798:
815:
781:
764:
38:
59:
2286:
2632:
2669:
918:; otherwise thermal disorder would overcome the weak interactions of magnetic moments. The exchange interaction has a zero probability of parallel electrons occupying the same point in time, implying a preferred parallel alignment in the material. The Boltzmann factor contributes heavily as it prefers interacting particles to be aligned in the same direction. This causes
2300:. This can result in ferromagnetic materials having no spontaneous magnetism as domains could potentially balance each other out. The position of particles can therefore have different orientations around the surface than the main part (bulk) of the material. This property directly affects the Curie temperature as there can be a bulk Curie temperature
2789:(Figure 4); that is they are dependent on their past state as well as their current state. As an electric field is applied the dipoles are forced to align and polarisation is created, when the electric field is removed polarisation remains. The hysteresis loop depends on temperature and as a result as the temperature is increased and reaches
2534:. The exchange interaction favours the aligned parallel magnetic moments due to electrons being unable to occupy the same space in time and as this is increased due to the volume decreasing the Curie temperature increases with pressure. The Curie temperature is made up of a combination of dependencies on kinetic energy and the DOS.
797:
2530:(DOS). Here the DOS decreases causing the number of electrons available to the system to decrease. This leads to the number of magnetic moments decreasing as they depend on electron spins. It would be expected because of this that the Curie temperature would decrease; however, it increases. This is the result of the
638:. Of these two terms, the electron magnetic moment dominates, and the nuclear magnetic moment is insignificant. At higher temperatures, electrons have higher thermal energy. This has a randomizing effect on aligned magnetic domains, leading to the disruption of order, and the phenomena of the Curie point.
2501:
Although fluctuations in particles can be minuscule, they are heavily dependent on the structure of crystal lattices as they react with their nearest neighbouring particles. Fluctuations are also affected by the exchange interaction as parallel facing magnetic moments are favoured and therefore have
2492:
structure (hcp) all have different Curie temperatures due to magnetic moments reacting to their neighbouring electron spins. fcc and hcp have tighter structures and as a results have higher Curie temperatures than bcc as the magnetic moments have stronger effects when closer together. This is known
955:
Below the Curie temperature the atoms of each ion are aligned anti-parallel with different momentums causing a spontaneous magnetism; the material is ferrimagnetic. Above the Curie temperature the material is paramagnetic as the atoms lose their ordered magnetic moments as the material undergoes a
947:
When a magnetic field is absent the material has a spontaneous magnetism which is the result of ordered magnetic moments; that is, for ferrimagnetism one ion's magnetic moments are aligned facing in one direction with certain magnitude and the other ion's magnetic moments are aligned facing in the
2410:
on the surface, that is it is highly directed in one orientation. It remains ferromagnetic on its surface above its Curie temperature (219K) while its bulk becomes antiferromagnetic and then at higher temperatures its surface remains antiferromagnetic above its bulk Néel
Temperature (230K) before
854:
is absent and magnetic when a magnetic field is applied. When a magnetic field is absent, the material has disordered magnetic moments; that is, the magnetic moments are asymmetrical and not aligned. When a magnetic field is present, the magnetic moments are temporarily realigned parallel to the
835:
Ferromagnetic, paramagnetic, ferrimagnetic, and antiferromagnetic structures are made up of intrinsic magnetic moments. If all the electrons within the structure are paired, these moments cancel out due to their opposite spins and angular momenta. Thus, even with an applied magnetic field, these
2434:
The alignment of magnetic moments in the composite material affects the Curie temperature. If the material's moments are parallel with each other, the Curie temperature will increase and if perpendicular the Curie temperature will decrease as either more or less thermal energy will be needed to
2449:
are compact structures on a nano-scale. The structure is built up of high and low bulk Curie temperatures, however will only have one mean-field Curie temperature. A higher density of lower bulk temperatures results in a lower mean-field Curie temperature, and a higher density of higher bulk
2497:
which is the number of nearest neighbouring particles in a structure. This indicates a lower coordination number at the surface of a material than the bulk which leads to the surface becoming less significant when the temperature is approaching the Curie temperature. In smaller systems the
616:
Iron filings, after being heated for a long time, are attracted by a loadstone, yet not so strongly or from so great a distance as when not heated. A loadstone loses some of its virtue by too great a heat; for its humour is set free, whence its peculiar nature is marred. (Book 2, Chapter
1000:
The material has equal magnetic moments aligned in opposite directions resulting in a zero magnetic moment and a net magnetism of zero at all temperatures below the Néel temperature. Antiferromagnetic materials are weakly magnetic in the absence or presence of an applied magnetic field.
2186:
One should note, in 1D the Curie (critical) temperature for a magnetic order phase transition is found to be at zero temperature, i.e. the magnetic order takes over only at T = 0. In 2D, the critical temperature, e.g. a finite magnetization, can be calculated by solving the inequality:
925:
Below the Curie temperature, the atoms are aligned and parallel, causing spontaneous magnetism; the material is ferromagnetic. Above the Curie temperature the material is paramagnetic, as the atoms lose their ordered magnetic moments when the material undergoes a phase transition.
780:
814:
2411:
becoming completely disordered and paramagnetic with increasing temperature. The anisotropy in the bulk is different from its surface anisotropy just above these phase changes as the magnetic moments will be ordered differently or ordered in paramagnetic materials.
2115:
The spontaneous magnetism, occurring in ferromagnetic, ferrimagnetic, and antiferromagnetic materials, approaches zero as the temperature increases towards the material's Curie temperature. Spontaneous magnetism is at its maximum as the temperature approaches
885:
Above the Curie temperature, the atoms are excited, and the spin orientations become randomized but can be realigned by an applied field, i.e., the material becomes paramagnetic. Below the Curie temperature, the intrinsic structure has undergone a
763:
1587:
1004:
Similar to ferromagnetic materials the magnetic interactions are held together by exchange interactions preventing thermal disorder from overcoming the weak interactions of magnetic moments. When disorder occurs it is at the Néel temperature.
2522:
in particles as movement increases causing the vibrations to disrupt the order of magnetic moments. This is similar to temperature as it also increases the kinetic energy of particles and destroys the order of magnetic moments and magnetism.
951:
Similar to ferromagnetic materials the magnetic interactions are held together by exchange interactions. The orientations of moments however are anti-parallel which results in a net momentum by subtracting their momentum from one another.
2462:) the fluctuations of electron spins become more prominent, which results in the Curie temperature drastically decreasing when the size of particles decreases, as the fluctuations cause disorder. The size of a particle also affects the
2450:
temperature significantly increases the mean-field Curie temperature. In more than one dimension the Curie temperature begins to increase as the magnetic moments will need more thermal energy to overcome the ordered structure.
128:
Permanent magnetism is caused by the alignment of magnetic moments, and induced magnetism is created when disordered magnetic moments are forced to align in an applied magnetic field. For example, the ordered magnetic moments
2179:
This model is important for solving and understanding the concepts of phase transitions and hence solving the Curie temperature. As a result, many different dependencies that affect the Curie temperature can be analysed.
808:: The magnetic moments in a ferrimagnetic material have different magnitudes (due to the crystal containing two different types of magnetic ions) which are aligned oppositely in the absence of an applied magnetic field.
124:
of electrons. Materials have different structures of intrinsic magnetic moments that depend on temperature; the Curie temperature is the critical point at which a material's intrinsic magnetic moments change direction.
1401:
2877:
1966:
4426:
Paulsen, J. A.; Lo, C. C. H.; Snyder, J. E.; Ring, A. P.; Jones, L. L.; Jiles, D. C. (23 September 2003). "Study of the Curie temperature of cobalt ferrite based composites for stress sensor applications".
1848:
2605:
is the temperature where ferroelectric materials lose their spontaneous polarisation as a first or second order phase change occurs. In case of a second order transition, the Curie Weiss temperature
2537:
The concentration of particles also affects the Curie temperature when pressure is being applied and can result in a decrease in Curie temperature when the concentration is above a certain percent.
2275:
1788:
2328:
on the surface of the material. An average total magnetism is taken from the bulk and surface temperatures to calculate the Curie temperature from the material, noting the bulk contributes more.
2134:
Both Curie's law and the Curie–Weiss law fail as the temperature approaches 0 K. This is because they depend on the magnetic susceptibility, which only applies when the state is disordered.
4493:
Sadoc, Aymeric; Mercey, Bernard; Simon, Charles; Grebille, Dominique; Prellier, Wilfrid; Lepetit, Marie-Bernadette (2010). "Large
Increase of the Curie temperature by Orbital Ordering Control".
2066:
948:
opposite direction with a different magnitude. As the magnetic moments are of different magnitudes in opposite directions there is still a spontaneous magnetism and a magnetic field is present.
940:
Materials are only ferrimagnetic below their corresponding Curie temperature. Ferrimagnetic materials are magnetic in the absence of an applied magnetic field and are made up of two different
2321:
This allows for the surface Curie temperature to be ferromagnetic above the bulk Curie temperature when the main state is disordered, i.e. Ordered and disordered states occur simultaneously.
2473:
which only occurs in small ferromagnetic particles. In this phenomenon, fluctuations are very influential causing magnetic moments to change direction randomly and thus create disorder.
2007:
Magnetism depends on temperature and spontaneous magnetism occurs below the Curie temperature. An accurate model of critical behaviour for spontaneous magnetism with critical exponent
4472:
Hwang, Hae Jin; Nagai, Toru; Ohji, Tatsuki; Sando, Mutsuo; Toriyama, Motohiro; Niihara, Koichi (March 1998). "Curie temperature
Anomaly in Lead Zirconate Titanate/Silver Composites".
2395:. Therefore, the magnetic moments are related between angular and orbital momentum and affect each other. Angular momentum contributes twice as much to magnetic moments than orbital.
890:, the atoms are ordered, and the material is ferromagnetic. The paramagnetic materials' induced magnetic fields are very weak compared with ferromagnetic materials' magnetic fields.
4885:
911:
which is a result of the ordered magnetic moments; that is, for ferromagnetism, the atoms are symmetrical and aligned in the same direction creating a permanent magnetic field.
4242:
López Domínguez, Victor; Hernàndez, Joan Manel; Tejada, Javier; Ziolo, Ronald F. (14 November 2012). "Colossal
Reduction in Curie Temperature Due to Finite-Size Effects in
2140:
continues to satisfy Curie's law at 1 K. Between 0 and 1 K the law fails to hold and a sudden change in the intrinsic structure occurs at the Curie temperature.
1619:
1481:
2183:
For example, the surface and bulk properties depend on the alignment and magnitude of spins and the Ising model can determine the effects of magnetism in this system.
791:: The magnetic moments in a paramagnetic material are disordered in the absence of an applied magnetic field and ordered in the presence of an applied magnetic field.
855:
applied field; the magnetic moments are symmetrical and aligned. The magnetic moments being aligned in the same direction are what causes an induced magnetic field.
2127:
decreases to zero, that is, the disorder decreases and the material becomes ordered. This occurs without the presence of an applied magnetic field and obeys the
904:
Materials are only ferromagnetic below their corresponding Curie temperatures. Ferromagnetic materials are magnetic in the absence of an applied magnetic field.
989:
and becomes paramagnetic. That is, the thermal energy becomes large enough to destroy the microscopic magnetic ordering within the material. It is named after
4284:
Bose, S. K.; Kudrnovský, J.; Drchal, V.; Turek, I. (18 November 2011). "Pressure dependence of Curie temperature and resistivity in complex
Heusler alloys".
2324:
The surface and bulk properties can be predicted by the Ising model and electron capture spectroscopy can be used to detect the electron spins and hence the
4916:
2137:
2406:
and has a high orbital angular momentum the magnetic moment is strong enough to affect the order above its bulk temperatures. It is said to have a high
825:: The magnetic moments in an antiferromagnetic material have the same magnitudes but are aligned oppositely in the absence of an applied magnetic field.
2438:
Preparing composite materials through different temperatures can result in different final compositions which will have different Curie temperatures.
4678:
2907:
are dropped into the reactor core if the actuation mechanism heats up beyond the material's Curie point. Other uses include temperature control in
2427:, that is, materials composed from other materials with different properties, can change the Curie temperature. For example, a composite which has
137:, Figure 2) at the Curie temperature. Higher temperatures make magnets weaker, as spontaneous magnetism only occurs below the Curie temperature.
2567:
The Curie temperature is seen to increase greatly due to electrons being packed together in the same plane, they are forced to align due to the
1335:
2614:
which defines the maximum of the dielectric constant is equal to the Curie temperature. However, the Curie temperature can be 10 K higher than
2816:
3732:"Demonstration of Control Rod Holding Stability of the Self Actuated Shutdown System in Joyo for Enhancement of Fast Reactor Inherent Safety"
2431:
in it can create spaces for oxygen molecules in bonding which decreases the Curie temperature as the crystal lattice will not be as compact.
1908:
2120:. That is, the magnetic moments are completely aligned and at their strongest magnitude of magnetism due to lack of thermal disturbance.
4921:
4911:
152:
In analogy to ferromagnetic and paramagnetic materials, the Curie temperature can also be used to describe the phase transition between
2502:
less disturbance and disorder, therefore a tighter structure influences a stronger magnetism and therefore a higher Curie temperature.
2123:
In paramagnetic materials thermal energy is sufficient to overcome the ordered alignments. As the temperature approaches 0 K, the
774:: The magnetic moments in a ferromagnetic material are ordered and of the same magnitude in the absence of an applied magnetic field.
17:
2552:. This is a function that determines the wave of a single electron or paired electrons inside the material. Having control over the
1799:
46:
Below the Curie temperature, neighbouring magnetic spins align parallel to each other in a ferromagnet in the absence of an applied
4870:
1999:
allowing magnetism to occur. This is a spontaneous magnetism which is a property of ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic materials.
4965:
4671:
4548:
Kochmański, Martin; Paszkiewicz, Tadeusz; Wolski, Sławomir (2013). "Curie–Weiss magnet: a simple model of phase transition".
4359:
4202:
3854:
3263:
2193:
3554:
1743:
4875:
4957:
3818:
3254:
2458:
The size of particles in a material's crystal lattice changes the Curie temperature. Due to the small size of particles (
2391:. Electrons orbiting around the nucleus in a current loop create a magnetic field which depends on the Bohr magneton and
2017:
4934:
2899:
format. Curie point electro-magnets have been proposed and tested for actuation mechanisms in passive safety systems of
67:
Above the Curie temperature, the magnetic spins are randomly aligned in a paramagnet unless a magnetic field is applied.
4595:
3918:
2498:
coordination number for the surface is more significant and the magnetic moments have a stronger effect on the system.
4880:
4860:
4397:
4378:
4087:
3956:
3937:
3895:
3876:
3831:
3803:
3221:
4664:
4780:
1683:
the eigenvalue for eigenstate J for the stationary states within the incomplete atoms shells (electrons unpaired)
2107:
The spontaneous magnetism approaches zero as the temperature increases towards the materials Curie temperature.
665:), these properties change. The transition from antiferromagnetic to paramagnetic (or vice versa) occurs at the
4416:
4340:
4068:
4049:
4030:
4011:
3992:
2571:
and thus increases the strength of the magnetic moments which prevents thermal disorder at lower temperatures.
4172:
Rau, C.; Jin, C.; Robert, M. (1988). "Ferromagnetic order at Tb surfaces above the bulk Curie temperature".
850:
A material is paramagnetic only above its Curie temperature. Paramagnetic materials are non-magnetic when a
656:
materials have different intrinsic magnetic moment structures. At a material's specific Curie temperature (
4996:
4810:
2128:
5001:
4828:
1642:
568:
4763:
1582:{\displaystyle C={\frac {\mu _{0}\mu _{\mathrm {B} }^{2}}{3k_{\mathrm {B} }}}N_{\text{A}}g^{2}J(J+1)}
908:
171:
that goes from a finite value to zero when the temperature is increased above the Curie temperature.
161:
2489:
2296:
Materials structures consist of intrinsic magnetic moments which are separated into domains called
631:
1876:
As the Curie–Weiss law is an approximation, a more accurate model is needed when the temperature,
1597:
985:. This is similar to the Curie temperature as above the Néel Temperature the material undergoes a
830:
4949:
4845:
2392:
2176:
electrons in the structure and here the Ising model can predict their behaviour with each other.
1303:
1046:
922:
to have strong magnetic fields and high Curie temperatures of around 1,000 K (730 °C).
859:
635:
138:
2806:
A modified version of the Curie–Weiss law applies to the dielectric constant, also known as the
2548:
changes the Curie temperature of a material. Orbital ordering can be controlled through applied
2439:
1056:
994:
862:. The magnetic susceptibility only applies above the Curie temperature for disordered states.
5011:
2888:
2807:
2549:
1128:
1036:
4798:
2782:
and therefore have a spontaneous electric polarisation as the structures are unsymmetrical.
2285:
1310:, in the immediate vicinity of the Curie point because of local fluctuations between atoms.
168:
37:
5006:
4927:
4757:
4567:
4512:
4436:
4303:
4214:
4181:
4110:
3846:
3823:
2568:
2557:
2556:
of where the electron will be allows the Curie temperature to be altered. For example, the
2531:
2485:
2481:
2292:
The Weiss domains in a ferromagnetic material; the magnetic moments are aligned in domains.
915:
58:
858:
For paramagnetism, this response to an applied magnetic field is positive and is known as
8:
4941:
4711:
4122:
2494:
2071:
The critical exponent differs between materials and for the mean-field model as taken as
1860:
1260:
1221:
1164:
1141:
1026:
875:
507:
142:
4571:
4516:
4440:
4307:
4218:
4185:
4114:
4973:
4822:
4583:
4557:
4536:
4502:
4485:
4460:
4335:(Online ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press published in cooperation with IEEE Press.
4319:
4293:
4230:
4144:
3968:
2470:
2466:
causing alignment to become less stable and thus lead to disorder in magnetic moments.
2424:
2403:
1717:
965:
821:
653:
395:
316:
157:
4579:
4865:
4736:
4721:
4587:
4528:
4452:
4412:
4393:
4374:
4355:
4336:
4323:
4136:
4083:
4064:
4045:
4026:
4007:
3988:
3952:
3933:
3914:
3907:
3891:
3872:
3850:
3827:
3799:
3259:
3217:
2527:
1972:
1896:
1624:
1273:
1177:
1082:
1069:
584:
79:
4540:
4464:
4148:
2798:
the two curves become one curve as shown in the dielectric polarisation (Figure 5).
2579:
In analogy to ferromagnetic and paramagnetic materials, the term Curie temperature (
1660:
4726:
4575:
4524:
4520:
4481:
4444:
4311:
4272:
4222:
4189:
4126:
4118:
4098:
3743:
3292:
2936:
2924:
2589:
2332:
2153:
1436:
1190:
1154:
1118:
986:
887:
536:
153:
117:
4234:
3748:
3731:
2769:
Materials are only ferroelectric below their corresponding transition temperature
2900:
2779:
2515:
2477:
2325:
2297:
1095:
627:
113:
3569:
4706:
4315:
3864:
3813:
3209:
2930:
2908:
2891:
storage media for erasing and writing of new data. Famous examples include the
2545:
2519:
1470:
1422:
1266:
1108:
935:
919:
899:
851:
831:
Materials with magnetic moments that change properties at the Curie temperature
804:
770:
649:
641:
146:
130:
121:
47:
4641:
4615:
3981:
4990:
4816:
4456:
4448:
2631:
2561:
2446:
2388:
2117:
1699:
845:
787:
645:
134:
102:
2668:
990:
865:
Sources of paramagnetism (materials which have Curie temperatures) include:
4890:
4850:
4790:
4691:
4647:
4532:
4140:
2933: – Relation of magnetization to applied magnetic field and temperature
2459:
106:
4804:
1982:
As temperature is inversely proportional to magnetic susceptibility, when
1396:{\displaystyle \chi ={\frac {M}{H}}={\frac {M\mu _{0}}{B}}={\frac {C}{T}}}
4687:
4656:
2904:
2553:
2149:
1995:
the denominator tends to zero and the magnetic susceptibility approaches
1895:
An accurate model of critical behaviour for magnetic susceptibility with
2872:{\displaystyle \epsilon =\epsilon _{0}+{\frac {C}{T-T_{\mathrm {0} }}}.}
2280:
4895:
4131:
3888:
Solid-State
Physics: An Introduction to Principles of Materials Science
3297:
3280:
2912:
2786:
2593:
2463:
2407:
2156:
in ferromagnetic order due to spins of electrons having magnitudes of ±
1276:
approximation, this means it works well for the materials temperature,
608:
264:
247:
4276:
4099:"Analytical solution of the mean field Ising model for finite systems"
2445:
The density of nanocomposite materials changes the Curie temperature.
2387:, which gives a specific size of magnetic moment to the electron; the
4226:
4193:
3216:(Repr. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. pp. 89–106.
1961:{\displaystyle \chi \sim {\frac {1}{(T-T_{\mathrm {C} })^{\gamma }}}}
4731:
4097:
Bertoldi, Dalía S.; Bringa, Eduardo M.; Miranda, E. N. (May 2012).
4023:
The Quest for
Absolute Zero: The Meaning of Low Temperature Physics
3795:
2896:
2892:
2511:
1996:
1211:
356:
299:
281:
4562:
4507:
4298:
2518:
decreases the volume of the system. Pressure directly affects the
3281:"Mössbauer Study of the Thermal Decomposition Products of K2FeO4"
2399:
2124:
338:
75:
2887:
A heat-induced ferromagnetic-paramagnetic transition is used in
109:, who showed that magnetism was lost at a critical temperature.
4855:
4741:
4651:
4025:. with S.I. units. (2nd ed.). London: Taylor and Francis.
2574:
2476:
The Curie temperature of nanoparticles is also affected by the
2428:
2173:
2152:
is mathematically based and can analyse the critical points of
1018:
970:
Materials are only antiferromagnetic below their corresponding
666:
552:
441:
230:
213:
98:
4886:
Maria Skłodowska-Curie
National Research Institute of Oncology
3214:
Magnetic materials : fundamentals and device applications
1843:{\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {C} }={\frac {C\lambda }{\mu _{0}}}}
872:
Atoms that have inner shells that are incomplete in electrons;
836:
materials have different properties and no Curie temperature.
97:, is the temperature above which certain materials lose their
1008:
Listed below are the Néel temperatures of several materials:
959:
2510:
Pressure changes a material's Curie temperature. Increasing
1971:
The critical exponent differs between materials and for the
1892:
Magnetic susceptibility occurs above the Curie temperature.
1737:
The Curie–Weiss law is then derived from Curie's law to be:
4547:
4373:(1st ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
2939: – Feature of ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic materials
2002:
1871:
1280:, much greater than their corresponding Curie temperature,
941:
196:
2414:
116:, a dipole moment within an atom that originates from the
1646:
1421:
the magnetic susceptibility; the influence of an applied
606:
That heating destroys magnetism was already described in
3871:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2927: – Characteristic of certain crystalline materials
2270:{\displaystyle M=(1-\sinh ^{-4}(2\beta J))^{1/8}>0.}
2110:
626:
At the atomic level, there are two contributors to the
141:
above the Curie temperature can be calculated from the
4333:
4241:
3624:
1313:
Neither Curie's law nor the Curie–Weiss law holds for
4096:
3460:
2819:
2281:
Weiss domains and surface and bulk Curie temperatures
2196:
2020:
1911:
1802:
1783:{\displaystyle \chi ={\frac {C}{T-T_{\mathrm {C} }}}}
1746:
1600:
1484:
1338:
1272:
The Curie–Weiss law is a simple model derived from a
101:
properties, which can (in most cases) be replaced by
4917:
Maria Skłodowska-Curie
Monument in Warsaw (Downtown)
4594:
2955:
2785:
Ferroelectric materials' polarization is subject to
4004:
The Solid State from Superconductors to Superalloys
3840:
3773:
2143:
2061:{\displaystyle M\sim (T_{\mathrm {C} }-T)^{\beta }}
4922:Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument in Warsaw (Ochota)
3980:
3967:
3906:
3620:
3618:
2871:
2442:a material can also affect its Curie temperature.
2269:
2060:
1960:
1842:
1782:
1613:
1581:
1395:
27:Temperature above which magnetic properties change
3869:Magnetic Materials: Fundamentals and Applications
3792:Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology
3258:(8th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
907:When a magnetic field is absent the material has
4988:
4409:Properties of Materials for Electrical Engineers
4203:"Curie temperature of multiphase nanostructures"
3970:The Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Solids
2588:) is also applied to the temperature at which a
4200:
3615:
3515:
2764:
2564:by applied strains within the crystal lattice.
1880:, approaches the material's Curie temperature,
914:The magnetic interactions are held together by
4425:
4352:Electronic Materials: From Silicon to Organics
4044:(2nd ed.). London: Taylor & Francis.
4001:
3841:Pallàs-Areny, Ramon; Webster, John G. (2001).
3610:
3529:
3486:
3311:
3239:
3196:
3013:
2978:
4672:
3525:
3523:
3482:
3480:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3186:
2172:. The spins interact with their neighbouring
1265:The Curie–Weiss law is an adapted version of
758:Orientations of magnetic moments in materials
4492:
4471:
4171:
3656:
3596:
3501:
3431:
3419:
3235:
3233:
3100:
2575:Curie temperature in ferroelectric materials
678:), which is analogous to Curie temperature.
112:The force of magnetism is determined by the
4283:
4167:. New York, Amsterdam: W. A. Benjamin, Inc.
4020:
3642:
3552:
3456:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3437:
3425:
3106:
1731:number of magnetic moments per unit volume
4686:
4679:
4665:
3666:
3664:
3606:
3604:
3520:
3511:
3509:
3477:
3373:
3371:
3344:
3334:
3332:
3305:
3183:
2984:
2915:generators against temperature variation.
2309:and a different surface Curie temperature
960:Antiferromagnetic and the Néel temperature
133:, Figure 1) change and become disordered (
4912:Maria Skłodowska-Curie Monument in Lublin
4561:
4506:
4297:
4130:
3885:
3747:
3736:Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology
3729:
3723:
3296:
3285:Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan
3230:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3028:
3007:
1329:Curie's law for a paramagnetic material:
4616:"TMT-9000S Soldering and Rework Station"
4371:The Principles of Electromagnetic Theory
4354:(2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer.
4349:
3978:
3687:
3652:
3650:
3592:
3590:
3541:
3535:
3443:
3413:
3377:
3323:
3177:
3154:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3001:
2972:
2801:
2284:
2003:Approaching Curie temperature from below
1872:Approaching Curie temperature from above
4474:Journal of the American Ceramic Society
4330:
4082:(Online ed.). Boston: Birkhäuser.
3863:
3789:
3717:
3699:
3670:
3661:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3601:
3506:
3401:
3368:
3329:
3317:
3208:
3202:
3024:
3022:
2966:
2415:Changing a material's Curie temperature
1856:is the Weiss molecular field constant.
869:All atoms that have unpaired electrons;
105:. The Curie temperature is named after
14:
4989:
4406:
4387:
4368:
4077:
4058:
4002:Jullien, André; Guinier, Rémi (1989).
3965:
3946:
3812:
3705:
3681:
3675:
3497:
3495:
3389:
3383:
3350:
3278:
3251:
3166:
3160:
3135:
3124:
3094:
3088:
3078:
3076:
3074:
3054:
3048:
3038:
3036:
2990:
2911:and stabilizing the magnetic field of
2419:
4966:Marie Curie: The Courage of Knowledge
4660:
4614:
4411:. New York, N.Y.: J. Wiley and Sons.
4392:(3rd ed.). New York : Springer.
4201:Skomski, R.; Sellmyer, D. J. (2000).
4162:
4039:
3762:
3693:
3647:
3587:
3471:
3465:
3407:
3362:
3356:
3171:
3141:
3112:
3060:
2623:in case of a first order transition.
2560:electrons can be moved onto the same
4103:Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter
3904:
3629:
3338:
3118:
3066:
3042:
3019:
2111:Approaching absolute zero (0 kelvin)
4958:Marie Curie, une femme sur le front
4061:Introduction to Solid State Physics
3987:(2nd ed.). Chichester: Wiley.
3927:
3819:Introduction to Solid State Physics
3492:
3461:Bertoldi, Bringa & Miranda 2012
3255:Introduction to Solid State Physics
3082:
3071:
3033:
2995:
2895:format as well as the now-obsolete
2540:
993:(1904–2000), who received the 1970
621:
24:
4486:10.1111/j.1151-2916.1998.tb02394.x
4390:Electronic Properties of Materials
4063:(7th ed.). New York : Wiley.
3890:(4th ed.). Berlin: Springer.
3886:Ibach, Harald; Lüth, Hans (2009).
2778:. Ferroelectric materials are all
2036:
1939:
1809:
1771:
1532:
1510:
1254:
25:
5023:
4881:Pierre and Marie Curie University
4876:Maria Curie-Skłodowska University
4861:IEEE Marie Sklodowska-Curie Award
4635:
3979:Hall, J. R.; Hook, H. E. (1994).
3909:Principles of Solid State Physics
4935:Maria Skłodowska-Curie Medallion
4042:Introductory Solid State Physics
2667:
2630:
2453:
2144:Ising model of phase transitions
1302:; however fails to describe the
929:
893:
813:
796:
779:
762:
175:Curie temperatures of materials
57:
36:
3930:Elements of Solid State Physics
3843:Sensors and Signal Conditioning
3774:Pallàs-Areny & Webster 2001
3767:
3756:
3711:
3546:
3395:
3272:
3245:
2882:
1449:the macroscopic magnetic field
839:
4525:10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.046804
4429:IEEE Transactions on Magnetics
4331:Webster, John G., ed. (1999).
4123:10.1088/0953-8984/24/22/226004
4006:. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
2960:
2949:
2592:material transitions to being
2244:
2240:
2228:
2203:
2049:
2027:
1946:
1924:
1576:
1564:
13:
1:
4871:Maria Skłodowska-Curie Bridge
4781:Maria Skłodowska-Curie Museum
3782:
3749:10.1080/18811248.2007.9711316
2692:in an applied electric field
2655:in an applied electric field
2649:) Ferroelectric polarisation
1649:units is taken to equal one.
976:magnetic ordering temperature
3947:Dekker, Adrianus J. (1958).
2765:Ferroelectric and dielectric
2758:↔ Dielectric (paraelectric)
2750:↔ Dielectric (paraelectric)
2742:↔ Dielectric (paraelectric)
2734:↔ Dielectric (paraelectric)
1614:{\displaystyle N_{\text{A}}}
7:
4580:10.1088/0143-0807/34/6/1555
4550:European Journal of Physics
3625:López Domínguez et al. 2013
3516:Skomski & Sellmyer 2000
2918:
2505:
2371:due to it having a spin of
2129:third law of thermodynamics
10:
5028:
4596:"Pierre Curie – Biography"
4316:10.1103/PhysRevB.84.174422
4207:Journal of Applied Physics
4174:Journal of Applied Physics
3790:Buschow, K. H. J. (2001).
3530:Jullien & Guinier 1989
3502:Rau, Jin & Robert 1988
3487:Jullien & Guinier 1989
3312:Jullien & Guinier 1989
3240:Jullien & Guinier 1989
3197:Jullien & Guinier 1989
3014:Jullien & Guinier 1989
2979:Jullien & Guinier 1989
2686:) Dielectric polarisation
2526:Pressure also affects the
2335:of an electron is either +
1866:
1643:permeability of free space
1258:
997:for his work in the area.
963:
933:
897:
843:
601:
4904:
4838:
4789:
4773:
4764:Treatise on Radioactivity
4750:
4699:
4643:Ferromagnetic Curie Point
4080:Planar Ising correlations
3555:"Magnetism of Rare Earth"
909:spontaneous magnetization
18:Ferrorelectric transition
4449:10.1109/TMAG.2003.816761
4388:Hummel, Rolf E. (2001).
4350:Whatmore, R. W. (1991).
4059:Kittel, Charles (1996).
4021:Mendelssohn, K. (1977).
3905:Levy, Robert A. (1968).
3252:Kittel, Charles (2005).
2956:Pierre Curie – Biography
2943:
2435:destroy the alignments.
1859:For full derivation see
632:electron magnetic moment
298:Manganese antimonide (Mn
145:, which is derived from
4950:Les Palmes de M. Schutz
4495:Physical Review Letters
3279:Ichida, Toshio (1973).
2469:The extreme of this is
2393:magnetic quantum number
1304:magnetic susceptibility
860:magnetic susceptibility
636:nuclear magnetic moment
569:Samarium–cobalt magnets
160:. In this context, the
139:Magnetic susceptibility
4811:Hélène Langevin-Joliot
4602:. Nobel Media AB. 2014
4407:Pascoe, K. J. (1973).
4369:Kovetz, Attay (1990).
4265:Chemistry of Materials
4163:Brout, Robert (1965).
3932:. Wiley-Interscience.
3568:(3): 1. Archived from
2873:
2293:
2271:
2062:
1962:
1844:
1784:
1615:
1583:
1469:the material-specific
1397:
995:Nobel Prize in Physics
619:
337:Manganese arsenide (Mn
4829:Frédéric Joliot-Curie
4078:Palmer, John (2007).
4040:Myers, H. P. (1997).
3847:John Wiley & Sons
3824:John Wiley & Sons
3029:Ibach & Lüth 2009
2901:fast breeder reactors
2874:
2808:relative permittivity
2802:Relative permittivity
2288:
2272:
2063:
1963:
1845:
1785:
1616:
1584:
1398:
916:exchange interactions
614:
4928:Marie Curie Gargoyle
3720:, pp. 6.55–6.56
3553:Jackson, M. (2000).
3542:Hall & Hook 1994
3414:Hall & Hook 1994
3378:Hall & Hook 1994
3324:Hall & Hook 1994
3178:Hall & Hook 1994
3155:Hall & Hook 1994
3002:Hall & Hook 1994
2817:
2569:exchange interaction
2532:exchange interaction
2194:
2018:
1909:
1800:
1744:
1598:
1482:
1336:
282:Manganese bismuthide
4572:2013EJPh...34.1555K
4517:2010PhRvL.104d6804S
4441:2003ITM....39.3316P
4308:2011PhRvB..84q4422B
4219:2000JAP....87.4756S
4186:1988JAP....63.3667R
4115:2012JPCM...24v6004B
3983:Solid State Physics
3966:Cusack, N. (1958).
3949:Solid State Physics
3928:Fan, H. Y. (1987).
3611:Paulsen et al. 2003
2495:coordination number
2425:Composite materials
2420:Composite materials
1520:
1459:the magnetic field
508:Yttrium iron garnet
373:Iron(III) oxide (Fe
176:
4997:Critical phenomena
4825:(Pierre's brother)
4823:Paul-Jacques Curie
4799:Irène Joliot-Curie
4620:thermaltronics.com
3974:. Longmans, Green.
3913:. Academic Press.
3865:Spaldin, Nicola A.
3730:Takamatsu (2007).
3298:10.1246/bcsj.46.79
3210:Spaldin, Nicola A.
3121:, pp. 198–202
2869:
2486:face-centred cubic
2482:body-centred cubic
2471:superparamagnetism
2294:
2267:
2138:Gadolinium sulfate
2058:
1975:model is taken as
1958:
1840:
1780:
1718:Boltzmann constant
1611:
1579:
1504:
1393:
1017:Néel temperature (
966:Antiferromagnetism
956:phase transition.
822:Antiferromagnetism
396:Iron(II,III) oxide
317:Chromium(IV) oxide
174:
99:permanent magnetic
5002:Phase transitions
4984:
4983:
4866:Marie Curie Medal
4758:Curie's principle
4722:Mean-field theory
4717:Curie temperature
4361:978-1-4613-6703-1
4286:Physical Review B
4277:10.1021/cm301927z
4165:Phase Transitions
3856:978-0-471-33232-9
3776:, pp. 262–63
3708:, pp. 190–91
3696:, pp. 404–05
3657:Sadoc et al. 2010
3597:Hwang et al. 1998
3562:The IRM Quarterly
3428:, pp. 180–81
3392:, pp. 424–26
3380:, pp. 227–28
3365:, pp. 334–45
3341:, pp. 201–02
3326:, pp. 205–06
3265:978-0-471-41526-8
3242:, pp. 156–57
3199:, pp. 158–59
3157:, pp. 220–21
3097:, pp. 454–55
3085:, pp. 164–65
3057:, pp. 217–20
3045:, pp. 236–39
3016:, pp. 136–38
2864:
2762:
2761:
2739:Antiferroelectric
2528:density of states
2154:phase transitions
1956:
1897:critical exponent
1838:
1778:
1735:
1734:
1625:Avogadro constant
1608:
1548:
1539:
1476:
1475:
1391:
1378:
1353:
1252:
1251:
755:
754:
748:Antiferromagnetic
654:antiferromagnetic
599:
598:
585:Strontium ferrite
537:Neodymium magnets
103:induced magnetism
84:Curie temperature
80:materials science
16:(Redirected from
5019:
4727:Piezoelectricity
4681:
4674:
4667:
4658:
4657:
4630:
4628:
4626:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4591:
4565:
4544:
4510:
4489:
4468:
4422:
4403:
4384:
4365:
4346:
4327:
4301:
4280:
4263:Nanoparticles".
4262:
4261:
4260:
4252:
4251:
4238:
4227:10.1063/1.373149
4197:
4194:10.1063/1.340679
4168:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4134:
4093:
4074:
4055:
4036:
4017:
3998:
3986:
3975:
3973:
3962:
3943:
3924:
3912:
3901:
3882:
3860:
3845:(2nd ed.).
3837:
3822:(6th ed.).
3809:
3777:
3771:
3765:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3727:
3721:
3715:
3709:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3679:
3673:
3668:
3659:
3654:
3645:
3643:Bose et al. 2011
3640:
3627:
3622:
3613:
3608:
3599:
3594:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3574:
3559:
3550:
3544:
3539:
3533:
3527:
3518:
3513:
3504:
3499:
3490:
3484:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3458:
3441:
3438:Mendelssohn 1977
3435:
3429:
3426:Mendelssohn 1977
3423:
3417:
3411:
3405:
3404:, pp. 52–54
3399:
3393:
3387:
3381:
3375:
3366:
3360:
3354:
3348:
3342:
3336:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3276:
3270:
3269:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3228:
3227:
3206:
3200:
3194:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3139:
3133:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3107:Mendelssohn 1977
3104:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3069:
3064:
3058:
3052:
3046:
3040:
3031:
3026:
3017:
3011:
3005:
2999:
2993:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2969:, p5021, table 1
2964:
2958:
2953:
2937:Hopkinson effect
2925:Ferroelectricity
2878:
2876:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2860:
2840:
2835:
2834:
2797:
2777:
2726:
2715:
2704:
2703:
2697:
2691:
2685:
2671:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2634:
2622:
2613:
2604:
2587:
2546:Orbital ordering
2541:Orbital ordering
2404:rare-earth metal
2386:
2384:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2370:
2368:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2333:angular momentum
2326:magnetic moments
2318:for a material.
2317:
2308:
2276:
2274:
2273:
2268:
2260:
2259:
2255:
2224:
2223:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2103:
2090:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2074:
2067:
2065:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2010:
1994:
1985:
1979: = 1.
1978:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1919:
1901:
1888:
1879:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1827:
1819:
1814:
1813:
1812:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1754:
1730:
1713:
1695:
1680:
1656:
1638:
1620:
1618:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1609:
1606:
1592:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1560:
1559:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1521:
1519:
1514:
1513:
1503:
1502:
1492:
1466:
1456:
1446:
1439:per unit volume
1437:magnetic moments
1432:
1418:
1406:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1399:
1394:
1392:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1359:
1354:
1346:
1325:
1309:
1301:
1288:
1279:
1011:
1010:
987:phase transition
972:Néel temperature
888:phase transition
817:
800:
783:
766:
743:
732:
703:
692:
681:
680:
677:
667:Néel temperature
664:
622:Magnetic moments
355:Europium oxide (
185:temperature (K)
177:
173:
154:ferroelectricity
118:angular momentum
61:
40:
21:
5027:
5026:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5018:
5017:
5016:
4987:
4986:
4985:
4980:
4900:
4846:Curie Institute
4834:
4813:(granddaughter)
4785:
4769:
4746:
4712:Curie–Weiss law
4695:
4685:
4638:
4633:
4624:
4622:
4605:
4603:
4419:
4400:
4381:
4362:
4343:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4153:
4151:
4090:
4071:
4052:
4033:
4014:
3995:
3959:
3940:
3921:
3898:
3879:
3857:
3834:
3814:Kittel, Charles
3806:
3785:
3780:
3772:
3768:
3761:
3757:
3728:
3724:
3716:
3712:
3704:
3700:
3692:
3688:
3680:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3655:
3648:
3641:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3595:
3588:
3578:
3576:
3575:on 12 July 2017
3572:
3557:
3551:
3547:
3540:
3536:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3485:
3478:
3470:
3466:
3459:
3444:
3436:
3432:
3424:
3420:
3412:
3408:
3400:
3396:
3388:
3384:
3376:
3369:
3361:
3357:
3349:
3345:
3337:
3330:
3322:
3318:
3310:
3306:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3250:
3246:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3207:
3203:
3195:
3184:
3176:
3172:
3165:
3161:
3153:
3142:
3134:
3125:
3117:
3113:
3105:
3101:
3093:
3089:
3081:
3072:
3065:
3061:
3053:
3049:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2985:
2977:
2973:
2965:
2961:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2921:
2909:soldering irons
2889:magneto-optical
2885:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2844:
2839:
2830:
2826:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2804:
2796:
2790:
2776:
2770:
2767:
2725:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2641:
2635:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2597:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2543:
2516:crystal lattice
2508:
2478:crystal lattice
2456:
2422:
2417:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2365:
2362:
2358:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2347:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2301:
2283:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2216:
2212:
2195:
2192:
2191:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2146:
2113:
2102:
2092:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2052:
2048:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2008:
2005:
1993:
1987:
1983:
1976:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1918:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1899:
1887:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1869:
1861:Curie–Weiss law
1853:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1818:
1808:
1807:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1797:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1758:
1753:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1728:
1724:total magnetism
1712:
1706:
1694:
1688:
1671:
1654:
1637:
1631:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1555:
1551:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1515:
1509:
1508:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1483:
1480:
1479:
1464:
1454:
1444:
1430:
1416:
1383:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1358:
1345:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1324:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1290:
1287:
1281:
1277:
1263:
1261:Curie–Weiss law
1257:
1255:Curie–Weiss law
1245:
1241:
1229:
1225:
1203:
1181:
1168:
1145:
1132:
1099:
1086:
1073:
1060:
984:
968:
962:
938:
932:
902:
896:
848:
842:
833:
826:
818:
809:
801:
792:
784:
775:
767:
751:↔ Paramagnetic
742:
736:
731:
725:
719:↔ Paramagnetic
711:↔ Paramagnetic
702:
696:
691:
685:
676:
670:
663:
657:
628:magnetic moment
624:
604:
521:
517:
513:
493:
489:
472:
468:
451:
447:
427:
423:
405:
401:
380:
376:
322:
184:
162:order parameter
158:paraelectricity
143:Curie–Weiss law
114:magnetic moment
92:
72:
71:
70:
69:
68:
62:
53:
52:
51:
41:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5025:
5015:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4970:
4962:
4954:
4946:
4938:
4931:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4908:
4906:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4842:
4840:
4836:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4826:
4820:
4814:
4808:
4802:
4795:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4777:
4775:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4760:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4703:
4701:
4697:
4696:
4684:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4661:
4655:
4654:
4637:
4636:External links
4634:
4632:
4631:
4612:
4600:Nobelprize.org
4592:
4556:(6): 1555–73.
4545:
4490:
4469:
4435:(5): 3316–18.
4423:
4417:
4404:
4398:
4385:
4379:
4366:
4360:
4347:
4341:
4328:
4292:(17): 174422.
4281:
4257:
4248:
4239:
4198:
4169:
4160:
4109:(22): 226004.
4094:
4088:
4075:
4069:
4056:
4050:
4037:
4031:
4018:
4012:
3999:
3993:
3976:
3963:
3957:
3944:
3938:
3925:
3920:978-0124457508
3919:
3902:
3896:
3883:
3877:
3861:
3855:
3838:
3832:
3810:
3804:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3766:
3755:
3742:(3): 511–517.
3722:
3710:
3698:
3686:
3674:
3660:
3646:
3628:
3614:
3600:
3586:
3545:
3534:
3519:
3505:
3491:
3476:
3474:, pp. 6–7
3464:
3442:
3430:
3418:
3406:
3394:
3382:
3367:
3355:
3343:
3328:
3316:
3314:, pp. 153
3304:
3271:
3264:
3244:
3229:
3222:
3201:
3182:
3170:
3159:
3140:
3123:
3111:
3099:
3087:
3070:
3059:
3047:
3032:
3018:
3006:
2994:
2983:
2971:
2959:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2934:
2928:
2920:
2917:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2879:
2868:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2822:
2803:
2800:
2794:
2774:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2716:
2712:
2682:
2673:
2666:
2665:
2664:
2645:
2636:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2619:
2610:
2601:
2584:
2576:
2573:
2542:
2539:
2520:kinetic energy
2507:
2504:
2455:
2452:
2447:Nanocomposites
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2314:
2305:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2266:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2145:
2142:
2112:
2109:
2100:
2069:
2068:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2004:
2001:
1991:
1969:
1968:
1952:
1948:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1917:
1914:
1885:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1851:
1850:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1806:
1791:
1790:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1752:
1749:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1702:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1668:
1667:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1627:
1621:
1604:
1590:
1589:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1544:
1534:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1512:
1507:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1487:
1474:
1473:
1471:Curie constant
1467:
1461:
1460:
1457:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1440:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1425:on a material
1423:magnetic field
1419:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1390:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1357:
1352:
1349:
1344:
1341:
1322:
1298:
1285:
1259:Main article:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1121:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1022:
1015:
982:
964:Main article:
961:
958:
936:Ferrimagnetism
934:Main article:
931:
928:
900:Ferromagnetism
898:Main article:
895:
892:
883:
882:
879:
873:
870:
852:magnetic field
844:Main article:
841:
838:
832:
829:
828:
827:
819:
812:
810:
805:Ferrimagnetism
802:
795:
793:
785:
778:
776:
771:Ferromagnetism
768:
761:
759:
753:
752:
749:
745:
744:
740:
733:
729:
721:
720:
717:
713:
712:
709:
705:
704:
700:
693:
689:
674:
661:
623:
620:
603:
600:
597:
596:
593:
590:
587:
581:
580:
577:
574:
571:
565:
564:
561:
558:
555:
549:
548:
545:
542:
539:
533:
532:
529:
526:
523:
519:
515:
511:
504:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
487:
483:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
466:
462:
461:
458:
455:
452:
449:
445:
438:
437:
434:
431:
428:
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421:
417:
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413:
410:
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403:
399:
392:
391:
388:
385:
382:
378:
374:
370:
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366:
363:
360:
352:
351:
348:
345:
342:
334:
333:
330:
327:
324:
320:
313:
312:
309:
306:
303:
295:
294:
291:
288:
285:
278:
277:
274:
271:
268:
261:
260:
257:
254:
251:
244:
243:
240:
237:
234:
227:
226:
223:
220:
217:
210:
209:
206:
203:
200:
193:
192:
189:
186:
181:
90:
63:
56:
55:
54:
48:magnetic field
42:
35:
34:
33:
32:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5024:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4995:
4994:
4992:
4976:
4975:
4971:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4960:
4959:
4955:
4952:
4951:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4837:
4830:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4818:
4817:Pierre Joliot
4815:
4812:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4796:
4794:
4792:
4788:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4772:
4766:
4765:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4753:
4749:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4737:Radioactivity
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4698:
4693:
4689:
4682:
4677:
4675:
4670:
4668:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4639:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4518:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4501:(4): 046804.
4500:
4496:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4480:(3): 709–12.
4479:
4475:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4424:
4420:
4414:
4410:
4405:
4401:
4399:0-387-95144-X
4395:
4391:
4386:
4382:
4380:0-521-39997-1
4376:
4372:
4367:
4363:
4357:
4353:
4348:
4344:
4338:
4334:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4199:
4195:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4170:
4166:
4161:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4095:
4091:
4089:9780817646202
4085:
4081:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4062:
4057:
4053:
4047:
4043:
4038:
4034:
4028:
4024:
4019:
4015:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3985:
3984:
3977:
3972:
3971:
3964:
3960:
3958:9780333106235
3954:
3951:. Macmillan.
3950:
3945:
3941:
3939:9780471859871
3935:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3911:
3910:
3903:
3899:
3897:9783540938033
3893:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3878:9780521886697
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3839:
3835:
3833:0-471-87474-4
3829:
3825:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3805:0-08-043152-6
3801:
3797:
3793:
3788:
3787:
3775:
3770:
3764:
3759:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3726:
3719:
3714:
3707:
3702:
3695:
3690:
3684:, p. 116
3683:
3678:
3672:
3667:
3665:
3658:
3653:
3651:
3644:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3633:
3626:
3621:
3619:
3612:
3607:
3605:
3598:
3593:
3591:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3556:
3549:
3543:
3538:
3532:, p. 138
3531:
3526:
3524:
3517:
3512:
3510:
3503:
3498:
3496:
3489:, p. 161
3488:
3483:
3481:
3473:
3468:
3462:
3457:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3447:
3440:, p. 167
3439:
3434:
3427:
3422:
3416:, p. 225
3415:
3410:
3403:
3398:
3391:
3386:
3379:
3374:
3372:
3364:
3359:
3353:, p. 444
3352:
3347:
3340:
3335:
3333:
3325:
3320:
3313:
3308:
3299:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3275:
3267:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3248:
3241:
3236:
3234:
3225:
3223:9780521016582
3219:
3215:
3211:
3205:
3198:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3180:, p. 220
3179:
3174:
3168:
3163:
3156:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3138:, p. 269
3137:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3120:
3115:
3109:, p. 162
3108:
3103:
3096:
3091:
3084:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3068:
3063:
3056:
3051:
3044:
3039:
3037:
3030:
3025:
3023:
3015:
3010:
3004:, p. 200
3003:
2998:
2992:
2987:
2981:, p. 155
2980:
2975:
2968:
2963:
2957:
2952:
2948:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2923:
2922:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2893:Sony Minidisc
2890:
2866:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2799:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2781:
2773:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2747:Ferrielectric
2746:
2745:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2731:Ferroelectric
2730:
2729:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2696:
2690:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2659:
2653:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2624:
2618:
2609:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2590:ferroelectric
2583:
2572:
2570:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2503:
2499:
2496:
2491:
2488:(fcc), and a
2487:
2483:
2479:
2474:
2472:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2460:nanoparticles
2454:Particle size
2451:
2448:
2443:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2412:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2389:Bohr magneton
2334:
2329:
2327:
2322:
2319:
2313:
2304:
2299:
2298:Weiss domains
2291:
2287:
2264:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2225:
2220:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2177:
2175:
2155:
2151:
2141:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2126:
2121:
2119:
2108:
2105:
2099:
2095:
2075: =
2053:
2045:
2042:
2031:
2024:
2021:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2000:
1998:
1990:
1980:
1974:
1950:
1934:
1930:
1927:
1920:
1915:
1912:
1905:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1890:
1884:
1864:
1862:
1857:
1833:
1829:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1804:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1766:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1747:
1740:
1739:
1738:
1726:
1723:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1709:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1700:Bohr magneton
1697:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1658:
1653:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1630:
1629:
1626:
1622:
1602:
1594:
1593:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1542:
1527:
1523:
1516:
1505:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1485:
1478:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1462:
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1311:
1305:
1297:
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1247:
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1194:
1192:
1189:
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1133:
1127:
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1120:
1117:
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1110:
1107:
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1102:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1076:
1074:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1002:
998:
996:
992:
988:
981:
977:
973:
967:
957:
953:
949:
945:
943:
937:
930:Ferrimagnetic
927:
923:
921:
917:
912:
910:
905:
901:
894:Ferromagnetic
891:
889:
880:
877:
876:Free radicals
874:
871:
868:
867:
866:
863:
861:
856:
853:
847:
846:Paramagnetism
837:
824:
823:
816:
811:
807:
806:
799:
794:
790:
789:
788:Paramagnetism
782:
777:
773:
772:
765:
760:
757:
756:
750:
747:
746:
739:
734:
728:
723:
722:
718:
716:Ferrimagnetic
715:
714:
710:
708:Ferromagnetic
707:
706:
699:
694:
688:
683:
682:
679:
673:
668:
660:
655:
651:
650:ferrimagnetic
647:
643:
642:Ferromagnetic
639:
637:
633:
629:
618:
613:
611:
610:
594:
591:
588:
586:
583:
582:
578:
575:
572:
570:
567:
566:
562:
559:
556:
554:
551:
550:
546:
543:
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538:
535:
534:
530:
527:
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509:
506:
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498:
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485:
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480:
477:
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459:
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453:
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440:
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432:
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397:
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389:
386:
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371:
367:
364:
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343:
340:
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297:
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179:
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172:
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167:
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159:
155:
150:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
131:ferromagnetic
126:
123:
119:
115:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
89:
85:
81:
77:
66:
60:
49:
45:
39:
30:
19:
5012:Pierre Curie
4972:
4964:
4956:
4948:
4942:Madame Curie
4940:
4933:
4926:
4891:Curie Island
4831:(son-in-law)
4762:
4751:Publications
4716:
4648:Walter Lewin
4642:
4623:. Retrieved
4619:
4604:. Retrieved
4599:
4553:
4549:
4498:
4494:
4477:
4473:
4432:
4428:
4408:
4389:
4370:
4351:
4332:
4289:
4285:
4268:
4264:
4210:
4206:
4177:
4173:
4164:
4152:. Retrieved
4106:
4102:
4079:
4060:
4041:
4022:
4003:
3982:
3969:
3948:
3929:
3908:
3887:
3868:
3842:
3817:
3791:
3769:
3758:
3739:
3735:
3725:
3718:Webster 1999
3713:
3701:
3689:
3677:
3671:Webster 1999
3577:. Retrieved
3570:the original
3565:
3561:
3548:
3537:
3467:
3433:
3421:
3409:
3402:Spaldin 2010
3397:
3385:
3358:
3346:
3319:
3307:
3291:(1): 79–82.
3288:
3284:
3274:
3253:
3247:
3213:
3204:
3173:
3162:
3114:
3102:
3090:
3062:
3050:
3009:
2997:
2986:
2974:
2967:Buschow 2001
2962:
2951:
2905:control rods
2886:
2883:Applications
2805:
2791:
2784:
2780:pyroelectric
2771:
2768:
2755:Helielectric
2720:
2709:
2694:
2688:
2679:
2674:
2657:
2651:
2642:
2637:
2616:
2607:
2598:
2594:paraelectric
2581:
2578:
2566:
2544:
2536:
2525:
2509:
2500:
2480:structure:
2475:
2468:
2457:
2444:
2437:
2433:
2423:
2397:
2330:
2323:
2320:
2311:
2302:
2295:
2289:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2147:
2136:
2133:
2122:
2114:
2106:
2097:
2093:
2070:
2006:
1988:
1981:
1970:
1894:
1891:
1882:
1875:
1858:
1852:
1792:
1736:
1707:
1689:
1676:
1672:
1662:
1632:
1328:
1319:
1315:
1312:
1295:
1291:
1282:
1271:
1264:
1007:
1003:
999:
979:
975:
971:
969:
954:
950:
946:
939:
924:
920:ferromagnets
913:
906:
903:
884:
864:
857:
849:
840:Paramagnetic
834:
820:
803:
786:
769:
737:
726:
697:
686:
671:
658:
646:paramagnetic
640:
625:
615:
607:
605:
169:polarization
165:
151:
135:paramagnetic
127:
111:
107:Pierre Curie
94:
87:
83:
73:
64:
43:
29:
5007:Temperature
4977:(2019 film)
4974:Radioactive
4969:(2016 film)
4961:(2014 film)
4953:(1997 film)
4945:(1943 film)
4707:Curie's law
4700:Discoveries
4646:. Video by
4271:(1): 6–11.
4213:(9): 4756.
4180:(8): 3667.
4154:12 February
4132:11336/16945
3706:Pascoe 1973
3682:Kovetz 1990
3390:Kittel 1986
3351:Kittel 1996
3167:Palmer 2007
3136:Cusack 1958
3095:Dekker 1958
3055:Dekker 1958
2991:Kittel 1986
2931:Curie's law
2558:delocalised
2554:probability
2402:which is a
2150:Ising model
1986:approaches
1645:. Note: in
1267:Curie's law
202:1043-1,664
147:Curie's law
95:Curie point
4991:Categories
4905:Depictions
4896:7000 Curie
4819:(grandson)
4807:(daughter)
4801:(daughter)
4625:13 January
4418:0471669113
4342:0849383471
4070:0471111813
4051:0748406603
4032:0850661196
4013:0198555547
3994:0471928054
3783:References
3694:Myers 1997
3579:21 January
3472:Brout 1965
3363:Myers 1997
2913:tachometer
2787:hysteresis
2464:anisotropy
2408:anisotropy
1973:mean-field
1409:Definition
1274:mean-field
1014:Substance
991:Louis Néel
609:De Magnete
579:1328–1472
563:1292–1580
265:Dysprosium
248:Gadolinium
4839:Namesakes
4805:Ève Curie
4588:118331770
4563:1301.2141
4508:0910.3393
4457:0018-9464
4324:118595011
4299:1010.3025
3763:TMT-9000S
3339:Levy 1968
3119:Levy 1968
3067:Levy 1968
3043:Levy 1968
2849:−
2828:ϵ
2821:ϵ
2675:Figure 5.
2638:Figure 4.
2596:. Hence,
2490:hexagonal
2290:Figure 3.
2235:β
2226:
2218:−
2210:−
2054:β
2043:−
2025:∼
1951:γ
1931:−
1916:∼
1913:χ
1830:μ
1825:λ
1763:−
1748:χ
1506:μ
1496:μ
1366:μ
1340:χ
573:993–1073
557:973–1133
180:Material
65:Figure 2.
44:Figure 1.
4732:Polonium
4606:14 March
4541:35041713
4533:20366729
4465:45734431
4149:34323416
4141:22555147
3867:(2010).
3816:(1986).
3796:Elsevier
3212:(2006).
3083:Fan 1987
2919:See also
2903:, where
2512:pressure
2506:Pressure
2118:0 K
1997:infinity
634:and the
576:720–800
560:700–860
547:590–752
544:310–400
541:583–673
166:electric
4774:Museums
4568:Bibcode
4513:Bibcode
4437:Bibcode
4304:Bibcode
4215:Bibcode
4182:Bibcode
4111:Bibcode
2677:(Above
2640:(Below
2550:strains
2514:on the
2493:as the
2484:(bcc),
2400:terbium
2385:
2373:
2369:
2355:
2351:
2337:
2170:
2158:
2125:entropy
2089:
2077:
1867:Physics
1793:where:
1665:-factor
1289:, i.e.
881:Metals.
612:(1600):
602:History
368:−335.5
365:−204.2
284:(MnBi)
276:−301.3
273:−185.2
164:is the
76:physics
4856:Curium
4791:Family
4742:Radium
4692:Pierre
4652:M.I.T.
4586:
4539:
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4377:
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2707:Below
2440:Doping
2429:silver
2174:dipole
2091:where
1661:Landé
735:Above
724:Below
695:Above
684:Below
652:, and
630:, the
553:Alnico
486:MnO–Fe
465:MgO–Fe
420:NiO–Fe
398:(FeOFe
231:Nickel
214:Cobalt
183:Curie
93:), or
82:, the
4851:Curie
4694:Curie
4688:Marie
4584:S2CID
4558:arXiv
4537:S2CID
4503:arXiv
4461:S2CID
4320:S2CID
4294:arXiv
4231:S2CID
4145:S2CID
3573:(PDF)
3558:(PDF)
2944:Notes
2897:CD-MO
2562:plane
1318:<
1119:FeOCl
436:1085
415:1085
390:1247
267:(Dy)
250:(Gd)
233:(Ni)
225:2060
222:1130
219:1400
216:(Co)
208:1418
199:(Fe)
4690:and
4627:2016
4608:2013
4529:PMID
4453:ISSN
4413:ISBN
4394:ISBN
4375:ISBN
4356:ISBN
4337:ISBN
4244:CoFe
4156:2013
4137:PMID
4084:ISBN
4065:ISBN
4046:ISBN
4027:ISBN
4008:ISBN
3989:ISBN
3953:ISBN
3934:ISBN
3915:ISBN
3892:ISBN
3873:ISBN
3851:ISBN
3828:ISBN
3800:ISBN
3581:2020
3260:ISBN
3218:ISBN
2398:For
2353:or −
2331:The
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2214:sinh
2148:The
1716:the
1698:the
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1659:the
1641:the
1623:the
1435:the
1233:307
1216:308
1206:983
1200:KFeO
1195:525
1165:NiCl
1159:291
1129:CrCl
1113:198
1083:FeCl
1051:307
1047:MnTe
1041:160
1031:116
942:ions
617:23).
595:842
592:450
589:723
531:548
528:287
525:560
502:572
499:300
496:573
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478:440
475:713
460:851
457:455
454:728
444:O–Fe
433:585
430:858
412:585
409:858
387:675
384:948
350:113
344:318
332:235
329:113
326:386
319:(CrO
311:597
308:314
305:587
293:674
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242:669
239:354
236:627
205:770
197:Iron
156:and
122:spin
120:and
78:and
4576:doi
4521:doi
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4482:doi
4445:doi
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4273:doi
4223:doi
4190:doi
4127:hdl
4119:doi
3744:doi
3293:doi
2096:≪
1727:is
1647:CGS
1248:50
1191:NiO
1185:75
1178:NiI
1172:50
1155:CoO
1149:12
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1136:25
1123:80
1109:FeO
1096:FeI
1090:24
1077:79
1070:FeF
1064:67
1057:MnF
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1027:MnO
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