248:
176:
113:
149:, of which they were not members. Colonel Oliver laid his wife to rest in land near their home, where she was soon joined by two of Oliver's daughters who passed shortly after Beatrice. Following their burials, Colonel Oliver gave up around one hectare or 2.47 acres of land to the other American immigrants in the area so that they too could bury their dead. The Cemitério do Campo now holds an estimated four hundred to five hundred graves, an ecumenical chapel, and many objects regarding the Confederacy. This includes the Confederate Memorial Obelisk which has carved the names of the first American immigrants to settle in
260:
romanticizes the history of the town and minimizes the atrocities of slavery that the
Confederados continued to practice in Brazil. Another layer to the story is although much of the city's population is descended from Confederate immigrants, there is still a large black population who find roots in the slave trade practiced by these immigrants. Their connection to the story is on the other side of the Confederate soldiers. Many people have spoken out about adjusting the holiday. In response, a law was passed by a city councilwoman in the area, Esther Moraes (
195:. The dresses themselves can take months to sew, and some include designs of things that the American immigrants brought to Brazil, including crops. And while these outfits are seen and worn quite commonly at this event, there is no official dress code for those attending. Just as there are some who attend in traditional garb, there are an equal number of attendees in modern clothing. The one thing that is found consistently throughout the outfits and the festival itself is the Confederate flag.
199:
69:
104:, which was finalized in 1888. Analyzing the background of many of the Confederate emigrants, Brazil was not the only option for them. Their wealth, knowledge of transatlantic trade, and connection with Brazilian leaders were what brought them to Brazil. Access to agricultural lands and a steady climate were beneficial to them as they were already familiar with it and knew how to use it to farm to their advantage.
137:
206:
The
Confederate flag is a central part of Festa dos Confederados as it is the main form of Confederate representation. Despite the fact that there are many controversies surrounding this symbol, it can still be found on many surfaces around the festival. This includes clothing, booths, gravestones,
210:
People of all ages, most dressed in traditional outfits, participate in a variety of dances to honor
Confederate history. Some of those who perform have been dancing at the festival since they were young. As the years have progressed the festival has grown to include old, antebellum-era dances and
183:
The purpose of Festa dos
Confederados is to celebrate the Confederate history and heritage of Santa Barbara d’Oeste. It takes place at Cemitério do Campo in São Paulo, Brazil towards the end of the month of April. Festa dos Confederados contains many aspects that correlate closely with stereotypes
214:
Booths at the festival at Festa dos
Confederados also sell food and vendors tend to follow the Southern stereotype by selling fried chicken, biscuits, and cookies. At each of these booths, the currency accepted is faux Confederate dollar bills. These Confederate dollars are acquired by trading in
231:
and began their new lives. Another difficulty for them is interpreting what is real and what is fiction from their complicated heritage. Because the
Confederados came to Brazil and adopted new identities, there is misleading information and missing details. When it comes to celebrating Festa Dos
166:
The Cemitério do Campo is now under the care of the
American Descendants Brotherhood. This is a group that consists of the descendants of the Americans who first settled in the region in 1866. This association focuses on the maintenance of the cemetery, the immigration history, and encouraging
259:
that reflects the history of the central conflict and its connection to slavery. Because of its repeated appearance on the holiday, debates about a new law being passed to ban the flags could ultimately lead to a ban on the holiday in general. Other concerns have been expressed that the holiday
243:
In the last 5 years, the United States has taken further actions to remove monuments in relation to
Confederate history. In connection with the monuments, more Americans have become concerned that this Brazilian holiday, "celebrates the wrong side of history." Many argue that the display of the
157:
on all four sides. The flag on the memorial is not the only one found on the grounds, as the
Cemetery of the Field is home to one of the largest Confederate flags in the world. This giant flag is where many of the festivities for the Festa dos Confederados take place.
523:
244:
Confederate flag throughout the festival is offensive because of the racist connotation that it is connected to. Although the celebration pays tribute to the roots of their heritage, it fails to recognize the confederates association with slavery.
144:
This cemetery was formed in 1867 when
Beatrice Oliver, an American immigrant, passed away. Beatrice Oliver's husband, Colonel Oliver, was unable to bury her body within the municipal cemetery at the time because it belonged to the
283:"Laura Jarnagin. A Confluence of Transatlantic Networks: Elites, Capitalism, and Confederate Migration to Brazil. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2008. 448 pp. ISBN 978-0-8173-1624-2, $ 49.75 (cloth)"
223:
For Brazilians, their interaction with Confederate history is complicated. They reflect on their ancestors and stories that have been passed down to them, but they did not directly participate in the
235:
The historical cemetery shares the same land where the first Baptist church was organized which brought that religion to the area. For a time, both English and Portuguese were spoken in the area.
207:
memorials, and an assortment of items for sale. At the Cemitério do Campo lays one of the biggest Confederate flags, which doubles as a stage for one of the main focuses of the festival: dancing.
96:. This letter exchange provides evidence as to the reason why the Confederates were leaving and that the diplomats were aware that they were coming with the intent of continuing the practice of
184:
that have commonly been associated with United States Southern culture. Thousands of people, including natives and tourists, travel from afar to attend this celebration each year.
232:
Confederados, they are not celebrating what the Confederados did previously before arriving in Brazil, but their ancestors who started a settlement and who they share heritage with.
215:
real currency and receiving faux money in return. Funds made at Festa dos Confederados are put towards the upkeep of the grounds of the cemetery and other miscellaneous causes.
607:
211:
new, modern line dances. As the wide range of dances suggests, the music at the festival incorporates many different styles such as rock and country.
46:, as Brazil was one of the last countries to legally bar slavery. As years have passed, there has been an increase in contention around the holiday as
188:
524:"Confederate Festival in Brazilian town where US exiles from the South founded a slave-owning colony after the Civil War faces ban, report says"
451:
417:
732:
722:
187:
Many attendees of this festival dress in replicas of traditional clothing worn during the time period of the Confederacy. This includes
154:
51:
727:
54:
as a symbol of historical racism, and Brazilian Confederados see it as something that connects them to their ancestors.
175:
737:
352:
608:"G1 > Edição São Paulo – NOTÍCIAS – Descendentes de confederados celebram em SP o fim da Guerra Civil dos EUA"
247:
112:
379:
89:
81:
39:
35:
548:
227:. They were brought into the history of the war unintentionally as former Confederates fled to the state of
261:
167:
cooperation among the descendants. They have a large role in hosting Festa dos Confederados as well.
150:
85:
23:
88:
from 1865 to 1868. Letters have been found between Brazilian consulates and members of the former
357:
A Confluence of Transatlantic Networks: Elites, Capitalism, and Confederate Migration to Brazil
136:
128:. This cemetery is the burial place of many American Confederates that migrated to Brazil.
8:
264:), which prevents public funds from being used for events that display "racist symbols".
698:
656:
589:
256:
224:
77:
43:
578:"O Espelho Americano: Americanos para Brasileiro Ver e Brazilians for American to See"
702:
459:
425:
302:
93:
498:
690:
648:
333:
294:
38:
soldiers fleeing to Brazil to continue practicing slavery after the defeat of the
146:
140:
Jimmy Carter with descendants of Confederados at the Confederate Memorial Obelisk
694:
716:
463:
429:
306:
678:
121:
101:
63:
31:
228:
125:
27:
593:
577:
321:
298:
198:
679:"The crisis of Confederate memory in the Interior of Sao Paulo, Brazil"
337:
282:
192:
660:
68:
47:
124:
is hosted at the Cemitério do Campo or the Cemetery of the Field in
652:
636:
549:"Racial capitalism and 'Dixie' music: Brazil's last confederates"
97:
80:, an estimated population between two thousand and four thousand
179:
Men in Confederate uniform replicas at Festa dos Confederados
92:
following the end of the war expressing interest in Brazil's
418:"New law could mark end of American Confederacy – in Brazil"
238:
22:
is a festival which takes place at the end of April in
452:"A Slice of the Confederacy in the Interior of Brazil"
322:"Confederates and Yankees under the Southern Cross"
714:
251:Battle Flag of the Confederate States of America
255:The Confederate flag is the main symbol of the
30:. The festival commemorates the history of the
57:
380:"Cemitério do Campo – Arte Funerária Brasil"
84:soldiers immigrated to Brazil, settling in
100:. Brazil was one of the last countries to
634:
350:
246:
197:
174:
135:
111:
67:
676:
715:
575:
449:
170:
672:
670:
630:
628:
571:
569:
319:
239:Controversies surrounding the holiday
218:
492:
490:
488:
486:
484:
482:
480:
412:
410:
408:
406:
404:
402:
400:
398:
396:
374:
372:
370:
368:
366:
280:
16:Annual festival in São Paulo, Brazil
733:Aftermath of the American Civil War
496:
326:Bulletin of Latin American Research
13:
723:American diaspora in South America
667:
625:
566:
14:
749:
497:Ray, Montana (16 November 2020).
477:
393:
363:
202:People at Festa dos Confederados
86:Santa Barbara D’Oeste, São Paulo
600:
541:
516:
443:
344:
313:
274:
1:
267:
161:
90:Confederate States of America
72:Location of São Paulo, Brazil
40:Confederate States of America
637:"American Brazilian English"
450:Romero, Simon (8 May 2016).
281:Karp, Matthew (March 2012).
116:Chapel at Cemitério do Campo
7:
635:Medeiros, Regina D (1982).
107:
58:History of the Confederados
10:
754:
728:Cultural history of Brazil
353:"The Migration Phenomenon"
320:Silva, Celio (July 2015).
131:
61:
695:10.1177/17506980211054336
422:Christian Science Monitor
189:Confederate army uniforms
677:Brasher, Jordan (2021).
351:Jarnagin, Laura (2008).
76:In the aftermath of the
738:Confederate expatriates
582:Revista de Antropologia
576:Dawsey, John C (1994).
287:Enterprise and Society
252:
203:
180:
141:
117:
73:
50:see the symbol of the
34:, who were a group of
24:Santa Barbara, d'Oeste
20:Festa dos Confederados
250:
201:
178:
153:, accompanied by the
151:Santa Bárbara d'Oeste
139:
115:
71:
171:Festival traditions
596:– via JSTOR.
503:The Point Magazine
456:The New York Times
338:10.1111/blar.12202
253:
219:Native perspective
204:
181:
142:
118:
74:
44:American Civil War
499:"Os Confederados"
299:10.1093/es/khr045
191:and dresses with
126:Sāo Paulo, Brazil
28:São Paulo, Brazil
745:
707:
706:
689:(6): 1314–1332.
674:
665:
664:
632:
623:
622:
620:
618:
604:
598:
597:
573:
564:
563:
561:
559:
545:
539:
538:
536:
534:
528:Business Insider
520:
514:
513:
511:
509:
494:
475:
474:
472:
470:
447:
441:
440:
438:
436:
414:
391:
390:
388:
386:
376:
361:
360:
348:
342:
341:
317:
311:
310:
278:
155:Confederate flag
52:Confederate flag
26:in the state of
753:
752:
748:
747:
746:
744:
743:
742:
713:
712:
711:
710:
675:
668:
641:American Speech
633:
626:
616:
614:
606:
605:
601:
574:
567:
557:
555:
547:
546:
542:
532:
530:
522:
521:
517:
507:
505:
495:
478:
468:
466:
448:
444:
434:
432:
416:
415:
394:
384:
382:
378:
377:
364:
349:
345:
318:
314:
279:
275:
270:
241:
221:
173:
164:
147:Catholic Church
134:
110:
102:abolish slavery
66:
60:
17:
12:
11:
5:
751:
741:
740:
735:
730:
725:
709:
708:
683:Memory Studies
666:
653:10.2307/454453
647:(2): 150–152.
624:
599:
565:
540:
515:
476:
442:
392:
362:
343:
332:(3): 370–384.
312:
293:(1): 228–229.
272:
271:
269:
266:
240:
237:
220:
217:
172:
169:
163:
160:
133:
130:
120:The Festa dos
109:
106:
62:Main article:
59:
56:
42:following the
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
750:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
720:
718:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
673:
671:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
631:
629:
613:
609:
603:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
572:
570:
554:
550:
544:
529:
525:
519:
504:
500:
493:
491:
489:
487:
485:
483:
481:
465:
461:
457:
453:
446:
431:
427:
423:
419:
413:
411:
409:
407:
405:
403:
401:
399:
397:
381:
375:
373:
371:
369:
367:
358:
354:
347:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
316:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
277:
273:
265:
263:
258:
249:
245:
236:
233:
230:
226:
216:
212:
208:
200:
196:
194:
190:
185:
177:
168:
159:
156:
152:
148:
138:
129:
127:
123:
114:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
70:
65:
55:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
686:
682:
644:
640:
615:. Retrieved
612:g1.globo.com
611:
602:
585:
581:
556:. Retrieved
552:
543:
531:. Retrieved
527:
518:
506:. Retrieved
502:
467:. Retrieved
455:
445:
433:. Retrieved
421:
383:. Retrieved
356:
346:
329:
325:
315:
290:
286:
276:
254:
242:
234:
222:
213:
209:
205:
186:
182:
165:
143:
122:Confederados
119:
94:slave system
75:
64:Confederados
32:Confederados
19:
18:
588:: 203–256.
553:Al Día News
193:hoop skirts
82:Confederate
36:Confederate
717:Categories
268:References
162:Caregivers
703:245016555
464:0362-4331
430:0882-7729
307:1467-2227
257:Civil War
229:São Paulo
225:Civil War
78:Civil War
48:Americans
594:41616144
359:. 28–24.
108:Location
617:6 April
558:5 April
533:5 April
508:5 April
469:5 April
435:5 April
385:5 April
132:History
98:slavery
701:
661:454453
659:
592:
462:
428:
305:
699:S2CID
657:JSTOR
590:JSTOR
619:2023
560:2023
535:2023
510:2023
471:2023
460:ISSN
437:2023
426:ISSN
387:2023
303:ISSN
691:doi
649:doi
334:doi
295:doi
719::
697:.
687:14
685:.
681:.
669:^
655:.
645:57
643:.
639:.
627:^
610:.
586:37
584:.
580:.
568:^
551:.
526:.
501:.
479:^
458:.
454:.
424:.
420:.
395:^
365:^
355:.
330:34
328:.
324:.
301:.
291:13
289:.
285:.
262:PL
705:.
693::
663:.
651::
621:.
562:.
537:.
512:.
473:.
439:.
389:.
340:.
336::
309:.
297::
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
.jpg)