NTFS - Knowledge

1532:) which records file metadata such as file size, modification date, and attributes, NTFS also caches this data in the directory entry as a performance enhancement. This means that when listing the contents of a directory using FindFirstFile/FindNextFile family of APIs, (equivalent to the POSIX opendir/readdir APIs) you will also receive this cached information, in addition to the name and inode. However, you may not see up-to-date information, as this information is only guaranteed to be updated when a file is closed, and then only for the directory from which the file was opened. This means where a file has multiple names via hard links, updating a file via one name does not update the cached data associated with the other name. You can always obtain up-to-date data using GetFileInformationByHandle (which is the true equivalent of POSIX stat function). This can be done using a handle which has no access to the file itself (passing zero to CreateFile for dwDesiredAccess), and closing this handle has the incidental effect of updating the cached information. 1840: 1828: 8037: 8048: 1913:, to ensure that all participants will receive same commit state, and to transport the changes that have been validated by any participant (so that the others can invalidate their local caches for old data or rollback their ongoing uncommitted changes). Transactional NTFS allows, for example, the creation of network-wide consistent distributed file systems, including with their local live or offline caches. 1236: 1081:) and Richard Russon which supports file read. The ability to write to files was introduced with kernel version 2.6.15 in 2006 which allows users to write to existing files but does not allow the creation of new ones. Paragon's NTFS driver (see below) has been merged into kernel version 5.15, and it supports read/write on normal, compressed and sparse files, as well as journal replaying. 2879:. This file simplifies cluster management by the chkdsk utility, both as a place to put newly discovered bad sectors, and for identifying unreferenced clusters. This file contains two data streams, even on volumes with no bad sectors: an unnamed stream contains bad sectors—it is zero length for perfect volumes; the second stream is named 3300:

The NTFS file system driver will sometimes attempt to relocate the data of some of the attributes that can be made non-resident into the clusters, and will also attempt to relocate the data stored in clusters back to the attribute inside the MFT record, based on priority and preferred ordering rules,

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are files interspersed with empty segments for which no actual storage space is used. To the applications, the file looks like an ordinary file with empty regions seen as regions filled with zeros; the file system maintains an internal list of such regions for each sparse file. A sparse file does not

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Alternate streams are not listed in Windows Explorer, and their size is not included in the file's size. When the file is copied or moved to another file system without ADS support the user is warned that alternate data streams cannot be preserved. No such warning is typically provided if the file is

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Windows system calls may handle alternate data streams. Depending on the operating system, utility and remote file system, a file transfer might silently strip data streams. A safe way of copying or moving files is to use the BackupRead and BackupWrite system calls, which allow programs to enumerate

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This is the case for the standard attributes, or for the preferred NTFS "filename" attribute type, or the "short filename" attribute type, when it is also present (for compatibility with DOS-like applications, see below). It is also possible for a file to contain only a short filename, in which case

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values, not restricted to those in the Unicode standard). In Win32 namespace, any UTF-16 code units are case insensitive whereas in POSIX namespace they are case sensitive. File names are limited to 255 UTF-16 code units. Certain names are reserved in the volume root directory and cannot be used for

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of the user to decrypt the symmetric key that is stored in the data stream. It then uses the symmetric key to decrypt the file. Because this is done at the file system level, it is transparent to the user. Also, in case of a user losing access to their key, support for additional decryption keys has

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The second ACL, called system access control list (SACL), defines which interactions with the file or folder are to be audited and whether they should be logged when the activity is successful, failed or both. For example, auditing can be enabled on sensitive files of a company, so that its managers

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The format of the allocation map for non-resident attributes depends on its capability of supporting sparse data storage. In the current implementation of NTFS, once a non-resident data stream has been marked and converted as sparse, it cannot be changed back to non-sparse data, so it cannot become

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whenever an attempt to execute a metadata file is made. One such tool is the nfi.exe ("NTFS File Sector Information Utility") that is freely distributed as part of the Microsoft "OEM Support Tools". For example, to obtain information on the "$ MFT"-Master File Table Segment the following command is

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Since 2017, Microsoft requires the OneDrive file structure to reside on an NTFS disk. This is because OneDrive Files On-Demand feature uses NTFS reparse points to link files and folders that are stored in OneDrive to the local filesystem, making the file or folder unusable with any previous version

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were introduced in NTFS v3. They allow the administrator of a computer that runs a version of Windows that supports NTFS to set a threshold of disk space that users may use. It also allows administrators to keep track of how much disk space each user is using. An administrator may specify a certain

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For historical reasons, the versions of Windows that do not support NTFS all keep time internally as local zone time, and therefore so do all file systems – other than NTFS – that are supported by current versions of Windows. This means that when files are copied or moved between NTFS and non-NTFS

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and by most browsers to mark files downloaded from external sites as possibly unsafe to run; the local shell would then require user confirmation before opening them. When the user indicates that they no longer want this confirmation dialog, this ADS is deleted. This functionality is also known as

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the name lookup, passing the user controlled reparse data to every file system filter driver that is loaded into Windows. Each filter driver examines the reparse data to see whether it is associated with that reparse point, and if that filter driver determines a match, then it intercepts the file

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in NTFS. Operating system support is needed because there are legacy applications that can work only with 8.3 filenames, but support can be disabled. In this case, an additional filename record and directory entry is added, but both 8.3 and long file name are linked and updated together, unlike a

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To optimize the storage and reduce the I/O overhead for the very common case of attributes with very small associated value, NTFS prefers to place the value within the attribute itself (if the size of the attribute does not then exceed the maximum size of an MFT record), instead of using the MFT

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NTFS contains several files that define and organize the file system. In all respects, most of these files are structured like any other user file ($ Volume being the most peculiar), but are not of direct interest to file system clients. These metafiles define files, back up critical file system

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Transactional NTFS does not restrict transactions to just the local NTFS volume, but also includes other transactional data or operations in other locations such as data stored in separate volumes, the local registry, or SQL databases, or the current states of system services or remote services.

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attribute, which contains file data, is such an example. When the attribute is resident (which is represented by a flag), its value is stored directly in the MFT record. Otherwise, clusters are allocated for the data, and the cluster location information is stored as data runs in the attribute.

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is in effect, there can be some ambiguities in the conversions. As a result, especially shortly after one of the days on which local zone time changes, users may observe that some files have timestamps that are incorrect by one hour. Due to the differences in implementation of DST in different

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There is a predefined null attribute type, used to indicate the end of the list of attributes in one MFT record. It must be present as the last attribute in the record (all other storage space available after it will be ignored and just consists of padding bytes to match the record size in the

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When a non-resident attribute is so fragmented, that its effective allocation map cannot fit entirely within one MFT record, NTFS stores the attribute in multiple records. The first one among them is called the base record, while the others are called extension records. NTFS creates a special

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NTFS is made up of several components including: a partition boot sector (PBS) that holds boot information; the master file table that stores a record of all files and folders in the filesystem; a series of meta files that help structure meta data more efficiently; data streams and locking

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to version 1.1 when an NTFS volume is cleanly dismounted. It is again upgraded to version 2.0 when mounting on a compatible version of Windows. However, when hibernating to disk in the logoff state (a.k.a. Hybrid Boot or Fast Boot, which is enabled by default), mounted file systems are not

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marked by a reparse point with a WOF tag, and Windows Overlay Filter driver decompresses file contents on-the-fly from the WIM image. WIMBoot is less effective than CompactOS though, as new updated versions of system files need to be written to the system partition, consuming disk space.

1630:). The compression algorithm is designed to support cluster sizes of up to 4 KB; when the cluster size is greater than 4 KB on an NTFS volume, NTFS compression is not available. Data is compressed in 16-cluster chunks (up to 64 KB in size); if the compression reduces 64 1716:

If system files that are needed at boot time (such as drivers, NTLDR, winload.exe, or BOOTMGR) are compressed, the system may fail to boot correctly, because decompression filters are not yet loaded. Later editions of Windows do not allow important system files to be compressed.

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extension entries. Extension entries are additional MFT records that contain additional attributes that do not fit in the primary record. This could occur if the file is sufficiently fragmented, has many streams, long filenames, complex security, or other rare situations.

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log file, a 2,442,888-byte Bitmap file, and about 25 clusters of fixed overhead) leaves 19,526,158 clusters free for files and indices. Since there are four MFT records per cluster, this volume theoretically could hold almost 4 × 19,526,158 = 78,104,632 resident files.

3131:), an optional attribute name (for example, used as the name for an alternate data stream), and a value, represented in a sequence of bytes. For NTFS, the standard data of files, the alternate data streams, or the index data for directories are stored as attributes. 3328:

Opportunistic file locks (oplocks) allow clients to alter their buffering strategy for a given file or stream in order to increase performance and reduce network use. Oplocks apply to the given open stream of a file and do not affect oplocks on a different stream.

1898:(TxF) to group multiple changes to files together into a single transaction. The transaction will guarantee that either all of the changes happen, or none of them do, and that no application outside the transaction will see the changes until they are committed. 3726:

NTFS uses a default cluster size of 4 KB, a maximum cluster size of 64 KB on Windows 10 v1703 operating system and Windows Server 2016 and prior, and 2 MB on Windows 10 v1709 operating system and Windows Server 2019 and later, and a minimum cluster size of 512

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Oplocks can be used to transparently access files in the background. A network client may avoid writing information into a file on a remote server if no other process is accessing the data, or it may buffer read-ahead data if no other process is writing data.

1505:) changes to files, streams and directories on the volume, as well as their various attributes and security settings. The journal is made available for applications to track changes to the volume. This journal can be enabled or disabled on non-system volumes. 1649:

Compression works best with files that have repetitive content, are seldom written, are usually accessed sequentially, and are not themselves compressed. Single-user systems with limited hard disk space can benefit from NTFS compression for small files, from

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filesystem, but the fields are in different locations. Some of these fields, especially the "sectors per track", "number of heads" and "hidden sectors" fields may contain dummy values on drives where they either do not make sense or are not determinable.

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A partial copy of the MFT, called the MFT mirror, is stored to be used in case of corruption. If the first record of the MFT is corrupted, NTFS reads the second record to find the MFT mirror file. Locations for both files are stored in the boot sector.

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The support of EFS is not available in Basic, Home, and MediaCenter versions of Windows, and must be activated after installation of Professional, Ultimate, and Server versions of Windows or by using enterprise deployment tools within Windows domains.

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identification type code (07). Using the same Partition ID Record Number is highly unusual, since there were dozens of unused code numbers available, and other major file systems have their own codes. For example, FAT has more than nine (one each for

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been built into the EFS system, so that a recovery agent can still access the files if needed. NTFS-provided encryption and NTFS-provided compression are mutually exclusive; however, NTFS can be used for one and a third-party tool for the other.

1030:, there are technical considerations for mounting newer NTFS volumes in older versions of Microsoft Windows. This affects dual-booting, and external portable hard drives. For example, attempting to use an NTFS partition with "Previous Versions" ( 1984:

Microsoft added the built-in ability to shrink or expand a partition. However, this ability does not relocate page file fragments or files that have been marked as unmovable, so shrinking a volume will often require relocating or disabling any

1342:) to record metadata changes to the volume. It is a feature that FAT does not provide and is critical for NTFS to ensure that its complex internal data structures will remain consistent in case of system crashes or data moves performed by the 1674:

will find improvements in application speed by compressing their applications and data as well as a reduction in space used. Even when SSD controllers already compress data, there is still a reduction in I/Os since less data is transferred.

959:. The size of a partition in the Master Boot Record (MBR) is limited to 2 TiB with a hard drive with 512-byte physical sectors, although for a 4 KiB physical sector the MBR partition size limit is 16 TiB. An alternative is to use multiple 1752:

The new compression scheme is used by CompactOS feature, which reduces disk usage by compressing Windows system files. CompactOS is not an extension of NTFS file compression and does not use the 'compressed' attribute; instead, it sets a

6100: 3269:), so that they cannot fit all within the MFT record, extension records may also be used to store the other attributes, using the same format as the one used in the base MFT record, but without the space constraints of one MFT record. 2457:

A positive value denotes the number of clusters in a File Record Segment. A negative value denotes the amount of bytes in a File Record Segment, in which case the size is 2 to the power of the absolute value. (0xF6 = -10 → 2 = 1024).

1147:. Native NTFS write support is included in 10.6 and later, but is not activated by default, although workarounds do exist to enable the functionality. However, user reports indicate the functionality is unstable and tends to cause 1885:

features. Persistent shadow copies, however, are deleted when an older operating system mounts that NTFS volume. This happens because the older operating system does not understand the newer format of persistent shadow copies.

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A positive value denotes the number of clusters in an Index Buffer. A negative value denotes the amount of bytes and it uses the same algorithm for negative numbers as the "Bytes or Clusters Per File Record Segment."

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also has a size limit, it is dangerous to have more than 1 million fragments of a single file on an NTFS volume, which also implies that it is in general not a good idea to use NTFS compression on a file larger than

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attached to an e-mail, or uploaded to a website. Thus, using alternate streams for critical data may cause problems. Microsoft provides a tool called Streams to view streams on a selected volume. Starting with

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and attributes that reference the MFT record number for this file. This allows the same file or directory to be "hardlinked" several times from several containers on the same volume, possibly with distinct

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resize, mounted on NT 4, volume serial number updating, structure upgrade request). This data is not stored in a data stream, but in special MFT attributes: If present, a volume object ID is stored in an

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The OS first looks at the 8 bytes at 0x30 to find the cluster number of the $ MFT, then multiplies that number by the number of sectors per cluster (1 byte found at 0x0D). This value is the sector offset

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with compressed encoding. Each data run represents a contiguous group of clusters that store the attribute value. For files on a multi-GB volume, each entry can be encoded as 5 to 7 bytes, which means a

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level of disk space that a user may use before they receive a warning, and then deny access to the user once they hit their upper limit of space. Disk quotas do not take into account NTFS's transparent

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versions 2.1.74 and later include a driver written by Martin von Löwis which has the ability to read NTFS partitions; kernel versions 2.5.11 and later contain a new driver written by Anton Altaparmakov

6336: 1091:-licensed FUSE implementation of NTFS that was initially developed as a Linux kernel driver by Szabolcs Szakacsits. It was re-written as a FUSE program to work on other systems that FUSE supports like 4239: 1622:

Compression is enabled on a per-folder or per-file basis by setting the 'compressed' attribute. When compression is enabled on a folder, any files moved or saved to that folder will be automatically

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log to mark the transactions that have still not been committed, or those that have been committed but still not fully applied (in case of system crash during a commit by one of the participants).

881:, partition shrinking, and self-healing. NTFS symbolic links are a new feature in the file system; all the others are new operating system features that make use of NTFS features already in place. 963:(GPT or "dynamic") volumes for be combined to create a single NTFS volume larger than 2 TiB. Booting from a GPT volume to a Windows environment in a Microsoft supported way requires a system with 1346:

API, and allow easy rollback of uncommitted changes to these critical data structures when the volume is remounted. Notably affected structures are the volume allocation bitmap, modifications to

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file system for OS/2 contained several important new features. When Microsoft created their new operating system, they borrowed many of these concepts for NTFS. The original NTFS developers were

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on each compressed file with a WOF (Windows Overlay Filter) tag, but the actual data is stored in an alternate data stream named "WofCompressedData", which is decompressed on-the-fly by a WOF

3822: 2639:), which is the record number representing the file in the Master File Table. The file ID also contains a reuse count to detect stale references. While this strongly resembles the W_FID of 748:

NTFS 1.0 is incompatible with 1.1 and newer: volumes written by Windows NT 3.5x cannot be read by Windows NT 3.1 until an update (available on the NT 3.5x installation media) is installed.

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that is associated with the user who encrypted the file, and this encrypted data is stored in an alternate data stream of the encrypted file. To decrypt the file, the file system uses the

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list (DACL), defines exactly what type of interactions (e.g. reading, writing, executing or deleting) are allowed or forbidden by which user or groups of users. For example, files in the

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is used to guarantee the integrity of the file system metadata but not individual files' content. Systems using NTFS are known to have improved reliability compared to FAT file systems.

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Since Windows XP, it is very difficult to view a listing of these files: they exist in the root directory's index, but the Win32 interface filters them out. In NT 4.0, the command line

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workers). The amount of data that fits is highly dependent on the file's characteristics, but 700 to 800 bytes is common in single-stream files with non-lengthy filenames and no ACLs.

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Microsoft now advises against using TxF: "Microsoft strongly recommends developers utilize alternative means" since "TxF may not be available in future versions of Microsoft Windows".

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One component in Windows that uses multiple data streams is the Attachment Execution Service depending on which zone the file was downloaded from Windows Explorer might warn the user

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Since resident files do not directly occupy clusters ("allocation units"), it is possible for an NTFS volume to contain more files on a volume than there are clusters. For example, a

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Some attributes (such as the preferred filename, the basic file attributes) cannot be made non-resident. For non-resident attributes, their allocation map must fit within MFT records.

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All attributes of a given file may be displayed by using the nfi.exe ("NTFS File Sector Information Utility") that is freely distributed as part of the Microsoft "OEM Support Tools".

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Introduced in NTFS v3, NTFS reparse points are used by associating a reparse tag in the user space attribute of a file or directory. Microsoft includes several default tags including

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1 January 1601 – 14 Sept 30828 (File times are 64-bit positive signed numbers counting 100-nanosecond intervals (ten million per second) since 1601, which is more than 32,000 years)

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Filter oplock (also exclusive): applications and file system filters can "back out" when others try to access the same stream (i.e. read and write caching) (since Windows 2000)

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Database applications, for instance, may use sparse files. As with compressed files, the actual sizes of sparse files are not taken into account when determining quota limits.

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The number of sectors in a cluster. If the value is greater than 0x80, the amount of sectors is 2 to the power of the absolute value of considering this field to be negative.

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are both directories; the others are files. The NT kernel limits full paths to 32,767 UTF-16 code units. There are some additional restrictions on code points and file names.

4975: 1304:(also known as the File Encryption Key, or FEK), which is used because it takes a relatively small amount of time to encrypt and decrypt large amounts of data than if an 6070: 5667: 5379: 1517:

feature allows different file names to directly refer to the same file contents. Hard links may link only to files in the same volume, because each volume has its own

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record space to list clusters containing the data; in that case, the attribute will not store the data directly but will just store an allocation map (in the form of

2620:). This abstract approach allowed easy addition of file system features during Windows NT's development—an example is the addition of fields for indexing used by the 1874:

technique. The user may later request an earlier version to be recovered. This also allows data backup programs to archive files currently in use by the file system.

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driver and are difficult to directly view: special purpose-built tools are needed. As of Windows 7, the NTFS driver completely prohibits user access, resulting in a

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expectations, track bad allocation units, and store security and disk space usage information. All content is in an unnamed data stream, unless otherwise indicated.

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version number (e.g. v5.0 in Windows 2000) is based on the operating system version; it should not be confused with the NTFS version number (v3.1 since Windows XP).

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NTFS uses several files hidden from the user to store metadata about other files stored on the drive which can help improve speed and performance when reading data.

1932:, should this be enabled. Applications that query the amount of free space will also see the amount of free space left to the user who has a quota applied to them. 1128:

Linux kernel versions 5.15 onwards carry NTFS3, a fully functional NTFS Read-Write driver which works on NTFS versions up to 3.1 and is maintained primarily by the

3235:) pointing to the actual data stored elsewhere on the volume. When the value can be accessed directly from within the attribute, it is called "resident data" (by 4365: 4856: 6316: 3258:

to store information mapping different parts of the long attribute to the MFT records, which means the allocation map may be split into multiple records. The

3193:. In fact, all the filenames must be indexed separately in at least one other directory on the same volume. There it must have its own MFT record and its own 4247: 2899:

database that reduces overhead having many identical ACLs stored with each file, by uniquely storing these ACLs only in this database (contains two indices:

2628:. This also enables fast file search software to locate named local files and folders included in the MFT very quickly, without requiring any other index. 1034:) on an operating system that does not support it will result in the contents of those previous versions being lost. A Windows command-line utility called 9394: 5161: 4212: 3710: 668:. Because Microsoft disagreed with IBM on many important issues, they eventually separated; OS/2 remained an IBM project and Microsoft worked to develop 1901:

It uses similar techniques as those used for Volume Shadow Copies (i.e. copy-on-write) to ensure that overwritten data can be safely rolled back, and a

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included Ustimenko's read-only implementation of NTFS from FreeBSD. Then in 2006 Apple hired Anton Altaparmakov to write a new NTFS implementation for

6526: 3124:), with extra padding to fill the fixed 1 KB size of every MFT record, and that fully describes the effective streams associated with that file. 1065:

by Julien Bordet and offers native read-only NTFS support by default on i386 and amd64 platforms as of version 4.9 released 1 May 2011.

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Describes all files on the volume, including file names, timestamps, stream names, and lists of cluster numbers where data streams reside, indexes,

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Some attribute types are required and must be present in each MFT record, except unused records that are just indicated by null attribute types.

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by Christos Zoulas and Jaromir Dolecek and released with NetBSD 1.5 in December 2000. The FreeBSD implementation of NTFS was also ported to

703:, etc.). Algorithms identifying the file system in a partition type 07 must perform additional checks to distinguish between HPFS and NTFS. 4713: 5608: 5021: 3636: 1614:

has used alternate data streams to hide code. As a result, malware scanners and other special tools now check for alternate data streams.

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3.0, it is possible to manage ADS natively with six cmdlets: Add-Content, Clear-Content, Get-Content, Get-Item, Remove-Item, Set-Content.

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scenario involving pre- and post-8.0 versions of Windows, or when frequently moving a storage device between older and newer versions. A

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Batch oplock (also exclusive): a stream is opened on the server, but closed on the client machine (i.e. read, write and handle caching).

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Compatibility was also made available for Windows NT 4.0 with the Service Pack 4 update. Commonly called NTFS 5.0 after the OS release.

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KB or more, depending on compressibility. Files smaller than approximately 900 bytes are stored within the directory entry of the

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An array of bit entries: each bit indicates whether its corresponding cluster is used (allocated) or free (available for allocation).

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NTFS allows any sequence of 16-bit values for name encoding (e.g. file names, stream names or index names) except 0x0000. This means

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clusters—they are not written. This allows for reasonable random-access times as the OS merely has to follow the chain of fragments.

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On the other hand, the default data stream of directories has a distinct type, but are not anonymous: they have an attribute name ("

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records such as moves of some variable-length attributes stored in MFT records and attribute lists, and indices for directories and

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Commonly called NTFS 5.1 after the OS release. LFS version 1.1 was replaced by version 2.0 as of Windows 8 to improve performance.

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folder may be read and executed by all users but modified only by a user holding administrative privileges. Windows Vista adds

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Although subsequent versions of Windows added new file system-related features, they did not change NTFS itself. For example,

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streams, to verify whether each stream should be written to the destination volume and to knowingly skip unwanted streams.

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code units are supported, but the file system does not check whether a sequence is valid UTF-16 (it allows any sequence of

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KB (default) cluster (block) size. This reasonable maximum size decreases sharply for volumes with smaller cluster sizes.

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For each file (or directory) described in the MFT record, there is a linear repository of stream descriptors (also named

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keeps historical versions of files and folders on NTFS volumes by copying old, newly overwritten data to shadow copy via

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of Windows, with any other NTFS file system driver, or any file system and backup utilities not updated to support it.

1729:, Microsoft has introduced new file compression scheme based on the XPRESS algorithm with 4K/8K/16K block size and the 1057:

3.2 released in May 1999 included read-only NTFS support written by Semen Ustimenko. This implementation was ported to

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Windows NT File System (NTFS) File Sector Information Utility ... A tool used to dump information about an NTFS volume

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necessarily include sparse zeros areas; the "sparse file" attribute just means that the file is allowed to have them.

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jurisdictions, this can result in a potential timestamp error of up to 4 hours in any given 12 months.

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and allows reading and writing to NTFS partitions. A performance enhanced commercial version of NTFS-3G, called "

4315:"How restore points and other recovery features in Windows Vista are affected when dual-booting with Windows XP" 7968: 7550: 7077: 618: 2560:

The code that loads the rest of the operating system. This is pointed to by the first 3 bytes of this sector.

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The filename attributes stored in the attribute list do not make the file immediately accessible through the

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Opportunistic locks have been enhanced in Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 with per-client oplock keys.

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s of any active file systems are not downgraded to version 1.1. The inability to process version 2.0 of the

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Level 1 (or exclusive) oplock: exclusive access with arbitrary buffering (i.e. read and write caching).

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Each attribute has an attribute type (a fixed-size integer mapping to an attribute definition in file

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resident again, unless this data is fully truncated, discarding the sparse allocation map completely.

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A table of unicode uppercase characters for ensuring case-insensitivity in Win32 and DOS namespaces.

2632: 2284:

The type of drive. 0xF8 is used to denote a hard drive (in contrast to the several sizes of floppy).

2149: 1796: 4589:"GitHub merges 'useless garbage' says Linus Torvalds as new NTFS support added to Linux kernel 5.15" 3996: 1909:

These transactions are coordinated network-wide with all participants using a specific service, the

9208: 9061: 8964: 8909: 8784: 8640: 8409: 7328: 7272: 7252: 7097: 6866: 6751: 6641: 6259: 6146: 5511: 5210: 5076: 3190: 2593: 1959: 1305: 1264: 1104: 399:

Read-only, hidden, system, archive, not content indexed, off-line, temporary, compressed, encrypted

4835: 4343: 4322: 1839: 1562: 9307: 9263: 9245: 8944: 8934: 8389: 7913: 7908: 7752: 7747: 7707: 7667: 7617: 7363: 7107: 7102: 6977: 6952: 6914: 6884: 6834: 6646: 6569: 6494: 6414: 6389: 1955: 1758: 1309: 1301: 1122: 1078: 404: 6284: 4717: 4541: 3972: 3890: 3848: 1279:

get to know when someone tries to delete them or make a copy of them, and whether they succeed.

9404: 9153: 9118: 9056: 8535: 8355: 8219: 8149: 7893: 7857: 7469: 7454: 7212: 7170: 7062: 6992: 6909: 6894: 6489: 3644: 3104:, etc.) inside Windows, but doing this on the active partition requires offline access (namely 2027: 1902: 1807: 1746: 1335: 1293: 1288: 1154: 1129: 1027: 811: 591: 560: 228: 5555: 3768: 9289: 9198: 9148: 9091: 8837: 8807: 8758: 8610: 8583: 8460: 8350: 8263: 8154: 8071: 8022: 7842: 7787: 7727: 7712: 7521: 7192: 7147: 7004: 6957: 4438: 3170: 2584: 2145: 1581: 1300:

and the EFS File System Run-Time Library (FSRTL). EFS works by encrypting a file with a bulk

1144: 1043: 1023: 610: 575: 571: 5918: 5432: 5046: 3475:

Can also be 32-bit, provided that the firmware and operating system loader are size-matched.

3369:

partitions, the OS needs to convert timestamps on the fly. But if some files are moved when

3089:(a pseudo-folder that 7-Zip uses to attach files deleted from the file system to view), and 1308:

cipher is used. The symmetric key that is used to encrypt the file is then encrypted with a

911:

clusters, but not all implementations achieve this theoretical maximum, as discussed below.

9363: 9324: 9138: 8857: 8832: 8473: 8290: 8280: 8236: 8201: 8007: 8002: 7847: 7817: 7782: 7672: 7378: 7373: 7277: 7227: 7185: 7155: 7042: 6629: 6594: 6541: 6479: 5556:"Re: [ntfs-3g-devel] Experimental support for Windows 10 "System Compressed" files" 3370: 3365:

and make the appropriate conversions for display purposes; all NTFS timestamps are in UTC.

3262:

itself can also be non-resident, but its own allocation map must fit within one MFT record.

3246:

Encrypted-by-NTFS, sparse data streams, or compressed data streams cannot be made resident.

3097: 2851: 2847: 2843: 1799:

by writing compressed data in contiguously allocated chunks, unlike core NTFS compression.

1671: 1268: 960: 89: 84: 6289: 8: 9368: 9314: 9253: 8842: 8510: 8451: 8367: 7948: 7807: 7762: 7737: 7692: 7638: 7437: 7292: 7175: 6624: 6609: 6549: 6469: 6439: 5735: 5530: 3266: 3194: 2912: 2896: 2689: 2609: 1951: 1351: 1252: 1248: 1224: 994: 853:(MFT) entries with redundant MFT record number (useful for recovering damaged MFT files) 789: 765: 583: 481: 467: 411: 272: 252: 182: 162: 6125: 5689: 4021: 3265:

When there are too many attributes for a file (including ADS's, extended attributes, or

9358: 9220: 9183: 9096: 8822: 8812: 8797: 8738: 8568: 8231: 8224: 8211: 8164: 7953: 7903: 7677: 7596: 7501: 7207: 7047: 7014: 6987: 6982: 6829: 6656: 6559: 6554: 6454: 5817: 3571: 3236: 2835: 2831: 1947: 1941: 1895: 1605: 1566: 1556: 1162: 1031: 878: 874: 819: 579: 475: 382: 78: 73: 25: 5831: 4651: 3151:

must be unique. Additionally, NTFS has some ordering constraints for these attributes.

956: 9173: 9113: 8949: 8635: 8605: 8597: 8466: 8441: 8362: 8337: 8159: 8017: 7943: 7898: 7797: 7792: 7767: 7722: 7687: 7557: 6861: 6671: 6504: 6264: 6245: 6241: 6235: 6220: 6210: 5893: 5137: 4890: 4054: 4044: 3952: 3942: 3864: 3575: 3563: 1882: 1592: 1035: 687: 8446: 6196:

Bolosky, William J.; Corbin, Scott; Goebel, David; Douceur, John R. (January 2000).

2834:(VBR). This file is always located at the first clusters on the volume. It contains 9193: 9101: 8899: 8549: 8493: 8182: 7958: 7867: 7702: 7645: 7603: 7464: 7432: 7388: 7343: 7262: 7022: 6819: 6696: 6686: 6449: 6444: 5129: 4394: 4091: 3856: 3553: 3543: 2621: 1929: 1831:

A sparse file: Empty bytes don't need to be saved, thus they can be represented by

1802:

CompactOS file compression is an improved version of WIMBoot feature introduced in

1738: 1710: 1697:

Large compressible files become highly fragmented since every chunk smaller than 64

1623: 1494:

to the newer version. The problem can also be dealt with by disabling Hybrid Boot.

1487: 1212: 1140: 1125:(FUSE) program and released under the GPL but work on Captive NTFS ceased in 2006. 657: 496: 6174:"Beating the Daylight Saving Time bug and getting correct file modification times" 5656:"Sparse File Errors: 1450 or 665 due to file fragmentation: Fixes and Workarounds" 4807: 4739: 4674:"Jan Kratochvil: Captive: The first free NTFS read/write filesystem for GNU/Linux" 1478:

by versions of Windows older than 8.0 results in an unnecessary invocation of the

9302: 9215: 8723: 8117: 7994: 7877: 7852: 7837: 7827: 7777: 7772: 7526: 7160: 6876: 6741: 6731: 6676: 6661: 6519: 6409: 6216: 5272: 4945: 4616: 4217: 4050: 3948: 1580:. Although current versions of Windows Server no longer include SFM, third-party 1501:(Update Sequence Number Journal) is a system management feature that records (in 1343: 771: 428: 6097:"A heavily fragmented file in an NTFS volume may not grow beyond a certain size" 4673: 3860: 9203: 9188: 9128: 8306: 8177: 7484: 7027: 6839: 6814: 6746: 6614: 6589: 6564: 6514: 6484: 6394: 6294: 5761: 5468:"wimlib: the open source Windows Imaging (WIM) library - Compression algorithm" 5215: 5025: 5000: 3548: 3531: 2790: 2625: 1998: 1990: 1878: 1811: 1573: 1378: 1204: 781: 756: 737: 602: 535: 501: 343: 325: 67: 60: 6016:. Faculty of Organization and Informatics University of Zagreb. Archived from 4976:"Windows 8 volume compatibility considerations with prior versions of Windows" 4261: 2743:, file system version, and volume flags (mounted, chkdsk requested, requested 1986: 967:(UEFI) and 64-bit support. GPT data disks are supported on systems with BIOS. 570:

It was developed to overcome scalability, security and other limitations with

9383: 9233: 9178: 8852: 8792: 8651: 7973: 7832: 7732: 7072: 7032: 6809: 6784: 6776: 6711: 6579: 6379: 3567: 3374: 3340:

Level 2 (or shared) oplock: multiple readers, no writers (i.e. read caching).

3036: 3032: 2635:. A directory entry consists of a filename and a "file ID" (analogous to the 2527:

A unique random number assigned to this partition, to keep things organized.

1981: 1962:

parses a file system name lookup and encounters a reparse attribute, it will

1871: 1685:

is a reasonable maximum size for a compressed file on an NTFS volume with a 4

1577: 1402: 1272: 870: 506: 5925:. September 11, 2008. Table 1.13 BPB and Extended BPB Fields on NTFS Volumes 4693: 4366:"FAQ: How to use Convert.exe to convert a partition to the NTFS file system" 2739:

Contains information about the volume, namely the volume object identifier,

2155:

Causes execution to continue after the data structures in this boot sector.

9297: 9005: 8593: 8560: 8498: 8478: 7742: 7697: 7624: 7589: 7297: 7247: 7037: 6789: 6736: 6701: 6619: 6599: 6419: 6399: 5694: 5187:"Macros from the internet are blocked by default in Office - Deploy Office" 4783: 4495: 4074: 2740: 2636: 1742: 1536: 1388: 1148: 1114: 1073: 893: 802: 626: 511: 449: 138: 6046: 3532:"Using NTFS Cluster Allocation Behavior to Find the Location of User Data" 3057:

These metafiles are treated specially by Windows, handled directly by the

2777:

A table of MFT attributes that associates numeric identifiers with names.

1569:), using the format "filename:streamname" (e.g., "text.txt:extrastream"). 918:

clusters, partly due to partition table limitations. For example, using 64

8995: 8094: 7812: 7757: 7662: 7516: 7404: 7282: 7137: 6929: 6904: 6499: 5785:"Unable to open content synced in a OneDrive folder on an external drive" 5307: 4562: 4159: 3558: 3530:

Karresand, Martin; Axelsson, Stefan; Dyrkolbotn, Geir Olav (2019-07-01).

1867: 1851: 1815: 1803: 1762: 1643: 1498: 1426: 1313: 1178: 823: 815: 686:

Probably as a result of this common ancestry, HPFS and NTFS use the same

595: 587: 4516: 3169:

and other basic single-bit attributes (compatible with those managed by

3120:), packed together in one or more MFT records (containing the so-called 2947:

A file system directory containing various optional extensions, such as

2692:, and file attributes like "read only", "compressed", "encrypted", etc. 2656:

data, buffer file system changes, manage free space allocation, satisfy

1185:) supports a plugin which allows read and write access to NTFS volumes. 970:

The NTFS maximum theoretical limit on the size of individual files is 16

9273: 9071: 7717: 7541: 7082: 6972: 6846: 6766: 6691: 6509: 4418: 4286: 4173: 3397: 3207:

but with an anonymous name, and the ADSs are similar but must be named.

3174: 2876: 2110: 1924: 1726: 1585: 1483: 1454: 1450: 1433: 1395: 990: 914:

The maximum NTFS volume size implemented in Windows XP Professional is

907:

KB) The maximum NTFS volume size that the specification can support is

841: 669: 606: 458: 454: 158: 5467: 1461:(and earlier versions of Windows) from recognizing version 2.0 of the 9228: 8969: 8847: 8578: 7338: 7333: 6967: 6856: 6804: 6574: 6269: 5871: 5839: 5731: 5699: 5663: 5632: 5387: 5086: 5054: 4953: 4925: 4895: 4105: 3166: 2180:

This is the magic number that indicates this is an NTFS file system.

2001:. Various third-party tools are capable of resizing NTFS partitions. 1544: 1514: 1458: 1446: 1416: 1409: 649: 564: 248: 224: 30: 1877:

Windows Vista also introduced persistent shadow copies for use with

9046: 8990: 8959: 8748: 8573: 8429: 8322: 8275: 8169: 7918: 7822: 7682: 7442: 7307: 6937: 6794: 6681: 6666: 6604: 6464: 6424: 3315: 3293: 3281: 3182:

Some attribute types cannot have a name and must remain anonymous.

2710: 2640: 2109:

NTFS boot sector contents (All values except strings are stored in

1844: 1832: 1827: 1745:, which LZNT1 lacked. These compression algorithms were taken from 1682: 952: 933: 926: 900: 890: 531: 268: 261: 244: 237: 220: 213: 204: 178: 171: 154: 147: 4613:"OpenBSD adds fuse(4) support for adding file systems in userland" 1814:. Similarly to CompactOS, Windows system directories only contain 1806:. WIMBoot reduces Windows disk usage by keeping system files in a 656:

formed a joint project to create the next generation of graphical

9000: 8974: 8801: 8434: 8404: 8295: 8251: 7938: 7872: 7610: 7496: 7459: 7447: 7132: 6851: 6824: 6799: 6761: 6756: 6459: 6384: 5512:"What is WofCompressedData? Does WOF mean that Windows is a dog?" 5373: 5371: 3915:"New Technology File System - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics" 3392: 3165:

attribute that is stored as a fixed-size record and contains the

3101: 3082:

resembles any drive/partition). Here, 3 new folders will appear:

2883:

and contains all clusters on the volume not in the first stream.

2608:

data—file name, creation date, access permissions (by the use of

1678:

According to research by Microsoft's NTFS Development team, 50–60

1611: 1240: 1096: 1084: 1062: 1054: 974: 630: 539: 526: 518: 197: 6726: 3186:

it will be the preferred one, as listed in the Windows Explorer.

1235: 9010: 8919: 8914: 8718: 8419: 8063: 8012: 7862: 7531: 7312: 7237: 6651: 5987: 4189:"Storage improvements in Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008" 3637:"B*Trees - NTFS Directory Trees - Concept - NTFS Documentation" 3285:

MFT record can store about 100 such data runs. However, as the

2034: 2023: 1847:(1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes) of sparse files, 0 bytes on disk. 1479: 1208: 1194: 1182: 1108: 1058: 522: 335: 317: 296: 105: 5368: 5022:"Creating, Modifying, and Deleting a Change Journal (Windows)" 3203:

The default data stream of a regular file is a stream of type

3138:, some attributes can be either resident or non-resident. The 2989:

Holds disk quota information. Contains two index roots, named

1111:

NTFS for Mac", is also available from the NTFS-3G developers.

1022:

While the different NTFS versions are for the most part fully

9268: 9066: 9051: 9028: 9023: 9018: 8929: 8924: 8862: 8743: 8696: 8691: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8625: 8615: 8520: 8488: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8268: 8196: 8144: 7978: 7414: 7242: 6947: 6721: 6434: 5810:"NTFS-3G: Junction Points, Symbolic Links and Reparse Points" 4762:"The Leader in Mass Data Storage Solutions | Seagate US" 4459: 4075:"Recovering Windows NT After a Boot Failure on an NTFS Drive" 3402: 3105: 3071: 2839: 2583:

This boot partition format is roughly based upon the earlier

1529: 1522: 1198: 1092: 700: 696: 692: 614: 331: 313: 5308:"The Default Cluster Size for the NTFS and FAT File Systems" 2440:

The cluster that contains a backup of the Master File Table

1588:'s ExtremeZ-IP) still use this feature of the file system. 8939: 8904: 8894: 8889: 8827: 8763: 8733: 8728: 8664: 8659: 8630: 8539: 8530: 8483: 8424: 8285: 8256: 8246: 8241: 8206: 8188: 7506: 7180: 6999: 6122:"How Oplocks function in the Windows Environment: Overview" 5866: 5726: 5627: 5132:; Solomon, David A.; Ionescu, Alex (2009). "File Systems". 5081: 4156:"New Capabilities and Features of the NTFS 3.1 File System" 4100: 3529: 3448: 3408: 3361:

Windows NT and its descendants keep internal timestamps as

3111: 3062: 2657: 1777: 1734: 1627: 1174: 922:

KB clusters, the maximum size Windows XP NTFS volume is 256

661: 613:(FAT) file system. NTFS read/write support is available on 445: 424: 6195: 6043:"OEM Support Tools Phase 3 Service Release 2 Availability" 4637: 4213:"Windows support for hard disks that are larger than 2 TB" 3488:

command would list the metafiles in the root directory if

2726:

Contains transaction log of file system metadata changes.

1787:, but it can also be manually turned on per file with the 598:, a feature that allows backups of a system while in use. 8545: 8525: 8414: 8316: 7424: 6037: 6035: 5128: 3452: 3362: 3093: 3014:

information. Contains an index root and allocation named

1769: 1730: 1702: 1482:

disk repair utility. This is particularly a concern in a

1100: 653: 634: 4886:"How Security Descriptors and Access Control Lists Work" 1465:. Backward compatibility is provided by downgrading the 989:

KB, which totals 18,446,744,073,709,550,592 bytes. With

586:(ACLs); filesystem encryption; transparent compression; 5482:"Compact OS, single-instancing, and image optimization" 3225: 3147:

For each file in the MFT, the attributes identified by

2875:

A file that contains all the clusters marked as having

1967:

system request and performs its special functionality.

1490:

setting exists to prevent the automatic upgrade of the

1193:

There is a free-for-personal-use read/write driver for

1038:

can convert supporting file systems to NTFS, including

8649: 6032: 5531:"NTFS-3G plugin for reading "system compressed" files" 5162:"Malformed signature trick can bypass Mark of the Web" 2577:

This flag indicates that this is a valid boot sector.

6237:

Windows NT File System Internals: A Developer's Guide

3814: 2760:

record. Note: volume serial number is stored in file

2631:

The MFT structure supports algorithms which minimize

1705:

drives do not have the head movement delays and high

1521:. Hard links were originally included to support the 3011: 1227:

and user-level encryption to help secure user data.

1117:, a 'wrapping' driver that uses Windows' own driver 6202:

Proceedings of 4th USENIX Windows Systems Symposium

6045:. Microsoft Corporation. 2007-02-21. Archived from 4482: 4480: 3373:(DST) is in effect, and other files are moved when 3308:partition NTFS formats with 19,543,064 clusters of 2173:

Word "NTFS" followed by four trailing spaces (0x20)

5505: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5460: 5413:"Shrinking the gap: carving NTFS-compressed files" 4086: 4084: 3336:Windows supports four different types of oplocks: 3074:'s file manager and go to the low-level NTFS path 1576:, to enable Services for Macintosh (SFM) to store 1207:developed a "NTFSREAD" driver (version 1.200) for 5587: 3597:: Encrypting File System Remote (EFSRPC) Protocol 1211:7.0x between 2002 and 2004. It was part of their 810:Disk quotas, file-level encryption in a form of 9381: 6324: 5454:"[MS-XCA]: Xpress Compression Algorithm" 4477: 3936: 3934: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3214:" in NTFS 3+) that reflects its indexing format. 3070:Another way to bypass the restriction is to use 2423:The cluster that contains the Master File Table 1591:A small ADS named "Zone.Identifier" is added by 948:KB. Both of these are vastly higher than the 128 388: 5496: 4308: 4306: 4240:"Default cluster size for NTFS, FAT, and exFAT" 4081: 3846: 3525: 3523: 3039:). Contains an index root and allocation named 2352:The number of sectors preceding the partition. 1713:, so fragmentation has only a smaller penalty. 1361:) format has evolved through several versions: 683:, Gary Kimura, Brian Andrew, and David Goebel. 5136:(5th ed.). Microsoft Press. p. 921. 4126:"What's New in Windows NT 4.0 Service Pack 4?" 2756:record, and the remaining volume data is in a 2103: 1550: 1267:info to DACLs. DACLs are the primary focus of 1230: 794:Commonly called NTFS 4.0 after the OS release 711:Microsoft has released five versions of NTFS: 16:Proprietary file system developed by Microsoft 8079: 6310: 4714:"10.6: Enable native NTFS read/write support" 4413: 4411: 3931: 3847:Sammes, Tony; Jenkinson, Brian, eds. (2007), 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3658: 2318:The number of disk sectors in a drive track. 1701:KB becomes a fragment. Flash memory, such as 1528:Although hard links use the same MFT record ( 5836:MS Windows NT Workstation 4.0 Resource Guide 5609:"Windows Image File Boot (WIMBoot) Overview" 5509: 5051:MS Windows NT Workstation 4.0 Resource Guide 4303: 4158:. Microsoft. 1 December 2007. Archived from 3820: 3520: 361:Creation, modification, POSIX change, access 5265:"Malware utilising Alternate Data Streams?" 4312: 4090: 3587: 3585: 1561:Alternate data streams allow more than one 1247:In NTFS, each file or folder is assigned a 1161:, which is also included on some models of 903:. (Earlier implementations support up to 64 9395:File systems supported by the Linux kernel 8086: 8072: 8047: 6317: 6303: 5241:. Microsoft. 9 August 2012. Archived from 4408: 3696: 3273:The allocation map is stored in a form of 2664:MFT (entries 0–26 are the NTFS metafiles) 2643:, other NTFS structures radically differ. 2612:), and size—are stored as metadata in the 2596:) to the $ MFT, which is described below. 2454:Bytes or Clusters Per File Record Segment 1894:As of Windows Vista, applications can use 896:, but supports a maximum cluster size of 2 6198:"Single Instance Storage in Windows 2000" 5474: 3762: 3760: 3557: 3547: 1543:The NTFS file system has a limit of 1024 1239:NTFS file system permissions on a modern 1042:(only on Windows NT 3.1, 3.5, and 3.51), 516:Linux kernel versions 2.2-2.4 (read-only) 6171: 5749: 5184: 4586: 4019: 3973:"NTFS3 — The Linux Kernel documentation" 3766: 3582: 3112:Attribute lists, attributes, and streams 2752:record; the volume label is stored in a 2705:Duplicate of the first vital entries of 1838: 1826: 1251:that defines its owner and contains two 1234: 5801: 5653: 5601: 5528: 5351:"Should You Compress Data On Your SSD?" 5348: 4915: 4370:The Educationsl University of Hong Kong 4186: 3683:Windows Server 2003 Technical Reference 3443: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3427: 3425: 1994: 1046:and FAT32 (on Windows 2000 and later). 824:update sequence number (USN) journaling 605:, it is the default file system of the 9382: 6208: 5446: 4918:"Security Watch Deploying EFS: Part 1" 4857:"Download Avira NTFS4DOS Personal 1.9" 4042: 4020:Kozierok, Charles (14 February 2018). 3940: 3855:, London: Springer, pp. 215–275, 3757: 3466:1 EB = 1,152,921,504,606,846,976 bytes 3323: 2200:The number of bytes in a disk sector. 2044: 1768:CompactOS compression is intended for 1761:driver, and the main file is an empty 1659: 1638:KB or less, NTFS treats the unneeded 4 1518: 1347: 1121:, exists for Linux. It was built as a 940:KB, the maximum NTFS volume size is 16 850: 770:NTFS compression support was added in 8067: 7924:Next-Generation Secure Computing Base 6298: 6233: 6071:"The Four Stages of NTFS File Growth" 5862:"Naming Files, Paths, and Namespaces" 5832:"Chapter 18 – Choosing a File System" 5807: 5377: 5160:Boyd, Christopher (26 October 2022). 4880: 4878: 3888: 3823:"Windows Server 8 data deduplication" 3800:"SYSTEMTIME structure (minwinbase.h)" 3732: 1861: 1720: 965:Unified Extensible Firmware Interface 936:. Using the default cluster size of 4 5963:"Forensics: What is the MFT Mirror?" 5808:André, Jean-Pierre (March 1, 2019). 5287:"File Compression and Decompression" 5159: 3891:"What Is NTFS and How Does It Work?" 3422: 3226:Resident vs. non-resident attributes 2599: 1795:command. CompactOS algorithm avoids 1626:using LZNT1 algorithm (a variant of 1565:to be associated with a filename (a 320:code unit (case-insensitive) except 85:EBD0A0A2-B9E5-4433-87C0-68B6B72699C7 7053:Distributed Transaction Coordinator 6011: 5654:Kandoth, Suresh B. (4 March 2009). 5433:"Disk Concepts and Troubleshooting" 4419:"mount_ntfs - OpenBSD manual pages" 3051:Beginning of regular file entries. 2489:Bytes or Clusters Per Index Buffer 1617: 1535:Windows uses hard links to support 1012: 1009:MB or 9,007,199,252,643,840 bytes. 13: 7384:User Interface Privilege Isolation 6188: 6172:Gilligan, Jonathan (28 May 2001). 6014:"COEN 252 Computer Forensics NTFS" 5047:"Chapter 29 – POSIX Compatibility" 4875: 4638:"NTFS-3G Stable Read/Write Driver" 4344:"How to Convert FAT Disks to NTFS" 3821:Rick Vanover (14 September 2011). 3464:1 PB = 1,125,899,906,842,624 bytes 2335:The number of heads on the drive. 574:. NTFS adds several features that 389:§ Alternate data stream (ADS) 338:code unit (case-sensitive) except 14: 9416: 6278: 6212:Inside the Windows NT File System 5289:. MSDN Platform SDK: File Systems 4287:"NTFS vs FAT vs exFAT - NTFS.com" 4132:. 12 January 1999. Archived from 4046:Inside the Windows NT File System 3944:Inside the Windows NT File System 3492:were specified. In Windows 2000, 3405:(a canceled Microsoft filesystem) 2604:In NTFS, all file, directory and 1935: 826:, distributed link tracking, the 8093: 8046: 8036: 8035: 6165: 6139: 6114: 6089: 6063: 6005: 5380:"Understanding NTFS Compression" 5271:. 21 August 2007. Archived from 5109:"MSDN – CreateHardLink function" 4716:. 1 October 2009. Archived from 3849:"The New Technology File System" 3767:Russon, Richard; Fledel, Yuval. 3478: 2168:NTFS 1868:Volume Shadow Copy Service (VSS) 1733:algorithm; both are variants of 1692: 1572:NTFS Streams were introduced in 1157:sells a read-write driver named 7113:Remote Differential Compression 6103:from the original on 2021-05-06 5980: 5955: 5937: 5911: 5886: 5854: 5824: 5777: 5714: 5682: 5647: 5615: 5573: 5548: 5529:Biggers, Eric (29 April 2019). 5522: 5425: 5405: 5342: 5321: 5300: 5279: 5257: 5231: 5203: 5178: 5153: 5122: 5101: 5069: 5039: 5014: 4989: 4968: 4938: 4916:Morello, John (February 2007). 4909: 4849: 4824: 4800: 4776: 4754: 4732: 4706: 4686: 4666: 4644: 4630: 4605: 4580: 4555: 4534: 4509: 4452: 4431: 4387: 4358: 4336: 4279: 4254: 4232: 4205: 4180: 4166: 4148: 4118: 4067: 4036: 4013: 3989: 3965: 3907: 3882: 3840: 3792: 3781:from the original on 2022-10-09 3500: 3493: 3469: 3067: 2917:, which index the stream named 2510:This field is not used by NTFS 2475:This field is not used by NTFS 2406:The partition size in sectors. 1889: 1822: 1792: 1788: 1778: 1773: 1772:who prepare OS images with the 1260: 863: 7969:Windows System Assessment Tool 5988:"NTFS Master File Table (MFT)" 5690:"Sparse Files and Disk Quotas" 5435:. Microsoft. 11 September 2008 5349:Masiero, Manuel (2011-12-01). 4077:. Microsoft. November 1, 2006. 4022:"Overview and History of NTFS" 3740:"Appendix A: Product Behavior" 3711:"Appendix A: Product Behavior" 3629: 3603: 3599:. Microsoft. 14 November 2013. 3462:1 TB = 1,099,511,627,776 bytes 3411:, a newer Microsoft filesystem 3312:. Subtracting system files (a 3149:attribute type, attribute name 2921:containing actual ACL table). 2793:. Directory data is stored in 2605: 1970: 1255:(ACLs). The first ACL, called 884: 281: 1: 5894:"NTFS. Partition Boot Sector" 5814:jp-andre.pagesperso-orange.fr 5510:Raymond Chen (18 June 2019). 5310:. Microsoft. January 31, 2002 5185:DHB-MSFT (28 February 2023). 4346:. Microsoft. 18 December 2017 4313:cfsbloggers (July 14, 2006). 3746:. Microsoft. 14 November 2013 3513: 2026:to index file system data. A 1665: 1508: 1329: 1282: 889:NTFS is optimized for 4 7258:Open XML Paper Specification 7118:Remote Installation Services 6326:Microsoft Windows components 4587:Anderson, Tim (2021-09-06). 4372:. 2007-02-12. Archived from 3802:. Microsoft. October 5, 2021 2650: 2013: 1257:discretionary access control 466:(Windows XP Service Pack 1, 7: 9259:Filesystem-level encryption 7410:Windows Subsystem for Linux 7369:Mandatory Integrity Control 7123:Windows Deployment Services 6920:Wireless Zero Configuration 4542:"Release notes for v2.5.11" 4395:"FreeBSD 3.2 Release Notes" 4194:. Microsoft. pp. 14–20 4096:"Inside Win2K NTFS, Part 1" 3889:Weiss, David (2022-08-01). 3861:10.1007/978-1-84628-732-9_6 3617:. Microsoft. 8 October 2009 3381: 2104:Partition Boot Sector (PBS) 2004: 1975: 1551:Alternate data stream (ADS) 1441:The incompatibility of the 1324: 1231:Access control lists (ACLs) 1218: 706: 10: 9421: 8106:Comparison of file systems 7512:Universal Windows Platform 7218:Kernel Transaction Manager 7203:Hardware Abstraction Layer 6900:Multimedia Class Scheduler 6260:"NTFS Technical Reference" 5757:"Transactional NTFS (TxF)" 5077:"Hard Links and Junctions" 4784:"NTFS plugin for NetDrive" 4488:"NTFS Credits and History" 3549:10.1016/j.diin.2019.04.018 3460:1 GB = 1,073,741,824 bytes 3388:Comparison of file systems 2382: 2193: 1939: 1554: 1286: 1049: 1017: 643: 557:New Technology File System 271:(Windows 10 version 1709, 231:or earlier implementation) 181:(Windows 10 version 1709, 165:or earlier implementation) 9400:Windows disk file systems 9351: 9323: 9288: 9244: 9169: 9162: 9084: 9037: 8983: 8885: 8878: 8783: 8709: 8592: 8559: 8135: 8126: 8101: 8031: 7991: 7964:Windows Services for UNIX 7886: 7655: 7574: 7567: 7540: 7423: 7397: 7349:Data Execution Prevention 7321: 7198:Graphics Device Interface 7146: 7088:Network Access Protection 7013: 6928: 6875: 6775: 6707:Remote Desktop Connection 6540: 6370: 6332: 5765:. Microsoft. 20 July 2022 4950:Windows 2000 Resource Kit 4832:"Avira NTFS4DOS Personal" 4654:. Tuxera. August 30, 2011 4176:. LSoft Technologies Inc. 3161:This is the case for the 3050: 3047: 3022: 3001: 2980: 2970: 2967: 2938: 2925: 2904:(Standard_Information ID) 2887: 2866: 2822: 2809: 2781: 2768: 2730: 2717: 2696: 2679: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2573: 2564: 2556: 2548: 2531: 2514: 2497: 2479: 2462: 2444: 2437:$ MFTMirr cluster number 2427: 2410: 2393: 2373: 2356: 2339: 2322: 2305: 2288: 2271: 2254: 2237: 2231:Reserved Sectors, unused 2221: 2204: 2184: 2176: 2159: 2143: 2134: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2120: 2117: 1952:directory junction points 1919: 1525:subsystem in Windows NT. 1470:dismounted, and thus the 1420: 1382: 1177:(and derivatives such as 1173:The NetDrive package for 493: 488: 474: 435: 417: 403: 395: 381: 373: 365: 357: 352: 303: 291: 279: 189: 133: 128: 120: 112: 101: 96: 66: 44: 36: 24: 9390:Compression file systems 9209:Extended file attributes 8910:Compact Disc File System 7329:Security and Maintenance 7273:Security Account Manager 6867:Windows XP visual styles 5660:CSS SQL Server Engineers 5211:"Streams - Sysinternals" 4742:. Paragon Software Group 4740:"Microsoft NTFS for Mac" 3744:: File System Algorithms 3715:: File System Algorithms 3415: 3191:hierarchical file system 1584:(AFP) products (such as 1445:versions implemented by 1265:mandatory access control 1135: 1068: 275:or later implementation) 255:or later implementation) 185:or later implementation) 9308:Installable File System 7914:Media Control Interface 7748:Help and Support Center 7364:Kernel Patch Protection 7128:System Resource Manager 7108:Remote Desktop Services 7103:Print Services for UNIX 6885:Service Control Manager 6495:Windows Error Reporting 6415:DirectX Diagnostic Tool 5755: 4439:"Announcing NetBSD 1.5" 3717:. Microsoft. 2018-09-12 3356: 2854:and cluster numbers of 2709:, usually 4 entries (4 2544:Supposedly a checksum. 2301:This field is always 0 2267:This field is always 0 2250:This field is always 0 1338:and uses the NTFS Log ( 1168: 1123:Filesystem in Userspace 1079:University of Cambridge 720:First operating system 609:family superseding the 8356:TiVo Media File System 8220:Encrypting File System 7894:Desktop Cleanup Wizard 7470:COM Structured storage 7171:Desktop Window Manager 7063:Windows Media Services 6234:Nagar, Rajeev (1997). 6209:Custer, Helen (1994). 4187:Loveall, John (2006). 4043:Custer, Helen (1994). 3941:Custer, Helen (1994). 3458:1 MB = 1,048,576 bytes 3301:and size constraints. 3163:$ STANDARD_INFORMATION 2801:attributes both named 2022:Internally, NTFS uses 1848: 1836: 1747:Windows Imaging Format 1739:Huffman entropy coding 1336:journaling file system 1294:Encrypting File System 1289:Encrypting File System 1244: 1188: 1155:Paragon Software Group 1130:Paragon Software Group 812:Encrypting File System 592:file system journaling 561:journaling file system 229:Windows Server 2008 R2 124:$ BadClus (MFT Record) 50:; 31 years ago 8351:Macintosh File System 7522:Windows Mixed Reality 7193:Enhanced Write Filter 7043:Roaming user profiles 6151:Technet.microsoft.com 5923:Technet.microsoft.com 5239:"FileSystem Provider" 4772:on February 10, 2011. 4652:"Tuxera NTFS for Mac" 3919:www.sciencedirect.com 3536:Digital Investigation 3499:stopped working, but 2574:End-of-sector Marker 2524:Volume Serial Number 2420:$ MFT cluster number 1842: 1830: 1810:on a separate hidden 1672:multi-core processors 1582:Apple Filing Protocol 1537:short (8.3) filenames 1238: 830:folder and its files 611:File Allocation Table 514:version 2.6 and later 509:and later (read-only) 141:− 1 cluster (format); 9364:GUID Partition Table 8711:Distributed parallel 8459:Shared File System ( 7803:Mobile Device Center 7753:Health & Fitness 7551:Solitaire Collection 7379:User Account Control 7374:Protected Media Path 7278:Server Message Block 7228:Logical Disk Manager 6480:System Policy Editor 6465:System Configuration 6147:"What's New in NTFS" 6077:on 23 September 2018 5874:. Naming Conventions 5722:"Transactional NTFS" 5130:Russinovich, Mark E. 4517:"Kernel development" 3769:"NTFS Documentation" 3371:daylight saving time 3267:security descriptors 3195:security descriptors 3098:external hard drives 2852:volume serial number 2848:BIOS parameter block 2758:$ VOLUME_INFORMATION 2690:security identifiers 2610:access control lists 2214:Sectors Per Cluster 1808:compressed WIM image 1642:KB pages like empty 1352:security descriptors 1269:User Account Control 1253:access control lists 1225:access control lists 961:GUID Partition Table 790:Security descriptors 766:access control lists 717:NTFS version number 584:access control lists 322:/\:*"?<>| 9369:Apple Partition Map 9315:Virtual file system 9254:Access-control list 8368:NetWare File System 7949:Virtual DOS machine 7293:System Idle Process 7268:Resource Protection 7176:Portable Executable 7068:Active DRM Services 6470:System File Checker 6440:Performance Monitor 5967:Where is Your Data? 5945:"Master File Table" 5583:. 15 December 2021. 5378:Middleton, Dennis. 5357:. Bestofmedia Group 5191:learn.microsoft.com 4863:on 10 November 2013 4808:"NetDrive for OS/2" 4720:on 5 September 2021 3324:Opportunistic locks 2913:Security Descriptor 2897:Access control list 2665: 2521:0x1C741BC9741BA514 2434:0x000000000007FF54 2417:0x0000000000000004 2400:0x00000000007FF54A 2114: 2028:file system journal 1956:volume mount points 1540:regular hard link. 1249:security descriptor 1201:called "NTFS4DOS". 1095:, FreeBSD, NetBSD, 1028:backward-compatible 995:Windows Server 2019 875:NTFS symbolic links 559:) is a proprietary 555:) (commonly called 482:Windows Server 2012 468:Windows Server 2003 292:Max filename length 287:4,294,967,295 (2−1) 273:Windows Server 2019 253:Windows Server 2012 183:Windows Server 2019 163:Windows Server 2016 21: 9359:Master Boot Record 9184:Data deduplication 8823:Google File System 8739:Google File System 8225:Extent File System 8187:Byte File System ( 7954:Windows on Windows 7678:Backup and Restore 7490:Transaction Server 7208:I/O request packet 7048:Folder redirection 6717:Speech Recognition 6475:System Information 6430:Management Console 5842:. 20 February 2014 5670:on 21 October 2013 5597:. 3 February 2023. 5516:Microsoft DevBlogs 5456:. 31 January 2023. 5245:on 23 January 2015 4563:"2.6.15 changelog" 4492:Linux-NTFS Project 4319:The Filing Cabinet 4262:"Booting from GPT" 4136:on 17 January 1999 3853:Forensic Computing 3456:1 KB = 1,024 bytes 3237:computer forensics 3027:$ Extend\$ Reparse 2832:Volume boot record 2799:$ INDEX_ALLOCATION 2663: 2633:disk fragmentation 2315:Sectors Per Track 2108: 1942:NTFS reparse point 1896:Transactional NTFS 1862:Volume Shadow Copy 1849: 1837: 1797:file fragmentation 1721:System compression 1606:Windows PowerShell 1557:Fork (file system) 1503:$ Extend\$ UsnJrnl 1245: 1032:Volume Shadow Copy 879:Transactional NTFS 764:Named streams and 648:In the mid-1980s, 596:volume shadow copy 476:Data deduplication 102:Directory contents 48:July 27, 1993 19: 9377: 9376: 9284: 9283: 9174:Case preservation 9080: 9079: 8779: 8778: 8705: 8704: 8467:Smart File System 8061: 8060: 7987: 7986: 7944:Video for Windows 7899:Games for Windows 7768:Internet Explorer 6862:Windows Spotlight 6505:Windows Installer 6290:NTFS3 source code 6265:Microsoft TechNet 6251:978-1-56592-249-5 6226:978-1-55615-660-1 6012:Schwarz, Thomas. 5789:Microsoft Support 5702:. 12 October 2013 5635:. 12 October 2013 5143:978-0-7356-2530-3 5134:Windows Internals 5089:. 12 October 2013 4997:"Change Journals" 4978:. 17 January 2024 4441:. 6 December 2000 4244:Microsoft Support 4092:Russinovich, Mark 4060:978-1-55615-660-1 3958:978-1-55615-660-1 3870:978-1-84628-732-9 3055: 3054: 2614:Master File Table 2600:Master File Table 2581: 2580: 2541:Checksum, unused 2389:Not used by NTFS 2369:Not used by NTFS 2281:Media Descriptor 2197:Bytes per sector 2174: 2042:files. These are 1883:Previous Versions 1759:filesystem filter 1593:Internet Explorer 1439: 1438: 993:version 1709 and 860: 859: 851:Master File Table 660:; the result was 546: 545: 497:operating systems 9412: 9194:Execute in place 9167: 9166: 8900:Boot File System 8883: 8882: 8647: 8646: 8183:Boot File System 8133: 8132: 8088: 8081: 8074: 8065: 8064: 8050: 8049: 8039: 8038: 7959:Windows SideShow 7738:Food & Drink 7632:Spider Solitaire 7572: 7571: 7465:ActiveX Document 7433:Active Scripting 7389:Windows Firewall 7344:Credential Guard 7023:Active Directory 6820:Indexing Service 6450:Resource Monitor 6445:Recovery Console 6319: 6312: 6305: 6296: 6295: 6273: 6272:. 28 March 2003. 6255: 6230: 6205: 6182: 6181: 6178:The Code Project 6169: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6143: 6137: 6136: 6134: 6133: 6124:. Archived from 6118: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6108: 6093: 6087: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6073:. Archived from 6067: 6061: 6060: 6055: 6054: 6039: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6009: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5974: 5959: 5953: 5952: 5941: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5930: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5890: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5879: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5820:on Aug 28, 2022. 5816:. Archived from 5805: 5799: 5798: 5796: 5795: 5781: 5775: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5734:. Archived from 5718: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5666:. Archived from 5651: 5645: 5644: 5642: 5640: 5619: 5613: 5612: 5611:. 10 March 2015. 5605: 5599: 5598: 5591: 5585: 5584: 5577: 5571: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5552: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5541: 5526: 5520: 5519: 5507: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5464: 5458: 5457: 5450: 5444: 5443: 5441: 5440: 5429: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5419: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5400: 5399: 5390:. Archived from 5384:Ntdebugging Blog 5375: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5362: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5336: 5329:"How NTFS Works" 5325: 5319: 5318: 5316: 5315: 5304: 5298: 5297: 5295: 5294: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5261: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5235: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5224: 5207: 5201: 5200: 5198: 5197: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5157: 5151: 5150: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5117: 5115: 5105: 5099: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5073: 5067: 5066: 5064: 5062: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5034: 5033: 5028:. 7 January 2021 5018: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5008: 5003:. 7 January 2021 4993: 4987: 4986: 4984: 4983: 4972: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4942: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4932: 4922:Technet Magazine 4913: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4902: 4882: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4868: 4859:. Archived from 4853: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4838:on June 19, 2010 4834:. Archived from 4828: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4818: 4804: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4794: 4780: 4774: 4773: 4768:. Archived from 4758: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4710: 4704: 4703: 4701: 4700: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4680: 4670: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4648: 4642: 4641: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4625: 4624: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4599: 4584: 4578: 4577: 4575: 4574: 4569:. 3 January 2006 4559: 4553: 4552: 4550: 4549: 4538: 4532: 4531: 4529: 4528: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4503: 4494:. Archived from 4484: 4475: 4474: 4472: 4470: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4426: 4425: 4415: 4406: 4405: 4403: 4402: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4381: 4362: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4331: 4330: 4321:. Archived from 4310: 4301: 4300: 4298: 4297: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4246:. Archived from 4236: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4226: 4209: 4203: 4202: 4200: 4199: 4193: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4162:on Nov 16, 2006. 4152: 4146: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4122: 4116: 4115: 4113: 4112: 4094:(30 June 2006). 4088: 4079: 4078: 4071: 4065: 4064: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4007: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3983: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3938: 3929: 3928: 3926: 3925: 3911: 3905: 3904: 3902: 3901: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3878: 3877: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3834: 3825:. Archived from 3818: 3812: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3787: 3786: 3780: 3773: 3764: 3755: 3754: 3752: 3751: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3707: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3690: 3679:"How NTFS Works" 3675: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3652: 3643:. Archived from 3633: 3627: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3611:"How NTFS Works" 3607: 3601: 3600: 3589: 3580: 3579: 3561: 3551: 3527: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3498: 3496: 3491: 3487: 3482: 3476: 3473: 3467: 3445: 3318: 3311: 3307: 3296: 3288: 3287:$ ATTRIBUTE_LIST 3284: 3261: 3260:$ ATTRIBUTE_LIST 3257: 3256:$ ATTRIBUTE_LIST 3213: 3206: 3164: 3141: 3137: 3130: 3091: 3088: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3069: 3068:nfi.exe c:\$ MFT 3060: 3042: 3028: 3017: 3007: 3006:$ Extend\$ ObjId 2996: 2992: 2986: 2985:$ Extend\$ Quota 2974: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2944: 2931: 2920: 2909: 2902: 2893: 2882: 2872: 2861: 2857: 2828: 2815: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2787: 2774: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2746: 2736: 2723: 2708: 2702: 2685: 2666: 2662: 2622:Active Directory 2332:Number Of Heads 2172: 2169: 2115: 2107: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 1930:file-compression 1794: 1790: 1780: 1775: 1711:hard disk drives 1700: 1688: 1681: 1657: 1653: 1641: 1637: 1634:KB of data to 60 1633: 1618:File compression 1504: 1493: 1488:Windows Registry 1477: 1473: 1468: 1464: 1444: 1372: 1367:Windows Version 1364: 1363: 1360: 1341: 1262: 1261:C:\Program Files 1213:Nero Burning ROM 1120: 1013:Interoperability 1008: 1004: 988: 984: 980: 973: 951: 947: 943: 939: 932: 925: 921: 917: 910: 906: 899: 865: 829: 745:Initial version 714: 713: 658:operating system 582:lack including: 341: 323: 304:Allowed filename 283: 267: 260: 243: 236: 219: 212: 203: 196: 177: 170: 153: 146: 87: 76: 58: 56: 51: 22: 18: 9420: 9419: 9415: 9414: 9413: 9411: 9410: 9409: 9380: 9379: 9378: 9373: 9347: 9319: 9303:File system API 9280: 9240: 9216:File change log 9158: 9134:Record-oriented 9107:Self-certifying 9076: 9033: 8979: 8874: 8775: 8701: 8645: 8588: 8555: 8128: 8122: 8118:Unix filesystem 8097: 8092: 8062: 8057: 8027: 7995:Microsoft Store 7993: 7983: 7929:POSIX subsystem 7909:File Protection 7882: 7853:Program Manager 7838:Phone Companion 7828:Outlook Express 7778:Make Compatible 7708:Desktop Gadgets 7668:Anytime Upgrade 7651: 7563: 7536: 7527:Windows Runtime 7419: 7393: 7359:Family features 7317: 7142: 7098:DFS Replication 7009: 6924: 6915:Error Reporting 6871: 6771: 6647:Mobility Center 6642:Movies & TV 6536: 6520:Windows Insider 6410:Driver Verifier 6405:Drive Optimizer 6372: 6366: 6357:Booting process 6328: 6323: 6281: 6276: 6258: 6252: 6227: 6217:Microsoft Press 6191: 6189:Further reading 6186: 6185: 6170: 6166: 6156: 6154: 6145: 6144: 6140: 6131: 6129: 6120: 6119: 6115: 6106: 6104: 6095: 6094: 6090: 6080: 6078: 6069: 6068: 6064: 6052: 6050: 6041: 6040: 6033: 6023: 6021: 6010: 6006: 5996: 5994: 5986: 5985: 5981: 5972: 5970: 5961: 5960: 5956: 5951:. July 2, 2012. 5943: 5942: 5938: 5928: 5926: 5917: 5916: 5912: 5902: 5900: 5892: 5891: 5887: 5877: 5875: 5860: 5859: 5855: 5845: 5843: 5830: 5829: 5825: 5806: 5802: 5793: 5791: 5783: 5782: 5778: 5768: 5766: 5754: 5750: 5741: 5739: 5720: 5719: 5715: 5705: 5703: 5688: 5687: 5683: 5673: 5671: 5652: 5648: 5638: 5636: 5621: 5620: 5616: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5593: 5592: 5588: 5581:"DISM Overview" 5579: 5578: 5574: 5564: 5562: 5560:SourceForge.net 5554: 5553: 5549: 5539: 5537: 5527: 5523: 5508: 5497: 5487: 5485: 5480: 5479: 5475: 5466: 5465: 5461: 5452: 5451: 5447: 5438: 5436: 5431: 5430: 5426: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5410: 5406: 5397: 5395: 5394:on 29 June 2011 5376: 5369: 5360: 5358: 5347: 5343: 5334: 5332: 5327: 5326: 5322: 5313: 5311: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5292: 5290: 5285: 5284: 5280: 5269:AusCERT Web Log 5263: 5262: 5258: 5248: 5246: 5237: 5236: 5232: 5222: 5220: 5219:. 23 March 2021 5209: 5208: 5204: 5195: 5193: 5183: 5179: 5170: 5168: 5158: 5154: 5144: 5127: 5123: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5106: 5102: 5092: 5090: 5075: 5074: 5070: 5060: 5058: 5045: 5044: 5040: 5031: 5029: 5020: 5019: 5015: 5006: 5004: 4995: 4994: 4990: 4981: 4979: 4974: 4973: 4969: 4959: 4957: 4946:"How EFS Works" 4944: 4943: 4939: 4930: 4928: 4914: 4910: 4900: 4898: 4884: 4883: 4876: 4866: 4864: 4855: 4854: 4850: 4841: 4839: 4830: 4829: 4825: 4816: 4814: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4792: 4790: 4782: 4781: 4777: 4760: 4759: 4755: 4745: 4743: 4738: 4737: 4733: 4723: 4721: 4712: 4711: 4707: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4691: 4687: 4678: 4676: 4672: 4671: 4667: 4657: 4655: 4650: 4649: 4645: 4636: 4635: 4631: 4622: 4620: 4617:OpenBSD Journal 4611: 4610: 4606: 4597: 4595: 4585: 4581: 4572: 4570: 4561: 4560: 4556: 4547: 4545: 4544:. 29 April 2002 4540: 4539: 4535: 4526: 4524: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4501: 4499: 4486: 4485: 4478: 4468: 4466: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4444: 4442: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4423: 4421: 4417: 4416: 4409: 4400: 4398: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4379: 4377: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4349: 4347: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4328: 4326: 4311: 4304: 4295: 4293: 4285: 4284: 4280: 4270: 4268: 4260: 4259: 4255: 4238: 4237: 4233: 4224: 4222: 4218:Microsoft Learn 4211: 4210: 4206: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4181: 4174:"NTFS Overview" 4172: 4171: 4167: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4139: 4137: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4110: 4108: 4089: 4082: 4073: 4072: 4068: 4061: 4053:. p. vii. 4051:Microsoft Press 4041: 4037: 4027: 4025: 4018: 4014: 4005: 4003: 4001:www.freebsd.org 3995: 3994: 3990: 3981: 3979: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3959: 3949:Microsoft Press 3939: 3932: 3923: 3921: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3899: 3897: 3887: 3883: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3845: 3841: 3832: 3830: 3819: 3815: 3805: 3803: 3798: 3797: 3793: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3771: 3765: 3758: 3749: 3747: 3738: 3737: 3733: 3720: 3718: 3709: 3708: 3697: 3688: 3686: 3677: 3676: 3659: 3650: 3648: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3620: 3618: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3591: 3590: 3583: 3528: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3510: 3501: 3494: 3489: 3485: 3483: 3479: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3446: 3423: 3418: 3384: 3359: 3326: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3291: 3286: 3279: 3259: 3255: 3228: 3211: 3204: 3162: 3139: 3135: 3128: 3122:attributes list 3114: 3090: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3058: 3040: 3026: 3015: 3005: 2994: 2990: 2984: 2972: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2942: 2929: 2918: 2907: 2900: 2891: 2880: 2870: 2859: 2855: 2826: 2813: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2785: 2772: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2734: 2721: 2706: 2700: 2683: 2669:Segment number 2653: 2602: 2557:Bootstrap Code 2349:Hidden Sectors 2264:Unused by NTFS 2171: 2167: 2106: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2043: 2016: 2007: 1989:, the index of 1978: 1973: 1944: 1938: 1922: 1892: 1864: 1825: 1723: 1698: 1695: 1686: 1679: 1668: 1655: 1651: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1620: 1598:Mark of the Web 1559: 1553: 1511: 1502: 1491: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1462: 1442: 1373:format version 1370: 1358: 1344:defragmentation 1339: 1332: 1327: 1291: 1285: 1233: 1221: 1191: 1171: 1138: 1118: 1071: 1052: 1020: 1015: 1006: 1002: 986: 982: 978: 971: 949: 945: 941: 937: 930: 923: 919: 915: 908: 904: 897: 887: 827: 772:Windows NT 3.51 709: 646: 538: 534: 530: 525: 521: 517: 515: 510: 505: 495: 462: 453: 444: 438: 429:Windows NT 3.51 419: 406: 374:Date resolution 348: 339: 334:namespace: any 321: 316:namespace: any 305: 265: 258: 256: 241: 234: 232: 217: 210: 208: 201: 194: 175: 168: 166: 151: 144: 142: 134:Max volume size 113:File allocation 83: 82: 72: 54: 52: 49: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9418: 9408: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9375: 9374: 9372: 9371: 9366: 9361: 9355: 9353: 9349: 9348: 9346: 9345: 9343:Log-structured 9340: 9335: 9329: 9327: 9321: 9320: 9318: 9317: 9312: 9311: 9310: 9300: 9294: 9292: 9286: 9285: 9282: 9281: 9279: 9278: 9277: 9276: 9271: 9261: 9256: 9250: 9248: 9246:Access control 9242: 9241: 9239: 9238: 9237: 9236: 9231: 9223: 9218: 9213: 9212: 9211: 9204:File attribute 9201: 9196: 9191: 9189:Data scrubbing 9186: 9181: 9176: 9170: 9164: 9160: 9159: 9157: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9144:Steganographic 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9124:Log-structured 9121: 9116: 9111: 9110: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9088: 9086: 9082: 9081: 9078: 9077: 9075: 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9049: 9043: 9041: 9035: 9034: 9032: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8987: 8985: 8981: 8980: 8978: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8886: 8880: 8876: 8875: 8873: 8872: 8865: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8795: 8789: 8787: 8781: 8780: 8777: 8776: 8774: 8773: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8715: 8713: 8707: 8706: 8703: 8702: 8700: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8688: 8687: 8677: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8656: 8654: 8644: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8602: 8600: 8590: 8589: 8587: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8565: 8563: 8557: 8556: 8554: 8553: 8543: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8507: 8506: 8501: 8491: 8486: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8470: 8469: 8464: 8454: 8449: 8447:Reliance Nitro 8444: 8439: 8438: 8437: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8387: 8386: 8385: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8359: 8358: 8353: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8310: 8307:Classic Mac OS 8300: 8299: 8298: 8288: 8283: 8278: 8273: 8272: 8271: 8261: 8260: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8234: 8229: 8228: 8227: 8222: 8214: 8209: 8204: 8199: 8194: 8193: 8192: 8185: 8180: 8178:Be File System 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8136: 8130: 8124: 8123: 8121: 8120: 8115: 8114: 8113: 8102: 8099: 8098: 8091: 8090: 8083: 8076: 8068: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8055: 8044: 8032: 8029: 8028: 8026: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 7999: 7997: 7989: 7988: 7985: 7984: 7982: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7890: 7888: 7884: 7883: 7881: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7858:Steps Recorder 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7745: 7740: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7680: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7659: 7657: 7653: 7652: 7650: 7649: 7642: 7635: 7628: 7621: 7614: 7607: 7600: 7593: 7586: 7578: 7576: 7569: 7565: 7564: 7562: 7561: 7554: 7546: 7544: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7493: 7492: 7487: 7485:OLE Automation 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7452: 7451: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7429: 7427: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7401: 7399: 7395: 7394: 7392: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7325: 7323: 7319: 7318: 7316: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7253:Object Manager 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7213:Imaging Format 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7190: 7189: 7188: 7183: 7173: 7168: 7163: 7158: 7152: 7150: 7144: 7143: 7141: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7019: 7017: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7007: 7002: 6997: 6996: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6934: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6922: 6917: 6912: 6910:Task Scheduler 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6881: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6870: 6869: 6864: 6859: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6843: 6842: 6840:Special folder 6837: 6832: 6827: 6822: 6812: 6807: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6781: 6779: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6752:Voice Recorder 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6638: 6637: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6607: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6582: 6577: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6552: 6546: 6544: 6538: 6537: 6535: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6523: 6522: 6515:Windows Update 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6485:System Restore 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6432: 6427: 6422: 6417: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6397: 6395:Device Manager 6392: 6387: 6385:Command Prompt 6382: 6376: 6374: 6368: 6367: 6365: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6353: 6352: 6347: 6339: 6333: 6330: 6329: 6322: 6321: 6314: 6307: 6299: 6293: 6292: 6287: 6280: 6279:External links 6277: 6275: 6274: 6256: 6250: 6231: 6225: 6206: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6164: 6138: 6113: 6088: 6062: 6031: 6004: 5979: 5954: 5936: 5910: 5885: 5853: 5823: 5800: 5776: 5762:Microsoft Docs 5748: 5713: 5681: 5646: 5623:"Sparse Files" 5614: 5600: 5586: 5572: 5547: 5521: 5495: 5473: 5459: 5445: 5424: 5404: 5367: 5355:Tom's Hardware 5341: 5320: 5299: 5278: 5275:on 2011-02-23. 5256: 5230: 5216:Microsoft Docs 5202: 5177: 5152: 5142: 5121: 5100: 5068: 5038: 5026:Microsoft Docs 5013: 5001:Microsoft Docs 4988: 4967: 4956:. 18 July 2012 4937: 4908: 4874: 4848: 4823: 4799: 4775: 4753: 4731: 4705: 4694:"About Tuxera" 4685: 4665: 4643: 4629: 4604: 4579: 4554: 4533: 4508: 4476: 4451: 4430: 4407: 4386: 4357: 4335: 4302: 4278: 4253: 4250:on 2024-03-09. 4231: 4204: 4179: 4165: 4147: 4117: 4080: 4066: 4059: 4035: 4024:. The PC Guide 4012: 3988: 3977:www.kernel.org 3964: 3957: 3930: 3906: 3881: 3869: 3839: 3813: 3791: 3756: 3731: 3695: 3657: 3628: 3602: 3581: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3477: 3468: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3413: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3383: 3380: 3358: 3355: 3351: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3325: 3322: 3271: 3270: 3263: 3251: 3247: 3244: 3227: 3224: 3216: 3215: 3208: 3201: 3200: 3199: 3187: 3180: 3179: 3178: 3156: 3152: 3113: 3110: 3096:flash drives, 3053: 3052: 3049: 3045: 3044: 3037:symbolic links 3035:data (such as 3029: 3024: 3020: 3019: 3008: 3003: 2999: 2998: 2987: 2982: 2978: 2977: 2969: 2965: 2964: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2935: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2922: 2894: 2889: 2885: 2884: 2873: 2868: 2864: 2863: 2836:bootstrap code 2829: 2824: 2820: 2819: 2816: 2811: 2807: 2806: 2791:Root directory 2788: 2783: 2779: 2778: 2775: 2770: 2766: 2765: 2737: 2732: 2728: 2727: 2724: 2719: 2715: 2714: 2703: 2698: 2694: 2693: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2652: 2649: 2626:Windows Search 2601: 2598: 2579: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2569: 2566: 2562: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2545: 2542: 2539: 2536: 2533: 2529: 2528: 2525: 2522: 2519: 2516: 2512: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2477: 2476: 2473: 2470: 2467: 2464: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2452: 2449: 2446: 2442: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2425: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2415: 2412: 2408: 2407: 2404: 2403:Total sectors 2401: 2398: 2395: 2391: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2371: 2370: 2367: 2364: 2361: 2358: 2354: 2353: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2341: 2337: 2336: 2333: 2330: 2327: 2324: 2320: 2319: 2316: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2303: 2302: 2299: 2296: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2285: 2282: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2269: 2268: 2265: 2262: 2259: 2256: 2252: 2251: 2248: 2245: 2242: 2239: 2235: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2219: 2218: 2215: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2192: 2189: 2186: 2182: 2181: 2178: 2175: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2156: 2153: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2132: 2131: 2128: 2125: 2124:Typical value 2122: 2119: 2105: 2102: 2015: 2012: 2006: 2003: 1999:System Restore 1991:Windows Search 1980:Starting with 1977: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1960:Object Manager 1948:symbolic links 1940:Main article: 1937: 1936:Reparse points 1934: 1921: 1918: 1891: 1888: 1879:System Restore 1863: 1860: 1824: 1821: 1812:disk partition 1722: 1719: 1709:of mechanical 1694: 1691: 1670:Users of fast 1667: 1664: 1619: 1616: 1578:resource forks 1574:Windows NT 3.1 1555:Main article: 1552: 1549: 1510: 1507: 1437: 1436: 1430: 1429: 1423: 1422: 1419: 1413: 1412: 1406: 1405: 1399: 1398: 1392: 1391: 1385: 1384: 1381: 1379:Windows NT 4.0 1375: 1374: 1368: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1306:asymmetric key 1287:Main article: 1284: 1281: 1232: 1229: 1220: 1217: 1205:Ahead Software 1190: 1187: 1170: 1167: 1165:hard drives. 1137: 1134: 1070: 1067: 1051: 1048: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1001:file size is 8 997:, the maximum 957:Windows XP SP1 886: 883: 858: 857: 854: 847: 844: 839: 835: 834: 831: 820:reparse points 808: 805: 800: 796: 795: 792: 787: 784: 782:Windows NT 4.0 779: 775: 774: 768: 762: 759: 757:Windows NT 3.5 754: 750: 749: 746: 743: 740: 738:Windows NT 3.1 735: 731: 730: 727: 724: 721: 718: 708: 705: 688:disk partition 645: 642: 603:Windows NT 3.1 601:Starting with 567:in the 1990s. 549:NT File System 544: 543: 502:Windows NT 3.1 499: 491: 490: 486: 485: 478: 472: 471: 441: 433: 432: 421: 415: 414: 409: 401: 400: 397: 393: 392: 385: 379: 378: 375: 371: 370: 367: 363: 362: 359: 358:Dates recorded 355: 354: 350: 349: 347: 346: 328: 309: 307: 301: 300: 293: 289: 288: 285: 277: 276: 191: 187: 186: 161:version 1703, 135: 131: 130: 126: 125: 122: 118: 117: 114: 110: 109: 103: 99: 98: 94: 93: 70: 64: 63: 61:Windows NT 3.1 46: 42: 41: 40:NT File System 38: 34: 33: 28: 20:NT File System 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9417: 9406: 9405:1993 software 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9387: 9385: 9370: 9367: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9357: 9356: 9354: 9350: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9333:Cryptographic 9331: 9330: 9328: 9326: 9322: 9316: 9313: 9309: 9306: 9305: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9295: 9293: 9291: 9287: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9266: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9251: 9249: 9247: 9243: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9226: 9224: 9222: 9219: 9217: 9214: 9210: 9207: 9206: 9205: 9202: 9200: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9190: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9180: 9179:Copy-on-write 9177: 9175: 9172: 9171: 9168: 9165: 9161: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9094: 9093: 9090: 9089: 9087: 9083: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9044: 9042: 9040: 9036: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8988: 8986: 8982: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8887: 8884: 8881: 8877: 8871: 8870: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8859: 8856: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8803: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8790: 8788: 8786: 8782: 8772: 8771: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8716: 8714: 8712: 8708: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8686: 8683: 8682: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8657: 8655: 8653: 8652:wear leveling 8648: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8603: 8601: 8599: 8595: 8591: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8566: 8564: 8562: 8558: 8551: 8547: 8544: 8541: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8497: 8496: 8495: 8492: 8490: 8487: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8475: 8472: 8468: 8465: 8462: 8458: 8457: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8436: 8433: 8432: 8431: 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8384: 8381: 8380: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8348: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8318: 8314: 8311: 8308: 8304: 8301: 8297: 8294: 8293: 8292: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8279: 8277: 8274: 8270: 8267: 8266: 8265: 8262: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8239: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8217: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8190: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8179: 8176: 8175: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8137: 8134: 8131: 8125: 8119: 8116: 8112: 8109: 8108: 8107: 8104: 8103: 8100: 8096: 8089: 8084: 8082: 8077: 8075: 8070: 8069: 8066: 8054: 8045: 8043: 8034: 8033: 8030: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7996: 7990: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7974:Windows To Go 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7891: 7889: 7885: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7843:Photo Gallery 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7788:Meeting Space 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7758:HyperTerminal 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7744: 7741: 7739: 7736: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7728:Easy Transfer 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7686: 7684: 7681: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7660: 7658: 7654: 7648: 7647: 7643: 7641: 7640: 7636: 7634: 7633: 7629: 7627: 7626: 7622: 7620: 7619: 7615: 7613: 7612: 7608: 7606: 7605: 7601: 7599: 7598: 7594: 7592: 7591: 7587: 7585: 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6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6712:Snipping Tool 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6670: 6668: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6636: 6633: 6632: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6583: 6581: 6578: 6576: 6573: 6571: 6570:Character Map 6568: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6547: 6545: 6543: 6539: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6521: 6518: 6517: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6448: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6436: 6433: 6431: 6428: 6426: 6423: 6421: 6418: 6416: 6413: 6411: 6408: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6390:Control Panel 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6380:App Installer 6378: 6377: 6375: 6369: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6341:Architecture 6340: 6338: 6335: 6334: 6331: 6327: 6320: 6315: 6313: 6308: 6306: 6301: 6300: 6297: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6282: 6271: 6267: 6266: 6261: 6257: 6253: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6238: 6232: 6228: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6213: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6194: 6193: 6179: 6175: 6168: 6153:. 2 July 2012 6152: 6148: 6142: 6128:on 2010-08-23 6127: 6123: 6117: 6102: 6098: 6092: 6076: 6072: 6066: 6059: 6049:on 2015-02-23 6048: 6044: 6038: 6036: 6020:on 2021-02-27 6019: 6015: 6008: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5950: 5946: 5940: 5924: 5920: 5919:"Boot Sector" 5914: 5899: 5895: 5889: 5873: 5869: 5868: 5863: 5857: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5827: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5804: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5764: 5763: 5758: 5752: 5738:on 2007-02-21 5737: 5733: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5717: 5701: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5685: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5650: 5634: 5630: 5629: 5624: 5618: 5610: 5604: 5596: 5590: 5582: 5576: 5561: 5557: 5551: 5536: 5532: 5525: 5517: 5513: 5506: 5504: 5502: 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4345: 4339: 4325:on 2006-07-18 4324: 4320: 4316: 4309: 4307: 4292: 4288: 4282: 4267: 4266:Rodsbooks.com 4263: 4257: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4235: 4220: 4219: 4214: 4208: 4190: 4183: 4175: 4169: 4161: 4157: 4151: 4135: 4131: 4130:Microsoft.com 4127: 4121: 4107: 4103: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4087: 4085: 4076: 4070: 4062: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4047: 4039: 4023: 4016: 4002: 3998: 3992: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3960: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3945: 3937: 3935: 3920: 3916: 3910: 3896: 3892: 3885: 3872: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3843: 3829:on 2016-07-18 3828: 3824: 3817: 3801: 3795: 3777: 3770: 3763: 3761: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3728: 3716: 3712: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3684: 3680: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3662: 3647:on 2019-05-13 3646: 3642: 3638: 3632: 3616: 3612: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3588: 3586: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3559:11250/2631756 3555: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3524: 3519: 3481: 3472: 3454: 3450: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3421: 3410: 3407: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3385: 3379: 3376: 3375:standard time 3372: 3366: 3364: 3354: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3337: 3334: 3330: 3321: 3317: 3302: 3298: 3295: 3283: 3276: 3268: 3264: 3252: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3241: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3223: 3219: 3209: 3202: 3196: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3183: 3181: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3160: 3159: 3157: 3153: 3150: 3146: 3145: 3144: 3134:According to 3132: 3125: 3123: 3119: 3109: 3107: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3073: 3064: 3046: 3038: 3034: 3033:reparse point 3030: 3025: 3021: 3013: 3012:link tracking 3009: 3004: 3000: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2971:Reserved for 2966: 2946: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2916: 2914: 2905: 2898: 2895: 2890: 2886: 2878: 2874: 2869: 2865: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2830: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2792: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2754:$ VOLUME_NAME 2742: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2704: 2699: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2682: 2678: 2667: 2661: 2659: 2648: 2644: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2629: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 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1931: 1926: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1906: 1904: 1899: 1897: 1887: 1884: 1880: 1875: 1873: 1872:copy-on-write 1869: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1846: 1841: 1834: 1829: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1798: 1786: 1782: 1771: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1755:reparse point 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1737:updated with 1736: 1732: 1728: 1718: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1693:Disadvantages 1690: 1684: 1676: 1673: 1663: 1661: 1647: 1645: 1629: 1625: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1607: 1601: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1558: 1548: 1546: 1541: 1538: 1533: 1531: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1506: 1500: 1495: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1435: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1403:Windows Vista 1401: 1400: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1337: 1322: 1318: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1302:symmetric key 1299: 1295: 1290: 1280: 1276: 1274: 1273:Windows Vista 1270: 1266: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1242: 1237: 1228: 1226: 1216: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1200: 1196: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1150: 1149:kernel panics 1146: 1145:Mac OS X 10.6 1142: 1141:Mac OS X 10.3 1133: 1131: 1126: 1124: 1116: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1080: 1075: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1047: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1010: 1000: 996: 992: 976: 968: 966: 962: 958: 954: 935: 928: 912: 902: 895: 892: 882: 880: 876: 872: 871:Windows Vista 867: 855: 852: 849:Expanded the 848: 846:October 2001 845: 843: 840: 837: 836: 832: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 806: 804: 801: 798: 797: 793: 791: 788: 785: 783: 780: 777: 776: 773: 769: 767: 763: 760: 758: 755: 752: 751: 747: 744: 741: 739: 736: 733: 732: 728: 726:New features 725: 723:Release date 722: 719: 716: 715: 712: 704: 702: 698: 694: 689: 684: 682: 678: 673: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 641: 638: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 599: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 568: 566: 563:developed by 562: 558: 554: 550: 541: 537: 533: 528: 524: 520: 513: 508: 507:Mac OS X 10.3 503: 500: 498: 492: 487: 483: 479: 477: 473: 469: 465: 460: 456: 451: 447: 442: 440: 434: 430: 426: 422: 416: 413: 410: 408: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 351: 345: 337: 333: 329: 327: 319: 315: 311: 310: 308: 302: 298: 294: 290: 286: 278: 274: 270: 263: 254: 250: 246: 239: 230: 226: 222: 215: 206: 199: 192: 190:Max file size 188: 184: 180: 173: 164: 160: 156: 149: 140: 136: 132: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 104: 100: 95: 91: 86: 80: 75: 71: 69: 68:Partition IDs 65: 62: 47: 43: 39: 35: 32: 29: 27: 23: 9298:File manager 8867: 8768: 8594:Flash memory 8561:Optical disc 8499:soft updates 8479:Soup (Apple) 8394: 8129:non-rotating 8095:File systems 8008:File Manager 7848:Photo Viewer 7783:Media Center 7743:Groove Music 7673:Address Book 7644: 7637: 7630: 7625:Purble Place 7623: 7616: 7609: 7602: 7595: 7590:Chess Titans 7588: 7581: 7568:Discontinued 7556: 7549: 7248:Ntoskrnl.exe 7156:Boot Manager 7148:Architecture 7038:Group Policy 6962: 6930:File systems 6830:Saved search 6737:Sticky Notes 6702:Quick Assist 6630:Media Player 6600:Feedback Hub 6595:Fax and Scan 6490:Task Manager 6420:Event Viewer 6400:Disk Cleanup 6263: 6236: 6211: 6201: 6177: 6167: 6157:22 September 6155:. 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