421:
862:
848:
92:
146:
806:
164:
610:, including in the restaurant industry, as hotel workers, and as house cleaners. Beyond the service sector, Filipinos are also employed as teachers, farm workers in rural Spain, nurses, language assistants, and military personnel. For Filipinos looking to migrate overseas, Spain is seen as an attractive destination due to its robust labor laws and generous pay and employment benefits, as well as the relative ease of obtaining legal residence in the country compared to other countries in Europe.
3171:
1135:
128:
876:
834:
110:
318:
1149:
47:
391:, largely women in the employ of Spanish businessmen who in that period decided to return to Spain from the Philippines while bringing their domestic helpers along with them. This was followed by a third wave that began in the 1980s, whose members replaced those of the second wave who had since migrated to other countries, particularly the United States and
406:
to 200,000 Filipino workers to enter Spain, also paved the way for other highly skilled professionals like engineers and doctors to migrate to the country. This led to significant growth in the community: while there were only 25,000 Filipinos in Spain in 1992, this grew to over 40,000 by 2006, and to over 50,000 by the following year.
820:
724:
New
Filipino migrants to Spain are often not fluent in Spanish, the same it goes with Spanish-born Filipinos who also finds it difficult to speak their indigenous Philippine regional languages of their community. In a 2020 survey, more than half of all surveyed Filipino migrants on Ibiza reported not
277:
was recorded as early as the 16th century, the first
Filipino migrants to metropolitan Spain only began arriving in the late 19th century, forming the country's first and oldest Asian immigrant community, although mass migration would not begin until after Philippine independence. Rapid growth in the
736:
Fluency in
Spanish and regional languages increased with the children of migrants who are born in Spain, as they learn those languages in school along with English and other foreign languages. While they become native Spanish speakers, unlike their parents, it often comes at the expense of learning
405:
were not formally deployed to Spain in large numbers until 2006, when the two countries signed a memorandum of understanding on the entry of skilled labor, leading to the deployment of some 160 Filipino nurses and caregivers to nursing homes throughout Spain. The agreement, which would allow for up
613:
In recent years, Filipinos in Spain have also begun setting up their own businesses, with a number of
Filipino restaurants, bars, bakeries, grocery stores and call shops, among other businesses, setting up shop in Tetuán, El Raval, and Las Palmas, as well as in other parts of the country. Wealthy
605:
Before 2006, most
Filipinos went to the United States or Saudi Arabia to look for work and settlements, however in recent years, a new generation of Filipinos who went to Spain for work has increased in numbers, most of whom are qualified domestic helpers, and most Filipinos today in Spain work
683:
and the need to return to school despite already being certified in the
Philippines, leaving them unable to find employment and forcing them to take lower-skilled jobs. Nurses, for example, have only been able to practice their profession as a result of the
2566:
554:
in Ciutat Vella, which is reportedly home to fifteen percent of all
Filipino citizens in Spain and is also home to most of the local community's cultural and social institutions. In Andalusia, a more diffuse community is found in
268:
to Spain, as well as more recent migrants. Some 200,000 Filipinos are estimated to live in Spain, including 37,000 expatriates from the
Philippines living in Spain who are either Spanish citizens or do not hold any citizenship.
733:. While a lack of Spanish fluency has led to many Filipinos being underemployed, English fluency is a reported advantage for the community, as Filipinos often find work in the employ of other non-Spanish speaking foreigners.
356:, were living in Spain to pursue higher education, and although they would form Spain's first and oldest Asian immigrant community, many from this group of migrants would return to the Philippines later on in the wake of the
272:
There are many
Spanish people of Filipino heritage in Spain. Filipino migration to Spain has a long history owing to the Philippines being a Spanish possession for much of its history. While Filipino migration within the
475:
every year, a phenomenon which began in the 1990s, and it is believed that the actual number of
Filipinos in Spain – including those who have since become Spanish citizens – could be as high as 300,000 or more.
2379:
348:
Migration to metropolitan Spain from the Philippines was practically non-existent for most of the islands' history under Spanish rule, and didn't begin until the end of the 19th century, when the "
1758:
387:
who left the country onboard two ships, the "Plus Ultra" and the "Halekala". Contemporary economic migration did not begin until the 1960s, when a second wave of migrants moved to Spain as
2191:
1786:
526:, forming the largest immigrant group in four of the district's six neighborhoods, as well as in four other neighborhoods in other parts of the city, including the neighborhood of
399:
and had few (if any) ties to Spain compared to the existing community established by the smaller first wave of migrants, whose members were wealthier and had more ties to Spain.
1637:
2049:
2337:
1964:
713:
in their community. Other individuals only speak Spanish, while some use both Spanish and English as their form of communication. Spanish is spoken together with
679:
due to difficulties in getting their credentials recognized in Spain. Filipinos who want to exercise their profession in Spain are deterred by the high cost of
375:
Contemporary migration to Spain from the Philippines can be broken down into three waves. The first wave of Filipino migration to Spain consisted primarily of
2137:
1934:
1730:
449:
estimates that there are 53,388 persons in Spain who were born in the Philippines, including 37,355 Filipino citizens registered in municipal registers (
511:. For historical reasons, most Filipino migrants to Spain were working-age women, which is still reflected in the contemporary makeup of the community.
2309:
1213:
395:. The later two waves of migration significantly changed the makeup of the Filipino community in Spain, as later arrivals were typically of a lower
2550:
2427:
2163:
1991:
2800:
1606:
3117:
2199:
2929:
1546:
446:
3517:
352:", largely from the middle and upper classes, pursued higher education in Spain. By 1880, some 200 Filipinos, including figures such as
2505:
471:
being the most numerous. As Filipinos can apply for citizenship after only two years' residence in Spain, some 2,000 Filipinos acquire
333:
between the 16th and 19th century, although most migration from the Philippines to Spain during this period was to the territories of
2909:
1849:
1647:
1580:
499:. Smaller populations of Filipinos are also found in Spain's other autonomous communities, with the largest concentrations found in
2879:
2852:
1878:
1852:[220 meals of the day and whatever is needed: the discreet help network between Filipinos to avert community collapse].
2473:
1817:
361:
330:
2521:
1489:
3522:
3380:
2884:
2696:
2542:
2531:
1454:
1850:"220 menús diarios y lo que haga falta: la discreta red de ayuda entre los filipinos para evitar el colapso de la comunidad"
278:
community since the 1990s has led to Filipinos in Spain forming one of the largest Filipino diaspora communities in Europe.
2894:
1516:
957:
1345:
455:) throughout Spain, as of 2021. While Filipinos in Spain come from various parts of the Philippines, most originate from
2497:
847:
3215:
2793:
2730:
2222:
535:
433:
364:
when, starting in the 1920s, economic ties between the Philippines and Spain began to be cut in favor of ties with the
17:
2052:[From the tears of their parents upon arrival, they've moved on to the growth and success of their children].
2023:
1542:
2865:
2443:
637:
3110:
2195:
2141:
1584:
3470:
1761:[The Chinese are now the largest group of foreigners in 19 Madrid neighborhoods and the Filipinos in 8].
909:
496:
2632:
2461:
1907:
420:
3200:
3185:
1187:
429:
58:
200,000 people with official citizenship and an estimated figure of 37,000 people with Philippine citizenship.
3220:
2786:
1789:[Profile of the most numerous populations in Barcelona, 2016-2020: Filipino nationals] (in Spanish).
861:
2772:
3435:
3033:
2914:
2595:
1113:
730:
204:
2635:[The Migration of Free Asians to the Central Region of the Vice-Royalty of New Spain, 1565-1700].
2545:[Economic history of the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period: a bibliographical study]
2280:
1822:
1072:
988:
853:
3210:
3103:
2604:
2383:
2380:"Pinay in Spain finally becomes nurse after 9 years of waiting, only to test positive for COVID-19 after"
2076:
1182:
633:
615:
927:
2435:
2249:
685:
83:
The following numbers (from 2021 census) represent Filipinos in Spain with Philippine citizenship only.
3370:
3288:
3155:
2168:
2105:
1790:
1642:
1280:
976:
487:, which are home to the oldest Filipino communities in Spain, and a distribution that is shared with
1119:
805:
3465:
3262:
2997:
2960:
1994:[Some 800 Filipinos in the Balearic Islands renew their residence documents in a convent].
402:
334:
675:
Although a significant proportion of Filipinos who migrate to Spain are highly educated, many are
3491:
3460:
2972:
875:
472:
384:
294:
325:", pictured here in 1890, formed the first significant community of Hispanic Filipinos in Spain.
3324:
3314:
3250:
2574:
1103:
383:
and in the first years after Philippine independence, beginning with some 300 survivors of the
1759:"Los chinos ya son los extranjeros mayoritarios en 19 barrios madrileños y los filipinos en 8"
819:
3450:
3329:
3319:
3298:
3084:
1967:["I have not heard of anyone on Ibiza who has had a single problem with Filipinos"].
658:
415:
357:
293:
as one of the largest Hispanic groups, and one of the largest Asian minorities alongside the
220:
2543:
Historia Económica de Filipinas durante la etapa colonial española. Un estudio bibliográfico
2338:"Unli access to Europe: Filipinos snapping up properties in Spain, Portugal for Golden Visa"
571:. Beyond the peninsula in the Balearic Islands, some 2,500 Filipinos live on the islands of
560:
531:
3486:
3425:
3415:
3405:
3400:
3345:
3150:
2939:
2919:
2904:
2847:
2809:
2766:
833:
785:
706:
1084:
970:
825:
8:
3445:
3440:
3420:
3410:
3375:
3355:
3350:
3267:
3160:
3068:
3038:
3007:
2934:
2899:
2889:
2874:
2688:
1494:
1459:
1048:
492:
480:
298:
290:
97:
522:, where most Filipinos in Spain live. In Madrid, most Filipinos live in the district of
445:
There are over 200,000 Filipinos in Spain as listed in the 2018 Spanish census, and the
3496:
3365:
3293:
3283:
3257:
3245:
3205:
3190:
3145:
3140:
3126:
3043:
3028:
2982:
2967:
2924:
2835:
2830:
2428:
Inmigración y trabajo en España. Trabajadores inmigrantes en el sector de la hostelería
2050:"De los llantos de sus padres a la llegada se pasó al crecimiento y éxito de sus hijos"
1787:"Perfil de los colectivos más numerosos en Barcelona. 2016-2020: Nacionalidad filipina"
1167:
1140:
1078:
1030:
697:
670:
607:
488:
425:
192:
188:
2520:
Castañeda, Roel (2007). "Filipinos in Spain". In Mongaya Hoegsholm, Filomenita (ed.).
1545:[Population (Spaniards/foreigners) by country of birth and sex] (in Spanish).
523:
3430:
3360:
3058:
3048:
2992:
2840:
2734:
2692:
2654:
2608:
2527:
2477:
2439:
2430:[Immigration and work in Spain: immigrant workers in the hospitality sector]
2314:
1965:"«No he oído a nadie en Ibiza que haya tenido ni un solo problema con los filipinos»"
1177:
1172:
1024:
982:
881:
776:
648:
538:. Meanwhile, about half of all Filipinos living in Barcelona live in the district of
376:
369:
200:
184:
2714:
547:
372:, the Filipino community in Spain was estimated to only number at least 200 people.
3002:
2987:
2644:
2081:
1042:
1036:
811:
726:
718:
714:
710:
702:
627:
600:
527:
504:
301:. Most Filipinos in Spain overwhelmingly live in the country's two largest cities,
196:
151:
2674:
1066:
1018:
1012:
839:
3195:
2361:
2359:
2285:
2138:"Babysitters no more, Filipino nurses in Spain find place on COVID-19 frontlines"
1275:
1245:
951:
939:
780:
765:
754:
688:
after working other jobs, where otherwise they wouldn't have been able to do so.
676:
468:
388:
257:
1733:[The Filipinos' pilgrimage to the Puerta del Sol to eat fried chicken].
1520:
1324:
1322:
1090:
867:
796:
The following category is a list of famous celebrities with Filipino heritage.
3063:
3053:
3012:
2955:
2164:"8 Interesting observations from the perspective of a Filipina living in Spain"
1611:
1107:
1060:
903:
750:
508:
464:
460:
338:
274:
169:
2649:
2356:
3511:
2738:
2658:
2633:"La migración asiática libre al centro del virreinato novohispano, 1565-1700"
2612:
2481:
1763:
1319:
1218:
1054:
933:
365:
1350:
945:
353:
2817:
1248:[Filipinos in Spain. 2022 municipal register population figures.].
1154:
994:
921:
680:
654:
550:
districts. The community is primarily concentrated in the northern half of
539:
396:
380:
286:
253:
216:
1698:
2767:
Commission on Filipinos overseas - Filipino Migration in Spain (Overview)
1854:
1271:
1000:
746:
360:. Intermittent migration from this period would continue until the early
265:
2590:
1992:"Unos 800 filipinos de Balears renuevan su documentación en un convento"
729:, although they were generally fluent in English, Filipino and/or other
264:, consisting of citizens and the descendants of early migrants from the
2778:
2565:
González Enriquez, Carmen; Martínez Romera, José Pablo (May 10, 2016).
1883:
1731:"Peregrinación de filipinos a la Puerta del Sol para comer pollo frito"
1686:
1674:
1662:
1405:
897:
584:
576:
2110:
1735:
1366:
1295:
3095:
1162:
915:
519:
500:
484:
349:
322:
306:
237:
233:
133:
115:
73:
2526:. Quezon City: Philippine Social Science Council. pp. 283–289.
1393:
556:
77:
588:
580:
564:
551:
543:
379:
and Spaniards in the Philippines who would leave the country after
282:
1910:[City Hall reunites with Marbella's foreign communities].
1908:"El Ayuntamiento se reúne con comunidades extranjeras de Marbella"
1607:"Spaniards have high regard for Filipinos living in their country"
317:
2825:
2760:
2504:(Report). Documentos CIDOB: Relaciones España-Asia (in Spanish).
2404:
2402:
2400:
2077:"Los restaurantes de Madrid se 'rifan' a los cocineros filipinos"
1543:"Población (españoles/extranjeros) por país de nacimiento y sexo"
1246:"Filipinos en España. Padrón municipal 2022, cifras de población"
1006:
568:
479:
Some three quarters of all Filipino migration to Spain is to the
2564:
2365:
1328:
515:
495:
as communities that are particularly concentrated in these two
392:
342:
309:, with smaller communities present in the rest of the country.
302:
69:
2496:
Beltrán Antolín, Joaquín; Sáiz López, Amelia (June 20, 2002).
2460:
Actis, Walter; Ángel de Prada, Miguel; Pereda, Carlos (2003).
2426:
Actis, Walter; Ángel de Prada, Miguel; Pereda, Carlos (1999).
2397:
2079:[Madrid's restaurants "draw lots" on Filipino cooks].
1710:
424:
Members of the Filipino community in Spain, led by Ambassador
2623:
572:
456:
261:
52:
2225:[AFIMA promotes entrepreneurship among immigrants].
2024:"PEOPLE POWWOW | A growing Filipino community in Las Palmas"
1942:
337:, where some 3,600 Asians, mostly Filipinos working on the
2569:[The transnational mobility of migrants in Spain]
2283:[This is how young Filipinos in Barcelona party].
1383:
1381:
2717:[An approach to the Filipino community of Ibiza]
2495:
2459:
2425:
1704:
1692:
1680:
1668:
1429:
1411:
1372:
1307:
1301:
329:
The first Filipino settlements in Spain goes back to the
2763:
A Spanish Filipino cultural organization based in Madrid
2281:"Así salen de fiesta los jóvenes filipinos de Barcelona"
2223:"AFIMA promueve el emprendimiento entre los inmigrantes"
1820:[Filipinos: the silent community of Barcelona].
1560:
587:, where over 1,000 Filipinos live, and on the island of
2523:
In de olde worlde: views of Filipino migrants in Europe
1519:. Philippine-European Solidarity Centre. Archived from
1378:
2541:
Elizalde Pérez-Grueso, María Dolores (December 1998).
1097:
2567:
La movilidad transnacional de los migrantes en España
2540:
1399:
1214:"Economic diplomacy is as important as OFW diplomacy"
964:
1417:
1130:
289:
minority groups, today Filipinos rank alongside the
2681:
The Spanish Community in the Philippines, 1935-1939
1881:[The heart of the Philippines, in Málaga].
514:Major Filipino enclaves are found in the cities of
2715:"Un acercamiento a la comunidad filipina de Ibiza"
2464:[Spanish society and foreign immigration]
2462:"La sociedad española y la inmigración extranjera"
2312:[The Filipino who triumphed in A Coruña].
2108:[12,000 kilometers to pick strawberries].
1581:"Spain clarifies legislation offering citizenship"
1339:
1337:
705:is the official language spoken, along with other
583:, while in the Canaries, communities are found in
1937:[Tita Del and the birth of a community].
1751:
1343:
542:, with significant populations also found in the
3509:
2712:
2408:
1722:
1716:
1517:"Filipino Migration to Europe: Country Profiles"
1490:"RP back to normal, GMA assures Pinoys in Spain"
1631:
1629:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1334:
614:Filipinos have also spurred demand for Spain's
2192:"Filipino Among Royal Guards of King of Spain"
1818:"Filipinos: la comunidad silente de Barcelona"
1815:
440:
3111:
2794:
2676:La Comunidad Española en Filipinas, 1935-1939
2371:
1843:
1841:
1779:
450:
2366:González Enriquez & Martínez Romera 2016
2074:
2017:
2015:
2013:
1816:Márquez Daniel, Carlos (November 20, 2020).
1811:
1809:
1807:
1626:
1441:
1329:González Enriquez & Martínez Romera 2016
1207:
1205:
1203:
559:, with some 5,000 Filipinos residing in the
2135:
1935:"Tita Del y el nacimiento de una comunidad"
1847:
1572:
3118:
3104:
2801:
2787:
2637:Relaciones Estudios de Historia y Sociedad
2506:Barcelona Centre for International Affairs
2330:
2307:
2183:
1848:Pareja, Pol; Calvó, Sònia (May 30, 2020).
1838:
1598:
606:either as domestic helpers or in adjacent
331:Spanish colonial period of the Philippines
281:Historically one of the country's largest
2648:
2643:(137). El Colegio de Michoacán: 347–363.
2519:
2252:[Smiles with a taste of coconut]
2131:
2129:
2010:
1804:
1578:
1566:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1387:
1344:Castellví Laucamp, Luis (June 12, 2019).
1264:
1200:
788:is a popular sport in their community.
737:Filipino and other Philippine languages.
567:, and a smaller community of some 300 in
27:Immigration from the Philippines to Spain
2808:
2214:
2161:
2155:
2041:
1983:
1899:
1876:
1240:
1238:
1236:
991:- Politician and Prime Minister of Spain
419:
316:
2630:
2308:Portabales, Pablo (November 15, 2021).
2247:
2220:
2189:
2047:
1989:
1926:
1693:Actis, Ángel de Prada & Pereda 1999
1681:Actis, Ángel de Prada & Pereda 2003
1455:"Spain starts hiring RP health workers"
1313:
1211:
770:
563:, including a significant community in
14:
3510:
3125:
2588:
2301:
2278:
2272:
2136:Sotelo Aboy, Sandra (April 10, 2020).
2126:
2097:
1932:
1870:
1604:
1474:
1452:
1435:
1122:- Princess of Spain, Great-grandmother
1116:- Princess of Spain, Great-grandmother
3099:
2782:
2672:
2500:[Asian communities in Spain]
2377:
2162:Peñalosa, Gelene (October 14, 2021).
2106:"12.000 kilómetros para coger fresas"
2103:
2075:Díaz Murillo, Javier (June 3, 2016).
1990:Adrover, Miquel (November 13, 2011).
1962:
1956:
1905:
1728:
1705:Beltrán Antolín & Sáiz López 2002
1669:Beltrán Antolín & Sáiz López 2002
1423:
1412:Beltrán Antolín & Sáiz López 2002
1373:Beltrán Antolín & Sáiz López 2002
1302:Beltrán Antolín & Sáiz López 2002
1233:
891:
653:The majority of their population are
2761:Asociación Cultural Galeón de Manila
2310:"El filipino que arrasa en A Coruña"
2241:
2068:
2021:
1879:"El corazón de Filipinas, en Málaga"
1509:
1348:[The Philippines in Spain].
1212:Masigan, Andrew J. (June 24, 2018).
1106:- Queen of Spain, Grandmother was a
64:Regions with significant populations
2498:Las comunidades asiáticas en España
2221:Sánchez, Cristina (March 2, 2011).
1906:Vidal, Marcel (February 15, 2020).
1605:Alzona, Rodel (December 20, 2015).
1535:
1270:
1098:Spanish people of Filipino heritage
246:Spanish people of Filipino ancestry
34:Spanish people of Filipino ancestry
24:
3518:Spanish people of Filipino descent
2731:University of the Balearic Islands
2713:Rogales Castillo, Jenilyn (2021).
2248:Sánchez, Cristina (October 2017).
2048:Cabrera, Javier (August 6, 2019).
1877:Escalera, Ángel (April 24, 2016).
1729:Viejo, Manuel (November 5, 2021).
1635:
1487:
965:Spanish people of Filipino descent
948:- National hero of the Philippines
725:being fluent in either Spanish or
721:and other Philippine languages.
25:
3534:
2773:Demographics of Spain & Facts
2754:
2474:Fundación de las Cajas de Ahorros
2279:Crespo, Adrián (April 26, 2016).
1579:Gutierrez, Pia (March 27, 2014).
1547:Instituto Nacional de Estadística
958:Fernando Zóbel de Ayala y Montojo
791:
638:Philippine-Spanish Friendship Day
447:Instituto Nacional de Estadística
3169:
2196:ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs
2142:ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs
1585:ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs
1147:
1133:
874:
860:
846:
832:
818:
804:
162:
144:
126:
108:
90:
45:
2418:
2190:Buenafe, Danny (July 2, 2009).
2104:Turel, Jesús (March 31, 2008).
1933:Balcos, Olivia (May 16, 2019).
1636:Uy, Veronica (March 25, 2009).
1488:Sy, Marvin (December 4, 2007).
1453:Calica, Aurea (June 29, 2006).
409:
2589:Molina, Carmen (Spring 1992).
2022:Vego, Herbert (June 1, 2017).
1963:Turel, Jesús (July 28, 2021).
1188:Immigration to the Philippines
452:padrón municipal de habitantes
13:
1:
2378:Malig, Kaela (June 3, 2020).
1638:"OFWs still welcome in Spain"
1193:
594:
3523:Filipino diaspora by country
3034:British immigration in Spain
2723:Turística. Papers de turisme
2591:"Filipino Migrants in Spain"
2470:Papeles de economía española
1767:(in Spanish). April 29, 2018
1114:Leonor, Princess of Asturias
985:- Musician and film director
731:languages of the Philippines
664:
621:
536:Philippine Embassy in Madrid
434:Philippine Embassy in Madrid
7:
2605:Ateneo de Manila University
2436:Ministry of Labour of Spain
2384:GMA News and Public Affairs
2250:"Sonrisas con sabor a coco"
1183:Philippines-Spain relations
1126:
954:- Journalist and politician
691:
642:
634:Philippines-Spain relations
441:Population and distribution
193:regional languages of Spain
10:
3539:
2673:Rodao, Florentino (2007).
1400:Elizalde Pérez-Grueso 1998
1007:Gregorio Ameztoy Querejeta
942:- Journalist and socialite
910:Félix Resurrección Hidalgo
774:
763:
759:
744:
695:
686:COVID-19 pandemic in Spain
668:
646:
631:
625:
616:immigrant investor program
598:
413:
312:
3479:
3393:
3338:
3307:
3276:
3238:
3231:
3178:
3167:
3133:
3077:
3021:
2948:
2861:
2816:
2650:10.24901/rehs.v37i147.181
2631:Oropeza, Déborah (2016).
2169:Philippine Daily Inquirer
1823:El Periódico de Catalunya
1791:City Council of Barcelona
1643:Philippine Daily Inquirer
1281:Philippine Daily Inquirer
989:Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero
854:Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero
403:Overseas Filipino Workers
231:
226:
215:
210:
183:
178:
160:
142:
124:
106:
88:
68:
63:
43:
38:
2260:(in Spanish). p. 13
928:Antonio "Júnior" Morales
362:American colonial period
2573:(Report) (in Spanish).
2549:(Report) (in Spanish).
2434:(Report) (in Spanish).
924:- Revolutionary soldier
740:
579:, and another 2,000 on
534:, which is home to the
345:between 1565 and 1815.
2575:Elcano Royal Institute
1120:Infanta Sofía of Spain
1104:Queen Letizia of Spain
1003:- Footballer and actor
979:- Roman Catholic Saint
497:autonomous communities
451:
437:
326:
80:and other urban areas.
3085:Demographics of Spain
2409:Rogales Castillo 2021
1717:Rogales Castillo 2021
1346:"Filipinas en España"
906:- Artist and activist
657:, most belong to the
423:
416:Demographics of Spain
358:Philippine Revolution
320:
227:Related ethnic groups
55:200,000 (2018 census)
3381:United Arab Emirates
2810:Immigration to Spain
2687:(PhD) (in Spanish).
1912:La Opinión de Málaga
1523:on November 28, 1999
977:José María of Manila
771:Sport and recreation
707:Philippine languages
368:. By the end of the
205:Philippine languages
2853:Equatorial Guineans
2775:at www.statista.com
2689:University of Tokyo
2472:(in Spanish) (98).
1495:The Philippine Star
1460:The Philippine Star
1274:(August 24, 2016).
1049:Alexandra Masangkay
481:Community of Madrid
473:Spanish nationality
98:Community of Madrid
35:
3127:Overseas Filipinos
2596:Philippine Studies
2344:. January 16, 2022
1996:Diario de Mallorca
1969:Periódico de Ibiza
1438:, p. 100-101.
1316:, p. 349-350.
1168:Overseas Filipinos
1141:Philippines portal
1079:Manuel Amechazurra
1031:Julio Iglesias Jr.
892:Filipinos in Spain
698:Languages of Spain
671:Education in Spain
608:service industries
561:eponymous province
438:
426:Philippe Lhuillier
327:
250:Filipinos in Spain
189:Philippine Spanish
33:
18:Filipinos in Spain
3505:
3504:
3389:
3388:
3093:
3092:
2698:978-84-617-0848-2
2533:978-971-8514-29-0
2315:La Voz de Galicia
2202:on August 8, 2011
1650:on March 27, 2009
1178:Spanish Filipinos
1173:Filipino mestizos
1085:Marcelino Gálatas
1025:Juan Luis Guirado
983:Luis Eduardo Aute
971:Paulino Alcántara
882:Luis Eduardo Aute
826:Paulino Alcántara
777:Football in Spain
649:Religion in Spain
436:on June 12, 2022.
377:Spanish Filipinos
370:Spanish Civil War
258:multilingualistic
243:
242:
185:Castilian Spanish
84:
59:
16:(Redirected from
3530:
3236:
3235:
3173:
3172:
3120:
3113:
3106:
3097:
3096:
2803:
2796:
2789:
2780:
2779:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2720:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2686:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2652:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2572:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2548:
2537:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2503:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2467:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2433:
2412:
2406:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2354:
2353:
2351:
2349:
2334:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2296:
2294:
2276:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2265:
2255:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2198:. Archived from
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2133:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2054:Diario de Avisos
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2019:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1903:
1897:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1863:
1845:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1813:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1755:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1708:
1707:, p. 25-26.
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1646:. Archived from
1633:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1485:
1472:
1471:
1469:
1467:
1450:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1341:
1332:
1326:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1242:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1209:
1157:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1043:Chabeli Iglesias
1037:Enrique Iglesias
878:
864:
850:
836:
822:
812:Enrique Iglesias
808:
628:Culture of Spain
601:Economy of Spain
505:Balearic Islands
454:
430:Independence Day
389:domestic workers
385:Battle of Manila
168:
166:
165:
152:Balearic Islands
150:
148:
147:
132:
130:
129:
114:
112:
111:
96:
94:
93:
82:
57:
51:
49:
48:
39:Total population
36:
32:
21:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3532:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3527:
3508:
3507:
3506:
3501:
3475:
3385:
3334:
3303:
3272:
3227:
3174:
3170:
3165:
3129:
3124:
3094:
3089:
3073:
3017:
2944:
2863:
2857:
2812:
2807:
2757:
2752:
2743:
2741:
2718:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2684:
2663:
2661:
2617:
2615:
2579:
2577:
2570:
2555:
2553:
2546:
2534:
2510:
2508:
2501:
2486:
2484:
2465:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2431:
2421:
2416:
2415:
2407:
2398:
2388:
2386:
2376:
2372:
2364:
2357:
2347:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2321:
2319:
2306:
2302:
2292:
2290:
2277:
2273:
2263:
2261:
2253:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2219:
2215:
2205:
2203:
2188:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2160:
2156:
2146:
2144:
2134:
2127:
2117:
2115:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2073:
2069:
2059:
2057:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2020:
2011:
2001:
1999:
1988:
1984:
1974:
1972:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1931:
1927:
1917:
1915:
1904:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1875:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1846:
1839:
1829:
1827:
1814:
1805:
1795:
1793:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1770:
1768:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1742:
1740:
1727:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1653:
1651:
1634:
1627:
1617:
1615:
1603:
1599:
1589:
1587:
1577:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1549:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1498:
1486:
1475:
1465:
1463:
1451:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1398:
1394:
1386:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1342:
1335:
1327:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1284:
1276:"'Euro Pinoys'"
1272:Tan, Michael L.
1269:
1265:
1255:
1253:
1244:
1243:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1210:
1201:
1196:
1153:
1148:
1146:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1100:
967:
952:Geraldine Roman
940:Isabel Preysler
894:
889:
888:
887:
884:
879:
870:
865:
856:
851:
842:
837:
828:
823:
814:
809:
794:
783:
781:Sports in Spain
775:Main articles:
773:
768:
766:Spanish cuisine
762:
757:
755:Cinema of Spain
745:Main articles:
743:
700:
694:
673:
667:
651:
645:
640:
630:
624:
603:
597:
530:in neighboring
443:
418:
412:
339:Manila galleons
315:
238:Filipino people
163:
161:
145:
143:
127:
125:
120:11,765 (31.51%)
109:
107:
102:16,119 (43.17%)
91:
89:
81:
56:
46:
44:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3536:
3526:
3525:
3520:
3503:
3502:
3500:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3471:United Kingdom
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3387:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3342:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3311:
3309:
3308:Southeast Asia
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:
3291:
3286:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3242:
3240:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3225:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3168:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3130:
3123:
3122:
3115:
3108:
3100:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3025:
3023:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2964:
2963:
2952:
2950:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2866:Latin American
2859:
2858:
2856:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2822:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2806:
2805:
2798:
2791:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2756:
2755:External links
2753:
2751:
2750:
2725:(in Spanish).
2710:
2697:
2670:
2639:(in Spanish).
2628:
2586:
2562:
2551:Fundación SEPI
2538:
2532:
2517:
2493:
2457:
2444:
2422:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2396:
2370:
2355:
2329:
2300:
2271:
2258:Tetuán 30 Días
2240:
2227:Tetuán 30 Días
2213:
2182:
2154:
2125:
2096:
2067:
2040:
2009:
1982:
1955:
1941:(in Spanish).
1925:
1898:
1869:
1837:
1803:
1778:
1750:
1721:
1709:
1697:
1685:
1673:
1661:
1625:
1612:BusinessMirror
1597:
1571:
1569:, p. 285.
1567:Castañeda 2007
1559:
1534:
1508:
1473:
1440:
1428:
1426:, p. 424.
1416:
1404:
1402:, p. 5-6.
1392:
1390:, p. 283.
1388:Castañeda 2007
1377:
1365:
1333:
1318:
1306:
1294:
1263:
1232:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1144:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1061:Carli de Murga
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1010:
1004:
998:
992:
986:
980:
974:
966:
963:
962:
961:
955:
949:
943:
937:
931:
925:
919:
913:
907:
904:Carlos Celdran
901:
893:
890:
886:
885:
880:
873:
871:
866:
859:
857:
852:
845:
843:
838:
831:
829:
824:
817:
815:
810:
803:
800:
799:
798:
793:
792:Notable people
790:
772:
769:
764:Main article:
761:
758:
751:Music of Spain
742:
739:
696:Main article:
693:
690:
669:Main article:
666:
663:
659:Roman Catholic
647:Main article:
644:
641:
626:Main article:
623:
620:
596:
593:
548:Sants-Montjuïc
509:Canary Islands
442:
439:
428:, celebrating
411:
408:
341:, migrated to
314:
311:
275:Spanish Empire
241:
240:
229:
228:
224:
223:
221:Roman Catholic
213:
212:
208:
207:
181:
180:
176:
175:
172:
170:Canary Islands
158:
157:
154:
140:
139:
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103:
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85:
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41:
40:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3535:
3524:
3521:
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3515:
3513:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
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3459:
3457:
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3432:
3429:
3427:
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3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3312:
3310:
3306:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3281:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3208:
3207:
3206:United States
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3162:
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3149:
3147:
3144:
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3139:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3116:
3114:
3109:
3107:
3102:
3101:
3098:
3086:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2958:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2860:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:Cape Verdeans
2846:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2804:
2799:
2797:
2792:
2790:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2774:
2771:
2769:at cfo.gov.ph
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2716:
2711:
2700:
2694:
2690:
2682:
2678:
2677:
2671:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2646:
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2445:84-8446-001-0
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2411:, p. 84.
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2029:
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2018:
2016:
2014:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1970:
1966:
1959:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1913:
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1765:
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1760:
1754:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1725:
1719:, p. 85.
1718:
1713:
1706:
1701:
1695:, p. 75.
1694:
1689:
1683:, p. 29.
1682:
1677:
1671:, p. 16.
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1414:, p. 17.
1413:
1408:
1401:
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1389:
1384:
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1375:, p. 15.
1374:
1369:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1340:
1338:
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1304:, p. 21.
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1055:Jorge Moragas
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1013:Shaila Dúrcal
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1008:
1005:
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934:Kitchie Nadal
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835:
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797:
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782:
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689:
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677:underemployed
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203:and/or other
202:
198:
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182:
177:
174:1,911 (5.12%)
173:
171:
159:
156:2,214 (5.93%)
155:
153:
141:
138:2,857 (7.65%)
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19:
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3371:Saudi Arabia
3216:Demographics
3156:South Africa
2977:
2742:. Retrieved
2726:
2722:
2704:December 20,
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2664:December 21,
2662:. Retrieved
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2580:December 21,
2578:. Retrieved
2556:December 21,
2554:. Retrieved
2522:
2509:. Retrieved
2485:. Retrieved
2469:
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2419:Bibliography
2387:. Retrieved
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2341:
2332:
2322:November 23,
2320:. Retrieved
2318:(in Spanish)
2313:
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2291:. Retrieved
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2257:
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2229:(in Spanish)
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2204:. Retrieved
2200:the original
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2000:. Retrieved
1998:(in Spanish)
1995:
1985:
1973:. Retrieved
1971:(in Spanish)
1968:
1958:
1948:February 13,
1946:. Retrieved
1943:CIEE Seville
1938:
1928:
1916:. Retrieved
1914:(in Spanish)
1911:
1901:
1889:. Retrieved
1887:(in Spanish)
1882:
1872:
1860:. Retrieved
1858:(in Spanish)
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1821:
1796:December 21,
1794:. Retrieved
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1739:(in Spanish)
1734:
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1676:
1664:
1652:. Retrieved
1648:the original
1641:
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1610:
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1574:
1562:
1552:September 6,
1550:. Retrieved
1537:
1525:. Retrieved
1521:the original
1511:
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1493:
1464:. Retrieved
1458:
1431:
1419:
1407:
1395:
1368:
1358:December 21,
1356:. Retrieved
1354:(in Spanish)
1349:
1314:Oropeza 2016
1309:
1297:
1285:. Retrieved
1279:
1266:
1256:September 6,
1254:. Retrieved
1252:(in Spanish)
1249:
1225:September 9,
1223:. Retrieved
1217:
1155:Spain portal
1093:- Aristocrat
1091:Tamara Falcó
1087:- Footballer
1081:- Footballer
1075:- Footballer
1073:Álvaro Silva
1069:- Footballer
1063:- Footballer
1057:- Politician
1045:- Journalist
1027:- Footballer
1021:- Footballer
1009:- Footballer
997:- Footballer
995:Eduardo Teus
973:- Footballer
922:Antonio Luna
868:Tamara Falcó
795:
784:
735:
723:
701:
681:homologation
674:
652:
612:
604:
540:Ciutat Vella
513:
478:
444:
410:Demographics
401:
397:social class
381:World War II
374:
347:
328:
280:
271:
249:
245:
244:
217:Christianity
30:Ethnic group
3492:New Zealand
3466:Switzerland
3436:Netherlands
3263:South Korea
2940:Venezuelans
2930:Salvadorans
2920:Paraguayans
2905:Ecuadorians
2744:October 15,
2618:January 24,
2511:October 21,
2487:October 17,
2451:October 17,
2389:January 24,
2348:January 24,
2264:January 24,
2233:January 24,
2175:January 24,
2147:January 24,
2118:January 24,
2089:January 24,
2060:October 17,
2033:October 17,
2002:January 24,
1975:January 24,
1918:October 17,
1891:October 24,
1862:October 15,
1855:elDiario.es
1830:October 15,
1771:October 15,
1743:January 22,
1618:October 18,
1590:January 24,
1527:January 22,
1501:January 22,
1466:January 22,
1436:Molina 1992
1287:October 17,
1001:Juan Torena
747:Spanish art
661:religion.
266:Philippines
3512:Categories
3277:South Asia
3069:Ukrainians
3039:Bulgarians
3008:Pakistanis
2935:Uruguayans
2900:Dominicans
2890:Colombians
2875:Argentines
2607:: 99–110.
2342:Bilyonaryo
2028:Panay News
1884:Diario Sur
1424:Rodao 2007
1351:El Español
1250:EPA.com.es
1194:References
946:José Rizal
898:Bea Alonzo
655:Christians
632:See also:
599:See also:
595:Employment
585:Las Palmas
577:Formentera
493:Dominicans
414:See also:
354:José Rizal
350:Ilustrados
323:Ilustrados
299:Pakistanis
291:Colombians
3487:Australia
3339:West Asia
3325:Singapore
3315:Indonesia
3251:Hong Kong
3239:East Asia
3044:Romanians
3029:Albanians
2983:Georgians
2978:Filipinos
2968:Armenians
2925:Peruvians
2910:Hondurans
2880:Bolivians
2836:Moroccans
2831:Algerians
2739:2695-5334
2733:: 77–91.
2659:0185-3929
2613:2244-1093
2482:0210-9107
1939:más+menos
1654:March 25,
1163:Filipinos
1110:Filipino.
1051:- Actress
916:Juan Luna
900:- Actress
665:Education
622:Community
532:Chamartín
520:Barcelona
501:Andalusia
489:Peruvians
485:Catalonia
469:Bicolanos
335:New Spain
307:Barcelona
260:group in
234:Spaniards
179:Languages
134:Andalusia
116:Catalonia
74:Barcelona
3451:Portugal
3330:Thailand
3320:Malaysia
3299:Pakistan
3289:Maldives
3211:template
3179:Americas
3078:See also
3059:Italians
3049:Russians
2998:Japanese
2993:Iranians
2961:Lebanese
2915:Mexicans
2885:Chileans
2862:Americas
2841:Sahrawis
2293:March 6,
2082:El Mundo
1127:See also
1039:- Singer
1033:- Singer
1015:- Singer
960:- Artist
936:- Singer
930:- Singer
918:- Artist
912:- Artist
786:Football
692:Language
643:Religion
589:Tenerife
581:Mallorca
565:Marbella
552:El Raval
544:Eixample
507:and the
465:Ilocanos
461:Tagalogs
283:Hispanic
211:Religion
201:Filipino
3480:Oceania
3426:Ireland
3416:Germany
3406:Belgium
3401:Austria
3346:Bahrain
3221:History
3151:Nigeria
3003:Koreans
2988:Indians
2973:Chinese
2826:Amazigh
2206:July 2,
2111:El País
1736:El País
1108:Criollo
760:Cuisine
727:Catalan
719:Cebuano
715:Tagalog
711:English
703:Spanish
569:Seville
528:El Viso
459:, with
432:at the
313:History
295:Chinese
252:are an
197:English
3461:Sweden
3446:Poland
3441:Norway
3421:Greece
3411:France
3394:Europe
3376:Turkey
3356:Kuwait
3351:Israel
3268:Taiwan
3201:Mexico
3191:Canada
3186:Brazil
3161:Uganda
3134:Africa
3022:Europe
2895:Cubans
2818:Africa
2737:
2695:
2683:]
2657:
2611:
2530:
2480:
2442:
753:, and
557:Málaga
524:Tetuán
516:Madrid
503:, the
393:Canada
343:Mexico
303:Madrid
254:ethnic
232:Other
167:
149:
131:
113:
95:
78:Málaga
70:Madrid
50:
3497:Palau
3456:Spain
3431:Italy
3366:Qatar
3294:Nepal
3284:India
3258:Japan
3246:China
3146:Libya
3141:Egypt
3064:Poles
3054:Serbs
3013:Turks
2956:Arabs
2729:(1).
2719:(PDF)
2685:(PDF)
2679:[
2624:JSTOR
2603:(1).
2571:(PDF)
2547:(PDF)
2502:(PDF)
2466:(PDF)
2432:(PDF)
2254:(PDF)
573:Ibiza
457:Luzon
321:The "
287:Asian
262:Spain
53:Spain
3361:Oman
3232:Asia
3196:Cuba
2949:Asia
2746:2022
2735:ISSN
2706:2021
2693:ISBN
2666:2021
2655:ISSN
2620:2022
2609:ISSN
2582:2021
2558:2021
2528:ISBN
2513:2022
2489:2022
2478:ISSN
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2440:ISBN
2391:2022
2350:2022
2324:2022
2295:2022
2286:Vice
2266:2022
2235:2022
2208:2009
2177:2022
2149:2022
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2062:2022
2035:2022
2004:2022
1977:2022
1950:2023
1920:2022
1893:2021
1864:2021
1832:2021
1798:2021
1773:2021
1745:2022
1656:2009
1620:2021
1592:2022
1554:2022
1529:2022
1503:2022
1468:2022
1360:2021
1289:2022
1258:2022
1227:2022
779:and
741:Arts
709:and
636:and
575:and
546:and
518:and
491:and
483:and
467:and
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256:and
236:and
2645:doi
248:or
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