Fauna of Australia

35: 2968: 1695: 1551: 2996:(ABRS), which coordinates research in the taxonomy, identification, classification and distribution of flora and fauna. The ABRS maintains free online databases cataloguing much of the described Australian flora and fauna. Impacts such as the illegal setting of traps in rivers affect animals such as the Australian platypus, along with lack of awareness each year an average of 2–5 Australians lose their lives to what is presumed a safe creature. The key is understanding of Australia's diverse wildlife and fauna; what seems safe is often deadly. 1629: 726: 787: 1765: 2830: 3077: 1857: 2505: 1316: 876: 2992:. In each state and territory, there is statutory listing of threatened species. At present, 380 animal species are classified as either endangered or threatened under the EPBC Act, and other species are protected under state and territory legislation. More broadly, a complete cataloguing of all the species within Australia has been undertaken, a key step in the conservation of Australian fauna and biodiversity. In 1973, the federal government established the 3063: 2036: 569: 2574: 1234: 7134: 368: 1483: 846: 872:. There are seven extant species in Australia, most of which are endangered. These small creatures share several characteristic physical features: a plump, arch-backed body with a long, delicately tapering snout, large upright ears, long, thin legs, and a thin tail. The evolutionary origin of this group is unclear, because they share characteristics from both carnivorous and herbivorous marsupials. 2416: 647: 740: 1547:. Another theory for the decline might be, as research shows, that species from the Southern Hemisphere are on average 4.6 million years old, compared to an average 2.9 million years old for the Northern Hemisphere: Researchers believe this age difference is because of the history of severe ice ages in the Northern Hemisphere, which may drive older species to extinction. 1019: 1904:, have been introduced to Australian waterways. The mosquitofish is a particularly aggressive species known for harassing and nipping the fins of other fish. It has been linked to declines and localised extirpations of several small native fish species. The introduced trout species have had serious negative impacts on a number of 834:, or "native cat", all of which are threatened species. The eastern quoll for example is believed to have been extinct on the mainland since the 1960s, though there are efforts to reintroduce it. The remainder of the Dasyuridae are referred to as "marsupial mice"; most weigh less than 100 g. There are two species of 3043:, prepared by independent researchers for the federal government, concluded that the condition of the environment and environmental management in Australia had worsened since the previous report in 1996. Of particular relevance to wildlife conservation, the report indicated that many processes — such as 1690:

There are more species of snake in Darwin than any other Australian state capital, with 34 non-marine snake species found in the region, of which 23 have been recorded by professional snake catchers in Darwin itself. Fortunately for the citizens of Darwin, a far smaller proportion of these snakes are

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Despite the major impact of Aboriginals on native species populations, this is considered to be less significant than that of the European settlers, whose impact on the landscape has been on a relatively large scale. Since European settlement, direct exploitation of native fauna, habitat destruction

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56–34 MYA, when modern mammals first appeared in the fossil record. Although terrestrial marsupials and placental mammals did coexist in Australia in the Eocene, only the marsupials have survived to the present. Non-volant placental mammals made their reappearance in Australia in the Miocene, when

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is the largest private owner of land for conservation in the country which is dedicated to protecting endangered species across 4.8 million hectares of land in the most popular regions such as the Kimberley, Cape York, Lake Eyre and the Top End. This not-for-profit organisation is working hard to

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usually inhabits the reef at low densities. However, under conditions that are not yet well understood, they can reproduce to reach an unsustainable population density when coral is devoured at a rate faster than it can regenerate. This presents a serious reef management issue. Other problematic

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are considered endemic. Invertebrates occupy many ecological niches and are important in all ecosystems as decomposers, pollinators, and food sources. The largest group of invertebrates is the insects, comprising 75% of Australia's known species of animals. The most diverse insect orders are the

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was thought to be deadly but redback bites are no longer thought to be life-threatening, as the lack of deaths since 1956 was thought to be due to the development of an anti-venom which has since been shown to be no better than placebo. There are thousands of species of mites and ticks from the

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of bats, although 7% of the world's bat species live in Australia. Rodents first arrived in Australia 5–10 MYA, undergoing a wide radiation to produce the species collectively known as the "old endemic" rodents. The old endemics are represented by 14 extant genera. A million years ago, the

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and Indo-Australian plates. This continental boundary prevented the formation of land bridges and resulted in a distinct zoological distribution, with limited overlap, of most Asian and Australian fauna, with the exception of birds. Following the emergence of the circumpolar current in the

3028:. As of 2002, 10.8% (774,619.51 km) of the total land area of Australia is within protected areas. Protected marine zones have been created in many areas to preserve marine biodiversity; as of 2002, these areas cover about 7% (646,000 km) of Australia's marine jurisdiction. The 658:

Australia has a rich mammalian fossil history, as well as a variety of extant mammalian species, dominated by the marsupials, currently however there is limited taxonomic research into Australia's mammals. The fossil record shows that monotremes have been present in Australia since the

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More than 5000 species of fish inhabit Australia's waterways; of these, 24% are endemic. However, because of the relative scarcity of freshwater waterways, Australia has only about 300 species of freshwater fish. Two families of freshwater fish have ancient origins: the

1154: 2110:, a method that has reduced the population of both dangerous and harmless shark species through accidental entanglement. The overfishing of sharks has also significantly reduced shark numbers in Australian waters, and several species are now endangered. A 490:

between 48,000 and 70,000 years ago and by Europeans from 1788, has significantly affected the fauna. Hunting, the introduction of non-native species, and land-management practices involving the modification or destruction of habitats have led to numerous

994:, with 45 species. Macropods are found in all Australian environments except alpine areas. The Potoroidae include the bettongs, potaroos and rat-kangaroos, small species that make nests and carry plant material with their tails. The Macropodiae include 978:

is the smallest glider species. The gliding possums have membranes called "patagia" that extend from the fifth finger of their forelimb back to the first toe of their hind foot. These membranes, when outstretched, allow them to glide between trees.

2954:, in which large swathes of bushland were burnt to facilitate hunting, modified both flora and fauna – and are thought to have contributed to the extinction of large herbivores with a specialised diet, such as the flightless birds from the genus 1255:

Australia and its territories are home to around 800 species of bird; 45% of these are endemic to Australia. The fossil record of birds in Australia is patchy; however, there are records of the ancestors of contemporary species as early as the

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to English naturalists it was thought to be a hoax. The short-beaked echidna is covered in hairy spikes with a tubular snout in the place of a mouth, and a tongue that can move in and out of the snout at a rate of 100 times a minute to capture

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era (some 15 MYA), the Australian climate became increasingly arid, giving rise to a diverse group of arid-specialised organisms, just as the wet tropical and seasonally wet areas gave rise to their own uniquely adapted species.

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crops. It has since become a devastating pest, spreading across northern Australia. As well as competing with native insectivores for food, the cane toad produces a venom that is toxic to native fauna, as well as to humans. The

587:, which also included South America, Africa, India and Antarctica. Gondwana began to break up 140 million years ago (MYA); 50 MYA Australia separated from Antarctica and was relatively isolated until the collision of the 3012: 3019:

have been created in every state and territory to protect and preserve the country's unique ecosystems. These protected areas include national parks and other reserves, as well as 64 wetlands registered under the

4685: 550:). Unsustainable land use still threatens the survival of many species. To target threats to the survival of its fauna, Australia has passed wide-ranging federal and state legislation and established numerous 4749: 2912:

Many of the introduced species are not regulated through wildlife services and can be regularly hunted year round. Some states even fund hunting initiatives though the efficacy of these programs are disputed.

1070:. Fossil evidence suggests that people from the north brought the dingo to Australia about 5000 years ago. When Europeans settled Australia they intentionally released many species into the wild including the 2980:

and the introduction of exotic predators and competitive herbivores has led to the extinction of some 27 mammal, 23 bird and 4 frog species. Much of Australia's fauna is protected by legislation. The federal

7427: 7343: 7124: 5016: 1809:. Apart from the ancient freshwater species, 70% of Australia's freshwater fish have affinities with tropical Indo-Pacific marine species that have adapted to freshwater. These species include freshwater 7363: 1931:

Most of Australia's fish species are marine, and 75% live in tropical marine environments. This is partly due to Australia's huge marine territory, covering 9 million km. Groups of interest include the

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Costly, laborious and time-consuming efforts at control of these species has met with little success and this continues to be a major problem area in the conservation of Australia's biodiversity.

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and associated species; size varies widely within this family. Most macropods have large hind legs and long, narrow hind feet, with a distinctive arrangement of four toes, and powerfully muscled

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started to appear reliably in the Late Miocene fossil record. The marsupials evolved to fill specific ecological niches, and in many cases they are physically similar to the placental mammals in

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are found in Australian coastal waters. Since the majority of these species have global distribution, some authors do not consider them to be Australian species. There are eleven species of

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as well as introduced diseases, fungi and parasites. An example of this is Blue Green Algae, which is spreading through many bodies of water in rural Victoria, such as the Gippsland Lakes.

1511:, or southern frogs, are Australia's largest group of frogs, with 112 species classified into anywhere from 17 to 22 genera. A notable member of this group is the colourful and endangered 770:

that only occur in New Guinea. Monotremes differ from other mammals in their methods of reproduction; in particular, they lay eggs instead of giving birth to live young. The platypus — a

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highly venomous than is typically found in other cities, due to the low numbers of front-fanged elapid species and dominance of relatively harmless pythons and colubrid species.

7313: 91: 4807: 1519:, from family Hylidae, are common in high rainfall areas on the north and east coasts; there are 77 Australian species from three genera. The 18 species from two genera of the 7013: 6464: 5915: 4993: 4067: 2981: 259: 3597: 7588: 5418: 186: 1374:

has attracted the interest of evolutionary psychologists; it has a complex courtship ritual in which the male creates a bower filled with blue, shiny items to woo mates.

7548: 7462: 7123: 6373: 116: 7205: 4696: 7472: 7273: 7263: 842:— that inhabit the deserts of Western Australia. These rare, blind and earless carnivorous creatures spend most of their time underground; little is known about them. 76: 6913: 4760: 7568: 7368: 1924:. The common carp is strongly implicated in the dramatic loss in waterweed, decline of small native fish species and permanently elevated levels of turbidity in the 6056: 7543: 6598: 6087: 2566:. These crabs live burrowed into the banks of waterways and can plug their burrows, surviving through several years of drought. The extremely primitive freshwater 712:

are both digging insectivores. For the most part, mammals are not a highly visible part of the faunal landscape, as most species are nocturnal and many arboreal.

6949:, Independent Report to the Commonwealth Minister for the Environment and Heritage. CSIRO Publishing on behalf of the Department of the Environment and Heritage 5027: 603:, it was, to some extent, isolated from the effects of global climate change. The unique fauna that originated in Gondwana, such as the marsupials, survived and 826:; it is the size of a small dog and can hunt, although it is mainly a scavenger. It became extinct on the mainland some 600 years ago, and is now found only in 6802: 3189: 66: 7268: 6809: 6558:

Karabanov, Dmitry P.; Bekker, Eugeniya I.; Garibian, Petr G.; Shiel, Russell J.; Kobayashi, Tsuyoshi; Taylor, Derek J.; Kotov, Alexey A. (15 February 2022).

6377: 6847: 4983:(Editors). Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group. 8214: 2560:

species are not entirely aquatic, because they spend most of their lives living in burrows. Australia has seven species of freshwater crab from the genus

7437: 7283: 3127: 6761:"Robustness despite uncertainty: regional climate data reveal the dominant role of humans in explaining global extinctions of Late Quaternary megafauna" 2315:

Of the estimated 200,000 animal species in Australia, about 96% are invertebrates. While the full extent of invertebrate diversity is uncertain, 90% of

7583: 4975:. 2014. Turtles of the World, 7th edition: annotated checklist of taxonomy, synonymy, distribution with maps, and conservation status. In: Rhodin AGJ, 4653: 3184: 1789:, having evolved before Australia separated from Gondwana. One of the smallest freshwater fish, peculiar to the southwest of Western Australia, is the 774:, egg-laying, duck-billed amphibious mammal — is considered to be one of the strangest creatures in the animal kingdom. When it was first presented by 496: 6825: 5940: 7482: 4298: 3110: 1030:

Australia has indigenous placental mammals from two orders: the bats — order Chiroptera — represented by six families; and the mice and rats — order

1006:, which they use to hop around. The musky rat-kangaroo is the smallest macropod and the only species that is quadrupedal not bipedal, while the male 6214: 7477: 7467: 7457: 7447: 3243: 3032:

is managed by the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority under specific federal and state legislation. Some of Australia's fisheries are already

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beach in 1988; very little is known about this species, but this discovery may indicate the presence of the species in Australian coastal waters.

8095: 7510: 7432: 354: 2702:, which have been able to take over marine habitats and form urchin barrens due to the over harvesting of their natural predators which include 6942: 6872: 4263: 2699: 232: 4221: 3011:

and is strongly opposed to commercial whaling — all cetacean species are protected in Australian waters. Australia is also a signatory to the

2938:, who relied upon many species as a source of food and skins. Vertebrates commonly harvested included macropods, possums, seals, fish and the 2729:

There are many unique marine crustaceans in Australian waters. The best-known class, to which all the edible species of crustacean belong, is

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to Australia and New Zealand. About two million birds travel this route to and from Australia each year. One very common large seabird is the

1217:. It can grow up to 3 m long and weigh as much as 400 kg. The dugong is the only herbivorous marine mammal in Australia, feeding on 8100: 5884: 4951: 1570:, known colloquially as the "salty", is the largest living crocodile species; reaching over 7 m, and weighing over 1,000 kg, they 8365: 5052: 3783: 3154: 3095: 1706:

There are more than 700 species of lizards in Australia with representatives of five families. There are over 130 species in 20 genera of

1574:. They live on the coast and in the freshwater rivers and wetlands of northern Australia, and they are farmed for their meat and leather. 6323: 6122: 2858:

species which have flourished and now impact the environment adversely. Introduced organisms affect the environment in a number of ways.

6891: 1793:, which can survive desiccation in the dry season by burrowing into mud. Other families with a potentially Gondwanan origin include the 7621: 5909: 4815: 1621:

is the only Australian turtle not of that family. Australia is the only continent without any living species of land tortoises of the

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in recent years. Although the full reasons for the decline are uncertain, it can be at least partly attributed to the fatal amphibian

7868: 7308: 7240: 6004: 6456: 6283: 5389: 4884: 4337: 806:. Marsupials are characterised by the presence of a pouch in which they rear their young after birth. The carnivorous marsupials — 81: 6755:

Bartlett, Lewis J.; Williams, David R.; Prescott, Graham W.; Balmford, Andrew; Green, Rhys E.; Eriksson, Anders; Valdes, Paul J.;

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in coastal areas. The destruction of sea grass beds is a threat to the survival of this species. Eleven species of seal — family

237: 6253: 4578: 3047:, changing hydrological conditions, land clearing, fragmentation of ecosystems, poor management of the coastal environment, and 8142: 7952: 7760: 7674: 395:

consists of a large variety of animals; some 46% of birds, 69% of mammals, 94% of amphibians, and 93% of reptiles that inhabit

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Sundar, K. S. Gopi; Grant, John D.; Inka, Veltheim; Kittur, Swati; Brandis, Kate; Michael, McCarthy; Scambler, Elinor (2018).

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from family Hydrophiidae inhabit Australia's northern waters; many are extremely venomous. Two species of sea snake from the

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inhabit all the coastal waters and estuarine habitats of Australia's coast. There are 166 species, including 30 species of

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is a family of limbless lizards endemic to the Australian region; all 39 species from seven genera occur in Australia. The

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as its sole extant species. The Tasmanian tiger was the largest Dasyuromorphia and the last living specimen of the family

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Introduction of exotic fauna in Australia by design, accident and natural processes has led to a considerable number of

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is an endangered marine species that inhabits the waters of north-eastern and north-western Australia, particularly the

8548: 7679: 7659: 6760: 2985: 2809:, the second largest crab species in the world, found in deep water, and weighing up to 13 kg, and the Australian 3417: 8090: 7991: 7891: 7811: 7745: 7169: 7094: 7074: 7060: 7032: 7007: 6993: 6979: 6954: 6925: 6153: 5927: 5724: 5491: 5249:

von Takach, Brenton; Lettoof, Damian Christopher; Parkin, Tom; de Laive, Alana; Allen, Luke; Jolly, Chris J. (2023).

4553: 4311: 3411: 3272: 3194: 3164: 3159: 3115: 326: 222: 196: 5251:"Analysing spatiotemporal patterns of snake occurrence in an Australian city to help manage human-wildlife conflict" 599:

of the present-day fauna was apparently shaped by the unique climate and the geology of the continent. As Australia

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and climatic events helped to make Australia's fauna unique. Australia was once part of the southern supercontinent

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A clinician's guide to Australian venomous bites and stings : incorporating the updated CSL antivenom handbook

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Lettoof, Damian Christopher; Parkin, Tom; Jolly, Chris James; de Laive, Alana; von Takach, Brenton (1 April 2023).

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live on the Australian coast, including many species of migratory seabird. Australia is at the southern end of the

96: 6806: 6365: 8259: 8058: 8048: 7984: 7725: 7699: 6843: 3000: 2773:, are more diverse in the colder waters of southern Australia. Less-well-known marine groups include the classes 2715: 1746:

from more than 40 genera, comprising more than 50% of the total Australian lizard fauna; this group includes the

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Thomson, J.M. et al. 1987. Human Exploitation of and Introductions to the Australian Fauna. In D.W. Walton Ed.

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Williams, W.D. and Allen, G.R. 1987. Origins and adaptations of the fauna of inland waters. In D.W. Walton Ed.

1571: 1441: 340: 5026:. Canberra: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government. Archived from 4759:. Canberra: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government. Archived from 4695:. Canberra: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government. Archived from 1675:

also occur in Australian waters. Australia has only 11 species from the world's most significant snake family

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are more commonly observed. There are 37 species of toothed whale, which include all six genera of the family

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placental animals occupy elsewhere in the world. Australia is home to two of the five known extant species of

8495: 8412: 8288: 8137: 8130: 8001: 7947: 7750: 7730: 7578: 7442: 7233: 5155:"Snakes on an urban plain: Temporal patterns of snake activity and human–snake conflict in Darwin, Australia" 4972: 3179: 3048: 2841: 1523:

frogs are restricted to the rainforests of northern Australia and nearby habitats; the smallest species, the

158: 126: 7178: 5078: 4645: 1667:. Of the 200 species of elapid, 106 are found in Australia and 86 are found only in Australia. Thirty-three 8480: 8274: 8011: 7974: 7853: 7843: 7715: 3090: 3016: 2547: 563: 551: 175: 136: 101: 5312: 2570:, found only in Tasmania, are a unique group, resembling species found in the fossil record from 200 MYA. 931:. Wombats use their diprotodont teeth and powerful claws to dig extensive burrow systems; they are mainly 8583: 8249: 8207: 8202: 8149: 7896: 7863: 7791: 7394: 7139: 6222: 4271: 2524:

includes 124 species of Australian freshwater crayfish. These include the world's smallest crayfish, the

2442: 1536: 6937: 6869: 6628: 4099:"A detailed picture of the origin of the Australian dingo, obtained from the study of mitochondrial DNA" 2501:. On average they reach 80 cm in length, but specimens up to 3.7 m in length have been found. 8315: 8219: 8073: 8028: 7932: 7288: 5708: 3149: 3105: 2087: 1198: 1138:. Only three species of non-native placental mammal were not deliberately introduced to Australia: the 247: 131: 106: 7020:(D. W. Walton and B. J. Richardson, eds.). Mammalia, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 1B:1–1227. 4683: 3440:

Archer, M.; et al. (1985). "First Mesozoic mammal from Australia-an early Cretaceous monotreme".

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For at least 40,000 years, Australia's fauna played an integral role in the traditional lifestyles of

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with an estimated 550 more waiting to be described, and at least 17 scorpion genera with 120 species.

8435: 8392: 8340: 8239: 8085: 8053: 7969: 7959: 7927: 7607: 7533: 7505: 7348: 7158: 5528:: Dipnoi) have low genetic variation at allozyme and mitochondrial DNA loci: a conservation alert?". 3139: 3132: 2929: 2490: 1901: 1679:; none are endemic, and they are considered to be relatively recent arrivals from Asia. There are 15 1644: 1457: 1242: 883:

does not normally need to drink, because it can obtain all of the moisture it needs by eating leaves.

384: 320: 279: 86: 6888: 5053:"There's a potentially dangerous myth about venomous snakes that researchers have proven very wrong" 4260: 2380:, including bugs, aphids and hoppers, comprises 5,650 species; and there are 2,827 species of order 974:

are common species of gliding possum, found in the eucalypt forests of eastern Australia, while the

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Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service, Cooperative Research Center for Tropical Savannas Management

3122: 2723: 2694: 2438: 2115: 1288:, order Psittaciformes. Australian parrots comprise a sixth of the world's parrots, including many 403:

to it. This high level of endemism can be attributed to the continent's long geographic isolation,

306: 4947: 4397:"Sympatric cranes in northern Australia: abundance, breeding success, habitat preference and diet" 2920:, invasive species are the leading cause of native Australian animal extinctions since the 1960s. 2516:, is common in many areas of Australia. In this family of spiders, the female carries her egg-sac. 8500: 8375: 8355: 8330: 8310: 8063: 8033: 7858: 7735: 7664: 7528: 3100: 2964:

is debated, but increasingly favours the idea humans were responsible for megafaunal extinction.

2942:, most commonly known as the muttonbird. Invertebrates used as food included insects such as the 2939: 1473: 1308:

is the only crane exclusive to Australia, and it shares habitat with the more widely distributed

1281: 1082:. Other domestic species have escaped and over time have produced wild populations including the 963: 535: 291: 242: 7213: 6513:

Karabanov, Dmitry P.; Bekker, Eugeniya I.; Shiel, Russell J.; Kotov, Alexey A. (27 March 2018).

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may have been introduced to Australia by humans or birds. Other invasive species include birds (

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are one of the reef's largest species. However, large reef fish should not be eaten for fear of

8407: 8385: 8360: 8325: 8305: 8269: 8107: 8078: 8068: 8043: 8006: 7937: 7774: 7669: 7563: 7387: 2960:. The role of hunting and landscape modification by aboriginal people in the extinction of the 2935: 2083: 1606: 959: 543: 487: 411:

over geological time. A unique feature of Australia's fauna is the relative scarcity of native

6334: 1535:– which only occurs in the Queensland rainforests. As elsewhere, there has been a precipitous 1527:, is from this family. There is a single species from the world's dominant frog group, family 34: 8470: 8402: 8300: 8254: 8117: 8023: 7910: 7796: 5881: 3044: 2891: 2421: 2401: 1602: 1477: 588: 396: 296: 5882:

SAF Statistics for the Worldwide Locations with the Highest Shark Attack Activity Since 1990

3360: 3242:(Report). Commonwealth of Australia Department of the Environment and Energy. Archived from 2090:, of which two were fatal. Only 3 species of shark pose a significant threat to humans: the 1948:, whose males incubate their partner's eggs in a specialised pouch. There are 80 species of 1643:

Australia is the only continent where venomous snakes outnumber their non-venomous cousins.

1502:. In 1935 the cane toad was introduced to Australia in a failed attempt to control pests in 8534: 8505: 8427: 8264: 8234: 8170: 8125: 7838: 7833: 7801: 7786: 7642: 7452: 7154: 6775: 6697: 5576: 5213: 5202:"Snake life history traits and their association with urban habitat use in a tropical city" 5166: 4110: 3561: 3494: 3451: 3297: 2988:. This act protects all native fauna and provides for the identification and protection of 2961: 2814: 2806: 2719: 2578: 2498: 2079: 1965: 1925: 1575: 1532: 1178: 763: 731: 685: 641: 580: 311: 301: 111: 6920:, CSIRO Publishing on behalf of the Department of the Environment and Heritage, Canberra. 5922:, CSIRO Publishing on behalf of the Department of the Environment and Heritage, Canberra. 2967: 2419:

There are 1,275 described species and subspecies of ant from Australia. These green ants (

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family, known for its call, which sounds uncannily like loud, echoing human laughter. The

8: 8455: 8397: 8229: 8192: 7922: 6001: 4980: 3025: 2686: 2586: 1782: 1747: 1727: 1652: 1632: 1567: 1555: 1433:, are destructive of some native bird species and thus destabilise the native ecosystem. 1414: 1161:

is an endangered species; the largest remaining population is found in Australian waters.

955: 767: 7210:, full contents of Mammalia and some of Amphibia & Reptilia available in .pdf format 6779: 6701: 6291: 6261: 5580: 5486:. S. H. Midgley, M. Allen. Perth, W.A.: Western Australian Museum. pp. vii, 54–55. 5397: 5217: 5170: 5154: 4888: 4114: 3565: 3498: 3455: 3301: 1609:; all are protected in Australian waters. There are 35 species of Australian freshwater 1026:

was the first placental mammal introduced to Australia by humans, around 4000 years ago.

8557: 8515: 8490: 8475: 8465: 8460: 8450: 8417: 8320: 8224: 7823: 6721: 6681:"Ecosystem Collapse in Pleistocene Australia and a Human Role in Megafaunal Extinction" 5592: 5545: 5455: 4275: 3510: 3467: 3318: 3285: 3267:

Josephine Flood (2004) Archaeology of the Dreamtime, J.B. Publishing, Marleston p. 283

3029: 2989: 2951: 2594: 2582: 2075: 1969: 1850: 1487: 1453: 1410: 1406: 1320: 1269: 1250: 983: 975: 795: 604: 408: 71: 60: 48: 6680: 6457:"crab (crustacean) :: Distribution and variety. – Britannica Online Encyclopedia" 4133: 4098: 3891: 1241:

is the second largest extant species of bird. It is a heraldic bird, appearing on the

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died in captivity in 1936. The world's largest surviving carnivorous marsupial is the

8445: 8187: 7278: 7090: 7070: 7056: 7042: 7028: 7003: 6989: 6975: 6950: 6921: 6713: 6688: 6540: 6514: 6195: 6185: 6149: 5923: 5755: 5720: 5677: 5659: 5497: 5487: 5270: 5231: 5182: 4910: 4684:

Littlejohn, Murray J.; Roberts, J. Dale; Watson, Graham F.; Davies, Margaret (1993).

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Australian Government Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water

4333: 4307: 4138: 3828: 3579: 3532: 3485:

Godthelp, H.; et al. (1992). "Earliest known Australian Tertiary mammal fauna".

3407: 3366: 3323: 3268: 3021: 2682: 2099: 2040: 1921: 1917: 1759: 1628: 1363: 1206: 600: 420: 284: 6725: 5596: 5549: 2528:, which does not exceed 30 mm in length, and the world's largest crayfish, the 8562: 7996: 7487: 6783: 6705: 6577: 6532: 5773: 5584: 5537: 5262: 5221: 5174: 4408: 4128: 4118: 3716: 3569: 3514: 3502: 3471: 3459: 3442: 3313: 3305: 3068: 3004:

avoid extinction of the endangered native species in various wildlife sanctuaries.

2972: 2847: 2758: 2666: 2525: 2409: 2405: 2389: 1981: 1861: 1618: 1594: 1590: 1550: 1544: 1445: 1422: 1186: 1010:

is the largest, reaching a height of about 2 m and weighing up to 85 kg.

954:. The possums are a diverse group of arboreal marsupials and vary in size from the 947: 936: 839: 660: 436: 428: 5563:

Berra, Tim M.; Pusey, Bradley J. (October 1997). "Threatened fishes of the world:

4554:"The planet's most threatened flight path, and the $ 3 billion plan to protect it" 4412: 2396:. Introduced species that pose a significant threat to native species include the 2016:, all of which have toxins that can kill humans. There are 11 venomous species of 7558: 7173: 6946: 6917: 6895: 6876: 6813: 6568: 6008: 5919: 5715: 5429: 4976: 4267: 3768: 2855: 2707: 2562: 2478: 2166: 2111: 2103: 2021: 1913: 1885: 1822: 1818: 1806: 1586: 1512: 1418: 1371: 1194: 1079: 971: 900: 865: 823: 725: 701: 407:

stability, and the effects of a unique pattern of climate change on the soil and

404: 4396: 2593:

A huge variety of marine invertebrates are found in Australian waters, with the

786: 8440: 6756: 5422: 5266: 5226: 5201: 4909:

Wood, The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats. Sterling Pub Co Inc (1983),

4103:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3574: 3549: 3082: 3036:, and quotas have been set for the sustainable harvest of many marine species. 2947: 2532:, measuring up to 76 cm long and weighing 4.5 kg. The crayfish genus 2486: 2455: 2446: 2179: 2071: 1889: 1802: 1790: 1764: 1731: 1723: 1508: 1449: 1285: 1174: 1003: 835: 807: 623: 444: 432: 6909:

Coasts and Oceans Theme Report, Australia State of the Environment Report 2001

6536: 5588: 5541: 3399: 2829: 8577: 7553: 6199: 5764: 5274: 5250: 5235: 5186: 4858: 3286:"An Aboriginal Australian genome reveals separate human dispersals into Asia" 3033: 2810: 2778: 2754: 2750: 2638: 2482: 2474: 2393: 2283: 2055: 1977: 1957: 1937: 1881: 1794: 1672: 1647:

belong to seven families. Of these, the most venomous species, including the

1622: 1426: 1390: 1355: 1214: 1131: 1127: 1075: 896: 892: 791: 6709: 5501: 4123: 3309: 1972:

supports a huge variety of small- and medium-sized reef fish, including the

1856: 1718:

or dragon lizards are represented by 70 species in 14 genera, including the

1578:, found only in northern Australia, are not considered dangerous to humans. 614:, fauna of Asian origin were able to establish themselves in Australia. The 7166: 7142:

was created from a revision of this article dated 23 October 2006

6889:

About the National Representative System of Marine Protected Areas (NRSMPA)

6717: 6544: 5153:

Parkin, Tom; Jolly, Chris J.; de Laive, Alana; von Takach, Brenton (2021).

4859:"Crocodilian Species – Australian Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus)" 4142: 3598:"Ringtail and Greater Gliding Possums (Pseudocheiridae) | Encyclopedia.com" 3583: 3401: 3327: 3076: 2899: 2883: 2782: 2730: 2711: 2634: 2539: 2521: 2013: 2001: 1953: 1893: 1865: 1842: 1742:, which can reach up to 2 m in length. There are about 450 species of 1719: 1648: 1598: 1520: 1499: 1430: 1402: 1382: 1190: 1170: 1123: 1007: 991: 967: 951: 943: 904: 850: 819: 775: 619: 615: 424: 376: 372: 6179: 5524:

Frentiu, F.D.; J.R. Ovenden & R. Street (2001). "Australian lungfish (

2698:

marine invertebrates include the native species purple sea urchin and the

2504: 1409:. A number of bird species have been introduced by humans; some, like the 622:

regions of Asia and Australasia — marks the tectonic boundary between the

8510: 8370: 5481: 2943: 2887: 2786: 2746: 2614: 2567: 2509: 2466: 2397: 2385: 2349: 2337: 2231: 2095: 1997: 1960:, which can grow as large as 2.7 m and weigh up to 400 kg. The 1897: 1877: 1873: 1846: 1711: 1684: 1660: 1582: 1524: 1335: 1315: 1309: 1182: 1139: 1099: 1091: 1059: 932: 875: 654:

was the largest carnivorous marsupial to have survived into modern times.

412: 6654:"Since 1960, Australia has lost 23 native animals in an extinction wave" 1201:, a species first described in 2005. Some oceanic dolphins, such as the 6788: 2984:

was created to meet Australia's obligations as a signatory to the 1992

2879: 2762: 2690: 2642: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2381: 2091: 2009: 1989: 1973: 1961: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1798: 1769: 1680: 1676: 1351: 1301: 1297: 1277: 1205:, can be found in all waters around the continent; others, such as the 1048: 987: 924: 916: 811: 697: 523: 492: 6582: 6559: 5178: 2437:. There are numerous highly venomous species, including the notorious 915:

is an arboreal species that feeds on the leaves of various species of

7630: 7599: 7218: 5753: 3506: 3463: 2956: 2875: 2871: 2834: 2798: 2774: 2766: 2606: 2494: 2469:

there are many families of aquatic worms, and for native terrestrial

2377: 2341: 2257: 2244: 2107: 2067: 2063: 2044: 2029: 2025: 2005: 1945: 1933: 1909: 1668: 1563: 1516: 1503: 1417:, coexist happily with Australian species, while others, such as the 1394: 1367: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1327: 1257: 1218: 1147: 1143: 1135: 1103: 888: 857: 803: 755: 709: 689: 673: 664: 651: 628: 596: 526:

are strongly believed to have become extinct in Australia during the

504: 479:. Uniquely, Australia has more venomous than non-venomous species of 472: 464: 440: 416: 7214:

30+ Native Australian Animals - Facts, Pics & Where To Find Them

7082:

Australian Faunal Directory], Department of Environment and Heritage

7080: 2733:. The warm waters of northern Australia are home to many species of 2556:, commonly known as the land crayfish, are also found in Australia. 2035: 704:

have similar adaptations enabling their arboreal lifestyle; and the

684:

and North America that occupy similar niches, a phenomenon known as

568: 7379: 7194: 4306:(2nd ed.). Australian Biological Resources Study. p. 14. 2802: 2790: 2734: 2630: 2602: 2598: 2573: 2462: 2430: 2373: 2218: 2205: 2192: 2153: 2140: 2059: 2017: 1941: 1814: 1786: 1739: 1734:, family Varanidae, in Australia, where they are commonly known as 1715: 1664: 1614: 1359: 1289: 1273: 1233: 1222: 1111: 1095: 995: 887:

Marsupials with two front teeth (diprotodont) on the lower jaw and

869: 827: 759: 745: 584: 573: 527: 476: 456: 448: 400: 6519:

Sars (Crustacea: Cladocera) in the Lower Lakes of South Australia"

5523: 5308: 3784:"Newborn eastern quoll joeys to be tracked with tail transmitters" 3721: 3700: 572:

Evidence suggests that Australia was a part of the supercontinent

367: 7190:

Crustacean Gallery- Marine crustacean from southeastern Australia

7069:, Volume 1A. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra. 6523: 6125:, CSIRO Entomology. Internet Archive: Retrieved 18 December 2013. 5719:, Queensland Department of Primary Industries Fisheries Division 4640: 2917: 2895: 2867: 2863: 2818: 2794: 2770: 2742: 2703: 2662: 2552: 2365: 2320: 2270: 2004:. There are several venomous fish, among them several species of 1949: 1810: 1778: 1540: 1528: 1461: 1437: 1398: 1378: 1330:

of Australia, also known as songbirds or perching birds, include

1166: 1083: 1071: 1035: 999: 920: 780: 693: 681: 611: 592: 519: 512: 468: 460: 6754: 6745:, Volume 1A. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra. 5613:, Volume 1A. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra. 4996:

2 May 2015 at Wikiwix, doi:10.3854/ crm.5.000.checklist.v7.2014.

3527:

Townsend, C.R. et al. 2008. Ecology’s evolutionary backdrop, in

6560:"Multiple Recent Colonizations of the Australian Region by the 5248: 3051:— pose major problems for protecting Australia's biodiversity. 2859: 2693:, which can cause respiratory failure and death in humans. The 2678: 2670: 2654: 2543: 2534: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2316: 1993: 1735: 1699: 1656: 1610: 1494:

Australia has four families of native frogs and one introduced

1482: 1305: 1261: 1210: 1158: 1119: 1107: 1031: 908: 907:. The Vombatiformes include the koala and the three species of 815: 705: 677: 668: 500: 452: 379:

and is one of Australia's heraldic animals, appearing with the

6830:

Australian Government Department of the Environment And Energy

5946:(Report) (2nd ed.). Australian Biological Resources Study 5887:

17 February 2011 at Wikiwix, Florida Museum of Natural History

5017:"15. General Description and Definition of the Order Chelonia" 845: 7183: 5152: 4261:

Dugongs in the Great Barrier Reef: Current State of Knowledge

2982:

Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999

2903: 2851: 2658: 2646: 2610: 2451: 2415: 2051: 1743: 1707: 1636: 1293: 1115: 1067: 1066:. The first placental mammal introduced to Australia was the 1063: 1039: 1023: 919:. Wombats, on the other hand, live on the ground and feed on 912: 880: 861: 831: 794:

is mainland Australia's largest carnivorous marsupial and an

771: 646: 531: 480: 227: 6557: 5911:

Biodiversity, Australia State of the Environment Report 2001

2597:

an important source of this diversity. Families include the

2425:) are found in tropical Australia and build nests in leaves. 802:

Australia has the world's largest and most diverse range of

6870:

Summary of Terrestrial Protected Areas in Australia by Type

6374:

Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts

6083: 3400:

Woinarski, John; Burbidge, Andrew; Harrison, Peter (2014).

2738: 2674: 2650: 2470: 2361: 2345: 1985: 1952:

in Australian waters, including one of the world's biggest

1495: 1386: 1331: 1202: 928: 739: 516: 508: 5199: 3015:

agreement and prohibits the export of endangered species.

1964:, a group of 50 species of silver schooling fish, and the 7053:

The Australian Museum Complete Book of Australian Mammals

6512: 6081: 2489:. The latter includes the world's largest earthworm, the 2369: 2357: 2353: 1456:, which can be found in most waterways in Australia. The 1265: 1238: 1153: 1087: 1044: 1018: 380: 6844:"Whale Protection – How is Australia protecting whales?" 5024:

Fauna of Australia series, Environment Australia website

4757:

Fauna of Australia series, Environment Australia website

4693:

Fauna of Australia series, Environment Australia website

1260:. Birds with a Gondwanan history include the flightless 7199: 6184:. Julian White, CSL Limited. Parkville, Vic.: CSL Ltd. 2862:

render land economically useless by eating everything.

1785:. The Queensland lungfish is the most primitive of the 7200:

University of Melbourne Australian Venom Research Unit

7087:

A complete guide to reptiles of Australia, 5th Edition

5562: 3550:"Tasmanian wolf genome offers clues to its extinction" 3190:

List of marine animals of Australia (temperate waters)

2975:

is critically endangered on the Australian east coast.

1062:

mammals have been introduced to Australia and are now

986:, with the musky rat-kangaroo as its only member; the 6936:

Australian State of the Environment Committee. 2001.

4394: 2308:

Modified from: Williams et al. 2001 and Chapman, 2009

5941:

Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World

4979:, van Dijk PP, Saumure RA, Buhlmann KA, Iverson JB, 4300:

Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World

3058: 2916:

According to a 2023 report co-authored by biologist

3128:

List of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic birds

1868:, is found in the waters around southern Australia. 1772:

is Australia's largest wholly freshwater bony fish.

982:The macropods are divided into three families: the 6887:Department of the Environment and Heritage. 2002. 6868:Department of the Environment and Heritage. 2002. 6148:. Clayton, Victoria, Australia: CSIRO Publishing. 6088:"issg Database: Ecology of Anoplolepis gracilipes" 5754:Fennessy, S.; Pollard, D.A.; Samoilys, M. (2018). 3185:List of Australian animals extinct in the Holocene 2477:(pot worms) and the "true" earthworms in families 2433:, including 78 spider families with 79 species of 1920:species as well as other upland fauna such as the 1872:Several exotic freshwater fish species, including 1581:The Australian coast is visited by six species of 1490:is a common frog species across eastern Australia. 688:. For example, the top predator in Australia, the 497:list of Australian animals extinct in the Holocene 6596: 5994: 4747: 4340:Retrieved from Internet Archive 16 December 2013. 3111:List of placental mammals introduced to Australia 1558:is the largest species of crocodile in the world. 810:— are represented by two surviving families: the 419:– a group of mammals that raise their young in a 8575: 5709:The Action Plan for Australian Freshwater Fishes 4338:Fossil history of birds: fossil history overview 3214: 3212: 3210: 2923: 2902:). The problem is compounded by invasive exotic 1968:are popular species for commercial fishing. The 1209:, are confined to the warm northern waters. The 911:. One of Australia's best-known marsupials, the 814:with 51 members, and the Myrmecobiidae with the 6515:"Invasion of a Holarctic Planktonic cladoceran 5014: 4903: 3234: 2135:Estimated total number of species in Australia 1710:found throughout the Australian continent. The 5779:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T7858A100465809.en 1444:for migratory water birds, which extends from 7615: 7395: 7234: 7202:, descriptions and images of venomous species 6599:"The damage of invasive species in Australia" 6143: 5483:Field guide to freshwater fishes of Australia 4296: 3698: 3207: 2454:. Australia also has at least 150 species of 348: 6737: 6735: 6212: 6057:"red imported fire ant – Solenopsis invicta" 5904: 5902: 5303: 5301: 5299: 5297: 5295: 5293: 3155:List of Australian stick insects and mantids 3096:List of Australian monotremes and marsupials 2710:. Introduced invertebrate pests include the 715: 6000:CSIRO Entomology: Insects and their allies 4552:Lewis, Nell; Lee, Woojin; Dotto, Carlotta. 3403:The Action Plan for Australian Mammals 2012 3237:State of the Environment 2016: Biodiversity 2878:poisons the predators by being eaten. Some 2435:spider familiar enough to have common names 2047:shark, reaching a length of around 3 m 958:, weighing just 7 g, to the cat-sized 7622: 7608: 7402: 7388: 7241: 7227: 6803:Department of the Environment and Heritage 5441: 5439: 5437: 4808:"Australian species are older, study says" 4096: 4065: 3782:Smith, Ainslie Drewitt (29 October 2020). 2726:, all of which displace native shellfish. 2070:. There are three species from the family 1833:. Native freshwater game fish include the 1467: 1055:, collectively called the "new endemics". 355: 341: 7025:A field guide to the mammals of Australia 7000:Coastal fishes of south-eastern Australia 6787: 6732: 6581: 6059:. Entomology.ifas.ufl.edu. Archived from 5899: 5777: 5290: 5225: 4551: 4132: 4122: 3998:Menkhorst and Knight, pp. 17–18, 110–120. 3816: 3720: 3573: 3317: 3283: 3235:Cresswell, Ian; Murphy, Helen T. (2017). 2102:. Some popular beaches in Queensland and 7150:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 7133: 6351: 6349: 6347: 5693: 5691: 5517: 5387: 4924: 4922: 4835: 4833: 4792: 4790: 4222:"New species of Reef dolphin discovered" 3547: 3484: 2966: 2828: 2572: 2503: 2414: 2034: 1855: 1763: 1738:. The largest Australian monitor is the 1693: 1683:species and 45 species of insectivorous 1627: 1549: 1481: 1314: 1232: 1165:Forty-six marine mammals from the order 1152: 1017: 946:includes six families and 26 species of 874: 844: 785: 645: 567: 366: 6939:Australia State of the Environment 2001 6433: 6431: 5938: 5880:International Shark Attack File. 2005. 5434: 4323:from the original on 18 September 2017. 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4181: 4179: 3817:Lee, A.K. (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.). 1537:decline in Australia's frog populations 1058:Since human settlement many additional 618:— the hypothetical line separating the 8576: 7629: 7248: 7014:Biogeography and Phylogeny of Eutheria 6678: 6144:Whyte, Robert; Anderson, Greg (2017). 5475: 5473: 4950:. Environment.gov.au. 27 August 2007. 4799: 4083: 4081: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4040: 3989:Menkhorst and Knight, pp. 17, 104–110. 3913: 3911: 3909: 3746: 3744: 3734: 3732: 3685: 3683: 3673: 3671: 3643: 3641: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3439: 2681:). Venomous invertebrates include the 2132:Estimated number of species described 950:and three families with 53 species of 557: 7603: 7383: 7222: 7167:Australian Biological Resources Study 6906:Newton, G and Boshier, J, eds. 2001. 6366:"Tasmanian Giant Freshwater Lobster ( 6344: 6321: 6177: 6146:A Field Guide to Spiders of Australia 5939:Chapman, Arthur D. (September 2009). 5688: 5479: 4966: 4919: 4887:. Australianfauna.com. Archived from 4830: 4805: 4787: 3873: 3871: 3781: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3358: 3041:State of the Environment Report, 2001 2994:Australian Biological Resources Study 542:) and possibly extinct taxa like the 530:epoch. These figures exclude dubious 503:(27 from the mainland, including the 7409: 7186:, Australia's natural history museum 6846:. Environment.gov.au. 11 June 2010. 6759:; Manica, Andrea (1 February 2016). 6428: 6380:from the original on 5 February 2010 6213:Booth, Carol (July–September 2008). 5448:"Introduction to Australia's Fishes" 5315:from the original on 2 November 2015 4778: 4625: 4232:from the original on 7 December 2013 4188: 4176: 4097:Savolainen, P.; et al. (2004). 3823:. New York: Facts on File. pp. 3230: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3175:List of introduced fish in Australia 3170:List of extinct animals of Australia 2542:, in addition to the farmed species 2086:. In 2004, there were 12 unprovoked 1013: 667:and placental mammals date from the 7023:Menkhorst, P. W.; Knight, F. 2004. 6986:Encyclopedia of Australian wildlife 6850:from the original on 11 August 2011 6333:. Queensland Museum. Archived from 6121:Shattuck, S. and Barnett, N. 2001. 5765:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 5470: 5390:"Murray Cod, Maccullochella peelii" 4954:from the original on 23 August 2011 4656:from the original on 17 August 2009 4579:"Wetlands and migratory shorebirds" 4219: 4078: 4037: 4001: 3906: 3801: 3741: 3729: 3680: 3668: 3650: 3638: 3624: 3548:Callaway, Ewen (11 December 2017). 2824: 2821:species as they do not have claws. 2530:Tasmanian giant freshwater crayfish 1635:are amongst the largest species of 1464:that breeds on mainland Australia. 595:era 5.3 MYA. The establishment and 13: 7120: 6597:wildlife-reporter (14 July 2017). 6082:Synergy International Limited < 4250:Menkhorst and Knight, pp. 224–234. 4210:Menkhorst and Knight, pp. 22, 240. 4173:Menkhorst and Knight, pp. 208–220. 3868: 3379: 3284:Rasmussen, M; et al. (2011). 2986:Convention on Biological Diversity 1051:and evolved into seven species of 754:Two of the five living species of 262:Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 14: 8595: 7364:Heard Island and McDonald Islands 7101: 6826:"Australian Wildlife Conservancy" 6807:EPBC Act List of Threatened Fauna 5423:Standard Names of Australian Fish 5388:Bray, Dianne; Thompson, Vanessa. 4865:from the original on 17 July 2011 4642:Invasive Species Specialist Group 3420:from the original on 7 June 2014. 3221: 3195:Environmental issues in Australia 3165:List of common Australian spiders 3160:List of Dermapterans of Australia 3116:List of Australian marine mammals 2376:, comprises 7,786 species. Order 1377:Relatively recent colonists from 895:, and further into the suborders 692:, bore a striking resemblance to 540:Drymodes superciliaris colcloughi 7132: 6930: 6900: 6881: 6862: 6836: 6818: 6796: 6748: 6672: 6646: 6621: 6590: 6551: 6506: 6497: 6488: 6479: 6467:from the original on 6 June 2011 6449: 6440: 6419: 6410: 6401: 6392: 6358: 6322:Short, John W. (November 2000). 6315: 6306: 6276: 6246: 6237: 6206: 6171: 6162: 6137: 6128: 6115: 6106: 6075: 6049: 6040: 6031: 6022: 6013: 5985: 5976: 5967: 5958: 5932: 5890: 5874: 5865: 5856: 5847: 5838: 5829: 5820: 5811: 5802: 5793: 5747: 5738: 5729: 5706:Wager, R. and Jackson, P. 1993. 5700: 5670: 5652: 5643: 5634: 5625: 5616: 5603: 5567:Mees, 1961 (Lepidogalaxiidae)". 5556: 5508: 5445: 5412: 5381: 5372: 5363: 5354: 5345: 5336: 5327: 5281: 5242: 5193: 5146: 5137: 5128: 5119: 5110: 5101: 5092: 5071: 5045: 5008: 4999: 4940: 4931: 4877: 4851: 4842: 4650:Global Invasive Species Database 3980:Menkhorst and Knight, pp. 17–18. 3877:Menkhorst and Knight, pp. 80–84. 3705:(Dasyuromorphia: Myrmecobiidae)" 3362:Walker's Marsupials of the World 3145:List of butterflies of Australia 3075: 3061: 3009:International Whaling Commission 2817:, which are distinct from other 2429:Australia has a wide variety of 2412:which compete with native bees. 2121: 1625:superfamily besides Antarctica. 1613:from eight genera of the family 738: 724: 33: 5973:Egerton, pp. 494–495, 520, 553. 5817:Egerton, pp. 446, 467–468, 478. 5569:Environmental Biology of Fishes 5287:Wilson and Swan (2017), p. 458. 4741: 4732: 4723: 4714: 4677: 4668: 4634: 4622:Egerton, pp. 366, 379, 388–389. 4616: 4607: 4598: 4589: 4571: 4545: 4536: 4527: 4518: 4509: 4500: 4491: 4482: 4473: 4464: 4455: 4446: 4437: 4428: 4419: 4388: 4379: 4370: 4361: 4352: 4343: 4327: 4290: 4281: 4253: 4244: 4213: 4204: 4167: 4158: 4149: 4090: 4059: 4028: 4019: 4010: 3992: 3983: 3974: 3965: 3956: 3947: 3938: 3929: 3920: 3880: 3859: 3850: 3841: 3810: 3775: 3753: 3692: 3659: 3615: 3590: 3541: 3521: 3478: 3433: 3424: 3001:Australian Wildlife Conservancy 2946:and larvae collectively called 2716:New Zealand green-lipped mussel 2441:and allied mygalomorphs, whose 2348:, and around 14,800 species of 1284:), and a huge group of endemic 1225:— live off the southern coast. 511:(three from the mainland), one 486:The settlement of Australia by 7428:Federated States of Micronesia 7344:Australian Antarctic Territory 7179:Australian Insect Common names 7041:. Australian Fishing Network. 6972:A Natural History of Australia 5143:Wilson and Swan (2017), p. 476 5134:Wilson and Swan (2017), p. 526 3393: 3352: 3343: 3334: 3277: 3261: 2805:. Notable species include the 2340:with 20,816 species including 2020:, the largest of which is the 1908:native fish species including 1442:East Asian-Australasian Flyway 1300:is the largest species of the 650:Becoming extinct in 1936, the 1: 6963: 6564:Group (Crustacea: Cladocera)" 5565:Lepidogalaxias salamandroides 5255:Biodiversity and Conservation 4986:Chelonian Research Monographs 4973:Turtle Taxonomy Working Group 4413:10.1080/01584197.2018.1537673 4201:Menkhorst and Knight, p. 254. 4034:Menkhorst and Knight, p. 200. 4025:Menkhorst and Knight, p. 120. 4016:Menkhorst and Knight, p. 110. 3531:3rd edition. Wiley-Blackwell 3180:Threatened fauna of Australia 3007:Australia is a member of the 2924:Human impact and conservation 2842:Invasive species in Australia 2645:) and the Mollusca (includes 1562:Australia has two species of 1038:. There are only two endemic 7309:Australian Capital Territory 4806:Young, Emma (21 July 2010). 3962:Menkhorst and Knight, p. 94. 3944:Menkhorst and Knight, p. 90. 3926:Menkhorst and Knight, p. 92. 3917:Menkhorst and Knight, p. 86. 3856:Menkhorst and Knight, p. 52. 3738:Menkhorst and Knight, p. 46. 3677:Menkhorst and Knight, p. 48. 3647:Menkhorst and Knight, p. 44. 3091:List of mammals of Australia 1845:. Two species of endangered 891:are classified in the order 830:. There are four species of 564:Natural history of Australia 7: 7339:Ashmore and Cartier Islands 7085:Wilson, S.; Swan, G. 2017. 6288:Australian Faunal Directory 6284:"Names List for SCORPIONES" 6258:Australian Faunal Directory 4272:Cooperative Research Centre 4068:"Bats - Wildcare Australia" 3820:The Encyclopedia of Mammals 3054: 990:, with 11 species; and the 447:species, which include the 415:mammals. Consequently, the 260:Environment Protection and 10: 8600: 7027:. Oxford University Press 7012:McKay, G. M. et al. 1989. 6629:"Is hunting conservation?" 6090:. Issg.org. Archived from 5908:Williams, J. et al. 2001. 5835:Egerton, pp. 435. 489–490. 5267:10.1007/s10531-023-02752-2 5227:10.1007/s11252-023-01327-x 4748:Burton, Thomas C. (1993). 4686:"7. Family Myobatrachidae" 4066:Australia Inc., Wildcare. 3575:10.1038/d41586-017-08368-1 3150:List of moths of Australia 3106:List of Australian rodents 2927: 2839: 2088:shark attacks in Australia 1757: 1730:. There are 30 species of 1471: 1248: 1199:Australian snubfin dolphin 672:Australia moved closer to 639: 635: 561: 8528: 8426: 8296: 8287: 8178: 8169: 8116: 7992:Intelligence and security 7918: 7909: 7877: 7782: 7773: 7708: 7650: 7641: 7519: 7496: 7415: 7327: 7297: 7254: 6537:10.11646/zootaxa.4402.1.6 5480:Allen, Gerald R. (2002). 4646:"Ecology of Bufo marinus" 4401:Emu - Austral Ornithology 3359:Nowak, Ronald M. (2005). 3140:List of ants of Australia 3133:List of birds of Tasmania 2950:and molluscs. The use of 2930:Conservation in Australia 2550:. Species from the genus 2491:giant Gippsland earthworm 2328:, with 28,200 species of 2306: 1928:of south west Australia. 1825:, and some 50 species of 1458:Australian little penguin 1243:coat of arms of Australia 716:Monotremes and marsupials 385:coat of arms of Australia 7574:Northern Mariana Islands 7065:Walton, D. W. Ed. 1987. 7055:. Angus & Robertson 6894:6 September 2007 at the 6875:15 November 2011 at the 6633:Invasive Species Council 6084:http://www.synergy.co.nz 6002:Insects and their allies 5311:. The Reptile Database. 5015:Legler, John M. (1993). 4750:"9. Family Microhylidae" 4266:21 February 2014 at the 3365:. JHU Press. p. 5. 3200: 3123:List of Australian birds 2724:northern Pacific seastar 2695:crown-of-thorns starfish 2134: 2131: 1781:or bonytongues, and the 1698:There are 30 species of 1228: 766:, the other three being 758:occur in Australia: the 7539:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 7354:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 6945:1 November 2010 at the 6916:12 January 2012 at the 6710:10.1126/science.1111288 5758:Epinephelus lanceolatus 5589:10.1023/A:1007322606248 5542:10.1023/A:1011576116472 4124:10.1073/pnas.0401814101 3310:10.1126/science.1211177 3101:List of Australian bats 2940:short-tailed shearwater 2737:crustaceans, including 2579:magnificent sea anemone 1753: 1607:leatherback sea turtles 1474:Amphibians of Australia 1468:Amphibians and reptiles 1460:is the only species of 1282:Australian brush-turkey 1047:entered Australia from 536:Roper River scrub robin 8386:Indigenous Australians 7887:States and territories 7172:8 January 2009 at the 7128: 7108:Listen to this article 7051:Strahan, R. ed. 1983. 6984:Egerton, L. ed. 2005. 6679:Miller, G. H. (2005). 6503:Egerton, pp. 105, 389. 6437:Egerton, pp. 502, 596. 6178:White, Julian (2012). 6123:Australian Ants Online 5826:Egerton, pp. 480, 486. 5799:Egerton, pp. 449, 451. 5735:Egerton, pp. 413, 420. 5660:"Northern River Shark" 5351:Egerton, pp. 319, 323. 5309:"The Reptile Database" 5125:Egerton, pp. 352, 356. 4506:Egerton, pp. 268, 272. 4297:Chapman, A.D. (2009). 4072:Wildcare Australia Inc 3699:Cooper, C. E. (2011). 2976: 2936:Indigenous Australians 2837: 2590: 2517: 2426: 2084:crested bullhead shark 2048: 1869: 1866:pipefish and seahorses 1773: 1703: 1640: 1572:can and do kill people 1559: 1491: 1405:, including the large 1323: 1246: 1162: 1027: 884: 853: 799: 655: 576: 544:Christmas Island shrew 488:Indigenous Australians 388: 375:is the largest extant 7680:Territorial evolution 7522:and other territories 7127: 7039:Australian fish guide 6812:27 April 2006 at the 6603:Wildlife-reporter.com 6494:Egerton, pp. 106–107. 6446:Egerton, pp. 569–570. 6416:Egerton, pp. 597–606. 6407:Egerton, pp. 499–506. 6324:"Freshwater Crayfish" 6219:Australian Geographic 6215:"Along Came A Spider" 6037:Egerton, pp. 528–531. 6028:Egerton, pp. 533–535. 6019:Egerton, pp. 542–543. 5982:Egerton, pp. 538–540. 5918:27 March 2011 at the 5808:Egerton, pp. 459–463. 5772:: e.T7858A100465809. 5744:Egerton, pp. 433–434. 5530:Conservation Genetics 5526:Neoceratodus forsteri 4937:Egerton, pp. 300–302. 4885:"Saltwater Crocodile" 4848:Egerton, pp. 298–299. 4812:Australian Geographic 4738:Egerton, pp. 379–387. 4613:Egerton, pp. 370–371. 4595:Egerton, pp. 146–147. 4533:Egerton, pp. 290–291. 4497:Egerton, pp. 226–227. 4479:Egerton, pp. 238–246. 4470:Egerton, pp. 233–234. 4452:Egerton, pp. 265–268. 4443:Egerton, pp. 248–250. 4434:Egerton, pp. 229–236. 4376:Egerton, pp. 192–206. 4358:Egerton, pp. 126–127. 4349:Egerton, pp. 124–125. 4164:Egerton, pp. 106–110. 4155:Egerton, pp. 105–107. 3888:"Types of Bandicoots" 3703:Myrmecobius fasciatus 3529:Essentials of Ecology 2970: 2892:red imported fire ant 2832: 2689:, and ten species of 2576: 2507: 2422:Oecophylla smaragdina 2418: 2368:, which includes the 2038: 1859: 1767: 1697: 1631: 1576:Freshwater crocodiles 1553: 1485: 1478:Reptiles of Australia 1436:About 200 species of 1318: 1236: 1179:southern right whales 1156: 1021: 878: 848: 789: 663:145–99 MYA, and that 649: 589:Indo-Australian Plate 571: 435:– occupy many of the 370: 27:Wildlife of Australia 8126:Cabinet of Australia 8101:Government ministers 7869:World Heritage Sites 7675:European exploration 7330:External territories 7314:Jervis Bay Territory 7300:Mainland territories 7195:The Reptile Database 7159:More spoken articles 7079:Wells, A. Ed. 2005. 7037:Prokop, F. B. 2006. 6998:Kuiter, R. H. 2000. 6063:on 21 September 2016 6007:15 June 2005 at the 5714:19 July 2005 at the 4278:World Heritage Area. 4259:Lawler et al. 2002. 3771:on 5 September 2018. 3602:www.encyclopedia.com 3406:. CSIRO Publishing. 3340:Egerton, pp. 14, 20. 3026:World Heritage Sites 2962:Australian megafauna 2815:western rock lobster 2807:Tasmanian giant crab 2789:(which includes the 2720:black-striped mussel 2601:or sea sponges, the 2296:Other invertebrates 2080:zebra bullhead shark 1926:Murray-Darling Basin 1864:, a fish related to 1748:blue-tongued lizards 1663:are from the family 1633:Blue-tongued lizards 1533:Australian wood frog 1193:, and 21 species of 764:short-beaked echidna 732:Short-beaked echidna 686:convergent evolution 642:Mammals of Australia 327:Environmental issues 197:Ramsar wetland sites 192:Wildlife sanctuaries 8198:Gross state product 7089:. Reed New Holland 6970:Berra, T. M. 1998. 6780:2016Ecogr..39..152B 6702:2005Sci...309..287M 6562:Chydorus sphaericus 6376:. 9 February 2007. 6094:on 12 February 2012 5649:Prokop, pp. 10, 18. 5631:Prokop, pp. 12, 36. 5581:1997EnvBF..50..201B 5452:Fishes of Australia 5394:Fishes of Australia 5218:2023UrbEc..26..433L 5171:2021AusEc..46..449P 5079:"Very venomous but" 4220:AAP (5 July 2005). 4115:2004PNAS..10112387S 4109:(33): 12387–12390. 3953:Egerton, pp. 64–65. 3865:Egerton, pp. 78–79. 3665:Egerton, pp. 70–76. 3566:2017Natur.552..156C 3499:1992Natur.356..514G 3456:1985Natur.318..363A 3302:2011Sci...334...94R 2687:blue-ringed octopus 2587:ocellaris clownfish 2548:Queensland red claw 2443:bites can be deadly 1783:Queensland lungfish 1728:frill-necked lizard 1661:eastern tiger snake 1653:eastern brown snake 1568:saltwater crocodile 1556:saltwater crocodile 1448:and Alaska through 984:Hypsiprymnodontidae 956:little pygmy possum 558:Origins and history 21:Part of a series on 8584:Fauna of Australia 8516:Australian studies 8451:Australian English 8260:Telecommunications 8096:Government leaders 8039:Political ideology 7319:Northern Territory 7249:Fauna of Australia 7207:Fauna of Australia 7129: 7067:Fauna of Australia 7018:Fauna of Australia 6988:. Reader's Digest 6789:10.1111/ecog.01566 6757:Singarayer, Joy S. 6743:Fauna of Australia 6609:on 30 October 2021 6254:"Order SCORPIONES" 5678:"Speartooth Shark" 5611:Fauna of Australia 5428:3 May 2016 at the 4276:Great Barrier Reef 3788:ABC News Illawarra 3030:Great Barrier Reef 2990:threatened species 2977: 2952:fire-stick farming 2838: 2595:Great Barrier Reef 2591: 2583:Great Barrier Reef 2518: 2427: 2076:Port Jackson shark 2049: 1970:Great Barrier Reef 1870: 1851:Northern Territory 1774: 1704: 1641: 1560: 1492: 1488:eastern banjo frog 1454:Australian pelican 1411:European goldfinch 1407:wedge-tailed eagle 1324: 1321:gang-gang cockatoo 1270:southern cassowary 1251:Birds of Australia 1247: 1163: 1028: 976:feathertail glider 885: 854: 800: 796:endangered species 656: 577: 548:Crocidura trichura 393:fauna of Australia 389: 142:Endangered species 8571: 8570: 8524: 8523: 8346:Human trafficking 8283: 8282: 8165: 8164: 7965:Foreign relations 7905: 7904: 7769: 7768: 7716:Asian Australians 7597: 7596: 7589:Wallis and Futuna 7497:Associated states 7377: 7376: 7359:Coral Sea Islands 7289:Western Australia 7184:Australian Museum 7125: 7047:978-1-86513-107-8 6974:. Academic Press 6696:(5732): 287–290. 6660:. 8 November 2023 6583:10.3390/w14040594 6368:Astacopsis gouldi 6225:on 6 October 2009 6191:978-0-646-57998-6 5458:on 22 August 2014 5400:on 9 October 2014 5179:10.1111/aec.12990 4915:978-0-85112-235-9 4861:. Flmnh.ufl.edu. 4334:Australian Museum 3834:978-0-87196-871-5 3709:Mammalian Species 3560:(7684): 156–157. 3537:978-1-4051-5658-5 3493:(6369): 514–516. 3450:(6044): 363–366. 3372:978-0-8018-8211-1 3249:on 26 August 2021 3022:Ramsar Convention 2520:The large family 2514:Lycosa godeffroyi 2439:Sydney funnel-web 2313: 2312: 2309: 2106:are protected by 2100:great white shark 2041:spotted wobbegong 1940:, as well as the 1922:spotted tree frog 1918:mountain galaxias 1849:are found in the 1760:Fish in Australia 1645:Australian snakes 1364:birds of paradise 1207:Irrawaddy dolphin 1187:pygmy blue whales 1014:Placental mammals 591:with Asia in the 443:and has numerous 437:ecological niches 365: 364: 285:Bush regeneration 8591: 8551: 8544: 8537: 8413:Waste management 8294: 8293: 8215:Household income 8176: 8175: 8138:Governor-General 7948:Electoral system 7916: 7915: 7780: 7779: 7648: 7647: 7624: 7617: 7610: 7601: 7600: 7579:Pitcairn Islands 7549:French Polynesia 7534:Christmas Island 7463:Papua New Guinea 7443:Marshall Islands 7416:Sovereign states 7410:Fauna of Oceania 7404: 7397: 7390: 7381: 7380: 7349:Christmas Island 7332: 7302: 7243: 7236: 7229: 7220: 7219: 7149: 7147: 7136: 7135: 7126: 7116: 7114: 7109: 6957: 6934: 6928: 6904: 6898: 6885: 6879: 6866: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6855: 6840: 6834: 6833: 6822: 6816: 6800: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6765: 6752: 6746: 6739: 6730: 6729: 6685: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6650: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6639: 6625: 6619: 6618: 6616: 6614: 6605:. Archived from 6594: 6588: 6587: 6585: 6555: 6549: 6548: 6510: 6504: 6501: 6495: 6492: 6486: 6485:Egerton, p. 577. 6483: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6453: 6447: 6444: 6438: 6435: 6426: 6425:Egerton, p. 494. 6423: 6417: 6414: 6408: 6405: 6399: 6398:Egerton, p. 497. 6396: 6390: 6389: 6387: 6385: 6362: 6356: 6355:Egerton, p. 575. 6353: 6342: 6341: 6339: 6328: 6319: 6313: 6312:Egerton, p. 518. 6310: 6304: 6303: 6301: 6299: 6290:. Archived from 6280: 6274: 6273: 6271: 6269: 6260:. Archived from 6250: 6244: 6243:Egerton, p. 557. 6241: 6235: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6221:. Archived from 6210: 6204: 6203: 6175: 6169: 6168:Egerton, p. 563. 6166: 6160: 6159: 6141: 6135: 6134:Egerton, p. 555. 6132: 6126: 6119: 6113: 6112:Egerton, p. 553. 6110: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6079: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6053: 6047: 6046:Egerton, p. 552. 6044: 6038: 6035: 6029: 6026: 6020: 6017: 6011: 5998: 5992: 5991:Egerton, p. 545. 5989: 5983: 5980: 5974: 5971: 5965: 5964:Egerton, p. 492. 5962: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5945: 5936: 5930: 5906: 5897: 5896:Egerton, p. 397. 5894: 5888: 5878: 5872: 5869: 5863: 5860: 5854: 5853:Egerton, p. 481. 5851: 5845: 5844:Egerton, p. 406. 5842: 5836: 5833: 5827: 5824: 5818: 5815: 5809: 5806: 5800: 5797: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5781: 5751: 5745: 5742: 5736: 5733: 5727: 5704: 5698: 5697:Egerton, p. 434. 5695: 5686: 5685: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5656: 5650: 5647: 5641: 5640:Egerton, p. 440. 5638: 5632: 5629: 5623: 5622:Egerton, p. 395. 5620: 5614: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5560: 5554: 5553: 5521: 5515: 5514:Egerton, p. 409. 5512: 5506: 5505: 5477: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5463: 5454:. Archived from 5443: 5432: 5416: 5410: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5396:. Archived from 5385: 5379: 5378:Egerton, p. 339. 5376: 5370: 5369:Egerton, p. 327. 5367: 5361: 5360:Egerton, p. 324. 5358: 5352: 5349: 5343: 5342:Egerton, p. 315. 5340: 5334: 5333:Egerton, p. 306. 5331: 5325: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5305: 5288: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5246: 5240: 5239: 5229: 5206:Urban Ecosystems 5197: 5191: 5190: 5150: 5144: 5141: 5135: 5132: 5126: 5123: 5117: 5116:Egerton, p. 351. 5114: 5108: 5107:Egerton, p. 352. 5105: 5099: 5098:Egerton, p. 341. 5096: 5090: 5089: 5083: 5075: 5069: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5049: 5043: 5042: 5040: 5038: 5033:on 20 March 2011 5032: 5021: 5012: 5006: 5005:Egerton, p. 305. 5003: 4997: 4991:(7): 000.329–479 4970: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4948:"Marine Turtles" 4944: 4938: 4935: 4929: 4928:Egerton, p. 298. 4926: 4917: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4855: 4849: 4846: 4840: 4839:Egerton, p. 299. 4837: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4814:. Archived from 4803: 4797: 4796:Egerton, p. 385. 4794: 4785: 4784:Egerton, p. 388. 4782: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4766:on 20 March 2011 4765: 4754: 4745: 4739: 4736: 4730: 4729:Egerton, p. 379. 4727: 4721: 4720:Egerton, p. 377. 4718: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4702:on 20 March 2011 4701: 4690: 4681: 4675: 4674:Egerton, p. 366. 4672: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4638: 4632: 4631:Egerton, p. 389. 4629: 4623: 4620: 4614: 4611: 4605: 4604:Egerton, p. 136. 4602: 4596: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4566: 4564: 4549: 4543: 4542:Egerton, p. 282. 4540: 4534: 4531: 4525: 4524:Egerton, p. 275. 4522: 4516: 4515:Egerton, p. 273. 4513: 4507: 4504: 4498: 4495: 4489: 4488:Egerton, p. 228. 4486: 4480: 4477: 4471: 4468: 4462: 4461:Egerton, p. 237. 4459: 4453: 4450: 4444: 4441: 4435: 4432: 4426: 4425:Egerton, p. 224. 4423: 4417: 4416: 4392: 4386: 4385:Egerton, p. 221. 4383: 4377: 4374: 4368: 4367:Egerton, p. 193. 4365: 4359: 4356: 4350: 4347: 4341: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4305: 4294: 4288: 4287:Egerton, p. 122. 4285: 4279: 4257: 4251: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4239: 4237: 4217: 4211: 4208: 4202: 4199: 4186: 4185:Egerton, p. 102. 4183: 4174: 4171: 4165: 4162: 4156: 4153: 4147: 4146: 4136: 4126: 4094: 4088: 4085: 4076: 4075: 4063: 4057: 4054: 4035: 4032: 4026: 4023: 4017: 4014: 4008: 4005: 3999: 3996: 3990: 3987: 3981: 3978: 3972: 3969: 3963: 3960: 3954: 3951: 3945: 3942: 3936: 3933: 3927: 3924: 3918: 3915: 3904: 3903: 3901: 3899: 3894:on 17 March 2011 3890:. Archived from 3884: 3878: 3875: 3866: 3863: 3857: 3854: 3848: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3814: 3808: 3805: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3767:. Archived from 3757: 3751: 3748: 3739: 3736: 3727: 3726: 3724: 3696: 3690: 3687: 3678: 3675: 3666: 3663: 3657: 3654: 3648: 3645: 3636: 3633: 3622: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3577: 3545: 3539: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3507:10.1038/356514a0 3482: 3476: 3475: 3464:10.1038/318363a0 3437: 3431: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3397: 3391: 3388: 3377: 3376: 3356: 3350: 3347: 3341: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3321: 3281: 3275: 3265: 3259: 3258: 3256: 3254: 3248: 3241: 3232: 3219: 3216: 3085: 3080: 3079: 3071: 3069:Australia portal 3066: 3065: 3064: 3049:invasive species 2973:grey nurse shark 2825:Invasive species 2765:, including the 2493:, found only in 2406:yellow crazy ant 2352:, including the 2307: 2129:Taxonomic group 2126: 2125: 1862:weedy sea dragon 1847:freshwater shark 1829:, including the 1619:pig-nosed turtle 1545:chytridiomycosis 1423:common blackbird 1197:, including the 972:squirrel gliders 868:— are marsupial 840:Notoryctemorphia 742: 728: 702:flying squirrels 661:Early Cretaceous 495:. Based on the 423:, including the 357: 350: 343: 159:Threatened fauna 37: 18: 17: 8599: 8598: 8594: 8593: 8592: 8590: 8589: 8588: 8574: 8573: 8572: 8567: 8554: 8547: 8540: 8533: 8520: 8481:Public holidays 8422: 8366:Life expectancy 8279: 8161: 8112: 7901: 7873: 7859:Protected areas 7765: 7704: 7637: 7628: 7598: 7593: 7521: 7515: 7498: 7492: 7473:Solomon Islands 7411: 7408: 7378: 7373: 7328: 7323: 7298: 7293: 7274:South Australia 7264:New South Wales 7250: 7247: 7174:Wayback Machine 7163: 7162: 7151: 7145: 7143: 7140:This audio file 7137: 7130: 7121: 7118: 7112: 7111: 7107: 7104: 7099: 6966: 6961: 6960: 6947:Wayback Machine 6935: 6931: 6918:Wayback Machine 6905: 6901: 6896:Wayback Machine 6886: 6882: 6877:Wayback Machine 6867: 6863: 6853: 6851: 6842: 6841: 6837: 6824: 6823: 6819: 6814:Wayback Machine 6801: 6797: 6763: 6753: 6749: 6740: 6733: 6683: 6677: 6673: 6663: 6661: 6652: 6651: 6647: 6637: 6635: 6627: 6626: 6622: 6612: 6610: 6595: 6591: 6556: 6552: 6517:Daphnia galeata 6511: 6507: 6502: 6498: 6493: 6489: 6484: 6480: 6470: 6468: 6455: 6454: 6450: 6445: 6441: 6436: 6429: 6424: 6420: 6415: 6411: 6406: 6402: 6397: 6393: 6383: 6381: 6364: 6363: 6359: 6354: 6345: 6340:on 2 June 2009. 6337: 6326: 6320: 6316: 6311: 6307: 6297: 6295: 6282: 6281: 6277: 6267: 6265: 6264:on 4 March 2015 6252: 6251: 6247: 6242: 6238: 6228: 6226: 6211: 6207: 6192: 6176: 6172: 6167: 6163: 6156: 6142: 6138: 6133: 6129: 6120: 6116: 6111: 6107: 6097: 6095: 6080: 6076: 6066: 6064: 6055: 6054: 6050: 6045: 6041: 6036: 6032: 6027: 6023: 6018: 6014: 6009:Wayback Machine 5999: 5995: 5990: 5986: 5981: 5977: 5972: 5968: 5963: 5959: 5949: 5947: 5943: 5937: 5933: 5920:Wayback Machine 5907: 5900: 5895: 5891: 5879: 5875: 5870: 5866: 5861: 5857: 5852: 5848: 5843: 5839: 5834: 5830: 5825: 5821: 5816: 5812: 5807: 5803: 5798: 5794: 5784: 5782: 5752: 5748: 5743: 5739: 5734: 5730: 5716:Wayback Machine 5705: 5701: 5696: 5689: 5676: 5675: 5671: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5648: 5644: 5639: 5635: 5630: 5626: 5621: 5617: 5608: 5604: 5561: 5557: 5522: 5518: 5513: 5509: 5494: 5478: 5471: 5461: 5459: 5444: 5435: 5430:Wayback Machine 5417: 5413: 5403: 5401: 5386: 5382: 5377: 5373: 5368: 5364: 5359: 5355: 5350: 5346: 5341: 5337: 5332: 5328: 5318: 5316: 5307: 5306: 5291: 5286: 5282: 5247: 5243: 5198: 5194: 5159:Austral Ecology 5151: 5147: 5142: 5138: 5133: 5129: 5124: 5120: 5115: 5111: 5106: 5102: 5097: 5093: 5081: 5077: 5076: 5072: 5062: 5060: 5051: 5050: 5046: 5036: 5034: 5030: 5019: 5013: 5009: 5004: 5000: 4971: 4967: 4957: 4955: 4946: 4945: 4941: 4936: 4932: 4927: 4920: 4908: 4904: 4894: 4892: 4891:on 25 July 2011 4883: 4882: 4878: 4868: 4866: 4857: 4856: 4852: 4847: 4843: 4838: 4831: 4821: 4819: 4818:on 25 July 2010 4804: 4800: 4795: 4788: 4783: 4779: 4769: 4767: 4763: 4752: 4746: 4742: 4737: 4733: 4728: 4724: 4719: 4715: 4705: 4703: 4699: 4688: 4682: 4678: 4673: 4669: 4659: 4657: 4644:(1 June 2006). 4639: 4635: 4630: 4626: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4603: 4599: 4594: 4590: 4577: 4576: 4572: 4562: 4560: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4537: 4532: 4528: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4510: 4505: 4501: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4469: 4465: 4460: 4456: 4451: 4447: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4429: 4424: 4420: 4393: 4389: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4332: 4328: 4320: 4314: 4303: 4295: 4291: 4286: 4282: 4268:Wayback Machine 4258: 4254: 4249: 4245: 4235: 4233: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4189: 4184: 4177: 4172: 4168: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4095: 4091: 4087:Egerton, p. 93. 4086: 4079: 4064: 4060: 4056:Egerton, p. 82. 4055: 4038: 4033: 4029: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4011: 4007:Egerton, p. 42. 4006: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3975: 3971:Egerton, p. 55. 3970: 3966: 3961: 3957: 3952: 3948: 3943: 3939: 3935:Egerton, p. 60. 3934: 3930: 3925: 3921: 3916: 3907: 3897: 3895: 3886: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3869: 3864: 3860: 3855: 3851: 3847:Egerton, p. 57. 3846: 3842: 3835: 3815: 3811: 3807:Egerton, p. 68. 3806: 3802: 3792: 3790: 3780: 3776: 3759: 3758: 3754: 3750:Egerton, p. 69. 3749: 3742: 3737: 3730: 3697: 3693: 3689:Egerton, p. 39. 3688: 3681: 3676: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3656:Egerton, p. 37. 3655: 3651: 3646: 3639: 3635:Egerton, p. 36. 3634: 3625: 3621:Egerton, p. 78. 3620: 3616: 3606: 3604: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3546: 3542: 3526: 3522: 3483: 3479: 3438: 3434: 3430:Egerton, p. 34. 3429: 3425: 3414: 3398: 3394: 3390:Egerton, p. 77. 3389: 3380: 3373: 3357: 3353: 3349:Egerton, p. 20. 3348: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3296:(6052): 94–98. 3282: 3278: 3266: 3262: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3239: 3233: 3222: 3218:Egerton, p. 44. 3217: 3208: 3203: 3081: 3074: 3067: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3017:Protected areas 2948:witchetty grubs 2932: 2926: 2844: 2827: 2568:mountain shrimp 2563:Austrothelphusa 2479:Acanthodrilidae 2167:Platyhelminthes 2124: 2114:was found on a 2112:megamouth shark 2104:New South Wales 2064:wobbegong shark 2043:is the largest 2022:smooth stingray 1914:Macquarie perch 1762: 1756: 1513:Corroboree frog 1480: 1472:Main articles: 1470: 1446:Far-East Russia 1419:common starling 1372:satin bowerbird 1253: 1231: 1195:oceanic dolphin 1175:humpback whales 1080:European rabbit 1016: 960:common ringtail 901:Macropodiformes 866:Peramelemorphia 824:Tasmanian devil 752: 751: 750: 749: 748: 743: 735: 734: 729: 718: 698:Gliding possums 652:Tasmanian tiger 644: 638: 620:zoogeographical 566: 560: 552:protected areas 361: 332: 331: 275: 267: 266: 261: 254:Associated acts 210: 202: 201: 176:Protected areas 172: 164: 163: 45: 12: 11: 5: 8597: 8587: 8586: 8569: 8568: 8566: 8565: 8560: 8553: 8552: 8545: 8538: 8530: 8529: 8526: 8525: 8522: 8521: 8519: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8493: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8463: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8432: 8430: 8424: 8423: 8421: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8389: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8297: 8291: 8285: 8284: 8281: 8280: 8278: 8277: 8275:Welfare system 8272: 8267: 8262: 8257: 8252: 8250:Superannuation 8247: 8245:Stock exchange 8242: 8237: 8232: 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8211: 8210: 8208:Public housing 8203:Home ownership 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8179: 8173: 8167: 8166: 8163: 8162: 8160: 8159: 8158: 8157: 8150:Prime Minister 8147: 8146: 8145: 8135: 8134: 8133: 8122: 8120: 8114: 8113: 8111: 8110: 8108:Shadow Cabinet 8105: 8104: 8103: 8098: 8088: 8086:Public Service 8083: 8082: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8015: 8014: 8009: 8004: 7994: 7989: 7988: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7967: 7962: 7960:Federal budget 7957: 7956: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7919: 7913: 7907: 7906: 7903: 7902: 7900: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7883: 7881: 7875: 7874: 7872: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7815: 7814: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7792:Climate change 7789: 7783: 7777: 7771: 7770: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7721:Constitutional 7718: 7712: 7710: 7706: 7705: 7703: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7667: 7662: 7657: 7651: 7645: 7639: 7638: 7627: 7626: 7619: 7612: 7604: 7595: 7594: 7592: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7569:Norfolk Island 7566: 7561: 7556: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7529:American Samoa 7525: 7523: 7517: 7516: 7514: 7513: 7508: 7502: 7500: 7499:of New Zealand 7494: 7493: 7491: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7419: 7417: 7413: 7412: 7407: 7406: 7399: 7392: 7384: 7375: 7374: 7372: 7371: 7369:Norfolk Island 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7335: 7333: 7325: 7324: 7322: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7305: 7303: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7260: 7258: 7252: 7251: 7246: 7245: 7238: 7231: 7223: 7217: 7216: 7211: 7203: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7181: 7176: 7152: 7138: 7131: 7119: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7102:External links 7100: 7098: 7097: 7083: 7077: 7063: 7049: 7035: 7021: 7010: 6996: 6982: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6929: 6911:(Theme Report) 6899: 6880: 6861: 6835: 6817: 6795: 6774:(2): 152–161. 6747: 6731: 6671: 6645: 6620: 6589: 6550: 6531:(1): 136–148. 6505: 6496: 6487: 6478: 6461:Britannica.com 6448: 6439: 6427: 6418: 6409: 6400: 6391: 6357: 6343: 6314: 6305: 6294:on 11 May 2018 6275: 6245: 6236: 6205: 6190: 6170: 6161: 6154: 6136: 6127: 6114: 6105: 6074: 6048: 6039: 6030: 6021: 6012: 5993: 5984: 5975: 5966: 5957: 5931: 5913:(Theme Report) 5898: 5889: 5873: 5864: 5862:Kuiter, p. 12. 5855: 5846: 5837: 5828: 5819: 5810: 5801: 5792: 5746: 5737: 5728: 5699: 5687: 5669: 5651: 5642: 5633: 5624: 5615: 5602: 5575:(2): 201–202. 5555: 5516: 5507: 5492: 5469: 5446:Bray, Dianne. 5433: 5411: 5380: 5371: 5362: 5353: 5344: 5335: 5326: 5289: 5280: 5241: 5212:(2): 433–445. 5192: 5165:(3): 449–462. 5145: 5136: 5127: 5118: 5109: 5100: 5091: 5070: 5044: 5007: 4998: 4981:Mittermeier RA 4965: 4939: 4930: 4918: 4902: 4876: 4850: 4841: 4829: 4798: 4786: 4777: 4740: 4731: 4722: 4713: 4676: 4667: 4633: 4624: 4615: 4606: 4597: 4588: 4570: 4544: 4535: 4526: 4517: 4508: 4499: 4490: 4481: 4472: 4463: 4454: 4445: 4436: 4427: 4418: 4387: 4378: 4369: 4360: 4351: 4342: 4326: 4312: 4289: 4280: 4274:(CRC) for The 4252: 4243: 4212: 4203: 4187: 4175: 4166: 4157: 4148: 4089: 4077: 4058: 4036: 4027: 4018: 4009: 4000: 3991: 3982: 3973: 3964: 3955: 3946: 3937: 3928: 3919: 3905: 3879: 3867: 3858: 3849: 3840: 3833: 3809: 3800: 3774: 3761:"In Situ Work" 3752: 3740: 3728: 3715:(1): 129–140. 3691: 3679: 3667: 3658: 3649: 3637: 3623: 3614: 3589: 3540: 3520: 3477: 3432: 3423: 3412: 3392: 3378: 3371: 3351: 3342: 3333: 3276: 3260: 3220: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3197: 3192: 3187: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3142: 3137: 3136: 3135: 3130: 3120: 3119: 3118: 3113: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3087: 3086: 3083:Animals portal 3072: 3056: 3053: 2928:Main article: 2925: 2922: 2840:Main article: 2833:The poisonous 2826: 2823: 2813:, such as the 2811:spiny lobsters 2625:(includes the 2605:(includes the 2526:swamp crayfish 2487:Megascolecidae 2456:pseudoscorpion 2447:redback spider 2311: 2310: 2304: 2303: 2300: 2297: 2293: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2280: 2279: 2276: 2273: 2267: 2266: 2263: 2260: 2254: 2253: 2250: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2237: 2234: 2228: 2227: 2224: 2221: 2215: 2214: 2211: 2208: 2202: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2180:Acanthocephala 2176: 2175: 2172: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2159: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2146: 2143: 2137: 2136: 2133: 2130: 2123: 2120: 2072:Heterodontidae 1890:Chinook salmon 1807:Percichthyidae 1803:Aplochitonidae 1791:salamanderfish 1758:Main article: 1755: 1752: 1732:monitor lizard 1724:bearded dragon 1509:Myobatrachidae 1469: 1466: 1450:Southeast Asia 1258:Late Oligocene 1249:Main article: 1230: 1227: 1015: 1012: 836:marsupial mole 808:Dasyuromorphia 744: 737: 736: 730: 723: 722: 721: 720: 719: 717: 714: 690:Tasmanian wolf 640:Main article: 637: 634: 607:in Australia. 562:Main article: 559: 556: 363: 362: 360: 359: 352: 345: 337: 334: 333: 330: 329: 324: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 288: 287: 276: 274:Related topics 273: 272: 269: 268: 265: 264: 251: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 211: 208: 207: 204: 203: 200: 199: 194: 189: 184: 182:National parks 173: 170: 169: 166: 165: 162: 161: 156: 155: 154: 149: 139: 134: 129: 124: 119: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 46: 43: 42: 39: 38: 30: 29: 23: 22: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8596: 8585: 8582: 8581: 8579: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8555: 8550: 8546: 8543: 8539: 8536: 8532: 8531: 8527: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8492: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8433: 8431: 8429: 8425: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8381:Ethnic groups 8379: 8377: 8374: 8373: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8298: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8286: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8220:Manufacturing 8218: 8216: 8213: 8209: 8206: 8205: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8180: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8168: 8156: 8153: 8152: 8151: 8148: 8144: 8141: 8140: 8139: 8136: 8132: 8129: 8128: 8127: 8124: 8123: 8121: 8119: 8115: 8109: 8106: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8093: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8074:Republicanism 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8041: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8029:National debt 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8017: 8013: 8010: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7999: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7972: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7940: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7920: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7908: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7884: 7882: 7880: 7876: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7813: 7810: 7809: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7784: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7772: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7713: 7711: 7707: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7652: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7625: 7620: 7618: 7613: 7611: 7606: 7605: 7602: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7565: 7564:New Caledonia 7562: 7560: 7557: 7555: 7552: 7550: 7547: 7545: 7544:Easter Island 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7526: 7524: 7518: 7512: 7509: 7507: 7504: 7503: 7501: 7495: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7414: 7405: 7400: 7398: 7393: 7391: 7386: 7385: 7382: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7336: 7334: 7331: 7326: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7296: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7280: 7277: 7275: 7272: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7261: 7259: 7257: 7253: 7244: 7239: 7237: 7232: 7230: 7225: 7224: 7221: 7215: 7212: 7209: 7208: 7204: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7171: 7168: 7165: 7164: 7160: 7156: 7141: 7096: 7095:9781925546026 7092: 7088: 7084: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7075:0-644-06055-7 7072: 7068: 7064: 7062: 7061:0-207-14454-0 7058: 7054: 7050: 7048: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7034: 7033:0-19-555037-4 7030: 7026: 7022: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7009: 7008:1-875169-85-7 7005: 7002:. Gary Allen 7001: 6997: 6995: 6994:1-876689-34-X 6991: 6987: 6983: 6981: 6980:0-12-093155-9 6977: 6973: 6969: 6968: 6956: 6955:0-643-06745-0 6952: 6948: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6933: 6927: 6926:0-643-06749-3 6923: 6919: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6903: 6897: 6893: 6890: 6884: 6878: 6874: 6871: 6865: 6849: 6845: 6839: 6831: 6827: 6821: 6815: 6811: 6808: 6804: 6799: 6790: 6785: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6762: 6758: 6751: 6744: 6738: 6736: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6690: 6682: 6675: 6659: 6655: 6649: 6634: 6630: 6624: 6608: 6604: 6600: 6593: 6584: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6570: 6565: 6563: 6554: 6546: 6542: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6525: 6520: 6518: 6509: 6500: 6491: 6482: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6452: 6443: 6434: 6432: 6422: 6413: 6404: 6395: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6369: 6361: 6352: 6350: 6348: 6336: 6332: 6331:Crustaceans 1 6325: 6318: 6309: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6279: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6249: 6240: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6209: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6187: 6183: 6182: 6174: 6165: 6157: 6155:9780643107076 6151: 6147: 6140: 6131: 6124: 6118: 6109: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6078: 6062: 6058: 6052: 6043: 6034: 6025: 6016: 6010: 6006: 6003: 5997: 5988: 5979: 5970: 5961: 5942: 5935: 5929: 5928:0-643-06749-3 5925: 5921: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5905: 5903: 5893: 5886: 5883: 5877: 5871:Kuiter, p. 8. 5868: 5859: 5850: 5841: 5832: 5823: 5814: 5805: 5796: 5780: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5759: 5750: 5741: 5732: 5726: 5725:0-642-16818-0 5722: 5718: 5717: 5713: 5710: 5703: 5694: 5692: 5683: 5682:IUCN Red List 5679: 5673: 5665: 5664:IUCN Red List 5661: 5655: 5646: 5637: 5628: 5619: 5612: 5606: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5543: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5527: 5520: 5511: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5493:0-7307-5486-3 5489: 5485: 5484: 5476: 5474: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5431: 5427: 5424: 5420: 5415: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5384: 5375: 5366: 5357: 5348: 5339: 5330: 5314: 5310: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5296: 5294: 5284: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5245: 5237: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5196: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5156: 5149: 5140: 5131: 5122: 5113: 5104: 5095: 5087: 5080: 5074: 5059:. 4 June 2022 5058: 5054: 5048: 5029: 5025: 5018: 5011: 5002: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4982: 4978: 4977:Pritchard PCH 4974: 4969: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4934: 4925: 4923: 4916: 4912: 4906: 4890: 4886: 4880: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4845: 4836: 4834: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4802: 4793: 4791: 4781: 4762: 4758: 4751: 4744: 4735: 4726: 4717: 4698: 4694: 4687: 4680: 4671: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4637: 4628: 4619: 4610: 4601: 4592: 4584: 4580: 4574: 4559: 4555: 4548: 4539: 4530: 4521: 4512: 4503: 4494: 4485: 4476: 4467: 4458: 4449: 4440: 4431: 4422: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4391: 4382: 4373: 4364: 4355: 4346: 4339: 4335: 4330: 4319: 4315: 4313:9780642568618 4309: 4302: 4301: 4293: 4284: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4256: 4247: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4216: 4207: 4198: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4182: 4180: 4170: 4161: 4152: 4144: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 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3206: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3176: 3173: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3161: 3158: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3148: 3146: 3143: 3141: 3138: 3134: 3131: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3124: 3121: 3117: 3114: 3112: 3109: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3078: 3073: 3070: 3059: 3052: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3037: 3035: 3034:overexploited 3031: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3005: 3002: 2997: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2974: 2969: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2958: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2931: 2921: 2919: 2914: 2910: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2866:affect local 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2843: 2836: 2831: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2779:Cephalocarida 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2683:box jellyfish 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2639:sea cucumbers 2636: 2635:brittle stars 2632: 2628: 2624: 2623:Echinodermata 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2571: 2569: 2565: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2554: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2538:includes the 2537: 2536: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2515: 2511: 2506: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2483:Octochaetidae 2480: 2476: 2475:Enchytraeidae 2472: 2468: 2464: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2424: 2423: 2417: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2398:European wasp 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2305: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2284:Echinodermata 2282: 2281: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2268: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2255: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2203: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2190: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2177: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2164: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2128: 2127: 2122:Invertebrates 2119: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2108:shark netting 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2068:dogfish shark 2065: 2061: 2057: 2056:requiem shark 2053: 2046: 2042: 2037: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1978:butterflyfish 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1958:giant grouper 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1882:rainbow trout 1879: 1875: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1795:Retropinnidae 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1771: 1766: 1761: 1751: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1702:in Australia. 1701: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1673:Acrochordidae 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1624: 1623:Testudinoidea 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1557: 1552: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1475: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1427:house sparrow 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1322: 1317: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1252: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1215:Torres Strait 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1132:water buffalo 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1076:European hare 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1025: 1020: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 980: 977: 973: 969: 966:possums. The 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 940: 938: 934: 930: 926: 922: 918: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 897:Vombatiformes 894: 893:Diprotodontia 890: 882: 877: 873: 871: 867: 863: 859: 852: 847: 843: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 797: 793: 792:spotted quoll 788: 784: 782: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 747: 741: 733: 727: 713: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 670: 666: 662: 653: 648: 643: 633: 630: 625: 621: 617: 613: 608: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 575: 570: 565: 555: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 518: 514: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 489: 484: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 433:dasyuromorphs 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 402: 398: 397:the continent 394: 386: 382: 378: 374: 369: 358: 353: 351: 346: 344: 339: 338: 336: 335: 328: 325: 322: 318: 315: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 290: 286: 283: 282: 281: 278: 277: 271: 270: 263: 258: 257: 256: 255: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 220: 219: 218: 217:International 214: 209:Organisations 206: 205: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 187:Game reserves 185: 183: 180: 179: 178: 177: 168: 167: 160: 157: 153: 150: 148: 145: 144: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 123: 120: 118: 115: 113: 110: 108: 105: 103: 100: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 73: 70: 68: 65: 64: 63: 62: 57: 56: 51: 50: 41: 40: 36: 32: 31: 28: 25: 24: 20: 19: 16: 8549:Bibliography 8436:Architecture 8393:Prostitution 8376:Demographics 8341:Homelessness 8240:Reserve Bank 8054:Conservatism 8002:Constitution 7970:Human rights 7928:Constitution 7879:Subdivisions 7828: 7660:Bibliography 7520:Dependencies 7506:Cook Islands 7422: 7206: 7086: 7066: 7052: 7038: 7024: 7017: 6999: 6985: 6971: 6938: 6932: 6908: 6902: 6883: 6864: 6852:. 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Retrieved 3244:the original 3040: 3038: 3006: 2998: 2978: 2955: 2933: 2915: 2911: 2908: 2900:Asian mussel 2890:), insects ( 2884:Indian mynah 2845: 2783:Branchiopoda 2747:hermit crabs 2731:Malacostraca 2728: 2712:Asian mussel 2708:rock lobster 2700:white urchin 2619:comb jellies 2615:sea anemones 2592: 2561: 2557: 2551: 2540:common yabby 2533: 2522:Parastacidae 2519: 2513: 2460: 2428: 2420: 2402:red fire ant 2386:grasshoppers 2384:, including 2314: 2066:, and 40 of 2050: 2014:red lionfish 1990:cardinalfish 1938:squirrelfish 1930: 1902:mosquitofish 1894:redfin perch 1871: 1843:golden perch 1775: 1720:thorny devil 1705: 1689: 1649:fierce snake 1642: 1599:olive ridley 1580: 1561: 1521:Microhylidae 1493: 1435: 1431:Indian mynah 1376: 1356:treecreepers 1340:magpie group 1325: 1310:Sarus Cranes 1254: 1183:minke whales 1171:baleen whale 1164: 1057: 1052: 1029: 1008:red kangaroo 992:Macropodidae 981: 944:Phalangerida 941: 905:Phalangerida 886: 855: 851:sugar glider 820:Thylacinidae 801: 776:Joseph Banks 753: 657: 616:Wallace Line 609: 578: 547: 539: 515:, and three 485: 392: 390: 373:red kangaroo 280:Conservation 253: 252: 216: 215: 212: 174: 171:Conservation 59: 54: 53: 47: 44:Biodiversity 26: 15: 8511:Anglosphere 8351:Immigration 8316:Citizenship 8183:Agriculture 8069:Nationalism 8012:Enforcement 7985:Transgender 7819:Earthquakes 7807:Environment 7741:Immigration 7670:Archaeology 7453:New Zealand 5785:12 November 5261:: 347–360. 4558:www.cnn.com 3607:10 February 2944:bogong moth 2888:common carp 2880:water fleas 2801:), and the 2787:Maxillopoda 2743:false crabs 2643:lamp shells 2627:sea urchins 2510:wolf spider 2467:Oligochaeta 2465:(sub)class 2350:Hymenoptera 2342:butterflies 2338:Lepidoptera 2232:Onychophora 2096:tiger shark 2032:poisoning. 2002:surgeonfish 1998:triggerfish 1898:common carp 1823:rainbowfish 1712:Pygopodidae 1685:blind snake 1525:scanty frog 1401:, and some 1350:, the huge 1140:house mouse 1100:sambar deer 1092:fallow deer 933:crepuscular 499:, about 33 493:extinctions 307:Agriculture 97:Butterflies 77:Wildflowers 8501:Television 8471:Literature 8356:Irreligion 8336:Healthcare 8331:Euthanasia 8311:Censorship 8118:Government 8064:Liberalism 8034:Parliament 7746:Indigenous 7736:Federation 7726:Diplomatic 7700:Since 1945 7665:Prehistory 7269:Queensland 7155:Audio help 7146:2006-10-23 6964:References 6664:8 November 6613:30 October 6576:(4): 594. 2874:while the 2763:peracarids 2691:cone snail 2585:, with an 2408:and feral 2382:Orthoptera 2374:mosquitoes 2326:Coleoptera 2092:bull shark 2026:barracudas 2010:pufferfish 1974:damselfish 1934:moray eels 1839:Murray cod 1835:barramundi 1831:sleepy cod 1799:Galaxiidae 1770:Murray cod 1677:Colubridae 1669:sea snakes 1603:loggerhead 1583:sea turtle 1517:tree frogs 1415:greenfinch 1395:cisticolas 1368:bowerbirds 1352:honeyeater 1348:pardalotes 1344:thornbills 1328:passerines 1302:kingfisher 1298:kookaburra 1278:malleefowl 1223:Pinnipedia 1134:, and the 1078:, and the 1049:New Guinea 988:Potoroidae 917:eucalyptus 889:syndactyly 858:bandicoots 812:Dasyuridae 804:marsupials 665:marsupials 610:After the 524:subspecies 441:monotremes 417:marsupials 321:Zoological 292:Ecoregions 122:Amphibians 8408:Squatting 8361:Languages 8326:Education 8306:Aged care 8270:Transport 8079:Socialism 8059:Far-right 8049:Christian 8044:Anarchism 8007:Judiciary 7943:Donations 7938:Elections 7849:Mountains 7797:Continent 7775:Geography 7695:1901–1945 7690:1851–1900 7685:1788–1850 7631:Australia 7423:Australia 6768:Ecography 6638:26 August 6200:794734478 5950:27 August 5462:6 October 5404:6 October 5275:1572-9710 5236:1573-1642 5187:1442-9985 5037:19 August 4770:19 August 4706:19 August 4236:7 January 3898:7 January 3793:26 August 3253:26 August 2957:Genyornis 2886:), fish ( 2876:cane toad 2872:predation 2870:fauna by 2864:Red foxes 2835:cane toad 2803:Ostracoda 2799:fish lice 2791:barnacles 2775:Remipedia 2767:amphipods 2631:sea stars 2607:jellyfish 2495:Gippsland 2450:subclass 2431:arachnids 2410:honeybees 2378:Hemiptera 2278:~205,000 2258:Arachnida 2245:Crustacea 2062:, six of 2045:wobbegong 2030:ciguatera 2006:stonefish 1982:angelfish 1954:bony fish 1946:seahorses 1910:trout cod 1595:hawksbill 1591:green sea 1564:crocodile 1504:sugarcane 1500:cane toad 1360:lyrebirds 1319:A female 1290:cockatoos 1274:megapodes 1219:sea grass 1191:Ziphiidae 1173:present; 1148:brown rat 1144:black rat 1104:rusa deer 1060:placental 1034:, family 1000:wallabies 996:kangaroos 964:brushtail 937:nocturnal 870:omnivores 756:monotreme 710:anteaters 674:Indonesia 629:Oligocene 597:evolution 534:like the 505:thylacine 477:stingrays 473:stonefish 465:jellyfish 457:scorpions 425:macropods 413:placental 317:Botanical 8578:Category 8558:Category 8403:Religion 8301:Abortion 8255:Taxation 8024:Monarchy 8019:Military 7975:Intersex 7911:Politics 7892:Capitals 7756:Monarchy 7751:Military 7731:Economic 7709:By topic 7655:Timeline 7635:articles 7438:Kiribati 7284:Victoria 7279:Tasmania 7170:Archived 7157: · 6943:Archived 6914:Archived 6892:Archived 6873:Archived 6848:Archived 6810:Archived 6726:22761857 6718:16002615 6658:ABC News 6545:29690281 6465:Archived 6384:16 March 6378:Archived 6229:25 March 6005:Archived 5916:Archived 5885:Archived 5712:Archived 5597:21584756 5550:22778872 5502:49901785 5426:Archived 5421:. 2004. 5313:Archived 5057:ABC News 4994:Archived 4952:Archived 4863:Archived 4822:5 August 4654:Archived 4563:22 March 4336:. 2001. 4318:Archived 4264:Archived 4230:Archived 4143:15299143 3584:29239379 3418:Archived 3328:21940856 3055:See also 3045:salinity 2896:molluscs 2848:invasive 2795:copepods 2751:lobsters 2722:and the 2603:Cnidaria 2599:Porifera 2499:Victoria 2463:Annelida 2394:katydids 2390:crickets 2364:. Order 2321:molluscs 2275:~62,000 2265:~31,338 2219:Annelida 2213:~12,250 2206:Mollusca 2200:~30,000 2193:Nematoda 2174:~10,000 2154:Cnidaria 2141:Porifera 2098:and the 2082:and the 2060:catshark 2058:, 32 of 2018:stingray 2012:and the 1994:wrassees 1966:snappers 1962:trevally 1942:pipefish 1886:Atlantic 1815:Herrings 1811:lampreys 1787:lungfish 1740:perentie 1716:Agamidae 1665:Elapidae 1615:Chelidae 1605:and the 1587:flatback 1543:disease 1399:sunbirds 1391:thrushes 1383:swallows 1354:family, 1181:, dwarf 1146:and the 1112:hog deer 1096:red deer 1032:Rodentia 952:macropod 864:— order 838:— order 828:Tasmania 781:termites 772:venomous 768:echidnas 762:and the 760:platypus 746:Platypus 624:Eurasian 585:Gondwana 581:geologic 574:Gondwana 528:Holocene 469:molluscs 449:platypus 445:venomous 405:tectonic 377:macropod 297:Forestry 213:National 127:Reptiles 92:Odonates 82:Molluscs 8535:Outline 8506:Theatre 8496:Symbols 8461:Cuisine 8428:Culture 8289:Society 8265:Tourism 8235:Poverty 8171:Economy 7953:Parties 7854:Regions 7844:Islands 7839:Geology 7834:Forests 7802:Deserts 7787:Climate 7761:Railway 7643:History 7584:Tokelau 7488:Vanuatu 7144: ( 7115:minutes 6854:24 July 6776:Bibcode 6698:Bibcode 6689:Science 6524:Zootaxa 6471:24 July 6298:18 July 6268:18 July 6098:24 July 6067:24 July 5577:Bibcode 5319:24 July 5214:Bibcode 5167:Bibcode 5088:. 2004. 4958:24 July 4895:24 July 4869:24 July 4585:. 2016. 4226:The Age 4111:Bibcode 3825:838–845 3765:Conjour 3562:Bibcode 3515:4338242 3495:Bibcode 3472:4342084 3452:Bibcode 3319:3991479 3298:Bibcode 3290:Science 3024:and 16 2918:Tim Low 2868:endemic 2860:Rabbits 2819:lobster 2771:isopods 2755:shrimps 2735:decapod 2704:abalone 2679:chitons 2671:oysters 2667:cockles 2663:octopus 2655:limpets 2621:), the 2581:on the 2558:Engaeus 2553:Engaeus 2461:In the 2366:Diptera 2334:weevils 2330:beetles 2317:insects 2302:~5,015 2299:~2,371 2291:~2,000 2271:Insecta 2252:~9,500 2226:~4,230 2210:~8,700 2197:~2,060 2161:~2,200 2148:~3,500 1950:grouper 1827:gudgeon 1819:catfish 1779:arowana 1736:goannas 1611:turtles 1529:Ranidae 1462:penguin 1438:seabird 1403:raptors 1379:Eurasia 1286:parrots 1262:ratites 1167:Cetacea 1084:banteng 1072:red fox 1036:Muridae 921:grasses 862:bilbies 682:Eurasia 678:rodents 636:Mammals 612:Miocene 605:adapted 601:drifted 593:Miocene 520:species 513:reptile 501:mammals 461:octopus 453:spiders 429:possums 401:endemic 383:on the 323:gardens 312:Tourism 302:Fishing 137:Mammals 112:Spiders 102:Cicadas 67:Grasses 8563:Portal 8456:Cinema 8398:Racism 8371:People 8230:Mining 8193:Energy 8188:Dollar 7933:Courts 7923:Asylum 7897:Cities 7864:Rivers 7812:issues 7633: 7559:Hawaii 7483:Tuvalu 7256:States 7093: 7073: 7059: 7045: 7031: 7006: 6992: 6978: 6953: 6924: 6724: 6716: 6543: 6198: 6188: 6152: 6086:>. 5926: 5723: 5595: 5548: 5500: 5490: 5273: 5234: 5185: 5063:31 May 4913: 4660:2 July 4310: 4141: 4134:514485 4131: 3831: 3582: 3554:Nature 3535: 3513: 3487:Nature 3470: 3443:Nature 3410: 3369: 3326: 3316: 3271: 2761:. 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