Finland - Knowledge

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arable land north of the 60° north latitude. Although annual precipitation is generally adequate, it mostly transpires during winter, which poses a continuous risk of summer droughts. Farmers have adapted to the climate by relying on quick-ripening and frost-resistant crop varieties. They cultivate south-facing slopes and rich bottomlands to ensure year-round production, even during summer frosts. Drainage systems are often utilized to remove excess water. Finland's agricultural sector has demonstrated remarkable efficiency and productivity, particularly in comparison to its European counterparts.

8114: 2164: 190: 7298: 1723: 19708: 4766: 5174: 1914: 3060: 6523: 7909: 19266: 7739: 1241: 4394: 18949: 3717: 2983: 7451: 2093: 3082: 8081: 2917: 104: 4855: 8060: 4877: 2899: 3843: 15589: 3038: 19390: 3104: 3071: 2906: 7535:. The word sauna is of Proto-Finnish origin (found in Finnic and Sami languages) dating back 7,000 years. Steam baths have been part of European tradition elsewhere as well, but the sauna has survived best in Finland, in addition to Sweden, Estonia, Latvia, Russia, Norway, and parts of the United States and Canada. Moreover, nearly all Finnish houses have either their own sauna or in multi-story apartment houses, a timeshare sauna. Municipal swimming halls and hotels have often their own saunas. The 2961: 3049: 19296: 18981: 4070: 7508: 1985: 3005: 2781:

December to late March. Even in the south, the harshest winter nights can see the temperatures fall to −30 °C (−22 °F) although on coastal areas like Helsinki, temperatures below −30 °C (−22 °F) are rare. Climatic summers (when mean daily temperature remains above 10 °C or 50 °F) in southern Finland last from about late May to mid-September, and in the inland, the warmest days of July can reach over 35 °C (95 °F). Although most of Finland lies on the

2532: 5522:, one of the lowest in the world, significantly below the replacement rate of 2.1. In 1887 Finland recorded its highest rate, 5.17 children born per woman. Finland has one of the oldest populations in the world, with a median age of 42.6 years. Approximately half of voters are estimated to be over 50 years old. Finland has an average population density of 18 inhabitants per square kilometre. This is the third-lowest population density of any European country, behind those of Norway and 2994: 2939: 2950: 19593: 6381: 4236: 5755:). Swedish is a compulsory school subject and general knowledge of the language is good among many non-native speakers. Likewise, a majority of Swedish-speaking non-Ålanders can speak Finnish. The Finnish side of the land border with Sweden is unilingually Finnish-speaking. The Swedish across the border is distinct from the Swedish spoken in Finland. There is a sizeable pronunciation difference between the varieties of Swedish spoken in the two countries, although their 4088: 15586: 1582: 2707: 627: 19134: 18805: 90: 19283: 18968: 17454: 19377: 19309: 18994: 3027: 3016: 2322: 18817: 7895: 19211: 18894: 19224: 18907: 3772:, which is responsible for the operation, administration and finances of the area, is the highest decision-making body in the Wellbeing services county. The delegates and deputy commissioners of the county council are elected in the county elections for a term of office of four years. Wellbeing services counties are self-governing. However, they do not have the right to levy taxes and their funding is based on central government funding. 19346: 19198: 18881: 6965: 6660: 5053: 4626: 3093: 19364: 19237: 19024: 18920: 6813: 6485: 2928: 2285:. Before February 2022, opinion polls showed a narrow but decisive majority against NATO membership; by April, a supermajority was in favour of membership. On 11 May 2022, Finland signed a mutual security pact with the United Kingdom. On 12 May, Finland's president and Prime Minister called for NATO membership "without delay". Subsequently, on 17 May, the Finnish Parliament voted 188–8 in favour of Finland's accession to NATO. 11390: 3868: 19250: 18933: 17469: 7146: 7032: 797: 749: 730: 697: 678: 6346:

was declared in the constitution of 1919, and a separate law on religious freedom in 1922. Through this arrangement, the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland gained a constitutional status as a national church alongside the Finnish Orthodox Church, whose position however is not codified in the constitution. The main Lutheran and Orthodox churches have special roles such as in state ceremonies and schools.

200: 19333: 19037: 1425: 5253: 772: 5588:, a right to establish permanent residency in the country, which would eventually entitle them to qualify for citizenship. As of 2023, 535,451 people in Finland were born in another country, representing 9,6 % of the population. The 10 largest foreign born groups are (in order) from Estonia, Sweden, Iraq, Russia, China, Ukraine, India, Somalia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam and Turkey. 1719:, which decided to dissolve the parliament. New elections were held in which the right-wing parties won by a small majority. Some social democrats refused to accept the result, claiming that the dissolution of parliament and the subsequent elections were extra-legal. The two almost equally powerful political blocs, the right-wing parties and the Social Democratic Party, were deeply divided. 11379: 4417:(non-armed) service. Voluntary post-conscription overseas peacekeeping service is popular, and troops serve around the world in UN, NATO, and EU missions. Women are allowed to serve in all combat arms. In 2022, 1211 women entered voluntary military service. The army consists of a highly mobile field army backed up by local defence units. With a high capability of 2450:. The effect is strongest around the Gulf of Bothnia, where land steadily rises about 1 cm (0.4 in) a year. As a result, the old sea bottom turns little by little into dry land: the surface area of the country is expanding by about 7 square kilometres (2.7 sq mi) annually. Relatively speaking, Finland is rising from the sea. 2849:

to its population. In addition to inter-municipal cooperation, which is the responsibility of regional councils, each county has a state Employment and Economic Development Centre which is responsible for the local administration of labour, agriculture, fisheries, forestry, and entrepreneurial affairs. Historically, counties are divisions of

8687: 8370: 5526:, and the lowest population density of any European Union member country. Finland's population has always been concentrated in the southern parts of the country, a phenomenon that became even more pronounced during 20th-century urbanization. Three of the four largest cities in Finland are situated in the 5151:), and is no longer dominated by the two sectors of metal and forest industry. Likewise, the structure has changed, with the service sector growing. Despite this, production for export is still more prominent than in Western Europe, thus making Finland possibly more vulnerable to global economic trends. 1291:, and, in lesser extent, glass. Production of iron started approximately in 500 BC. At the end of the ninth century, indigenous artefact culture, especially weapons and women's jewelry, had more common local features than ever before. This has been interpreted to be expressing common Finnish identity. 11932:

Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) Between the Government of the Republic of Finland and Headquarters, Supreme Allied Commander Transformation As Well As Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe Regarding the Provision of Host Nation Support for the Execution of NATO: Operations / Exercises / Similar

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Finland was the first nation in the world to give all (adult) citizens full suffrage, in other words the right to vote and to run for office, in 1906. New Zealand was the first country in the world to grant all (adult) citizens the right to vote in 1893, but women did not get the right to run for the

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As of 2008, the average level of income, adjusted for purchasing power, was comparable to that of Italy, Sweden, Germany and France. In 2006, 62% of the labour force was employed by firms with fewer than 250 workers, which generated 49% of total business revenue. The employment rate of women is high.

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Finland's soil and climate pose particular challenges for crop production, with harsh winters and relatively short growing seasons, often interrupted by frost. However, the prevalence of the Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Drift Current in Finland's temperate climate allows for half of the world's

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In northern Finland, particularly in Lapland, the winters are long and cold, while the summers are relatively warm but short. On the most severe winter days in Lapland can see the temperature fall to −45 °C (−49 °F). The winter of the north lasts for about 200 days with permanent snow cover

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Most pre-tertiary education is arranged at the municipal level. Around 3 percent of students are enrolled in private schools (mostly specialist language and international schools). Formal education is usually started at the age of 7. Primary school takes normally six years and lower secondary school

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in 2012 at the age of 15, and over 90% of the funerals are Christian. However, the majority of Lutherans attend church only for special occasions like Christmas ceremonies, weddings, and funerals. The Lutheran Church estimates that approximately 1.8% of its members attend church services weekly. The

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Finland's state church was the Church of Sweden until 1809. As an autonomous Grand Duchy under Russia from 1809 to 1917, Finland retained the Lutheran State Church system, and the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland was established. After Finland had gained independence in 1917, religious freedom

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of a county. The main tasks of the counties are regional planning and development of enterprise and education. In addition, the public health services are usually organized based on counties. Regional councils are elected by municipal councils, each municipality sending representatives in proportion

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is Finland's largest religious body; at the end of 2023, 63.6% of Finns were members of the church. The Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland has seen its share of the country's population declining by roughly one percent annually in recent years. The decline has been due to both church membership

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compared with the rest of Europe. The eroding effects have contributed to a mostly flat landscape in Finland, characterized by hills. However, in the northern regions, including areas bordering the Scandinavian Mountains, the terrain features mountainous elevations. At 1,324 metres (4,344 ft),

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was introduced in the Grand Duchy of Finland. However, relations between the Grand Duchy of Finland and the Russian Empire soured when the Russian government began to take steps to restrict Finland's special status and autonomy. For example, universal suffrage was virtually meaningless in practice,

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More than 30% of tertiary graduates are in science-related fields. Forest improvement, materials research, environmental sciences, neural networks, low-temperature physics, brain research, biotechnology, genetic technology, and communications showcase fields of study where Finnish researchers have

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In 2017, tourism in Finland grossed approximately €15.0 billion. Of this, €4.6 billion (30%) came from foreign tourism. In 2017, there were 15.2 million overnight stays of domestic tourists and 6.7 million overnight stays of foreign tourists. Tourism contributes roughly 2.7% to

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are universally valid. These are drafted every few years for each profession and seniority level, with only a few jobs outside the system. The agreement becomes universally enforceable provided that more than 50% of the employees support it, in practice by being a member of a relevant trade union.

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poll, 33% of Finnish citizens responded that they "believe there is a God"; 42% answered that they "believe there is some sort of spirit or life force"; and 22% that they "do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force". According to ISSP survey data (2008), 8% consider themselves

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English is studied by most pupils as a compulsory subject from the first grade (at seven years of age), formerly from the third or fifth grade, in the comprehensive school (in some schools other languages can be chosen instead). German, French, Spanish and Russian can be studied as second foreign

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industries. The government has played an important role in forestry for a considerable period similar to that in agriculture. It has regulated tree cutting, sponsored technical improvements, and established long-term plans to guarantee the sustainability of the country's forests in supplying the

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Winters in southern Finland (when mean daily temperature remains below 0 °C or 32 °F) are usually about 100 days long, and in the inland the snow typically covers the land from about late November to April, and on the coastal areas such as Helsinki, snow often covers the land from late

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As of 2022, 46% of households consist of a single person, 32% two persons and 22% three or more persons. The average residential space is 40 square metres (430 sq ft) per person. In 2021, Finland's GDP reached €251 billion. In 2022, altogether 74 per cent of employed persons worked in

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is growing. As of 2023, there were 571,268 people with a foreign background living in Finland (10.2% of the population), most of whom are from the former Soviet Union, Estonia, Sweden, Iraq, China and India. The children of foreigners are not automatically given Finnish citizenship, as Finnish

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of $ 300 million ($ 4.1 billion in 2023). However, the country avoided occupation by Soviet forces and managed to retain its independence. Along with Great Britain, Finland emerged from the war as the only European country to have taken part in hostilities that was never occupied and

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peak of 3.5 in 1947 to 1.5 in 1973. As the baby boomers entered the workforce, the economy failed to create jobs fast enough and hundreds of thousands emigrated to more industrialised Sweden, with emigration peaking in 1969 and 1970. Finland participated in trade liberalisation in the

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was maintained in Finland. Various industries benefited from trade privileges with the Soviets. Economic growth was rapid in the post-war period, and by 1975 Finland's GDP per capita was the 15th highest in the world. During the 1970s and 1980s, Finland built one of the most extensive

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ranks Finland's tertiary education No. 1 in the world. Around 33% of residents have a tertiary degree, similar to Nordics and more than in most other OECD countries except Canada (44%), United States (38%) and Japan (37%). In addition, 38% of Finland's population has a university or

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policy where only children born to at least one Finnish parent are granted citizenship. If they are born in Finland and cannot get citizenship of any other country, they become citizens. Additionally, certain persons of Finnish descent who reside in countries that were once part of

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have gained international recognition; Finland has been often called the "Promised Land of Heavy Metal" because there are more than 50 metal Bands for every 100,000 inhabitants – more than any other nation in the world. Modern Finnish popular music includes a number of prominent

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Finland's road system is utilized by most internal cargo and passenger traffic. The annual state operated road network expenditure of around €1 billion is paid for with vehicle and fuel taxes which amount to around €1.5 billion and €1 billion, respectively. Among the

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signed with the Soviet Union in 1944 and 1948 included Finnish obligations, restraints, and reparations, as well as further territorial concessions. As a result of the two wars, Finland lost 12% of its land area, 20% of its industrial capacity, its second largest city, Vyborg

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Finland rapidly industrialized after World War II, achieving GDP per capita levels comparable to that of Japan or the UK at the beginning of the 1970s. Initially, most of the economic development was based on two broad groups of export-led industries, the "metal industry"

4112:) exercises supreme legislative authority in the country. It may alter the constitution and ordinary laws, dismiss the cabinet, and override presidential vetoes. Its acts are not subject to judicial review; the constitutionality of new laws is assessed by the parliament's 8358: 4618:. The predominant industrial sectors in 2007 were electronics (22%), machinery, vehicles, and other engineered metal products (21.1%), forest industry (13%), and chemicals (11%). The gross domestic product reached its peak in 2021. Finland has been ranked sixth in the 174: 171: 10430: 4187:), which then has to be approved by a simple majority vote in the parliament. The cabinet can be dismissed by a parliamentary vote of no confidence, although this rarely happens, as the parties represented in the cabinet usually make up a majority in the parliament. 164: 173: 172: 161: 160: 9583: 169: 165: 163: 162: 3735:, which may also call themselves towns or cities. They account for half of the public spending. Spending is financed by municipal income tax, state subsidies, and other revenue. As of 2021, there are 309 municipalities, and most have fewer than 6,000 residents. 168: 167: 4812:(mainly hydropower and various forms of wood energy) was high at 43% compared with the EU average of 22% in final energy consumption. About 20% of electricity is imported, especially from Sweden due to its lower cost there. As of February 2022, Finland's 3987:, including the authority to veto legislation, to grant pardons, and to appoint several public officials. The President is also required by the Constitution to dismiss individual ministers or the entire Government upon a parliamentary vote of no confidence. 6545:

In tertiary education, two mostly separate and non-interoperating sectors are found: the profession-oriented polytechnics and the research-oriented universities. Education is free and living expenses are to a large extent financed by the government through

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Gender segregation between male-dominated professions and female-dominated professions is higher than in the US. The proportion of part-time workers was one of the lowest in OECD in 1999. As of 2013, the 10 largest private sector employers in Finland were

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have been built in Finnish shipyards. The "forest industry" includes forestry, timber, pulp and paper, and is often considered a logical development based on Finland's extensive forest resources, as 73% of the area is covered by forest. In the

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As no one party ever dominates the parliament, Finnish cabinets are multi-party coalitions. As a rule, the post of prime minister goes to the leader of the biggest party and that of the minister of finance to the leader of the second biggest.

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Finnish politicians have often emulated the Nordic model. Nordics have been free-trading for over a century. The level of protection in commodity trade has been low, except for agricultural products. Finland is ranked 16th in the 2008 global

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In 2017, the Finnish economy was estimated to consist of approximately 2.7% agriculture, 28.2% manufacturing, and 69.1% services. In 2019, the per-capita income of Finland was estimated to be $ 48,869. In 2020, Finland was ranked 20th on the

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species, 248 breeding bird species, over 70 fish species, and 11 reptile and frog species present today, many migrating from neighbouring countries thousands of years ago. Large and widely recognized wildlife mammals found in Finland are the

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had a virtual monopoly on relations with the Soviet Union, which was crucial to his continued popularity. In politics, there was a tendency to avoid any policy or statement that could be interpreted as anti-Soviet. This phenomenon was dubbed

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The UK has agreed mutual security pacts with Sweden and Finland, agreeing to come to their aid should either nation come under attack. UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson visited both countries to sign the deals, amid debate about them joining

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of professional soldiers (mainly officers and technical personnel), currently serving conscripts, and a large reserve. The standard readiness strength is 34,700 people in uniform, of which 25% are professional soldiers. A universal male

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In 1950, 46% of Finnish workers were employed in agriculture and a third lived in urban areas, but new jobs in manufacturing, services and trade quickly attracted people to the cities. The average number of births per woman fell from a

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Thanks to its emphasis on transparency and equal rights, Finland's press has been rated the freest in the world. Worldwide, Finns, along with other Nordic peoples and the Japanese, spend the most time reading newspapers. In regards to

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in Russia changed the geopolitical situation once again. Suddenly the right-wing parties in Finland began to reconsider their decision to block the transfer of supreme executive power from the Russian government to Finland when the

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in Southern coastal Finland between 3000 and 2500 BC may have coincided with the start of agriculture. Even with the introduction of agriculture, hunting and fishing continued to be important parts of the subsistence economy.

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The legal system is clear and business bureaucracy less than most countries. Property rights are well protected and contractual agreements are strictly honoured. Finland is rated the least corrupt country in the world in the

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In April 2012, Finland was ranked second in Gross National Happiness in a report published by The Earth Institute. Since 2012, Finland has every time ranked at least in the top 5 of world's happiest countries in the annual

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are increasing, although the cancer prognosis has improved. Allergies and dementia are also growing health problems in Finland. One of the most common reasons for work disability are due to mental disorders, in particular

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had a significant impact. Finland is highly productive in scientific research. In 2005, Finland had the fourth most scientific publications per capita of the OECD countries. In 2007, 1,801 patents were filed in Finland.

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from about mid-October to early May. Summers in the north are quite short, only two to three months, but can still see maximum daily temperatures above 25 °C (77 °F) during heat waves. No part of Finland has

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There has been a slight increase or no change in welfare and health inequalities between population groups in the 21st century. Lifestyle-related diseases are on the rise. More than half a million Finns suffer from

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states: "No one shall be placed in a different position on situation of sex, age, origin, language, religion, belief, opinion, state of health, disability or any other personal reason without an acceptable reason".

4476: 2380:, are located near the large lakes. The Finnish coastline is speckled with the world's largest archipelago, encompassing more than 50,000 islands, greatest concentration of which is found in the southwest, in the 12599: 10533: 7821:

winning a total of nine Olympic gold medals and setting 22 official world records between 1921 and 1931. Nurmi is often considered the greatest Finnish sportsman and one of the greatest athletes of all time. The

17023: 14566: 12500: 6626:, which is among the highest percentages in the world. Adult education appears in several forms, such as secondary evening schools, civic and workers' institutes, study centres, vocational course centres, and 2111:, originally a shipyard and then several metal workshops, was established to produce materials for war reparations. After the reparations were paid, Finland continued to trade with the Soviet Union as part of 13449: 2823:

can be experienced for more days the farther north one travels. At Finland's northernmost point, the sun does not set for 73 consecutive days during summer and does not rise at all for 51 days during winter.

13888: 2206:. The recession bottomed out in 1993 and Finland enjoyed more than a decade of steady economic growth. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Finland began to integrate more closely with the West. Finland 3746:. These are governed by the member municipalities and have only limited powers. The autonomous province of Åland has a permanent democratically elected regional council. Sami people have a semi-autonomous 15303: 10663: 11527: 10422: 9883: 5130:

are all Finnish forest-based companies with revenues exceeding €1 billion. However, in recent decades, the Finnish economy has diversified, with companies expanding into fields such as electronics

998:. Finland covers a total area of 338,145 square kilometres (130,559 sq mi), including a land area of 303,815 square kilometres (117,304 sq mi), and has a population of 5.6 million. 8115: 16413: 11740: 9344: 6995:, as well as other parts of Eastern Finland, the old poem singing traditions were preserved better than in the western parts of the country, thus Karelian culture is perceived as less influenced by 157: 1953:

at the beginning of the war to govern Finland after Soviet conquest. There was widespread international condemnation of the unprovoked attack and it led to the Soviet Union being expelled from the

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is generally associated with Finnish cultural tradition in the world. Sauna is a type of dry steam bath practiced widely in Finland, which is especially evident in the strong tradition around

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is regarded as among the most important 20th-century designers in the world; he helped bring functionalist architecture to Finland, but soon was a pioneer in its development towards an

2753:. The Gulf Stream combines with the moderating effects of the Baltic Sea and numerous inland lakes to explain the unusually warm climate compared with other regions that share the same 14040: 6455:, the suicide rates were 13 per 100 000 in 2015, close to the North European average. Age-standardized suicide rates are still among the highest among developed countries in the OECD. 4198:. Each minister heads his or her ministry, or, in some cases, has responsibility for a subset of a ministry's policy. After the prime minister, the most powerful minister is often the 10842: 6515:: approximately 40% of an age group choose this path after the lower secondary school. Academically oriented gymnasiums have higher entrance requirements and specifically prepare for 158: 4479:

with the United States, which regulates the presence of the US armed forces and their dependents on the territory of Finland, as well as the presence and activities of US suppliers.

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The Government annually spends around €350 million to maintain the 5,865-kilometre-long (3,644 mi) network of railway tracks. Rail transport is handled by the state-owned

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was 79 years for men and 84 years for women in 2017. The under-five mortality rate was 2.3 per 1,000 live births in 2017, ranking Finland's rate among the lowest in the world. The

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According to the 2012 constitution, the president leads foreign policy in cooperation with the government, except that the president has no role in EU affairs. In 2008, president

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The development of trade with the Western powers, such as the United Kingdom, and the payment of reparations to the Soviet Union led to Finland's transformation from a primarily

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resignations and falling baptism rates. The second largest group, accounting for 26.3% of the population in 2017, has no religious affiliation. A small minority belongs to the

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NA-110 tracked transport vehicle of the Finnish Army. Most conscripts receive training for warfare in winter, and transport vehicles such as this give mobility in heavy snow.

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in European history. The famine led the Russian Empire to relax financial regulations, and investment increased in the following decades. Economic development was rapid. The

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In terms of medals and gold medals won per capita, Finland is the best-performing country in Olympic history. Finland first participated as a nation in its own right at the

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is the highest point in Finland. It is found in the north of Lapland at the border between Finland and Norway. The highest mountain whose peak is entirely in Finland is

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event has brought Finland nine Olympic gold medals, five world championships, five European championships, and 24 world records. Finland also has a notable history in

7632:. Milk consumption is also high, at an average of about 112 litres (25 imp gal; 30 US gal), per person, per year, even though 17% of the Finns are 3769: 20107: 15917: 13442: 12091: 10632: 10461: 1382:

and with each other. Also, during the 12th and 13th centuries several crusades from the Catholic realms of the Baltic Sea area were made against the Finnish tribes.

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was ranked the world's greatest living composer in a 2019 composers' poll. Many Finnish musicians have achieved international success. Among them are the conductor

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on the recommendation of the Prime Minister, opens parliamentary sessions, and confers state honors. Nevertheless, the President remains responsible for Finland's

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of 2.1 since 1969. With a low birth rate women also become mothers at a later age, the mean age at first live birth being 28.6 in 2014. A 2011 study published in

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connectivity, and has been declining because of landscape fragmentation. Around 24,000 species of insects are prevalent in Finland some of the most common being

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are the official languages of Finland. Finnish predominates nationwide while Swedish is spoken in some coastal areas in the west and south (with towns such as

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2000 years ago. The dialects from which the modern-day Finnish language was developed came into existence during the Iron Age. Although distantly related, the

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Lawn, Joy E.; Blencowe, Hannah; Pattinson, Robert; Cousens, Simon; Kumar, Rajesh; Ibiebele, Ibinabo; Gardosi, Jason; Day, Louise T.; Stanton, Cynthia (2011).

12822: 2151:(Finno-Soviet Pact of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance) recognized Finland's desire to remain outside great-power conflicts. From 1956 president 14387: 14168: 13409: 12207: 11415: 4789:

exchanges, have provided competitive prices compared with other EU countries. As of 2022, Finland has the lowest non-household electricity prices in the EU.

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was signed on 12 March 1940, and the war ended the following day. Finland had defended its independence, but ceded 9% of its territory to the Soviet Union.

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Forests are crucial to the nation's economy, making it one of the world's foremost wood producers and offering raw materials at competitive prices to the

1965:. After two months of negligible progress on the battlefield, as well as heavy losses in men and material, Soviet forces began to advance in February and 1333:(the Sami) has been suggested. In the earliest historical sources, from the 12th and 13th centuries, the term Finland refers to the coastal region around 20122: 19086: 15157: 13134: 12938: 12539: 11094:

BirdLife International (2004) Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK. (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 12)

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lake system of southeastern Finland, down to only 390 seals today. The species has become the emblem of the Finnish Association for Nature Conservation.

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of government, but in the last few decades the powers of the President have become more circumscribed, and consequently the country is now considered a

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was introduced, increasing the proportion of the population with capital. About 70% of the workforce was employed in agriculture and 10% in industry.

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and the Education Board. Education is compulsory between the ages of 7 and 18. After lower secondary school, graduates may apply to trade schools or

4349:, with a number of Russian diplomats expelled for spying, Russians restricted from visiting Finland and the general opinion immediately changing for 2857: 2578:. Taiga covers most of Finland from northern regions of southern provinces to the north of Lapland. On the southwestern coast, south of the Helsinki- 2175: 16603: 16029:"Suomalainen musiikki jyrää, mutta mihin katosivat kotimaiset bändit? Toni Wirtanen lataa tiskiin rajun näkemyksen: 'Pienen porukan varassa ollaan'" 14668: 9799:

Tuomas Tepora & Aapo Roselius (2014). "The War of Liberation, the Civil Guards, and the Veterans' Union: Public Memory in the Interwar Period".

8883: 19907: 14953: 14693: 2575: 631: 16313: 15678: 15564: 16555: 15424: 15357: 13557: 12478: 12448: 11797: 10825: 10563: 7857: 6388: 1922: 15731: 14227: 13635: 12425: 4190:

The cabinet exercises most executive powers and originates most of the bills that the parliament then debates and votes on. It is headed by the

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Nousiainen, Jaakko (June 2001). "From semi-presidentialism to parliamentary government: political and constitutional developments in Finland".

15476: 15071: 14621: 14535: 11939: 9471: 8460: 4796:

in winter. Industry and construction consumed 43.5% of total consumption, a relatively high figure reflecting Finland's industries. Finland's

2515: 1602:

Although Swedish was still widely spoken, the Finnish language began to gain recognition during this period. From the 1860s, a strong Finnish

1520:

In the 18th century, wars between Sweden and Russia twice led to the occupation of Finland by Russian forces, times known to the Finns as the

16948: 12379: 11497: 10534:"MTV Uutisten kysely: Nato-jäsenyyden kannatus on noussut 30 prosenttiin, vastustus laskenut selvästi – "Turvallisempaa olisi lännen kanssa"" 1639:

occurred after freezing temperatures in early September devastated crops and killed around 15% of the population, making it one of the worst

1145: 753: 16742: 14831: 14197: 10850: 8882:

Professor Frank Horn of the Northern Institute for Environmental and the Minority Law University of Lappland writing for Virtual Finland on

6987:, was created. Much of Finland's classical music is influenced by traditional Finnish and Karelian melodies and lyrics, as comprised in the 5350:

Tourist attractions in Finland include the natural landscape found throughout the country as well as urban attractions. Finland contains 40

5291:

in the summer, with no sunset even at midnight (for up to 73 consecutive days, at the northernmost point). Lapland is so far north that the

20102: 20092: 19414: 17703: 16866: 11611: 7366: 6981:

Finnish folk music can be divided into Nordic dance music and the older tradition of poem singing, poems from which the national epic, the

2473:, and other species. Finland is the largest producer of wood in Europe and among the largest in the world. The most common type of rock is 1764: 808: 527: 16066: 15216: 15105: 13694: 13527: 13090: 6366:"highly religious", and 31% "moderately religious". In the same survey, 28% reported themselves as "agnostic" and 29% as "non-religious". 2202:, the collapse of its largest trading partner, the Soviet Union, and a global economic downturn caused a deep recession in Finland in the 19900: 19882: 19604: 16840: 16001: 15325: 14409: 14249: 13802: 13195: 12203: 11842: 11659: 11586: 10515: 10399: 8329: 7750:

as one of the best in the world. The team has won four world championships (1995, 2011, 2019 and 2022) and one Olympic gold medal (2022).

6504: 5769:

are also recognized in the constitution. There are two sign languages: Finnish Sign Language, spoken natively by 4,000–5,000 people, and

2065: 1918: 1663:

did not have to approve any of the laws passed by the Finnish parliament. The desire for independence gained ground, first among radical

17126: 15883: 15394: 13247: 12113: 12000: 11821: 11210: 10051: 8510: 3795:

of approximately 1.25 million people. However, common administration is limited to voluntary cooperation of all municipalities, e.g. in

2582:

line, forests are characterized by mixed forests, that are more typical in the Baltic region. In the extreme north of Finland, near the

19683: 19633: 18855: 17885: 16705: 15822: 15630: 13761: 13164: 12269: 8913: 8841: 8299: 595: 16534: 16375: 14863: 14809: 12883: 12625: 10289: 8204: 14509: 12299: 12139: 11299: 7743: 7540: 2776:

Share of forest area in total land area, top countries (2021). Finland has the tenth highest percentage of forest cover in the world.

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is in place, under which all male Finnish nationals above 18 years of age serve for 6 to 12 months of armed service or 12 months of

2080:

aid. However, in the hope of preserving Finland's independence, the United States provided secret development aid and supported the

19878: 19172: 18208: 17511: 16647: 11633: 11067: 10328: 9905: 9777: 1514: 1436:

consisting of an inhabited 18th-century sea fortress built on six islands. It is one of Finland's most popular tourist attractions.

1371: 246: 16436: 15766: 15135: 13785: 12169: 11097: 10996:"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material" 10371: 1014:; 84.9 percent of the population speak the first as their mother tongue and 5.1 percent the latter. Finland's climate varies from 18509: 18122: 14897: 13936: 13836: 12239: 12061: 8861:

Pirjo Uino of the National Board of Antiquities, ThisisFinland—"Prehistory: The ice recedes—man arrives". Retrieved 24 June 2008.

5914: 5899: 5894: 5879: 5808:. The rights of minority groups (in particular Sami, Swedish speakers, and Romani people) are protected by the constitution. The 5394: 4472: 4279: 4275: 2808:

The Finnish climate is suitable for cereal farming only in the southernmost regions, while the northern regions are suitable for

1510: 18790:

within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf.

16278:

Sundholm, John; Thorsen, Isak; Andersson, Lars Gustaf; Hedling, Olof; Iversen, Gunnar; Møller, Birgir Thor (20 September 2012).

13587: 12774: 8787: 6910:. Finnish architecture is famous around the world, and has contributed significantly to several styles internationally, such as 20097: 17874: 17434: 16119:"YleX:n 100 suurta suomalaista konemusiikkibiisiä -listaus on nyt valmis – kolmen kärkeen Darude, Bomfunk MC's ja Slusnik Luna" 13068: 11967: 11181: 10801: 9318: 7947: 6314: 5752: 4217:

and is a coalition between the National Coalition Party, Finns Party, the Swedish People's Party, and the Christian Democrats.

3765: 2207: 2133: 1799: 1410: 384: 13478: 19626: 17619: 17560: 16289: 16036: 14878: 14482:(Master's Degree Program in Early Language Education for Intercultural Communication thesis). University of Eastern Finland. 14007: 12373: 11153: 10871:"Finland". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2011. 10090: 10008: 9808: 9647: 9616: 9535: 9508: 9412: 9286: 9260: 9234: 9178: 9153: 9081: 8751: 8709: 8644: 8619: 7168:, meaning "hit") is a traditional Finnish word for a light popular song.Finnish popular music also includes various kinds of 7086:, which played an important role in Finland gaining independence. He remains one of Finland's most popular national figures. 2461:, with little cultivated land. Of the total area, 10% is lakes, rivers, and ponds, and 78% is forest. The forest consists of 19658: 16518: 15502: 14716: 14305: 11187: 10715: 10601: 8870: 8422: 19671: 19076: 17823: 13333: 13221: 12143: 11471: 10780: 8669: 8429: 7180:, is also popular. The light music in Swedish-speaking areas has more influences from Sweden. At least a couple of Finnish 4820: 4610:

constitutes the largest segment of the economy, amounting to 66% of the GDP, while manufacturing and refining make up 31%.

4590: 4448:

is under the Ministry of the Interior but can be incorporated into the Defence Forces when required for defence readiness.

4278:. In addition to the regular courts, there are a few special courts in certain branches of administration. There is also a 4160: 4128: 1869: 494: 20048: 15909: 14602: 13417: 13299: 12087: 10624: 10453: 10263: 8813: 5796:. About a quarter of them speak a Sami language as their mother tongue. The Sami languages that are spoken in Finland are 4258:

with jurisdiction over litigation between individuals and the public administration. Finnish law is codified and based on

3979:

as commander-in-chief. In the exercise of his or her foreign and defense powers, the President is required to consult the

19695: 18201: 17761: 17646: 16953: 16178: 16148: 15703: 15046: 13984: 12324: 7415: 4813: 4568: 4354: 3699: 2304: 1760: 1090: 554: 13277: 9825: 7423:, was voted in 2012 the best Finnish film of all time by Finnish film critics and journalists, but the 1984 comedy film 6458:

There are 307 residents for each doctor. About 19% of health care is funded directly by households and 77% by taxation.

19716: 19608: 19437: 18957: 18693: 16406:"Agreeing on History Adaptation as Restorative Truth in Finnish Reconciliation, Mads Larsen, Literature Film Quarterly" 13914: 13731: 13025: 10158: 9387: 7678:). Of these, Christmas and Midsummer are special in Finland because the actual festivities take place on eves, such as 4156: 3999: 3796: 2251: 2081: 1775: 1708: 734: 16353: 14474: 13857: 12979: 11380:"Suomen hallintorakenteeseen ja maakuntauudistukseen liittyviä termejä sekä maakuntien ja kuntien nimet fi-sv-en-(ru)" 10230: 7654:

There are several holidays in Finland, of which perhaps the most characteristic of Finnish culture include Christmas (

7557: 7493:(NRI) – an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies. 7270: 4732:

services and administration, 21 per cent in industry and construction, and four per cent in agriculture and forestry.

4319: 2360:

Finland has about 168,000 lakes (of area larger than 500 m or 0.12 acres) and 179,000 islands. Its largest lake,

19265: 17676: 17651: 17364: 17349: 17334: 17319: 17302: 17287: 17272: 17254: 17239: 16824: 16477: 15853: 14804: 12043: 11899: 11468:"Wellbeing services counties will be responsible for organising health, social and rescue services on 1 January 2023" 11353: 11328: 10200: 10025: 9981: 9956: 9925:"Punaisten ja valkoisten perintöä vaalitaan yhä – Suomalaiset lähettivät yli 400 muistoa vuoden 1918 sisällissodasta" 9859: 9756: 9693: 9672: 9563: 8270: 7370: 5351: 4432:

Finnish defence expenditure per capita is one of the highest in the European Union. The branches of the military are

2312: 2263: 2203: 1829: 1525: 1177: 15970: 14719:. Finland Promotion Board; Produced by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Department for Communications and Culture. 13501: 11239: 9434: 8150:

in Sami, is the long protocol name, which is however not defined by law. Legislation recognizes only the short name.

20004: 15277: 15187: 14476:

Teachers' Role in Developing Healthy Self-esteem in Young Learners: A study of English language teachers in Finland

12818: 7795: 3768:. Finland has 21 Wellbeing services counties and the county structure is mainly based on the region structure. The 2587: 2282: 14926: 14160: 12199: 11419: 10689: 7465:, 320 popular magazines, 2,100 professional magazines, and 67 commercial radio stations. The largest newspaper is 6682:, but few notable works of literature were written until the 19th century and the beginning of a Finnish national 5453:

between major coastal and port cities in the Baltic region play a significant role in the local tourism industry.

4672:

area accounts for roughly one-third of Finland's GDP. Private services represent the largest employer in Finland.

2741:

varies considerably between the southern coastal regions and the extreme north, showing characteristics of both a

2730: 2710: 1413:

during the Middle Ages, Finland gradually became part of the kingdom of Sweden and the sphere of influence of the

19058: 18758: 17060: 15241: 14779: 14379: 13202:

by Torben M. Andersen, Bengt Holmström, Seppo Honkapohja, Sixten Korkman, Hans Tson Söderström, Juhana Vartiainen

11123: 7396: 6555: 5717: 4195: 3922: 3711: 2850: 2316: 2199: 1813: 1636: 1085:

in 1906, and the first in the world to give all adult citizens the right to run for public office. Following the

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is the country's most powerful person. Citizens can run and vote in parliamentary, municipal, presidential, and

2772: 2407: 20112: 18848: 18148: 17524: 16814: 15605: 15454: 14323: 12573: 11872: 7922: 7338: 6354: 6331: 4384: 3955:. A new constitution enacted in 2000, have made the presidency a primarily ceremonial office that appoints the 2567: 2218:

in 1999. Much of the economic growth of the late 1990s was fuelled by the success of mobile phone manufacturer

1778:. The socialists took control of southern Finland and Helsinki, but the white government continued in exile in 1716: 682: 451: 16232: 15161: 13126: 13046: 12946: 9927: 9580:"Pankinjohtaja Sinikka Salon puhe Snellman ja Suomen markka -näyttelyn avajaisissa Suomen Pankin rahamuseossa" 18080: 17915: 17157: 14349: 11846: 10383:

Suurlähettiläs Jaakko Blomberg: Kylmän sodan päättyminen, Suomi ja Viro – Ulkoasiainministeriö: Ajankohtaista

7686:, while Christmas Day and Midsummer's Day are more consecrated to rest. Other public holidays in Finland are 7581:

Finnish cuisine generally combines traditional country fare and contemporary style cooking. Potato, meat and

7486: 7462: 6599: 6488: 5770: 5303:, is seen regularly in the fall, winter, and spring. Finnish Lapland is also locally regarded as the home of 4824: 4782: 4770: 4611: 4537: 4493: 4199: 4136: 2017: 1283:

region grew and extended during the eighth and ninth centuries. Main exports from Finland were furs, slaves,

1232:

The first pottery appeared in 5200 BC, when the Comb Ceramic culture was introduced. The arrival of the

919: 327: 10753: 10493: 8536: 2391:

Much of the geography of Finland is a result of the Ice Age. The glaciers were thicker and lasted longer in

103: 20137: 19165: 19081: 18606: 17776: 17504: 15940: 15528: 12673: 12647: 10911: 8578: 7775: 7406: 6923: 6770: 6579: 5223: 5219: 5156: 4586: 4342: 4314: 3968: 3818: 3747: 1712: 1136:

until the 1950s. After World War II, it industrialised quickly and established an advanced economy, with a

900: 895: 869: 19744: 16893: 13858:

Kirkkonummen Sanomat: Nurmijärvi – ilmiö voimistui heinäkuussa – Kirkkonummella väkiluvun kasvu 1,2 %

13613: 11762: 10564:"MTV:n kysely: Nato-jäsenyyttä kannattaa 68 prosenttia suomalaisista – Venäjän vastatoimet huolestuttavat" 10211: 10123: 9197: 6700:. The era saw a rise of poets and novelists who wrote in Finnish, notably the national writer of Finland, 2446:

Having been compressed under the enormous weight of the glaciers, terrain in Finland is rising due to the

19994: 18784:

Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in Western Asia.

17939: 17624: 17399: 16949:"Finland wins historic Winter Olympics ice hockey gold medal after beating ROC team 2–1 in Beijing final" 16611: 14685: 12875: 8366: 7649: 7333: 6765: 5495: 4957: 4600: 4374: 4346: 4023: 3738:

In addition to municipalities, two intermediate levels are defined. Municipalities co-operate in seventy

2192: 2148: 2129: 2040: 2021: 1966: 1946: 1856:

and initiated internal reforms. Finland was also one of the first European countries to strongly promote

17: 14950: 7388: 6728: 4113: 1082: 19355: 19114: 18105: 18100: 17811: 17801: 17791: 17661: 17545: 16323: 15682: 15560: 15480: 12796: 7794:. Association football is the most played team sport in terms of the number of players in the country. 7715: 7671: 7645: 7425: 6748: 6327: 5527: 4669: 4514: 4378: 4350: 4302: 4230: 2559: 2416: 2286: 2073: 1353: 863: 839: 17383: 16577: 15416: 15364: 13549: 12474: 11789: 11520:"Finland's conservative party picks ministers for right-wing coalition government – The Seattle Times" 10822: 4213:

is the incumbent 77th government of Finland. It took office on 20 June 2023. The cabinet is headed by

3674: 1703:

of 1917, Finland's position as a Grand Duchy under the rule of the Russian Empire was questioned. The

20142: 19138: 18841: 17961: 17833: 17698: 17671: 17577: 15723: 14665: 12421: 11060:"Nutritional and genetic adaptation of galliform birds: implications for hand-rearing and restocking" 7374: 6794:, is the most translated Finnish writer; her books have been translated into more than 40 languages. 6752: 6448: 6409: 5904: 5884: 5430: 5187: 4460: 4388: 4191: 4178: 3956: 3918: 3855: 3732: 3720: 3707: 3140: 2845: 2012:; the main aim was to regain the territory lost to the Soviets barely a year earlier. Finnish troops 1825: 1074: 1015: 479: 17049:

Valta vaihtui urheilussa: Suomalaiset arvostavat nyt enemmän futista kuin jääkiekkoa |Jalkapallo |HS

16780: 16252: 15656: 12407: 8457: 6571: 4183:

After parliamentary elections, the parties negotiate among themselves on forming a new cabinet (the

1806:

and beyond. The civil war and the activist expeditions to Soviet Russia in 1918–1920, known as the "

1618:, in the Grand Duchy of Finland. Milestones included the publication of what would become Finland's 18095: 17895: 17666: 17472: 16724: 14618: 12707:"Joko nyt? Olkiluodon ydinvoimalan viimeinen testi maalissa – maanantaista odotetaan suurta päivää" 9949:

Suur-Suomen ääriviivat: Kysymys tulevaisuudesta ja turvallisuudesta Suomen Saksan-politiikassa 1941

9463: 7845: 7837:. Finnish skaters have won 8 world championships and 13 junior world cups in synchronized skating. 7040: 6821: 5725: 5450: 5230: 4969: 4760: 4271: 4247: 4240: 4152: 3948: 3914: 2412: 2368:

is the area with the most lakes in the country; many of the major cities in the area, most notably

2308: 1817: 1651: 1261: 1027: 31: 12846:"'Suomi pärjää ilman Venäjän sähköä' – omavaraisuus saavutetaan kahdessa vuodessa, arvioi Fingrid" 12355: 11493: 10083:"From slash-and-burn fields to post-industrial society—90 years of change in industrial structure" 5781:

minority of about 800 people whose ancestors moved to Finland mainly between the 1870s and 1920s.

5765:

is spoken by some 5,000–6,000 people; there are 13,000-14,000 Romani people in Finland Romani and

4003: 2195:(EEC, a forerunner of the European Union) that largely eliminated tariffs with the EEC from 1977. 1204: 19158: 18046: 18031: 17966: 17786: 17766: 17592: 17582: 17497: 14838: 14283: 14190: 12117: 8477: 7733: 7490: 7254: 7186: 7000: 6803: 6439: 6319: 5721: 5462: 5115: 4619: 4594: 4498: 4488: 4410: 4148: 4124:

multi-member districts. Various parliament committees listen to experts and prepare legislation.

4007: 3906: 3776: 2717:

The main factor influencing Finland's climate is the country's geographical position between the

2550:, Finland is shared between the Arctic, central European, and northern European provinces of the 1938: 1908: 1833: 1690: 1566:

into the Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1854, Finland became involved in Russia's involvement in the

1337:. This region later became known as Finland Proper in distinction from the country name Finland. 1306:

retained the hunter-gatherer lifestyle longer than the Finns. The Sami cultural identity and the

1106: 1078: 786: 659: 613: 567: 431: 390: 109: 16870: 16750: 16461: 16230:

YLE: Syke, Sorjonen ja Suomi Love myyvät maailmalla, mutta Presidentti ei maistunut kriitikoille

9639: 9633: 9500: 9494: 8579:"15 Best Places to Visit in Finland, From the Sauna Capital of the World to Santa Claus Village" 1628:, in 1835 and the legal equality of the Finnish language with Swedish in 1892. In the spirit of 1562:. This situation continued until the end of 1917. In 1812, Alexander I incorporated the Russian 1386:

waged at least three crusades to Finland, in 1187 or slightly earlier, in 1191 and in 1202, and

1298:

spread to the Baltic Sea region approximately 1900 BC. Common Finnic language was spoken around

1152:, Finland officially embraced a policy of neutrality. Since then, it has become a member of the 19999: 19972: 19650: 18279: 17859: 17806: 17572: 17414: 16531: 16058: 15209: 15097: 13101: 7691: 7361: 7292: 6679: 6551: 6463: 5756: 5569: 5144: 5106: 4756: 4564: 4545: 4370: 4132: 3976: 3952: 3910: 3739: 3703: 3059: 2844:). The counties are governed by regional councils which serve as forums of cooperation for the 2593:

Similarly, Finland has a diverse and extensive range of fauna. There are at least sixty native

2571: 2266:

paralysed Finland's exports in 2008, leading to weaker economic growth throughout the decade.

1763:

on 4 December 1917, which was officially approved by the Finnish Parliament on 6 December. The

1644: 1611: 1551: 1537: 1483: 1456: 1391: 1218: 1066: 709: 653: 541: 355: 19618: 16844: 16625: 14420: 13806: 13192: 11583: 10395: 9606: 8321: 8015: 7986: 6550:. There are 15 universities and 24 Universities of Applied Sciences (UAS) in the country. The 5801: 5287:, a period when the sun does not rise for days or weeks, or even months, and correspondingly, 4739:

relative to its population. The largest retailer, which is also the largest private employer,

3983:, but the Government's advice is not binding. In addition, the President has several domestic 2477:. It is a ubiquitous part of the scenery, visible wherever there is no soil cover. Moraine or 20147: 20132: 18762: 18625: 18596: 17981: 17900: 17818: 17418: 17183: 17134: 15390: 15300:"World Happiness Report 2024: Most comprehensive picture yet of happiness across generations" 13243: 12680:. Cooperative Maine Business Alliance & Cooperative Development Institute. Archived from 12173: 11954: 11818: 11202: 10191: 8502: 7536: 7445: 7286: 7239: 7206: 7110: 6837: 6816: 6747:. Finnish-speaking authors explored national and historical themes. Most famous of them were 6375: 6047: 5809: 5766: 5762: 5635: 4973: 4819:

Finland has five privately owned nuclear reactors producing 40% of the country's energy. The

4797: 4541: 4076: 4059: 4011: 3960: 3356: 2987: 2982: 2971: 2916: 2419:

of over 0,5 km2 area, leading to the denomination "the land of a thousand lakes". Picture of

1962: 1837: 1787: 1704: 1678: 1647:(GDP) per capita was still half of that of the United States and a third of that of Britain. 1590: 1547: 1491: 1399: 1395: 1265: 845: 514: 407: 322: 317: 17389: 15638: 13753: 13156: 12261: 9608:

Architecture of Regionalism in the Age of Globalization: Peaks and Valleys in the Flat World

8905: 8838: 8295: 5843:

languages from the fourth grade (at 10 years of age; some schools may offer other options).

1895:

In 1917 there were three million people in the country. After the civil war, a credit-based

1722: 17986: 17971: 17925: 17828: 17771: 17681: 17634: 15524: 14799: 13954: 13726: 13690: 13273: 12879: 12621: 12005: 11707:"Ennätysmäärä vapaaehtoisia naisia suoritti varusmiespalveluksen – kotiutuneita yli 1000 -" 11603: 11007: 10302: 8192: 7823: 7806: 7783: 7262: 6939: 6833: 6740: 6618: 6534: 6530: 6512: 6479: 5868: 5774: 5624: 5515: 5418: 5211: 5086: 4844: 4778: 4765: 4752: 4521: 4445: 4255: 4027: 3944: 3934: 3831: 3327: 2998: 2619: 2447: 2298: 2009: 1861: 1795: 1735: 1629: 1498: 1379: 1340: 1221:

the first settlers left behind present characteristics that are shared with those found in

1181: 855: 582: 464: 19707: 17209: 14642:

Karjalainen – Kastettujen määrä romahtanut – kirkollisista ristiäisistä luopuu yhä useampi

12291: 12147: 11295: 6832:

The visual arts in Finland started to form their characteristics in the 19th century when

6519:

and tertiary education. Graduation from either formally qualifies for tertiary education.

4956:

is the second largest with 1 million passengers in 2019 (300,000 in 2020), whilst another

4614:

accounts for 2.9% of the economy. Manufacturing is the primary economic sector concerning

1913: 89: 8: 19796: 19517: 19009: 18718: 18551: 18349: 18061: 18003: 17951: 17910: 17880: 17749: 17735: 17540: 16088: 12845: 11559:"File:Intentional homicides, 2016 (police-recorded offences per 100 000 inhabitants).png" 9527:

Finnish Colonial Encounters: From Anti-Imperialism to Cultural Colonialism and Complicity

9444: 8025: 7869: 7478: 7076: 6868: 6567: 6452: 6335: 6269: 5805: 5585: 5308: 5148: 5082: 4898: 4615: 4456: 4259: 3808: 3743: 2746: 2722: 2718: 2551: 2510: 2334: 2330: 2076:

were a strong political party. Furthermore, the Soviet Union persuaded Finland to refuse

1978: 1873: 1727: 1700: 1487: 1433: 1233: 1214: 1034: 446: 413: 223: 18697: 12906:"Journey deep into the Finnish caverns where nuclear waste will be buried for millennia" 12177: 11059: 11011: 10347: 9902: 7738: 7297: 6201: 5119: 4393: 4285:

Around 92% of residents have confidence in Finland's security institutions. The overall

3532: 3064: 1610:, grew. One of the movement's most prominent leaders was the philosopher and politician 1240: 20117: 20016: 19967: 19395: 18617: 18193: 18141: 18066: 18018: 18008: 17920: 17847: 17781: 17686: 17656: 17555: 17532: 17394: 15127: 15009: 13828: 13076: 12395: 11663: 11089: 11036: 10995: 10971: 10938: 10052:"Real bridge-builder became Finland's first female government minister – thisisFINLAND" 9974:

Suur-Suomi vai lähiheimolaisten auttaminen: Aatteellinen heimotyö itsenäisessä Suomessa

7927: 7814: 7747: 7711: 7633: 7391:

in the Best Foreign Language Film category as a Finnish/German/Estonian co-production.

7347: 7177: 6853: 6706: 6654: 6643: 6611: 6583: 6508: 6115: 6065: 5909: 5889: 5836: 5793: 5741: 5398: 5355: 5247: 5047: 4938: 4922: 4914: 4906: 4697: 4580: 4418: 4358: 4184: 4172: 3980: 3964: 3724: 3443: 3296: 3147: 2976: 2921: 2833: 2701: 2678: 2627: 2342: 2338: 2163: 1747: 1673: 1655: 1614:, who worked to stabilise the status of the Finnish language and its own currency, the 1603: 1563: 1479: 1375: 1209:

The area that is now Finland was settled in, at the latest, around 8,500 BC during the

1193: 1086: 521: 189: 19406: 14987: 14837:(Fieldwork: January–February 2010 ed.). October 2010. p. 204. Archived from 13940: 13782: 12475:"Suomalaisten tulot Euroopan keskitasoa. Hyvinvointipalvelut eivät paranna sijoitusta" 12229: 12065: 7309: 6926:. Among the top 20th-century Finnish architects to gain international recognition are 6744: 5789: 5681: 5173: 5038:. The Helsinki-Tallinn route is one of the busiest passenger sea routes in the world. 5022:. There is passenger traffic from Helsinki and Turku, which have ferry connections to 4792:

In 2021, the energy market was around 87 terawatt hours and the peak demand around 14

3994:

and may serve for a maximum of two consecutive 6-year terms. The current president is

1841: 19955: 19892: 19071: 18816: 18324: 18090: 18041: 17869: 17587: 17360: 17345: 17330: 17315: 17298: 17283: 17268: 17250: 17235: 17101:"Fan power! Finn power! The tournament "begins" on a winning note for Dettman's team" 16820: 16285: 15098:"GHO | By category | Suicide rate estimates, age-standardized – Estimates by country" 15001: 14874: 14224:"Finlandssvenska ungdomar talar sällan finska – särskilt på nätet är finskan ovanlig" 13722: 13579: 13021: 12770: 12740: 12369: 11041: 11023: 10976: 10958: 10339: 10196: 10004: 9977: 9952: 9804: 9668: 9643: 9612: 9559: 9531: 9504: 9408: 9383: 9282: 9256: 9230: 9174: 9149: 9077: 8791: 8767: 8640: 8615: 8583: 8246: 8196: 7687: 7468: 7411: 7282: 7234: 7149: 7126: 6919: 6907: 6895: 6722:. Many writers of the national awakening wrote in Swedish, such as the national poet 6385: 6251: 6149: 6099: 5824: 5813: 5737: 5733: 5276: 5110: 5057: 4984: 4949: 4934: 4637: 4549: 4441: 4335: 4117: 3761: 3716: 3472: 3042: 2910: 2905: 2734: 2631: 2520: 2259: 1954: 1857: 1849: 1845: 1783: 1739: 1694: 1607: 1311: 1184:, economic competitiveness, civil liberties, quality of life, and human development. 1094: 1058: 312: 15013: 10797: 10656:"NATO chief says Finland and Sweden could join 'quickly' as both warm to membership" 9322: 9112: