, during the
429:
425:
422:
418:
414:
411:
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145:United States
141:
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81:
77:
74:
73:
62:
59:
58:
54:
48:
43:
39:
34:
29:
24:
19:
4019:St. Francois
3480:
3386:Island Mound
3247:2nd Newtonia
3155:Clark's Mill
3150:Island Mound
3145:1st Newtonia
3144:
3125:Moore's Mill
2884:
2865:
2847:
2828:
2797:
2778:
2766:. Retrieved
2739:
2718:
2698:
2683:. Retrieved
2656:
2637:
2616:
2596:
2571:
2567:
2541:
2521:December 28,
2519:. Retrieved
2516:Joplin Globe
2515:
2505:
2497:Congress.gov
2496:
2487:
2475:
2463:. Retrieved
2457:
2448:
2436:. Retrieved
2423:
2411:
2399:. Retrieved
2386:
2374:
2367:Kennedy 1998
2362:
2350:. Retrieved
2337:
2330:Gerteis 2012
2325:
2313:
2301:
2259:
2247:
2235:
2223:
2216:Britton 1922
2211:
2199:
2160:Britton 1922
2155:
2143:
2116:
2109:Britton 1922
2072:
2060:
2033:
2026:Britton 1922
2021:
2014:Britton 1922
2009:
1997:
1962:, p. 7.
1955:
1928:
1916:
1904:
1892:
1880:
1868:
1841:. Retrieved
1836:
1793:
1781:
1754:
1689:
1660:. Retrieved
1640:Kennedy 1998
1616:
1604:. Retrieved
1574:
1550:Gerteis 2012
1545:
1538:Gerteis 2012
1533:
1521:
1509:
1497:
1485:
1473:
1461:
1454:Gerteis 2012
1449:
1442:Gerteis 2012
1437:
1430:Gerteis 2012
1425:
1418:Gerteis 2012
1413:
1406:Gerteis 2012
1401:
1394:Kennedy 1998
1389:
1382:Kennedy 1998
1377:
1370:Kennedy 1998
1365:
1358:Kennedy 1998
1353:
1341:
1329:
1324:, p. 4.
1322:Kennedy 1998
1317:
1305:
1293:
1281:
1257:
1224:
1217:
1201:
1180:Preservation
1162:
1147:
1139:
1131:
1110:night battle
1101:
1093:flank attack
1089:
1085:
1068:supply train
1064:
1052:
1040:
1029:September 30
1011:
966:
957:Shelby Foote
890:
872:James Totten
838:
814:Iron Brigade
779:
747:bushwhackers
732:
656:
590:
533:was elected
496:
464:
401:
399:
387:Clark's Mill
382:Island Mound
367:1st Newtonia
366:
357:Yellow Creek
337:Moore's Mill
132:Belligerents
31:Part of the
18:
4159:Other lists
4009:St. Charles
3884:Mississippi
3299:Confederate
3261:Involvement
3222:Little Blue
3186:Chalk Bluff
2985:Confederacy
2279:Bearss 1966
2252:Bearss 1966
2204:Bearss 1966
2136:Bearss 1966
2094:Bearss 1966
2065:McGhee 2008
2053:Bearss 1966
2038:Bearss 1966
2002:Bearss 1966
1975:Bearss 1966
1960:McGhee 2008
1948:Bearss 1966
1921:Bearss 1966
1909:Bearss 1966
1861:Bearss 1966
1815:Bearss 1966
1786:Bearss 1966
1759:McGhee 2008
1694:Bearss 1966
1621:Bearss 1966
1567:Bearss 1966
1502:Bearss 1966
1346:Bearss 2007
1334:Bearss 2007
1310:Bearss 2007
1298:Bearss 2007
1286:Holmes 2001
1176:in Kansas.
1022:skirmishers
963:Confederate
925:13th Kansas
876:Springfield
830:spearheaded
808:of Colonel
597:Fort Sumter
554:Mississippi
406:Confederate
121:Confederate
104: /
4249:Categories
4114:Washington
3909:New Madrid
3899:Montgomery
3844:Livingston
3420:Cemeteries
3130:Kirksville
3120:New Madrid
2978:Combatants
2264:Weeks 2009
1709:Foote 1986
1273:References
1174:Mine Creek
1114:rear guard
937:2nd Kansas
905:9th Kansas
849:grist mill
749:including
601:Union Army
543:Deep South
487:Background
342:Kirksville
92:94°11′04″W
89:36°53′01″N
67:1862-09-30
4014:St. Clair
3819:Lafayette
3799:Jefferson
3724:Gasconade
3649:Christian
3584:Bollinger
3537:by county
3395:Newtonia
3391:Lexington
3364:memorials
3355:Aftermath
3283:St. Louis
3273:Centralia
3176:Hartville
3140:Lone Jack
3039:Cole Camp
3034:Boonville
2999:Campaigns
2857:262466842
2768:April 11,
2636:(1986) .
2626:944456567
2580:0026-6582
2438:March 28,
2401:March 27,
2352:March 27,
2318:Wood 2010
2306:Wood 2010
2228:Wood 2010
1843:August 2,
1724:Wood 2010
1606:March 27,
1526:Shea 2009
1490:Shea 2009
1478:Shea 2009
1466:Shea 2009
1215:in 1869.
1158:Vera Cruz
1135:companies
1120:Aftermath
1018:companies
917:regiments
897:artillery
743:guerrilla
625:Tennessee
586:president
570:Louisiana
541:from the
535:president
527:secession
362:Lone Jack
223:4,000 to
4089:Sullivan
4079:Stoddard
4059:Scotland
4054:Schuyler
3999:Reynolds
3989:Randolph
3939:Pemiscot
3889:Moniteau
3869:McDonald
3824:Lawrence
3744:Harrison
3719:Franklin
3679:Crawford
3644:Chariton
3609:Callaway
3604:Caldwell
3594:Buchanan
3554:Atchison
3528:Missouri
3470:Category
3376:Carthage
3237:Westport
3232:Big Blue
3044:Carthage
2697:(2001).
2465:June 21,
1170:Westport
909:2nd Ohio
893:infantry
868:Sarcoxie
843:and the
816:, and a
668:and the
663:Governor
659:Missouri
629:Arkansas
617:Virginia
505:and the
436:Missouri
270:Newtonia
215:Strength
75:Location
4166:Bridges
4124:Webster
4069:Shannon
3974:Pulaski
3919:Nodaway
3854:Madison
3834:Lincoln
3814:Laclede
3804:Johnson
3754:Hickory
3714:Dunklin
3709:Douglas
3694:Daviess
3664:Clinton
3624:Carroll
3559:Audrain
3481:Commons
3292:Leaders
3278:Osceola
3212:Glasgow
3207:Sedalia
3089:Belmont
3020:Battles
2952:Origins
2685:June 7,
2588:1758409
2534:Sources
1048:sniping
853:Captain
818:brigade
806:cavalry
736:Colonel
723:Prelude
674:militia
566:Georgia
562:Alabama
558:Florida
550:seceded
511:slavery
468:Militia
448:brigade
440:cavalry
410:Colonel
123:victory
65: (
35:of the
4134:Wright
4109:Warren
4104:Vernon
4074:Shelby
4049:Saline
4004:Ripley
3979:Putnam
3964:Platte
3954:Phelps
3949:Pettis
3924:Oregon
3914:Newton
3904:Morgan
3894:Monroe
3879:Miller
3874:Mercer
3864:Marion
3859:Maries
3794:Jasper
3769:Howell
3764:Howard
3739:Grundy
3734:Greene
3729:Gentry
3699:DeKalb
3689:Dallas
3674:Cooper
3629:Carter
3614:Camden
3599:Butler
3579:Benton
3569:Barton
3549:Andrew
3371:Athens
3054:Athens
2891:
2872:
2855:
2835:
2808:
2785:
2747:
2726:
2705:
2663:
2644:
2624:
2603:
2586:
2578:
2548:
1662:May 9,
1014:Neosho
1003:Battle
987:, the
971:, the
927:, and
911:, and
907:, the
860:Granby
652:routed
627:, and
572:, and
446:and a
415:and a
117:Result
4129:Worth
4119:Wayne
4099:Texas
4094:Taney
4084:Stone
4064:Scott
3984:Ralls
3944:Perry
3934:Ozark
3929:Osage
3849:Macon
3829:Lewis
3749:Henry
3654:Clark
3639:Cedar
3589:Boone
3574:Bates
3564:Barry
3544:Adair
3535:Lists
3325:Union
2990:Union
2823:. In
2762:(PDF)
2679:(PDF)
2395:(PDF)
1249:Notes
1156:near
887:Union
574:Texas
426:near
417:Union
233:5,500
227:4,500
3969:Polk
3959:Pike
3839:Linn
3809:Knox
3774:Iron
3759:Holt
3704:Dent
3684:Dade
3669:Cole
3659:Clay
3634:Cass
3195:1864
3164:1863
3108:1862
3027:1861
2889:ISBN
2870:ISBN
2853:OCLC
2833:ISBN
2806:ISBN
2783:ISBN
2770:2020
2745:ISBN
2724:ISBN
2703:ISBN
2687:2020
2661:ISBN
2642:ISBN
2622:OCLC
2601:ISBN
2584:OCLC
2576:ISSN
2546:ISBN
2523:2022
2467:2023
2440:2020
2403:2020
2354:2020
1845:2020
1664:2020
1608:2020
1225:The
1202:The
1188:and
1078:The
935:and
923:and
921:10th
903:and
828:and
672:, a
642:and
473:rout
400:The
60:Date
3994:Ray
3526:in
933:1st
901:6th
820:of
812:'s
591:In
497:As
450:of
4251::
2804:.
2582:.
2572:60
2570:.
2566:.
2514:.
2495:.
2456:.
2431:.
2345:.
2286:^
2271:^
2182:^
2167:^
2128:^
2101:^
2084:^
2045:^
1982:^
1967:^
1940:^
1853:^
1835:.
1822:^
1805:^
1766:^
1731:^
1716:^
1701:^
1672:^
1647:^
1628:^
1586:^
1557:^
979:,
777:.
654:.
623:,
619:,
588:.
580:;
568:,
564:,
560:,
556:,
483:.
246:78
231:c.
225:c.
221:c.
3516:e
3509:t
3502:v
2937:e
2930:t
2923:v
2897:.
2878:.
2859:.
2841:.
2814:.
2791:.
2772:.
2753:.
2732:.
2711:.
2689:.
2669:.
2650:.
2628:.
2609:.
2590:.
2554:.
2525:.
2469:.
2442:.
2405:.
2356:.
1847:.
1666:.
1610:.
1265:.
314:e
307:t
300:v
69:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
