17:
211:
The essays, which numbered 40 in total, outlined two measures. The first involved the technical improvements in the bureaucracy from the engineering initiatives in the Yellow River to fiscal reform such as the reform of the traditional salt gabelle. The second proposed constitutional changes,
187:
When Feng fled to
Shanghai, he came in contact with Westerners who were defending the city. He developed his ideas on modernization based from this interaction. Like other intellectuals and Qing officials such as Wenxiang, Zeng Guofan, and Zuo Zongtang, Feng argued for self-strengthening and
212:
particularly the reallocation of political power and status. Although many of his reforms were never fully enacted, they were circulated for later generations of political reformers. It is also considered one of the earliest reformist agenda of modern China and would contribute to the
124:. He was also a teacher, and a government official, serving as adviser to leading statesmen of his time. Feng is known for his interest in techniques by which states had become wealthy and strong, highlighting these subjects in the essay he wrote to propose reforms for the
208:, he was famously quoted as saying: "what we have to learn from the barbarians is only the one thing - solid ships and effective guns", though in reality his proposals were a little more extensive.
167:, Feng organized a local militia to fight the rebels. He fled to Shanghai when the rebels occupied Suzhou. Later in his life, Feng became the leader of the
148:
ranking the second, he started working as a compiler at the Hanlin
Academy in 1840 and later became the civil service examination supervisor in
582:
535:
572:
567:
530:
397:
587:
499:
422:
372:
331:
293:
265:
577:
452:
117:
27:
524:
562:
492:
Zheng
Guanying: Merchant Reformer of Late Qing China and His Influence on Economics, Politics, and Society
217:
129:
390:
The
Intellectual Foundations of Chinese Modernity: Cultural and Political Thought in the Republican Era
323:
240:
188:
industrialization by borrowing western technology and military systems, while retaining core
153:
315:
557:
552:
519:
145:
8:
213:
172:
495:
448:
418:
393:
368:
327:
316:
289:
261:
258:
Sources of
Chinese Tradition: From 1600 Through the Twentieth Century, Second Edition
164:
196:'s death in 1857, he proposed wide-ranging reforms in a collection of works called
125:
99:
81:
59:
523:
45:
16:
546:
189:
55:
157:
144:
landowners in Wuxian in China's Jainsu
Province in 1809. After passing the
121:
365:
Chinese
History and Culture: Seventeenth Century Through Twentieth Century
176:
175:(1862-1874). He also had an established intellectual relationship with
193:
77:
149:
192:
principles. After the disasters experienced by China following
141:
107:
89:
67:
35:
447:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. pp. 57–58.
152:. He also finally served as a private secretary to the
392:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 37.
367:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 164.
260:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 235.
469:China’s Response to the West: A Documentary Survey
128:. He was the originator of the philosophy of the
318:Historical Dictionary of Modern China (1800-1949)
216:of 1898. His ideas also became the basis for the
544:
474:
415:Taking in a Game: A History of Baseball in Asia
256:Bary, Wm Theodore De; Lufrano, Richard (2000).
220:that emerged in 1861 and lasted until 1895.
467:Fairbank, J. & Teng, S. (1979, Nov 15)
255:
494:. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press. p. 27.
536:United States Government Printing Office
322:. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press. pp.
283:
15:
132:undertaken in the late 19th century.
50:
545:
518:
412:
120:degree 1840) was a scholar during the
206:On The Manufacture of Foreign Weapons
140:Feng was born to a family of wealthy
531:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
471:. Harvard University Press. Page 53.
442:
438:
436:
434:
387:
358:
356:
309:
307:
305:
279:
277:
251:
249:
235:
233:
445:Origins of the Modern Chinese State
417:. U of Nebraska Press. p. 28.
350:. Harvard University Press. p. 208.
348:China’s Last Empire: The Great Qing
313:
13:
512:
489:
362:
135:
98:), later art name Dengweishanren (
14:
599:
583:19th-century Chinese philosophers
431:
353:
302:
274:
246:
230:
182:
286:Rereading Modern Chinese History
573:People of the Taiping Rebellion
483:
461:
568:19th-century Chinese educators
406:
381:
340:
288:. Leiden: BRILL. p. 288.
241:Encyclopædia Britannica Online
112:
94:
72:
40:
31:
1:
223:
7:
388:Fung, Edmund S. K. (2010).
218:Self-Strengthening Movement
130:Self-Strengthening Movement
10:
604:
413:Reaves, Joseph A. (2004).
588:Philosophers from Jiangsu
103:
85:
63:
443:Kuhn, Philip A. (2002).
54:; 1809 – May 28, 1874,
578:Qing dynasty essayists
363:Yü, Ying-shih (2016).
284:Weizheng, Zhu (2015).
20:
525:"Fêng Kuei-fên"
520:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
154:Viceroy of Liangjiang
19:
146:imperial examination
563:Writers from Suzhou
346:Rowe, W. T. (2009)
314:Gao, James (2009).
214:Hundred Days Reform
173:Tongzhi Restoration
171:school during the
21:
399:978-1-139-48823-5
202:Essays of Protest
165:Taiping Rebellion
595:
539:
527:
506:
505:
490:Wu, Guo (2010).
487:
481:
480:Wealth and Power
478:
472:
465:
459:
458:
440:
429:
428:
410:
404:
403:
385:
379:
378:
360:
351:
344:
338:
337:
321:
311:
300:
299:
281:
272:
271:
253:
244:
237:
204:. In his essay,
198:Jiaobinlu kangyi
150:Guangxi Province
114:
105:
96:
87:
74:
65:
52:
42:
33:
603:
602:
598:
597:
596:
594:
593:
592:
543:
542:
515:
513:Further reading
510:
509:
502:
488:
484:
479:
475:
466:
462:
455:
441:
432:
425:
411:
407:
400:
386:
382:
375:
361:
354:
345:
341:
334:
312:
303:
296:
282:
275:
268:
254:
247:
238:
231:
226:
185:
138:
136:Life and career
12:
11:
5:
601:
591:
590:
585:
580:
575:
570:
565:
560:
555:
541:
540:
522:, ed. (1943).
514:
511:
508:
507:
500:
482:
473:
460:
453:
430:
423:
405:
398:
380:
373:
352:
339:
332:
301:
294:
273:
266:
245:
228:
227:
225:
222:
184:
183:Chinese reform
181:
137:
134:
126:Chinese empire
113:Dèngwèishānrén
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
600:
589:
586:
584:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
550:
548:
537:
533:
532:
526:
521:
517:
516:
503:
501:9781604977059
497:
493:
486:
477:
470:
464:
456:
450:
446:
439:
437:
435:
426:
424:0-8032-9001-2
420:
416:
409:
401:
395:
391:
384:
376:
374:9780231178587
370:
366:
359:
357:
349:
343:
335:
333:9780810849303
329:
325:
320:
319:
310:
308:
306:
297:
295:9789004293304
291:
287:
280:
278:
269:
267:0-231-10938-5
263:
259:
252:
250:
243:
242:
236:
234:
229:
221:
219:
215:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
190:Neo-Confucian
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
161:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
109:
101:
97:
91:
83:
79:
75:
69:
61:
57:
56:courtesy name
53:
51:Feng Kuei-fen
47:
43:
37:
29:
25:
18:
529:
491:
485:
476:
468:
463:
444:
414:
408:
389:
383:
364:
347:
342:
317:
285:
257:
239:
210:
205:
201:
197:
186:
168:
162:
158:Li Hongzhang
139:
122:Qing Dynasty
111:
93:
71:
49:
39:
23:
22:
558:1874 deaths
553:1809 births
177:Sun Yat-sen
163:During the
41:Féng Guìfēn
24:Feng Guifen
547:Categories
454:0804742839
224:References
80:Jingting (
46:Wade–Giles
194:Wei Yuan
95:Jǐngtíng
78:art name
169:jingshi
100:Chinese
82:Chinese
60:Chinese
58:Linyi (
28:Chinese
498:
451:
421:
396:
371:
330:
292:
264:
142:Suzhou
118:jinshi
110::
108:pinyin
102::
92::
90:pinyin
84::
70::
68:pinyin
62::
48::
38::
36:pinyin
30::
73:Línyī
496:ISBN
449:ISBN
419:ISBN
394:ISBN
369:ISBN
328:ISBN
290:ISBN
262:ISBN
104:鄧尉山人
324:112
200:or
116:),
76:),
32:馮桂芬
549::
534:.
528:.
433:^
355:^
326:.
304:^
276:^
248:^
232:^
179:.
160:.
156:,
106:;
88:;
86:景亭
66:;
64:林一
44:;
34:;
538:.
504:.
457:.
427:.
402:.
377:.
336:.
298:.
270:.
26:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
