435:
foreign to them. Although the curiosity of foreign cultures could easily destabilize their recently-developed ethnic identity, 1.5 generation adolescents may be more inclined to integrate into their new country's culture as a means of survival. After all, in the example of immigrants to the United States, classroom instructions are given in
English, and, especially for adolescents attending public schools, their peers will only speak English. However, the ease of acculturation is dependent on age; the older an individual is when they immigrated to the United States, the harder it will be for them to assimilate into American society. As such, even if a Generation 1.5 individual wanted to fully assimilate into American society—which might result in a greater earning potential—their age would make the process difficult. Gindelsky's findings also further prove that acculturation is more often sought after due to the associated increase in earning potential and for survival, and less so simply due to curiosity.
521:
outside Canada. Some researchers have begun to question whether those with one native-born parent and those with no native-born parents should be lumped together, with evidence suggesting that there are significant differences in identities and various outcomes between the two groups. For instance, patterns of ethnic identification with the majority ethnic group and the heritage ethnic group differ between the 1.0, 2.0, and 2.5 generations, such that there is greater polarization between the two identities in the 1.0 generation (i.e., identifying as
Canadian implies dis-identifying as a member of the heritage ethnic community and vice versa), a lack of a relation between the two identities in the 2.0 generation, and a positive association between the two identities for the 2.5 generation (i.e., implying that the two identities are compatible and possibly hybridized).
431:, the process that occurs when groups of individuals of different cultures come into continuous first-hand contact, which changes the original culture patterns of either or both groups. However, their identification is affected by their experiences growing up in the new country. 1.5G feels stronger and more curious about their heritage culture than later generations. 1.5G individuals are often bilingual and may find it easier to assimilate into local culture and society than people who immigrate as adults. Many 1.5 generation individuals also feel bi-cultural, combining both cultures - culture from the country of origin with the culture of the new country.
447:
2nd-generation immigrant who was born in the country they live in: they retain virtually no memory of their country of birth, were too young to go to school to learn to read or write in the parental language or dialect in the home country, typically learn the language or dialect of the country they immigrate to without an accent and are almost entirely socialized there. Children who arrive in their adolescent years (ages 14–17) are referred to as 1.25 generation immigrants because their experiences are closer to the first generation of adult immigrants than to the native born second generation.
119:
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both generations of this family may be considered "first generation" by the former definition, as both parents and children were foreign-born, adult, immigrants. Likewise, if the two parents had a third child later on, this child would be of a different immigrant generation from that of its siblings. For every generation, the factor of mixed-generation marriages further convolutes the issue, as a person may have immigrants at several different levels of his or her ancestry.
181:
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36:
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immigration, the community where they settle, the amount of time they spent in the education system in their native country, and other factors, 1.5 generation individuals identify with their countries of origin to varying degrees. The extent of which this cultural diffusion remains variable is further due to
520:
When demographers and other social scientists in the United States use the term "second generation", they usually refer to people with one foreign-born parent. Likewise, Statistics Canada defines second generation persons as those individuals who were born in Canada and had at least one parent born
288:
of an individual or an individual's parents. First-generation immigrants are the first foreign-born family members to gain citizenship or permanent residency in the country. People beyond the first generation are not "immigrants" in the strictest sense of the word and, depending on local laws, may
497:
are the immigrants in question. Generation labeling immigrants is further complicated by the fact that immigrant generations may not correspond to the genealogical generations of a family. For instance, if a family of two parents and their two adult children immigrate to a new country, members in
426:
Identity is an essential defining characteristic of a person, and can affect how they interact with society. Identity formation commonly takes place during adolescence, and the ages of 4 and 8 are described as important for developing a sense of ethnic identity. As such, depending on the age of
446:
has coined the term "1.75 generation" and "1.25 generation" immigrants, for children who are closer to birth or full adulthood when they immigrate. Children who arrive in their early childhood (ages 0–4) are referred to as 1.75 generation immigrants since their experiences are closer to a true
434:
Because 1.5 generation individuals immigrate during their adolescence at a time of identity formation, this may contribute to their curiosity about other groups that are different from their own. Andray Domsey reports that this curiosity makes them more open to accepting and adopting a culture
541:
Immigrant children usually have more in the way of family obligation than children not born of immigrants and so they are more likely to feel pressure to study seriously at school and gain the ability to provide for their relatives. That can also be explained by a stronger emphasis of higher
418:. Oftentimes, in the case of small children, a battle of linguistic comprehension occurs between their academic language and the language spoken at home. Their identity is, thus, a combination of new and old culture and tradition. Sociologist
1424:
463:
by one generation. As such, the term exhibits the same type of ambiguity as "first-generation," as well as additional ones. Like "first-generation immigrant", the term "second-generation" can refer to a member of either:
422:
was among the first to use the term to examine outcomes among those arriving in the United States before adolescence, but since then the term has expanded to include foreign students, as well as other unique individuals.
1331:
Hill, Nancy E.; Torres, Kathryn (March 1, 2010). "Negotiating the
American Dream: The Paradox of Aspirations and Achievement among Latino Students and Engagement between their Families and Schools".
301:
track how the children and subsequent generations of immigrant forebears compare to sections of the population that do not have immigrant background or to equivalent generations of prior eras.
1151:
Noels, Kimberly A.; Richard Clément (2015). "Situational variations in ethnic identity across immigration generations: Implications for acculturative change and cross-cultural adaptation".
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Many of those factors are reinforced and supported by the parents of immigrant youth who may have immigrated in the first place only to provide their children with a brighter future.
493:. Namely, critics say, a "second-generation immigrant" is not an immigrant, since being "second-generation" means that the person is born in the country and the person's
611:
1509:"How First-Generation College and Underrepresented Students Can Overcome Obstacles to Attaining a College Education: Handbook for a New Family Tradition,"Paper 318.
1036:
364:
In some definitions, however, those born to at least one immigrant parent are considered "first generation" – or rather, first generation of an immigrant's
1017:
Rumbaut, Rubén. "Ages, Life Stages, and
Generational Cohorts: Decomposing the Immigrant First and Second Generations in the United States". p. 1167.
735:
Rumbaut, Rubén G. (2004). "Ages, Life Stages, and
Generational Cohorts: Decomposing the Immigrant First and Second Generations in the United States".
616:
479:
695:
1526:
1425:"Supporting Reconnecting Immigrant Families with English Language Learners in Rural Schools: An Exploratory Study of Filipino Arrivals to Alberta"
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Acevedo-Garcia, Dolores; Jocelyn Pan; Hee-Jin Jun; Theresa L. Osypuk; Karen M. Emmons (2005). "The effect of immigrant generation on smoking".
191:
788:
777:
Asher, C. (2011). "The progressive past: How history can help us serve generation 1.5". Reference & User
Service Quarterly, 51(1). 43–48.
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education from their immigrant parents, who may invest in tutoring and private schooling to increase the human capital of their children.
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17:
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390:, although not widely used, refers to first-generation immigrants who immigrated to the new country before or during their early
49:
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556:(s) of their host country. As bilinguals, they have "advantages on all tasks especially involving conflicting attention".
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Most immigrant youth tend to have higher academic accomplishment at all levels, at times even having greater levels of
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815:"8.1 Foundations of Culture and Identity | Communication in the Real World: An Introduction to Communication Studies"
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885:"Emotional and Behavioral Disorders in 1.5th Generation, 2nd Generation Immigrant Children, and Foreign Adoptees"
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969:"Testing the acculturation of the 1.5 generation in the United States: Is there a "critical" age of migration?"
342:
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in the host nation, is also an important factor that motivates immigrant generations to work hard and succeed.
1985:
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Ramakrishnan, S. Karthick (2004). "Second-Generation
Immigrants? The "2.5 Generation" in the United States".
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1284:"Immigrant category of admission and the earnings of adults and children: How far does the apple fall?"
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These ambiguities notwithstanding, generation labeling is frequently used in parlance, news articles
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1227:"The Role of Family Obligations and School Adjustment in Explaining the Immigrant Paradox"
8:
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1190:(June 1, 2014). "Understanding the U.S. Immigrant Paradox in Childhood and Adolescence".
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The second generation born in a country (i.e. "third generation" in the above definition)
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The second generation of a family to inhabit, but the first natively born in, a country,
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512:. It may or may not be possible to determine, from context, which meaning is intended.
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394:, ages 5-13. They earn the label the "1.5 generation" because while they spend their
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1449:"generation, n". OED Online. December 2011. Oxford University Press. 9 January 2012
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http://forms.gradsch.psu.edu/diversity/mcnair/mcnair_jrnl2010/files/Adebowale.pdf
588:, Japanese terminology for immigrant generations, coined from the Japanese words
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789:"Introducing the cultural mashup dictionary: Our first term, 1.5 generation"
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than their parents and grandparents. To explain that phenomenon, called the
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Tweedie, Gregory; Dressler, Anja; Schmidt, Cora-Leah (November 12, 2018).
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Most immigrant generations learn their mother tongue alongside the local
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In the United States, among demographers and other social scientists,
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Many Petals of the Lotus: Five Asian
Buddhist Communities in Toronto.
261:
257:
1490:"The progressive past: How history can help us serve generation 1.5"
1715:
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626:
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Optimism, the idea that if they put in the work, they will achieve
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290:
1368:"Bilingual experience and executive functioning in young children"
260:, people who permanently resettle to a new country are considered
1281:
350:
338:
1633:
1527:
Dictionary citation for 1.5 generation from Double-Tongued Word
722:
Lives in limbo : undocumented and coming of age in
America
656:
Lives in limbo : undocumented and coming of age in
America
577:
354:
1543:
844:
Rothe, Eugenio M.; Tzuang, Dan; Pumariega, Andres J. (2010).
573:
569:
504:, and reference articles without deliberate clarification of
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deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
1366:
Carlson, Stephanie M.; Meltzoff, Andrew N. (March 1, 2008).
482:
refers to the U.S.-born children of foreign-born parents.
293:. The categorization of immigrants into generations helps
1068:"Generation status: Canadian-born children of immigrants"
850:
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America
612:
Inequality within immigrant families in the United States
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Factors leading to immigrant generations' accomplishments
27:
Generational status of immigrants and their descendants
1422:
1185:
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needs to be expanded with relevant research findings.
1150:
843:
694:
Radio, Southern California Public (March 21, 2012).
1037:"Nation's Foreign-Born Population Nears 37 Million"
1511:Applied Research Projects. Texas State University.
1225:Geel, Mitch van; Vedder, Paul (October 27, 2009).
1029:
1065:
617:Second-generation immigrants in the United States
537:, there are several factors that are noticeable:
313:of immigrants is composed of individuals who are
1972:
696:"Gen 1.5: Where an immigrant generation fits in"
1365:
940:"The root of immigrants' impulse to assimilate"
1282:Warman, C.; Webb, M. D.; Worswick, C. (2019).
406:in the new country, they often still maintain
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937:
188:The examples and perspective in this article
1088:
1070:. Minister of Industry, Government of Canada
846:"Acculturation, Development, and Adaptation"
438:
1532:Generation 1.5 Students and College Writing
86:needs attention from an expert in sociology
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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787:Rojas, Leslie Berenstein (April 7, 2011).
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1307:
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244:Learn how and when to remove this message
226:Learn how and when to remove this message
163:Learn how and when to remove this message
889:Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health
719:
653:
126:This article includes a list of general
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14:
1973:
1494:Reference & User Service Quarterly
1459:Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
667:
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489:attracts criticism due to it being an
96:may be able to help recruit an expert.
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1043:. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from
973:Review of Economics of the Household
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29:
1153:International Journal of Psychology
1103:10.1111/j.0038-4941.2004.08502013.x
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967:Gindelsky, Marina (March 1, 2019).
882:
662:
304:
24:
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957:
883:Tan, Tony Xing (October 1, 2016).
795:. Southern California Public Radio
749:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2004.tb00232.x
737:The International Migration Review
132:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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2002:
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832:
724:. University of California Press.
658:. University of California Press.
515:
375:
45:This article has multiple issues.
1917:Strauss–Howe generational theory
1384:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2008.00675.x
1345:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01635.x
1231:Journal of Youth and Adolescence
700:Southern California Public Radio
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53:or discuss these issues on the
1192:Child Development Perspectives
938:Andray Domise (June 9, 2017).
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1118:Social Science & Medicine
675:. United States Census Bureau
632:
1186:Marks, Amy K.; Ejesi, Kida;
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7:
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487:second-generation immigrant
410:, cultural traits and even
372:from the USCB definition).
278:United States Census Bureau
202:, discuss the issue on the
88:. The specific problem is:
10:
2007:
1537:November 17, 2007, at the
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1066:Statistics Canada (2013).
720:Gonzales, Roberto (2016).
654:Gonzales, Roberto (2016).
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901:10.1007/s10903-016-0388-0
862:10.1016/j.chc.2010.07.002
819:courses.lumenlearning.com
459:" extends the concept of
439:1.75 and 1.25 generations
18:First-generation American
1927:Transgenerational design
1859:Revolutionary generation
1756:Generation of Columbuses
1455:McLellan, Janet (1999).
1333:Journal of Social Issues
1091:Social Science Quarterly
531:post-secondary education
1949:The Greatest Generation
1880:Generational accounting
1507:Amaya, Ismael. (2010).
309:According to USCB, the
147:more precise citations.
1642:Interbellum Generation
329:(such as long-staying
291:citizenship from birth
280:(USCB) uses the term "
1922:Theory of generations
1854:Immigrant generations
1806:Strawberry generation
1372:Developmental Science
622:Cultural assimilation
359:unauthorized migrants
94:WikiProject Sociology
1986:Cultural generations
1890:Intergenerationality
1673:Boomerang Generation
1582:In the Western world
1188:GarcĂa Coll, Cynthia
1047:on February 25, 2012
673:"About Foreign Born"
319:naturalized citizens
264:, regardless of the
208:create a new article
200:improve this article
1594:Greatest Generation
1488:Asher, C. (2011).
480:"second generation"
412:national identities
327:temporary residents
323:permanent residents
282:generational status
1849:Future generations
1781:Merdeka Generation
1776:Pioneer Generation
1204:10.1111/cdep.12071
1165:10.1002/ijop.12205
349:migrants (such as
284:" to refer to the
1968:
1967:
1746:Satori generation
1691:
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1599:Silent Generation
608:for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
554:national language
535:immigrant paradox
457:second-generation
451:Second generation
416:country of origin
370:second generation
317:, which includes
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210:, as appropriate.
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16:(Redirected from
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1796:Sampo generation
1736:Burnt Generation
1726:Husák's Children
1696:Country-specific
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1124:(6): 1223–1242.
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895:(5): 957–965.
875:
856:(4): 681–696.
831:
806:
779:
770:
727:
712:
686:
661:
642:
641:
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631:
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629:
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1447:
1426:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1378:(2): 282–98.
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1339:(1): 95–112.
1338:
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1327:
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1301:
1297:
1294:(1): 53–112.
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404:socialization
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153:November 2022
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1787:South Korea
1619:Generation Z
1609:Generation X
1604:Baby boomers
1493:
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1430:November 17,
1428:. Retrieved
1418:
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347:humanitarian
315:foreign-born
310:
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299:demographers
295:sociologists
281:
266:legal status
255:
240:
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213:
189:
159:
150:
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47:Please help
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1991:Immigration
1905:Shared site
1816:Millennials
1657:Zillennials
1614:Millennials
1575:Generations
1051:January 31,
944:Macleans.ca
799:January 31,
705:February 9,
414:from their
366:descendants
270:citizenship
145:introducing
1975:Categories
1772:Singapore
633:References
506:birthplace
455:The term "
337:, but not
262:immigrants
128:references
102:April 2017
50:improve it
1960:OK boomer
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1251:0047-2891
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765:144438688
638:Citations
485:The term
380:The term
321:, lawful
274:residency
268:of their
258:sociology
204:talk page
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1910:Struggle
1868:Concepts
1827:Vietnam
1766:Decreței
1762:Romania
1716:Post-90s
1711:Post-80s
1706:Post-70s
1652:Xennials
1535:Archived
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1269:19859793
1173:26271917
1138:15970233
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870:21056341
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627:Dekasegi
564:See also
491:oxymoron
351:refugees
339:tourists
198:You may
1936:Related
1802:Taiwan
1752:Poland
1666:Related
1634:Cuspers
1443:Sources
1401:3647884
1260:3018245
1023:1887924
925:3431280
793:Article
679:May 21,
495:parents
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753:JSTOR
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570:Issei
392:teens
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1479:OCLC
1469:ISBN
1461:ISBN
1432:2018
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