796:, including virtually all versions of Unix, command name extensions have no special significance, and are by standard practice not used, since the primary method to set interpreters for scripts is to start them with a single line specifying the interpreter to use. In these environments, including the extension in a command name unnecessarily exposes an implementation detail which puts all references to the commands from other programs at future risk if the implementation changes. For example, it would be perfectly normal for a shell script to be reimplemented in Python or Ruby, and later in C or C++, all of which would change the name of the command were extensions used. Without extensions, a program always has the same extension-less name, with only the
36:
1144:
693:
221:). Programs transforming or creating files may add the appropriate extension to names inferred from input file names (unless explicitly given an output file name), but programs reading files usually ignore the information; it is mostly intended for the human user. It is more common, especially in binary files, for the file to contain
783:
On association-based systems, the filename extension is generally mapped to a single, system-wide selection of interpreter for that extension (such as ".py" meaning to use Python), and the command itself is runnable from the command line even if the extension is omitted (assuming appropriate setup is
188:
file system stores the file name as a single string, not split into base name and extension components, allowing the "." to be just another character allowed in file names. It allows for variable-length filenames, permitting more than one dot, and hence multiple suffixes, as well as no dot, and hence
906:
The filename extension is just a marker and the content of the file does not have to match it. This can be used to disguise malicious content. When trying to identify a file for security reasons, it is therefore considered dangerous to rely on the extension alone and a proper analysis of the content
788:
by allowing the same extensionless version of the command to be used in both cases. This method suffers somewhat from the essentially global nature of the association mapping, as well as from developers' incomplete avoidance of extensions when calling programs, and that developers can not force that
983:
One thing you need to know about creating files with z/VM is that each file needs its own three-part identifier. The first part of the identifier is the file name. The second part is the file type. And the third part is the file mode. These three file identifiers are often abbreviated fn ft
259:
stores the file name as a single string, with the "." character as just another character in the file name. The convention of using suffixes continued, even though HPFS supports extended attributes for files, allowing a file's type to be stored in the file as an extended attribute.
624:
There is no standard mapping between filename extensions and media types, resulting in possible mismatches in interpretation between authors, web servers, and client software when transferring files over the
Internet. For instance, a content author may specify the extension
509:
for music. However, because many different software programs have been made that all handle these data types (and others) in a variety of ways, filename extensions started to become closely associated with certain products—even specific product versions. For example, early
196:
operating systems also store the file name as a single string, with "." as just another character in the file name. A file with more than one suffix is sometimes said to have more than one extension, although terminology varies in this regard, and most authors define
189:
no suffix. Some components of
Multics, and applications running on it, use suffixes to indicate file types, but not all files are required to have a suffix — for example, executables and ordinary text files usually have no suffixes in their names.
401:. They are commonly used to imply information about the way data might be stored in the file. The exact definition, giving the criteria for deciding what part of the file name is its extension, belongs to the rules of the specific
175:
implement filename extensions as a feature of the file system itself and may limit the length and format of the extension, while others treat filename extensions as part of the filename without special distinction.
338:
offering a choice between viewing, editing or printing the file. The assumption was still that any extension represented a single file type; there was an unambiguous mapping between extension and icon.
323:
In
Commodore systems, files can only have four extensions: PRG, SEQ, USR, REL. However, these are used to separate data types used by a program and are irrelevant for identifying their contents.
756:, and the interpreter name being suffixed to the command name, a practice common on systems that rely on associations between filename extension and interpreter, but sharply deprecated in
892:, "myparty.yahoo.com"), with the effect that unaware users click on email-embedded links that they think lead to websites but actually download and execute the malicious attachments.
229:
metadata describing its contents. This model generally requires the full filename to be provided in commands, whereas the metadata approach often allows the extension to be omitted.
1166:
275:, also store the file name as a single string; again, the convention of using suffixes to simulate extensions continued, for compatibility with existing versions of Windows. In
1032:
Source code file names must have .java suffixes, class file names must have .class suffixes, and both source and class files must have root names that identify the class.
164:). The extension indicates a characteristic of the file contents or its intended use. A filename extension is typically delimited from the rest of the filename with a
748:
The use of a filename extension in a command name appears occasionally, usually as a side effect of the command having been implemented as a script, e.g., for the
244:
file system for DOS and
Windows stores file names as an 8-character name and a three-character extension. The period character is not stored.
482:, the part of the dataset name following the last period, called the low level qualifier, is treated as an extension by some software, e.g.,
201:
in a way that does not allow more than one in the same file name. More than one extension usually represents nested transformations, such as
966:
861:) included customizable lists of filename extensions that should be considered "dangerous" in certain "zones" of operation, such as when
667:. They choose the application to launch when a file is opened based on that media type, reducing the dependency on filename extensions.
973:
1208:
784:
done). If the implementation language is changed, the command name extension is changed as well, and the OS provides a consistent
289:, with VFAT, introduced support for long file names, and removed the 8.3 name/extension split in file names from non-NT Windows.
100:
659:, associate a media type with a file by examining both the filename suffix and the contents of the file, in the fashion of the
617:, or MIME type, of the stream, rather than a filename extension. This is given in a line of text preceding the stream, such as
72:
838:, a harmless text file, without alerting the user to the fact that it is a harmful computer program, in this case, written in
1148:
79:
717:
489:
The filename extension was originally used to determine the file's generic type. The need to condense a file's type into
53:
1113:
1055:
735:
119:
86:
1374:
330:, the issue of file management and interface behavior arose. Microsoft Windows allowed multiple applications to be
486:
EDIT, but it has no special significance to the operating system itself; the same applies to Unix files in MVS.
1606:
637:
and its required compression header, leaving web browsers unable to correctly interpret and display the image.
578:
529:
was the program's version number. Also, conflicting uses of some filename extensions developed. One example is
334:
with a given extension, and different actions were available for selecting the required application, such as a
68:
57:
17:
647:
file system supports extended attributes, would tag a file with its media type as an extended attribute. Some
1417:
753:
429:
1626:
1201:
248:
1551:
1350:
936:
363:
1260:
801:
888:
by emailing malicious, executable command-file attachments under names superficially similar to URLs (
1558:
854:
708:
240:, file names have a maximum of 8 characters, a period, and an extension of up to three letters. The
1362:
633:
file, but a web server that does not recognize this extension may not send the proper content type
630:
327:
1020:
1616:
1563:
1270:
1255:
1194:
676:
602:
46:
899:
crafted to exploit vulnerabilities in some
Windows applications which could cause a stack-based
93:
405:
used; usually the extension is the substring which follows the last occurrence, if any, of the
283:
appeared; it supports longer file names, with the file name being treated as a single string.
1390:
1045:
797:
793:
479:
433:
241:
1125:
1578:
1493:
1427:
1250:
931:
648:
226:
222:
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disposed of filename-based extension metadata entirely; it used, instead, a distinct file
8:
1467:
1457:
1407:
911:
systems, it is not uncommon to find files with no extensions at all, as commands such as
858:
534:
483:
917:
are meant to be used instead, and will read the file's header to determine its content.
1462:
1452:
996:
870:
820:, is for filename extensions to not be displayed. Malicious users have tried to spread
590:
586:
316:, however, uses filename suffixes as a consequence of being derived from the UNIX-like
362:
filename extension. This also became a problem for programmers experimenting with the
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703:
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237:
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881:
847:
566:
331:
305:
1531:
1483:
1161:
900:
873:
systems also help to defend users against such attempted attacks where possible.
210:
789:
avoidance. Windows is the only remaining widespread employer of this mechanism.
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1357:
1307:
1302:
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821:
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was specified to determine which application would be launched when the file's
293:
276:
1600:
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1217:
1171:
1156:
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813:
606:
346:
age first arrived, those using
Windows systems that were still restricted to
149:
1573:
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1536:
1328:
1282:
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490:
347:
335:
309:
301:
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changing, and references to the program from other programs remain valid.
776:, where the interpreter is normally specified as a header in the script ("
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1231:
946:
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when opening a file with an overly long, unhandled filename extension.
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frequently led to abbreviated extensions. Examples include using
437:
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operating system, in addition to using type and creator codes.
350:
filename formats had to create web pages with names ending in
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Some viruses take advantage of the similarity between the "
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168:(period), but in some systems it is separated with spaces.
671:
uses both filename extensions and media types, as well as
785:
769:
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462:
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252:
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217:
indicates that the tar archive file is compressed with
428:). On file systems of some mainframe systems such as
60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1037:
1043:
1598:
397:Filename extensions may be considered a type of
679:by which to identify the file type internally.
27:Filename suffix that indicates the file's type
1202:
300:to identify the file format. Additionally, a
1021:"javac – Java programming language compiler"
981:. IBM. 2021-12-05. p. 7. SC24-6265-01.
869:or received as an e-mail attachment. Modern
358:or UNIX computers could use the recommended
613:, the type of a bitstream is stated as the
279:, a variant of the FAT file system, called
1209:
1195:
907:of the file is preferred. For example, on
1114:Commandname Extensions Considered Harmful
1050:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 95–96.
736:Learn how and when to remove this message
120:Learn how and when to remove this message
1165:) is being considered for deletion. See
1044:Stauffer, Todd; McElhearn, Kirk (2006).
596:
180:Operating system and file system support
834:. The hope is that this will appear as
14:
1599:
853:Later Windows versions (starting with
682:
1190:
846:is to display filename extensions in
452:from the filename. Under Microsoft's
686:
58:adding citations to reliable sources
29:
24:
1216:
807:
474:indicate that a file is a program
25:
1638:
1169:to help reach a consensus. ›
1136:
997:"Mac Creator and File Type codes"
816:, the file browser provided with
416:is the extension of the filename
378:files and the five-letter suffix
1142:
828:by using file names formed like
691:
34:
1181:Database of filename extensions
1172:Data Formats Filename extension
444:and derivative systems such as
392:
45:needs additional citations for
1375:Hidden file / Hidden directory
1118:
1107:
1095:
1083:
1071:
1013:
989:
959:
448:, the extension is a separate
251:(HPFS), used in Microsoft and
213:of one or more files, and the
13:
1:
1418:Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
1154:
1023:. Sun Microsystems, Inc. 2004
952:
895:There have been instances of
209:indicates that the file is a
772:-based systems, and Apple's
440:, and of PC systems such as
249:High Performance File System
7:
1552:Comparison of file managers
1351:List of filename extensions
1126:"What Is a File Extension?"
1102:File Extension .GBA Details
1090:File Extension .QIF Details
1078:File Extension .RPM Details
937:List of filename extensions
920:
831:LOVE-LETTER-FOR-YOU.TXT.vbs
711:. The specific problem is:
10:
1643:
1559:File system fragmentation
1519:
1476:
1443:
1383:
1316:
1224:
886:".COM" filename extension
855:Windows XP Service Pack 2
713:intractable construction.
541:Media files;. Others are
364:Java programming language
328:graphical user interfaces
1363:Extended file attributes
1271:Proprietary file formats
1167:templates for discussion
812:The default behavior of
631:Scalable Vector Graphics
619:Content-type: text/plain
1564:File-system permissions
842:. Default behavior for
836:LOVE-LETTER-FOR-YOU.TXT
677:Uniform Type Identifier
553:financial ledgers, and
370:the four-letter suffix
267:'s native file system,
794:interpreter directives
1607:Computer file formats
798:interpreter directive
597:Compared to MIME type
480:OS/360 and successors
460:, extensions such as
1579:File synchronization
1428:Semantic file system
1251:List of file formats
1151:at Wikimedia Commons
932:List of file formats
718:improve this section
707:to meet Knowledge's
649:desktop environments
497:for graphics files,
354:, while those using
69:"Filename extension"
54:improve this article
1627:Filename extensions
1408:Directory structure
1149:Filename extensions
975:z/VM 7.2 CMS Primer
859:Windows Server 2003
683:Executable programs
635:application/svg+xml
605:protocols, such as
587:Dynamix Three Space
535:RPM Package Manager
326:With the advent of
144:is a suffix to the
138:file name extension
1346:Filename extension
1047:Mastering Mac OS X
871:antivirus software
134:filename extension
1594:
1593:
1586:File verification
1339:Filename mangling
1266:Open file formats
1147:Media related to
967:"What Is a File?"
818:Microsoft Windows
760:systems, such as
746:
745:
738:
709:quality standards
700:This section may
629:for a compressed
585:, being used for
424:the extension of
192:File systems for
130:
129:
122:
104:
16:(Redirected from
1634:
1542:Data compression
1423:Grid file system
1401:Temporary folder
1391:Directory/folder
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1001:livecode.byu.edu
993:
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882:top-level domain
848:ReactOS Explorer
837:
832:
822:computer viruses
792:On systems with
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567:Game Boy Advance
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491:three characters
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1256:File signatures
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1183:at FileInfo.com
1170:
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1123:
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1104:from filext.com
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901:buffer overflow
835:
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808:Security issues
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673:file type codes
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766:Oracle Solaris
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681:
675:, to select a
663:command, as a
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389:output files.
310:double-clicked
294:classic Mac OS
277:Windows NT 3.5
181:
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152:(for example,
142:file extension
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726:November 2015
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