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365:. This fine sieve-like apparatus, which is a unique modification of the gill rakers, prevents the passage of anything but fluid out through the gills (anything above 2 to 3 mm in diameter is trapped). Any material caught in the filter between the gill bars is swallowed. Whale sharks have been observed "coughing" and it is presumed that this is a method of clearing a build up of food particles in the gill rakers. The
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647:'s once-flourishing oyster population historically filtered the estuary's entire water volume of excess nutrients every three or four days. Today that process would take almost a year, and sediment, nutrients, and algae can cause problems in local waters. Oysters filter these pollutants, and either eat them or shape them into small packets that are deposited on the bottom where they are harmless.
22:
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663:(PSP). For example, the average harvested mussel contains: 0.8–1.2% nitrogen and 0.06–0.08% phosphorus Removal of enhanced biomass can not only combat eutrophication and also support the local economy by providing product for animal feed or compost. In Sweden, environmental agencies utilize mussel farming as a management tool in improving water quality conditions, where
535:, in contrast, have smaller heads, are fast swimmers with short and broad baleen plates. To catch prey, they widely open their lower jaw — almost 90° — swim through a swarm gulping, while lowering their tongue so that the head's ventral grooves expand and vastly increase the amount of water taken in. Baleen whales typically eat
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is "an environmental management strategy by which nutrients are removed from an aquatic ecosystem through the harvest of enhanced biological production, including the aquaculture of suspension-feeding shellfish or algae". Nutrient removal by shellfish, which are then harvested from the system, has
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to monitor the health of an aquatic environment, either fresh- or seawater. Their population status or structure, physiology, behaviour, or their content of certain elements or compounds can reveal the contamination status of any aquatic ecosystem. They are useful as they are sessile, which means
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form a very effective "feeding basket" used to collect phytoplankton from the open water. In the animation at the top of this page, the krill is hovering at a 55° angle on the spot. In lower food concentrations, the feeding basket is pushed through the water for over half a meter in an opened
514:(Odontoceti). The suborder contains four families and fourteen species. Baleen whales typically seek out a concentration of zooplankton, swim through it, either open-mouthed or gulping, and filter the prey from the water using their baleens. A baleen is a row of a large number of
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has more than 2 million flagellated chambers whose combined diameter is much greater than that of the canals, water flow through chambers slows to 3.6 cm per hour. Such a flow rate allows easy food capture by the collar cells. Water is expelled through a single
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efforts have been evaluated and shown to be a highly effective source of fertilizer and animal feed In the U.S., researchers are investigating potential to model the use of shellfish and seaweed for nutrient mitigation in certain areas of Long Island Sound.
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was a placodont with unique baleen-like denticles and features of the hyoid and jaw musculature comparable to those of flamingos. Combined with its lacustrine environment, it might have occupied a similar ecological niche. In particular, it was probably a
527: — and accommodated inside the enlarged lower lip which fits onto the bowed upper jaw. As the right whale swims, a front gap between the two rows of baleen plates lets the water in together with the prey, while the baleens filter out the water.
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that may guide it in the right direction. Unlike the other large filter feeders, it relies only on the water that is pushed through the gills by swimming; the megamouth shark and whale shark can suck or pump water through their gills.
721:, for example, is a small leuconoid sponge about 10 cm tall and 1 cm in diameter. It is estimated that water enters through more than 80,000 incurrent canals at a speed of 6 cm per minute. However, because
1601:
Lindahl O, Hernroth R., Kollberg S., Loo L.-O, Olrog L., Rehnstam-Holm A.-S., Svensson J., Svensson S., Syversen U. (2005). "Improving marine water quality by mussel farming: A profitable solution for
Swedish society".
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plates attached to the upper jaw with a composition similar to those in human hair or fingernails. These plates are triangular in section with the largest, inward-facing side bearing fine hairs forming a filtering mat.
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Gotch, A. F. (1995) . "Albatrosses, Fulmars, Shearwaters, and
Petrels". Latin Names Explained A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals. New York, NY: Facts on File. pp. 191–192. ISBN
2023:
GregoriÄŤ, MatjaĹľ; Kutnjak, Denis; BaÄŤnik, Katarina; GostinÄŤar, Cene; Pecman, Anja; Ravnikar, Maja; Kuntner, MatjaĹľ (16 May 2022). "Spider webs as eDNA samplers: Biodiversity assessment across the tree of life".
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cells, which no other higher animal of krill size can do. This is accomplished through filter feeding, using the krill's developed front legs, providing for a very efficient filtering apparatus: the six
911:. Their oddly shaped beaks are specially adapted to separate mud and silt from the food they eat, and are uniquely used upside-down. The filtering of food items is assisted by hairy structures called
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lining the gill slits. The filtered water is then expelled through a separate exhalant siphon. To obtain enough food, a typical tunicate needs to process about one body-volume of water per second.
963:-like catchers, using their specialised teeth simply to offer a larger surface area. Tellingly, these teeth, while small and numerous, are comparatively unspecialised to the baleen-like teeth of
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feed near the water surface, rarely diving deeper than 100 m (330 ft) or for extended periods. Gray whales live in shallow waters feeding primarily on bottom-living organisms such as
568:
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Rieppel, O. (2002). Feeding mechanisms in
Triassic stem-group sauropterygians: the anatomy of a successful invasion of Mesozoic seas Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 135, 33-63
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and other water-borne nutrients and particles) are trapped in the mucus of a gill, and from there are transported to the mouth, where they are eaten, digested and expelled as feces or
338:
caught in midwater. Adult menhaden can filter up to four gallons of water a minute and play an important role in clarifying ocean water. They are also a natural check to the deadly
1379:"Evolution of filter-feeding in aquatic insects dates back to the Middle Triassic: New evidence from stem-group mayflies (Insecta, Ephemerida) from Grès à Voltzia, Vosges, France"
1591:
Stadmark and Conley. 2011. Mussel farming as a nutrient reduction measure in the Baltic Sea: consideration of nutrient biogeochemical cycles. Marine
Pollution Bull. 62(7):1385-8
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showcases a proper pumping mechanism, having up-turned jaws and powerful jaw and tongue musculature. Other ctenochasmatoids lack these, and are now instead thought to have been
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they are closely representative of the environment where they are sampled or placed (caging), and they breathe water all the time, exposing their gills and internal tissues:
1669:"Applying the System Wide Eutrophication Model (SWEM) for a Preliminary Quantitative Evaluation of Biomass Harvesting as a Nutrient Control Strategy for Long Island Sound"
421:. Cilia play an important role for many filter feeding animals, but because crustaceans don't have them, they need to use modified extremities for filter feeding instead.
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are thought to have relied on a kind of rudimentary filter feeding, using their long, slender teeth to trap small fish, though probably lacking the pumping mechanism of
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from up to 2,000 tons of water per hour. Unlike the megamouth and whale sharks, the basking shark does not appear to actively seek its quarry; but it does possess large
1303:
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can time their arrival at the spawning of large shoals of fish and feed on the free-floating eggs and sperm. This stratagem is also employed by whale sharks.
1685:
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Pilleri G., Marcuzzi G., Pilleri O. (1982). "Speciation in the
Platanistoidea, systematic, zoogeographical and ecological observations on recent species".
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611:. Most bivalves are filter feeders (although some have taken up scavenging and predation), extracting organic matter from the sea in which they live.
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live close to shore and hover above the sea floor, constantly collecting particles with their filter basket. They are an important food source for
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in polar or subpolar waters during summers, but can also take schooling fish, especially in the
Northern Hemisphere. All baleen whales except the
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are specialised petrels with filter-feeding habits. Their name comes from their saw-like jaw edges, used to scope out small planktionic animals.
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as a group has been listed as filter-feeders, due to their long, multiple slender teeth, clearly well adapted to trap prey. However, only
707:; instead, they create a water current which is used for circulation. Dissolved gases are brought to cells and enter the cells via simple
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are slow swimmers with large heads and mouths. Their baleen plates are narrow and very long — up to 4 m (13 ft) in
659:), low dissolved oxygen, reduced light availability and impacts on eelgrass, harmful algal blooms, and increases in incidence of
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at a velocity of about 8.5 cm/second: a jet force capable of carrying waste products some distance away from the sponge.
2001:
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Bannister, John L. (2008). "Baleen Whales (Mysticetes)". In Perrin, William F.; WĂĽrsig, Bernd; Thewissen, J. G. M. (eds.).
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plates for filtering food from water, rather than teeth. This distinguishes them from the other suborder of cetaceans, the
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441:. Mysids have a high resistance to toxins in polluted areas, and may contribute to high toxin levels in their predators.
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1322:"Feeding Behavior of the Porcellanid Crab Allopetrolisthes Spinifrons, Symbiont of the Sea Anemone Phymactis Papillosa"
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Also some insects with aquatic larvae or nymphs are filter feeders during their aquatic stage. Such as some species of
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position, and then the algae are combed to the mouth opening with special setae on the inner side of the thoracopods.
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1310:", Proceedings of the Seminar and Report of Krill Ecology Group, Editor S. B. Schnack, 130-155 and title page image.
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941:. It is unique in being a large, flightless marine animal, unlike the smaller still volant flamingos and prions.
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357:. During the slight delay between closing the mouth and opening the gill flaps, plankton is trapped against the
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have feeding appendages covered with setae to filter food particles from the flowing water. Most species of
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particles by filtering sea water through their bodies. Water is drawn into the body through the inhalant
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The prey is then drawn to the body by contracting the fibres in a corkscrew fashion (image taken with an
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around its mouth. It is believed they may exist to lure plankton or small fish into its mouth. The
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2002:"Plesiosaur Machinations XI: Imitation Crab Meat Conveyor Belt and the Filter Feeding Plesiosaur"
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Extensive article on the role of menhaden in the ecosystem and possible results of overfishing.
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are also transferred to the water through diffusion. Sponges pump remarkable amounts of water.
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Bivalve shellfish recycle nutrients that enter waterways from human and agricultural sources.
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1418:"Mosquito Larvae Change Their Feeding Behavior in Response to Kairomones From Some Predators"
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Tunicates take water in through a siphon and then expel filtered water through another siphon
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that sieves out and/or traps solids. Filter feeders can play an important role in condensing
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has a grid of fibres which are slowly pulled through the water. The motion is so slow that
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is speculated to be a filter-feeder due to its bill proportions being similar to those of
8:
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the potential to help address environmental issues including excess inputs of nutrients (
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643:. Each oyster filters up to five litres of water per hour. Scientists believe that the
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The comparative roles of suspension-feeders in ecosystems. Springer. Dordrecht, 359 p.
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fish. However, some sauropsids have been suggested to have engaged in filter feeding.
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are filter feeders, using their highly modified legs to sift plankton from the water.
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See
Hickman and Roberts (2001) Integrated principles of zoology – 11th ed., p. 247
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sucks in a mouthful of water, closes its mouth and expels the water through its
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1295:- some outstanding energetics and dynamics—some unique morphological details
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979:. In essence, their foraging mechanism was similar to that of modern young
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in water, typically by having the water pass over or through a specialized
1911:"The earliest herbivorous marine reptile and its remarkable jaw apparatus"
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Chun, Li; Rieppel, Olivier; Long, Cheng; Fraser, Nicholas C. (May 2016).
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Sanderson S. L., Wassersug R. (1990). "Suspension-feeding vertebrates".
1459:"Efficiency of filter feeding of black fly larvae (Diptera: Simuliidae)"
1254:"The Massive Filter Feeding Shark You Ought to Know | Smithsonian Ocean"
304:
species, though predominantly terrestrial, are also filter feeders when
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1176:. Ichthyology at the Florida Museum of Natural History. Archived from
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Ruppert, Edward E.; Fox, Richard, S.; Barnes, Robert D. (2004).
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Neuronal coordination of motile cilia in locomotion and feeding
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506:(whales, dolphins, and porpoises), are characterized by having
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with rorqual-like jaws and minuscule teeth, and the unrelated
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2112:"Some Aspects of Water Filtering Activity of Filter-Feeders"
1083:—aerial biofilters, with analogies to aquatic filter feeding
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larvae. Instead of using modified limbs or mouthparts, some
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680:. One of the most famous projects in that field is the
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The zoogeomorphology of case-building caddisfly larvae
1304:
Alfred
Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research
623:
draw water in over their gills through the beating of
782:
Higher magnification showing a prey item, probably a
482:
larvae produce nets of silk used for filter feeding.
1866:
Naish D (2004). "Fossils explained 48. Placodonts".
1789:
1551:. US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1306:, Special Issue 4 (1983): "On the biology of Krill
1229:. Florida Museum of Natural History. Archived from
997:Filter feeding habits are conspicuously rare among
2110:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1198:
1099:
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2080:"A Revised Classification of Suspension Feeders"
1719:
2071:
1801:Pterosaurs: Natural History, Evolution, Anatomy
1798:
1758:
1501:
1376:
1052:reptiles adapted for suspension feeding. Some
345:In addition to these bony fish, four types of
106:, and are therefore considered water-cleaning
16:Animals that feed by straining food from water
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1842:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1744:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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1652:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
153:to occupy. Extant species that rely on such
1377:Sroka, Pavel; Staniczek, Arnold H. (2022).
1225:C. Knickle; L. Billingsley; K. DiVittorio.
1102:"Net Losses: Declaring War on the Menhaden"
1093:
591:along the hinge line. The class has 30,000
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2182:
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1320:Valdivia, Nelson; Stotz, Wolfgang (2006).
3279:Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water
2108:
1942:
1514:
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1339:
1291:Swimming and feeding of Antarctic Krill,
746:cannot sense it and do not react with an
502:(Mysticeti), one of two suborders of the
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1218:
887:
832:
807:Other filter-feeding cnidarians include
691:
587:. Typically both shells (or valves) are
489:
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29:concentration (slowed by a factor of 12)
20:
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919:, and the large rough-surfaced tongue.
445:manages to directly utilize the minute
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1724:. Cengage Learning. pp. 940–956.
1456:
1056:might have had filter-feeding habits.
377:is a passive filter feeder, filtering
2715:
2163:
1549:"Oyster Reefs: Ecological importance"
1487:
1215:
1199:Bird, Christopher (28 October 2014).
413:Like all arthropods, crustaceans are
326:are filter feeders. For example, the
1166:
1127:Ed. Rainer Froese and Daniel Pauly.
3835:
3106:Electroreception and electrogenesis
1227:"Biological Profiles basking shark"
1143:
13:
992:
900:is well adapted to bottom scooping
671:Bivalves are also largely used as
14:
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1988:10.1038/scientificamerican0390-96
1722:Invertebrate Zoology, 7th edition
860:which form a sister group to the
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1888:10.1111/j.1365-2451.2004.00470.x
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1100:H. Bruce Franklin (March 2006).
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2790:Environmental impact of fishing
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1580:Nutrient Bioextraction Overview
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361:which line its gill plates and
2109:Ostroumov, S. A. (July 2005).
1803:. Princeton University Press.
1519:Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals
1282:
1271:
1245:
1192:
696:Tube sponges attracting small
494:Mouth plates of a baleen whale
1:
1422:Journal of Medical Entomology
1358:. Field Studies Council. 2008
1327:Journal of Crustacean Biology
944:
733:
661:paralytic shellfish poisoning
397:
349:are also filter feeders. The
110:. They are also important in
2875:intramembranous ossification
2072:General and cited references
1488:Mason, Richard (June 2020).
1087:
1044:shares similar adaptations.
828:
569:Movie clip of siphon feeding
7:
2078:Bullivant, JS (July 1968).
2026:Molecular Ecology Resources
1582:". Long Island Sound Study.
1523:. Academic Press. pp.
1463:Canadian Journal of Zoology
1300:Berichte zur Polarforschung
1203:. University of Southampton
1059:
864:. Nearly all tunicates are
770:showing the grid in action.
615:, the shellfish version of
550:
369:has luminous organs called
10:
3879:
3254:Fin and flipper locomotion
3224:Sequential hermaphroditism
3111:Jamming avoidance response
2828:
1762:Beat about the Bush: Birds
1624:10.1579/0044-7447-34.2.131
1457:Kurtak, Daniel C. (1978).
1031:is a family of freshwater
687:
315:
3818:
3742:
3675:
3582:
3544:
3535:
3474:
3405:
3292:
3244:
3154:
3079:
2839:
2749:
2701:Category:Eating behaviors
2676:
2522:
2446:
2425:
2362:
2351:
2318:
2282:
2206:
2197:
2129:10.1007/s10750-004-1875-1
1826:Investigations on Cetacea
1759:Carnaby, Trevor (2010) .
1201:"Glow in the Dark Sharks"
562:
557:
2741:
1799:Wilton, Mark P. (2013).
1048:is a lineage of bizarre
883:
876:siphon by the action of
252:such as most species of
25:Krill feeding in a high
3770:Glossary of ichthyology
3332:Diel vertical migration
2681:Antipredator adaptation
2038:10.1111/1755-0998.13629
2032:(7). Wiley: 2534–2545.
1765:. Jacana. p. 456.
1416:Roberts, Derek (2014).
1383:Papers in Palaeontology
311:
3136:Surface wave detection
3101:Hydrodynamic reception
2775:Diseases and parasites
2155:Mussel Watch Programme
2143:Filter feeder of krill
1935:10.1126/sciadv.1501659
1023:and other small-sized
901:
838:
700:
682:Mussel Watch Programme
652:Nutrient bioextraction
495:
410:
121:Filter feeders can be
30:
3274:Undulatory locomotion
3091:Ampullae of Lorenzini
1027:from the substrates.
891:
836:
703:Sponges have no true
695:
493:
405:
276:and three species of
114:and, as a result, as
24:
3502:Genetically modified
2100:: CS1 maint: year (
665:mussel bioextraction
347:cartilaginous fishes
137:(in the case of the
3307:Aquatic respiration
3194:Life history theory
2696:Carnivorous protist
2550:Intraguild predator
1980:1990SciAm.262c..96S
1968:Scientific American
1927:2016SciA....2E1659C
1880:2004GeolT..20..153N
1692:on 13 November 2016
1616:2005Ambio..34..131L
1395:2022PPal....8E1456S
1180:on 5 September 2006
762:An undulating live
406:Filter basket of a
258:American paddlefish
157:encompass numerous
141:) depending on the
116:indicator organisms
108:ecosystem engineers
3146:Weberian apparatus
2691:Carnivorous fungus
2341:Sexual cannibalism
2326:Animal cannibalism
2191:Feeding behaviours
2148:1 May 2002 at the
1667:Miller and Wands.
1150:Martin, R. Aidan.
1066:Particle (ecology)
902:
866:suspension feeders
839:
705:circulatory system
701:
627:. Suspended food (
496:
417:, a clade without
411:
381:, small fish, and
245:, as well as many
31:
3850:
3849:
3760:Fish common names
3671:
3670:
3302:Aquatic predation
3126:Capacity for pain
2855:Age determination
2709:
2708:
2686:Carnivorous plant
2562:Aquatic predation
2349:
2348:
2331:Human cannibalism
1772:978-1-77009-241-9
1731:978-81-315-0104-7
1674:. Hydroqual, Inc.
1534:978-0-12-373553-9
1403:10.1002/spp2.1456
1356:"Acorn Barnacles"
1308:Euphausia superba
1293:Euphausia superba
1233:on 21 August 2006
1152:"Elasmo Research"
1129:"Rhincodon typus"
951:Ctenochasmatoidea
574:
573:
328:Atlantic menhaden
155:method of feeding
102:) from the local
3870:
3838:
3837:
3826:
3825:
3808:
3807:
3542:
3541:
2834:
2765:Ethnoichthyology
2736:
2729:
2722:
2713:
2712:
2555:Pursuit predator
2357:
2336:Self-cannibalism
2204:
2203:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2161:
2160:
2132:
2114:
2105:
2099:
2091:
2066:
2065:
2020:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2009:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1946:
1915:Science Advances
1906:
1900:
1899:
1863:
1857:
1854:
1848:
1847:
1841:
1833:
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1815:
1814:
1796:
1787:
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1756:
1750:
1749:
1743:
1735:
1717:
1711:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1688:. Archived from
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1651:
1643:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1583:
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1556:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1522:
1512:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1469:(7): 1608–1623.
1454:
1448:
1447:
1437:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:10.1651/C-2607.1
1317:
1311:
1286:
1280:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1252:Hall, Danielle.
1249:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1222:
1213:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
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1170:
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1159:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1097:
1019:, filtering out
817:plumose anemones
795:
779:
759:
713:Metabolic wastes
567:
566:
555:
554:
359:dermal denticles
92:excess nutrients
3878:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3871:
3869:
3868:
3867:
3863:Aquatic ecology
3853:
3852:
3851:
3846:
3814:
3738:
3667:
3578:
3531:
3470:
3401:
3294:
3288:
3240:
3184:Ichthyoplankton
3150:
3082:
3075:
3071:Digital Library
3066:Teleost leptins
3005:Shark cartilage
2929:pharyngeal slit
2924:pharyngeal arch
2860:Anguilliformity
2845:
2843:
2835:
2826:
2745:
2740:
2710:
2705:
2672:
2663:Surplus killing
2535:Ambush predator
2518:
2442:
2421:
2358:
2345:
2314:
2278:
2193:
2188:
2150:Wayback Machine
2139:
2093:
2092:
2074:
2069:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2005:
2000:
1999:
1995:
1964:
1960:
1921:(5): e1501659.
1907:
1903:
1864:
1860:
1855:
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1822:
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1811:
1797:
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1554:
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1547:
1546:
1542:
1535:
1513:
1502:
1494:
1486:
1482:
1475:10.1139/z78-222
1455:
1451:
1435:10.1603/ME13129
1414:
1410:
1375:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1318:
1314:
1287:
1283:
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1260:
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1234:
1223:
1216:
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1204:
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1193:
1183:
1181:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1132:
1125:
1121:
1110:
1108:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1062:
1033:crocodylomorphs
1029:Stomatosuchidae
1002:marine reptiles
995:
993:Marine reptiles
949:Traditionally,
947:
915:which line the
907:filter-feed on
898:lesser flamingo
886:
831:
803:
796:
787:
780:
771:
760:
748:escape response
736:
690:
678:bioaccumulation
585:two-part shells
564:
553:
488:
457:Porcelain crabs
443:Antarctic krill
400:
387:olfactory bulbs
367:megamouth shark
320:
314:
290:megamouth shark
112:bioaccumulation
50:organic matters
38:aquatic animals
17:
12:
11:
5:
3876:
3866:
3865:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3844:
3832:
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3815:
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3797:
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3658:
3653:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3588:
3586:
3584:Wild fisheries
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3550:
3548:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3507:Hallucinogenic
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3478:
3476:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3412:
3410:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3382:Schooling fish
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3342:Filter feeders
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3317:Bottom feeders
3314:
3309:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
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3176:
3171:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3152:
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3149:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3085:
3077:
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3074:
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3068:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3039:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2963:Leydig's organ
2960:
2959:
2958:
2956:pharyngeal jaw
2953:
2943:
2938:
2937:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2909:branchial arch
2901:
2900:
2899:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2862:
2857:
2851:
2849:
2837:
2836:
2829:
2827:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2777:
2772:
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2754:
2747:
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2738:
2731:
2724:
2716:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2693:
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2683:
2677:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2638:Hypercarnivore
2635:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2631:
2621:
2614:Cattle feeding
2611:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2597:Feeding frenzy
2594:
2589:
2584:
2582:Suction feeder
2579:
2574:
2569:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2519:
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2516:
2511:
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2501:
2496:
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2429:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2392:Seed predation
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2360:
2359:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2346:
2344:
2343:
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2322:
2320:
2316:
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2313:
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2280:
2279:
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2266:
2261:
2256:
2251:
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2236:
2231:
2226:
2221:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2187:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2138:
2137:External links
2135:
2134:
2133:
2123:(1): 275–286.
2106:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2015:
2004:. 25 July 2015
1993:
1958:
1901:
1874:(4): 153–158.
1858:
1849:
1816:
1810:978-0691150611
1809:
1788:
1786:0-8160-3377-3.
1778:
1771:
1751:
1730:
1712:
1703:
1677:
1659:
1610:(2): 131–138.
1593:
1584:
1571:
1562:
1540:
1533:
1500:
1480:
1449:
1428:(2): 368–374.
1408:
1369:
1347:
1334:(3): 308–315.
1312:
1281:
1270:
1244:
1214:
1191:
1165:
1142:
1119:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1061:
1058:
994:
991:
946:
943:
939:shoveler ducks
885:
882:
830:
827:
805:
804:
797:
790:
788:
781:
774:
772:
761:
754:
740:moon jellyfish
735:
732:
689:
686:
657:eutrophication
645:Chesapeake Bay
572:
571:
560:
559:
558:External image
552:
549:
512:toothed whales
487:
484:
399:
396:
313:
310:
34:Filter feeders
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3875:
3864:
3861:
3860:
3858:
3843:
3842:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3811:
3810:more lists...
3803:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3785:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3765:Fish families
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3750:Aquarium life
3748:
3747:
3745:
3741:
3733:
3732:fleshy-finned
3730:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3702:
3701:
3700:Cartilaginous
3698:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3685:
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3680:
3678:
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3411:
3409:
3404:
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3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3337:Electric fish
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
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3297:
3291:
3285:
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3222:
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3217:
3215:
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3207:
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3200:
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3119:
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3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
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3008:
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2993:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2968:Mauthner cell
2966:
2964:
2961:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2948:
2947:
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2942:
2939:
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2910:
2907:
2906:
2905:
2902:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2887:Chromatophore
2885:
2883:
2880:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
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2838:
2833:
2823:
2820:
2818:
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2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2732:
2730:
2725:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2714:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2648:Mesocarnivore
2646:
2644:
2643:Hypocarnivore
2641:
2639:
2636:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2602:Filter feeder
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2592:Bottom feeder
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2540:Apex predator
2538:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2521:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2321:
2319:cannibalistic
2317:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2305:Breastfeeding
2303:
2301:
2300:Placentophagy
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2260:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2230:
2227:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2219:Egg predation
2217:
2215:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2117:Hydrobiologia
2113:
2107:
2103:
2097:
2090:(2): 151–160.
2089:
2085:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2019:
2003:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1974:(3): 96–101.
1973:
1969:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1868:Geology Today
1862:
1853:
1845:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1820:
1812:
1806:
1802:
1795:
1793:
1782:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1755:
1747:
1741:
1733:
1727:
1723:
1716:
1707:
1691:
1687:
1681:
1670:
1663:
1655:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1588:
1581:
1575:
1566:
1550:
1544:
1536:
1530:
1526:
1521:
1520:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1493:
1492:
1484:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1412:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1373:
1357:
1351:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1285:
1279:
1274:
1259:
1255:
1248:
1232:
1228:
1221:
1219:
1202:
1195:
1179:
1175:
1174:"Whale shark"
1169:
1153:
1146:
1130:
1123:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1092:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1003:
1000:
990:
988:
984:
983:
978:
974:
970:
968:
967:
962:
958:
957:
952:
942:
940:
936:
935:
931:
926:
924:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
899:
896:bill of this
895:
890:
881:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
835:
826:
824:
823:
818:
814:
810:
801:
794:
789:
785:
778:
773:
769:
765:
758:
753:
752:
751:
749:
745:
741:
731:
729:
724:
720:
719:
714:
710:
706:
699:
694:
685:
683:
679:
674:
673:bioindicators
669:
666:
662:
658:
653:
648:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
629:phytoplankton
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
578:
570:
561:
556:
548:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
522:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
500:baleen whales
492:
486:Baleen whales
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
464:
462:
458:
453:
448:
447:phytoplankton
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
409:
404:
395:
393:
388:
384:
383:invertebrates
380:
376:
375:basking shark
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
319:
309:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:basking shark
283:
279:
275:
271:
270:baleen whales
267:
266:bighead carps
263:
259:
255:
251:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
139:buoy barnacle
136:
132:
128:
124:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:and removing
89:
85:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:
51:
47:
43:
40:that acquire
39:
35:
28:
27:phytoplankton
23:
19:
3839:
3827:
3727:spiny-finned
3676:Major groups
3397:Intelligence
3377:Scale eaters
3341:
3322:Cleaner fish
3204:Mouthbrooder
3156:Reproduction
3131:Schreckstoff
3116:Lateral line
3032:Swim bladder
3022:Spiral valve
2951:hyomandibula
2934:pseudobranch
2817:Hypoxia in -
2668:Trophallaxis
2601:
2572:Pivot feeder
2567:Lunge feeder
2545:Egg predator
2433:Phagocytosis
2283:reproductive
2254:Myrmecophagy
2244:Molluscivore
2120:
2116:
2096:cite journal
2087:
2083:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2006:. Retrieved
1996:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1918:
1914:
1904:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1852:
1838:cite journal
1829:
1825:
1819:
1800:
1781:
1761:
1754:
1721:
1715:
1706:
1694:. Retrieved
1690:the original
1680:
1662:
1648:cite journal
1607:
1603:
1596:
1587:
1574:
1565:
1553:. Retrieved
1543:
1518:
1490:
1483:
1466:
1462:
1452:
1425:
1421:
1411:
1386:
1382:
1372:
1360:. Retrieved
1350:
1331:
1325:
1315:
1307:
1299:
1292:
1289:
1284:
1273:
1261:. Retrieved
1258:ocean.si.edu
1257:
1247:
1235:. Retrieved
1231:the original
1205:. Retrieved
1194:
1184:17 September
1182:. Retrieved
1178:the original
1168:
1158:17 September
1156:. Retrieved
1145:
1135:17 September
1133:. Retrieved
1122:
1109:. Retrieved
1106:Mother Jones
1095:
1039:
1009:
996:
980:
977:Pterodaustro
976:
973:Boreopterids
971:
966:Pterodaustro
964:
956:Pterodaustro
954:
948:
932:
928:The extinct
927:
921:
909:brine shrimp
903:
868:, capturing
840:
820:
806:
763:
737:
722:
716:
702:
684:in America.
670:
649:
595:, including
579:are aquatic
575:
531:such as the
521:Right whales
497:
474:larvae, and
465:
439:striped bass
412:
344:
330:, a type of
321:
300:and certain
161:, including
120:
73:zooplanktons
33:
32:
18:
3841:WikiProject
3800:Prehistoric
3784:Threatened
3475:Other types
3372:Sardine run
3347:Forage fish
3327:Corallivory
3179:Development
3164:Bubble nest
3037:physoclisti
3027:Suckermouth
3000:Root effect
2822:Ichthyology
2489:Planktivore
2474:Detritivore
2469:Coprophagia
2459:Bacterivore
2454:Microbivory
2438:Myzocytosis
2397:Nectarivore
2387:Graminivore
2234:Lepidophagy
2229:Insectivore
2224:Hematophagy
1686:"behaviour"
1154:. ReefQuest
1111:27 February
1081:Spider webs
1071:Planktivore
1054:plesiosaurs
1046:Hupehsuchia
1041:Mourasuchus
1006:pachycormid
934:Annakacygna
862:vertebrates
854:sea squirts
641:pseudofeces
633:zooplankton
589:symmetrical
583:which have
452:thoracopods
423:Mysidaceans
415:ecdysozoans
379:zooplankton
371:photophores
351:whale shark
334:, lives on
324:forage fish
318:Forage fish
294:water birds
282:whale shark
254:forage fish
250:vertebrates
239:sea squirts
223:echinoderms
59:or smaller
3456:Groundfish
3451:Freshwater
3446:Euryhaline
3431:Coral reef
3367:Salmon run
3357:Paedophagy
3259:Amphibious
3246:Locomotion
3054:pharyngeal
3042:physostome
2995:Photophore
2941:Glossohyal
2914:gill raker
2897:dorsal fin
2847:physiology
2653:Parasitism
2587:Bait balls
2577:Ram feeder
2509:Plastivore
2504:Lithotroph
2494:Saprophagy
2417:Osteophagy
2407:Palynivore
2364:Herbivores
2295:Paedophagy
2269:Spongivore
2259:Ophiophagy
2199:Carnivores
1696:25 January
1288:Kils, U.:
1131:. FishBase
982:Platanista
945:Pterosaurs
870:planktonic
844:, such as
768:Baltic Sea
734:Cnidarians
541:gray whale
533:blue whale
398:Arthropods
392:Manta rays
316:See also:
227:sea lilies
209:, such as
187:arthropods
171:cnidarians
163:poriferans
149:they have
127:planktonic
69:microalgae
3705:chimaeras
3592:Predatory
3569:Salmonids
3527:Whitefish
3517:Poisonous
3492:Diversity
3426:Coldwater
3362:Predatory
3352:Migratory
3312:Bait ball
3295:behaviour
3214:Pregnancy
3209:Polyandry
2983:papillare
2978:Operculum
2973:Meristics
2919:gill slit
2882:Cleithrum
2812:Fish kill
2802:Fear of -
2795:- as food
2785:Fisheries
2770:Evolution
2760:Diversity
2658:Scavenger
2530:Predation
2499:Xenophagy
2479:Geophagia
2464:Fungivore
2412:Xylophagy
2402:Mellivory
2382:Frugivore
2377:Florivore
2274:Vermivore
2264:Piscivore
2249:Mucophagy
2239:Man-eater
2062:248527088
2046:1755-098X
1896:128475420
1740:cite book
1497:(Thesis).
1263:30 August
1088:Citations
1076:Predation
1017:herbivore
961:spoonbill
917:mandibles
905:Flamingos
858:chordates
846:ascidians
842:Tunicates
829:Tunicates
709:diffusion
698:reef fish
613:Nephridia
545:amphipods
480:caddisfly
476:black fly
461:barnacles
298:flamingos
274:manta ray
235:lancelets
231:chordates
199:barnacles
175:jellyfish
135:neustonic
104:waterbody
100:phosphate
94:(such as
81:filtering
77:suspended
61:organisms
57:particles
42:nutrients
3857:Category
3829:Category
3780:Smallest
3693:lampreys
3656:flatfish
3646:Demersal
3602:mackerel
3597:billfish
3537:Commerce
3466:Tropical
3441:Demersal
3436:Deep-sea
3392:Venomous
3284:RoboTuna
3234:triggers
3229:Spawning
3189:Juvenile
3174:Egg case
2807:FishBase
2609:Browsing
2484:Omnivore
2426:Cellular
2372:Folivore
2146:Archived
2054:35510791
1953:27386529
1832:: 15–46.
1640:25371433
1632:15865310
1444:24724285
1060:See also
1050:Triassic
1037:Cenozoic
999:Mesozoic
987:dolphins
913:lamellae
813:sea fans
809:sea pens
800:ecoSCOPE
744:copepods
723:Leuconia
718:Leuconia
597:scallops
581:molluscs
577:Bivalves
551:Bivalves
529:Rorquals
525:bowheads
472:mosquito
470:nymphs,
435:flounder
340:red tide
336:plankton
306:foraging
296:such as
292:). Some
215:scallops
207:bivalves
203:molluscs
179:sea pens
145:and the
133:or even
131:nektonic
96:nitrogen
65:bacteria
3775:Largest
3688:hagfish
3683:Jawless
3661:pollock
3634:sardine
3629:herring
3624:anchovy
3574:Tilapia
3564:Octopus
3559:Catfish
3546:Farming
3461:Pelagic
3421:Coastal
3408:habitat
3264:Walking
3169:Clasper
3121:Otolith
3083:systems
3081:Sensory
3015:ganoine
2990:Papilla
2841:Anatomy
2780:Fishing
2624:Grazing
2523:Methods
2310:Weaning
2290:Oophagy
2214:Avivore
2084:Tuatara
2008:11 June
1976:Bibcode
1944:4928886
1923:Bibcode
1876:Bibcode
1612:Bibcode
1578:NOAA. "
1555:11 June
1391:Bibcode
1362:11 June
1237:11 June
1207:11 June
1011:Henodus
894:arcuate
784:copepod
766:in the
764:Aurelia
728:osculum
688:Sponges
621:oysters
617:kidneys
609:mussels
605:oysters
593:species
516:keratin
504:Cetacea
427:herring
363:pharynx
332:herring
219:oysters
167:sponges
151:evolved
143:species
123:sessile
88:biomass
46:feeding
3793:sharks
3710:sharks
3639:sprats
3619:Forage
3607:salmon
3487:Coarse
3269:Flying
3141:Vision
3096:Barbel
3010:Scales
2870:dermal
2750:About
2629:Forage
2619:Fodder
2447:Others
2060:
2052:
2044:
1951:
1941:
1894:
1807:
1769:
1728:
1638:
1630:
1531:
1442:
923:Prions
874:buccal
856:, are
819:, and
508:baleen
468:mayfly
437:, and
278:sharks
262:silver
247:marine
229:) and
195:mysids
183:corals
147:niches
3755:Blind
3743:Lists
3522:Rough
3387:Sleep
3293:Other
3059:shark
3049:Teeth
2207:adult
2058:S2CID
1892:S2CID
1672:(PDF)
1636:S2CID
1604:Ambio
1527:–89.
1495:(PDF)
1389:(4).
1298:. In
1025:flora
1021:algae
884:Birds
878:cilia
850:salps
822:Xenia
637:algae
625:cilia
601:clams
537:krill
419:cilia
408:mysid
355:gills
322:Most
280:—the
243:salps
211:clams
191:krill
159:phyla
84:organ
3788:rays
3722:Bony
3715:rays
3612:tuna
3554:Carp
3512:Oily
3497:Game
3482:Bait
3416:Cave
3199:Milt
2904:Gill
2892:Fins
2865:Bone
2752:fish
2743:Fish
2514:Pica
2102:link
2050:PMID
2042:ISSN
2010:2018
1949:PMID
1844:link
1805:ISBN
1767:ISBN
1746:link
1726:ISBN
1698:2014
1654:link
1628:PMID
1557:2018
1529:ISBN
1440:PMID
1364:2018
1265:2022
1239:2018
1209:2018
1186:2006
1160:2006
1137:2006
1113:2009
930:swan
892:The
852:and
738:The
607:and
498:The
312:Fish
302:duck
288:and
264:and
241:and
217:and
197:and
181:and
98:and
71:and
54:food
36:are
3651:cod
3406:By
3219:Roe
2946:Jaw
2844:and
2125:doi
2121:542
2034:doi
1984:doi
1972:262
1939:PMC
1931:doi
1884:doi
1620:doi
1471:doi
1430:doi
1399:doi
1336:doi
989:".
431:cod
221:),
201:),
185:),
169:),
48:on
44:by
3859::
2119:.
2115:.
2098:}}
2094:{{
2088:16
2086:.
2082:.
2056:.
2048:.
2040:.
2030:22
2028:.
1982:.
1970:.
1947:.
1937:.
1929:.
1917:.
1913:.
1890:.
1882:.
1872:20
1870:.
1840:}}
1836:{{
1830:14
1828:.
1791:^
1742:}}
1738:{{
1650:}}
1646:{{
1634:.
1626:.
1618:.
1608:34
1606:.
1525:80
1503:^
1467:56
1465:.
1461:.
1438:.
1426:51
1424:.
1420:.
1397:.
1385:.
1381:.
1332:26
1330:.
1324:.
1302:,
1256:.
1217:^
1104:.
969:.
848:,
825:.
815:,
811:,
802:).
750:.
711:.
635:,
631:,
603:,
599:,
547:.
433:,
429:,
342:.
308:.
284:,
272:,
268:,
260:,
256:,
237:,
213:,
193:,
177:,
129:,
125:,
118:.
75:)
67:,
52:,
2735:e
2728:t
2721:v
2183:e
2176:t
2169:v
2131:.
2127::
2104:)
2064:.
2036::
2012:.
1990:.
1986::
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