2309:
1481:
1081:
1200:
1783:
1957:
1576:
1525:
1193:
1746:
1315:
1359:
970:
1403:
963:
243:. Two of the 59 genera of Microhylidae, and only one of approximately 750 species of Ranidae are native to Australia. Although both these families are widely distributed throughout the world, they have only recently reached Australia and New Guinea. This is because the Australian continent has remained isolated since its separation from Antarctica, and as it has drifted north towards Asia, many species have been able to cross into New Guinea, and eventually Australia. However, most of the
2120:
2049:
626:
2008:
2001:
2086:
1922:
1244:
1704:
1044:
1871:
1037:
1569:
1739:
1834:
1660:
1237:
2042:
30:
2127:
1447:
1915:
324:
1088:
1827:
1532:
461:
1396:
1964:
1878:
1440:
1132:
2238:
2164:
2171:
1488:
1308:
1697:
1613:
2245:
1790:
1352:
1620:
1125:
339:
During the 1980s, population declines were reported in
Australian frog species and are severe in some areas. Many of the frogs that were reported as declining were high altitude, creek dwelling species that were remote from a changing ecology. This indicated that habitat loss and degradation were not
276:
and other desert dwelling species have relatively short tadpole development periods. These species often breed in temporary, shallow pools where the high water temperature speeds up tadpole development. Tadpoles that live in such pools can complete development within a month. On the other hand,
307:. This area has very little free-standing water and therefore this species has adapted another way of tadpole development. Sandhill frogs lay their eggs under the sand and the tadpoles develop into frogs entirely within the egg. This adaptation allows them to breed with the absence of water.
400:) have not been located for a number of years. As of 2006 three Australian species of frog are classified as extinct, 14 listed as critically endangered and 18 as endangered. Of the 14 critically endangered species 4 have not been recorded for over 15 years and may now be extinct.
899:
make up a small amount of the
Australian frog fauna, with less than 20 species in Microhylidae and one species of Ranidae. The majority of the species within these families are found throughout the world, with Australia making up a small portion of their diversity.
415:) was mostly attributed to altered land use and fire regimes, such as land clearing for housing or agriculture and high intensity fires. The distribution of the giant burrowing frog included Sydney, and therefore, large populations were destroyed.
206:. The result of this recent land connection on the Australian amphibian fauna has been the swapping of species, and even families. The origin of the frog species found on both land masses can be determined by their distributions. It is likely that
2944:
310:
There are large variety of habitats inhabited by
Australian frogs. Variations in rainfall, temperature, altitude and latitude have resulted in a large number of habitats in Australia, most of which are inhabited by frogs. In the
315:, daytime temperatures can reach 48.5 °C nights can have freezing condition and rainfall is less than 200 mm per year. These factors make it very difficult for frogs to survive, and few species are found in this area.
259:
areas have restricted amphibian biodiversity, as frogs generally require water to breed. Many
Australian frog species have adapted to deal with the harsh conditions of their habitat. Many species, such as those of the genus
2411:
Tingley, Reid; Weeks, Andrew R.; Smart, Adam S.; van Rooyen, Anthony R.; Woolnough, Andrew P.; McCarthy, Michael A. (1 January 2015). "European newts establish in
Australia, marking the arrival of a new amphibian order".
3095:
3060:
120:
The first two continents to split from
Australia were South America and Africa. The amphibian fauna of both these continents are varied due to collisions with Laurasian continents. However, the South African family
2808:
3100:
2959:
3110:
3055:
3070:
3050:
3022:
2989:
3090:
3045:
3085:
3065:
889:, consisting of 17 to 22 genera and 112 species. Myobatrachidae is endemic to Australia, New Guinea and a few small islands, however the highest diversity can be found in Australia.
255:
The distribution of
Australian frogs is largely influenced by climate. The areas of largest biodiversity occur in the tropical and temperate zones of northern and eastern Australia.
2954:
3105:
3004:
3080:
2999:
2994:
2984:
2974:
2964:
198:. During its history, there have been many land connections between New Guinea and Australia. The most recent of which severed 10,000 years ago during the transition from a
3075:
3027:
2949:
2684:
2819:
2676:
1893:
2891:
144:, of the family Hylidae, originated in South America after its separation from Africa. Outside Australia, tree frogs are widespread throughout much of
2782:
2526:
2552:
17:
117:, is dated between 188 and 213 million years old. This predates the splitting of Gondwana, and has resulted in frogs present on all continents.
235:
There are two families which are widely distributed throughout the
Northern Hemisphere which only inhabit far northern Australia. These are
1935:
247:
filled by frogs had been filled before the ranids and microhylids reached
Australia, so only a limited number of species have established.
2476:
2335:
2578:
2308:
214:) migrated from Australia to New Guinea, as it is widespread in Australia and only inhabits small areas within New Guinea. Whereas the
3141:
2371:
New frogs from heavily explored
Australia are somewhat surprising (there are now 239 species, with 25 added in the last 10 years).
849:
to the continent. Despite being prohibited to import, they have been located and have spread considerably to various locations in
2918:
64:, also known as the modern frogs, which make up the largest proportion of extant frog species. About 230 of the 5,280 species of
3136:
2979:
270:
and egg development of frogs from arid regions differs from those from higher rainfall regions. Some species, such as those of
2625:
2362:
2969:
2864:
2660:
2392:
3131:
2688:
2939:
2217:
864:, are one of the major families in Australia, with over 70 species. The tree frogs are split into three genera:
148:
and South America, Europe and Asia. Tree frogs presumably migrated to Australia via Antarctica. Similarities in
2818:. Canberra: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts, Australian Government. Archived from
72:. Compared with other continents, species diversity is low, and may be related to the climate of most of the
1480:
232:
species in Australia is another example of genus swapping that occurred between New Guinea and Australia.
2911:
471:) is restricted to a fragmented range of less than 500 km; this species is classified as endangered.
448:
2522:
2548:
2806:
1805:
1675:
175:
India, Madagascar and Seychelles split from Gondwana approximately 130 million years ago. The family
1080:
407:
was the major threat to Australian frog species since colonisation. For example, the decline of the
1418:
1059:
818:
795:
585:
507:
2287:
1547:
1103:
53:
2711:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Database Search - Australian Critically Endangered Anuran"
335:) is listed as endangered because of an estimated 50% population decline over the past 10 years.
2904:
2339:
1635:
1428:
1025:
786:
767:
718:
464:
300:
2731:
2574:
2523:"Amphibian Species of the World - Myobatrachidae Schlegel <em>In</em> Gray, 1850"
2108:
1859:
630:
595:
438:
428:
345:
195:
73:
2421:
2226:
1903:
1645:
1513:
1286:
1069:
655:
604:
408:
207:
34:
1199:
882:. The tree frogs of Australia have various habits, from completely arboreal to fossorial.
344:
fungus may be a factor. In some cases entire genera were found declining. Both species of
8:
1989:
1782:
1771:
1113:
754:
736:
700:
682:
637:) is listed as critically endangered because of its small geographic range of 10 km.
404:
390:
360:
328:
223:
169:
2425:
1956:
1575:
2455:
2152:
1849:
1601:
1557:
1225:
1015:
673:
646:
537:
489:
187:
is more closely related to Myobatrachidae than the African or South American families.
2477:"The cane toad (Bufo marinus) - fact sheet (Department of the Environment and Energy)"
1192:
222:) is likely from New Guinea, as it is widespread in New Guinea, and only inhabits the
164:
suggests a relationship between the South American and Australian tree frogs, however
2860:
2807:
Littlejohn, Murray J.; Roberts, J. Dale; Watson, Graham F.; Davies, Margaret (1993).
2756:
2656:
2447:
2388:
1979:
1685:
1591:
941:
727:
691:
547:
366:
304:
69:
2459:
2437:
2429:
2142:
1745:
1717:
1503:
1374:
1367:
1330:
1314:
810:
709:
396:
378:
244:
77:
1524:
1358:
853:
from 2011 to 2016. It has potential to spread throughout south-eastern Australia.
2629:
1167:
814:
575:
556:
498:
312:
215:
130:
2896:
969:
1761:
1402:
1252:
1215:
886:
760:
664:
384:
340:
responsible for all the declines; the cause is unknown but a diseases known as
199:
134:
126:
122:
97:
2433:
962:
3125:
2853:
2451:
2253:
2213:
2119:
2048:
2030:
2016:
1945:
1815:
1584:
1340:
1181:
777:
745:
625:
613:
517:
288:
203:
145:
2757:"Surveys for the smooth newt (Lissotriton vulgaris) in south-east Melbourne"
2501:
2007:
2206:
2000:
1972:
1754:
1711:
1384:
1140:
892:
565:
527:
480:
236:
184:
176:
160:
61:
2085:
1921:
1243:
2297:
2280:
2094:
2071:
1727:
1703:
1496:
1469:
1323:
1296:
1096:
1043:
878:
838:
354:
228:
85:
2442:
1870:
1036:
376:
is currently declining and some species in the "torrent frog" complex (
2057:
1886:
1842:
1833:
1738:
1659:
1628:
1568:
1540:
1236:
1208:
834:
191:
180:
165:
149:
2126:
2041:
1914:
1446:
29:
2135:
1668:
1455:
1087:
1008:
951:
907:
866:
857:
850:
830:
822:
323:
296:
279:
272:
266:, burrow underground to avoid heat and prolonged drought conditions.
262:
141:
113:
81:
42:
2710:
2600:
1826:
1531:
111:
approximately 180 million years ago. The earliest true frog fossil,
2237:
2163:
1963:
1929:
1877:
1439:
1395:
1279:
1131:
1124:
934:
460:
372:
108:
104:
2170:
1487:
1307:
817:. The sole species of true toad introduced to Australia which has
540:* — last confirmed sighting 1973, similar frogs discovered in 1992
2179:
1798:
1052:
981:
896:
872:
861:
846:
349:
341:
267:
240:
154:
100:
2549:"Amphibian Species of the World - Phyllomedusinae Günther, 1858"
1696:
179:
is native to both India and the Seychelles, and is considered a
2876:
2319:
All numbers in the above table refer to Australian amphibians.
2244:
1789:
1612:
1411:
1351:
833:. The cane toad was introduced to several locations throughout
2780:
1619:
370:
is classified as near threatened). Every species in the genus
2251:
2177:
1250:
1138:
979:
905:
2685:
Department of Environment and Conservation (New South Wales)
2382:
2410:
2336:"WAZA - World Association of Zoos and Aquariums - Projects"
2064:
Roberts, Horwitz, Wardell-Johnson, Maxson, and Mahony, 1997
837:, and has since spread west and south. The introduction of
520:— rediscovered 2008 after not being seen for about 15 years
256:
65:
57:
2892:
Western Australian Museum - list of frog call recordings
2816:
Fauna of Australia series, Environment Australia website
510:— rediscovered in 2009 after not being seen for 30 years
2886:
2626:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Database Search"
2881:
1256:- 3 sub-families, 20 genera, 119 species (3 extinct)
2859:. Sydney, AH & AW Reed. Revised edition, 1983.
2926:
287:tadpoles may take as long as fifteen months. The
283:live in areas of high rainfall. Metamorphosis of
137:, an Australian family of ground dwelling frogs.
96:The Australian continent once formed part of the
3123:
403:Prior to the large scale declines of the 1980s,
194:are the two major land masses which make up the
885:The other major family native to Australia is
809:Australia's amphibian consists of four native
804:
455:
2912:
2846:Barker, J.; Grigg, G.C.; Tyler, M.J. (1995).
2383:Barker, J.; Grigg, G.C.; Tyler, M.J. (1995).
813:, one introduced family and one introduced
60:. All Australian frogs are in the suborder
2919:
2905:
2781:Department of Economic Development, Jobs.
2575:"Frogs Australia Network - Frog Declines"
2441:
68:are native to Australia with 93% of them
2481:Department of the Environment and Energy
624:
459:
322:
28:
578:— as few as 250 adults left in the wild
568:— as few as 250 adults left in the wild
45:common to forests of eastern Australia.
14:
3124:
2681:Threatened species ... New South Wales
2363:"New 'lost world' could be lost again"
2900:
2650:
2644:
1144:- 1 sub-family, 2 genera, 19 species
985:- 1 sub-family, 3 genera, 78 species
2857:Reptiles and Amphibians of Australia
2471:
2469:
2406:
2404:
2376:
2360:
52:are limited to members of the order
2882:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
801:A * indicates possible extinction.
620:
277:species such as those in the genus
24:
2687:. 1 September 2005. Archived from
2653:Australian Frogs A Natural History
2361:Wake, David B. (1 November 2013).
2257:- 1 genus, 1 species (introduced)
911:- 1 genus, 1 species (introduced)
25:
3153:
2870:
2848:A Field Guide to Australian Frogs
2581:from the original on 18 June 2006
2555:from the original on 21 July 2006
2529:from the original on 17 July 2006
2466:
2401:
2385:A Field Guide to Australian Frogs
845:) marks the arrival of the order
3142:Lists of amphibians of Australia
2677:"Giant Burrowing Frog - profile"
2307:
2243:
2236:
2169:
2162:
2125:
2118:
2084:
2047:
2040:
2006:
1999:
1962:
1955:
1920:
1913:
1876:
1869:
1832:
1825:
1788:
1781:
1744:
1737:
1702:
1695:
1658:
1618:
1611:
1574:
1567:
1530:
1523:
1486:
1479:
1445:
1438:
1401:
1394:
1357:
1350:
1313:
1306:
1242:
1235:
1198:
1191:
1130:
1123:
1086:
1079:
1042:
1035:
968:
961:
418:
2800:
2774:
2749:
2724:
2703:
2669:
2618:
2593:
948:Beaked toads or Rio Viejo toads
318:
250:
18:List of amphibians of Australia
2945:Federated States of Micronesia
2567:
2541:
2515:
2494:
2354:
2328:
2031:Southern gastric brooding frog
588:* — three sightings since 1994
439:northern gastric-brooding frog
429:southern gastric-brooding frog
295:) lives in sand dunes between
133:, are both closely related to
13:
1:
3137:Lists of animals of Australia
2927:List of amphibians of Oceania
2840:
364:is classified as extinct and
2387:. Surrey Beatty & Sons.
7:
2850:. Surrey Beatty & Sons.
805:Australian amphibian genera
456:Critically endangered frogs
449:Mount Glorious torrent frog
358:are critically endangered (
352:and all but two species of
168:evidence suggests an early
10:
3158:
2809:"7. Family Myobatrachidae"
1812:Australian spadefoot toads
91:
3036:
3013:
2932:
2887:Amphibian Research Centre
2434:10.1007/s10530-014-0716-z
2076:Spicospina flammocaerulea
783:Pseudophryne covacevichae
226:in Australia. The single
140:Fossil data suggests the
3096:Northern Mariana Islands
2761:Invasive Species Council
2322:
2113:Taudactylus eungellensis
1518:Heleioporus australiacus
796:northern corroboree frog
635:Taudactylus eungellensis
592:Taudactylus eungellensis
582:Taudactylus acutirostris
508:yellow-spotted bell frog
435:Rheobatrachus vitellinus
413:Heleioporus australiacus
3132:Amphibians of Australia
3061:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
2101:Straughan and Lee, 1966
1986:Toadlets or brood frogs
1606:Limnodynastes dumerilli
792:Pseudophryne pengilleyi
572:Pseudophryne corroboree
495:Litoria booroolongensis
50:Amphibians of Australia
2877:Frog Australia Network
2787:agriculture.vic.gov.au
2027:Gastric brooding frogs
1994:Pseudophryne australis
1598:Australian swamp frogs
1429:Common eastern froglet
1026:Striped burrowing frog
787:magnificent brood frog
768:Philoria richmondensis
638:
610:Taudactylus rheophilus
586:sharp-snouted day frog
472:
348:are now classified as
336:
301:Kalbarri National Park
172:between the families.
76:. There are two known
46:
3039:and other territories
2651:Tyler, M. J. (1994).
2183:- 1 genus, 1 species
2109:Eungella torrent frog
1950:Philoria sphagnicolus
1860:Ornate burrowing frog
1690:Mixophyes fasciolatus
1510:Giant burrowing frogs
1030:Cyclorana alboguttata
974:Map now out of date.
774:Philoria sphagnicolus
656:mountain nursery frog
631:Eungella torrent frog
628:
616:* — last seen in 2000
596:Eungella torrent frog
463:
346:gastric brooding frog
326:
32:
2414:Biological Invasions
2342:on 28 September 2006
2302:Lissotriton vulgaris
2227:Australian wood frog
1732:Myobatrachus gouldii
1650:Metacrinia nichollsi
1562:Lechriodus fletcheri
1514:Giant burrowing frog
1186:Austrochaperina fryi
843:Lissotriton vulgaris
742:Philoria kundagungan
679:Litoria cooloolensis
670:Litoria brevipalmata
661:Cophixalus neglectus
652:Cophixalus monticola
643:Cophixalus mcdonaldi
605:Kroombit tinker frog
477:Cophixalus concinnus
409:giant burrowing frog
220:Litoria infrafrenata
196:Australian continent
74:Australian continent
56:, commonly known as
35:leaf green tree frog
2691:on 6 September 2006
2502:"Vieraella hervsti"
2426:2015BiInv..17...31T
2149:Australian toadlets
2035:Rheobatrachus silus
1990:Red-crowned toadlet
1908:Paracrinia haswelii
1776:Neobatrachus pictus
1425:Australian froglets
1345:Arenophryne rotunda
1114:Australian lace-lid
1110:Big eyed tree frogs
1022:Water holding frogs
751:Philoria loveridgei
737:Australian lace-lid
719:Fleay's barred frog
701:growling grass frog
683:Cooloolah tree frog
601:Taudactylus pleione
524:Litoria nyakalensis
465:Fleay's barred frog
445:Taudactylus diurnus
425:Rheobatrachus silus
405:habitat destruction
391:Litoria nyakalensis
361:Taudactylus diurnus
329:growling grass frog
293:Arenophryne rotunda
224:Cape York Peninsula
204:interglacial period
183:to Myobatrachidae.
103:, which split into
39:Litoria phyllochroa
1864:Opisthodon ornatus
1602:Eastern banjo frog
1230:Cophixalus ornatus
1226:Ornate nurseryfrog
724:Mixophyes iteratus
697:Litoria raniformis
674:green thighed frog
639:
538:peppered tree frog
530:* — last seen 1990
490:white-bellied frog
473:
337:
333:Litoria raniformis
47:
41:) is a species of
3119:
3118:
3111:Wallis and Futuna
3056:Clipperton Island
3014:Associated states
2854:Cogger, Harold G.
2736:PestSmart Connect
2601:"IUCN Red List -
2317:
2316:
2291:
2274:Australian range
2220:
2200:Australian range
2146:
2102:
2065:
2024:
1983:
1939:
1904:Haswell's froglet
1900:Haswell's froglet
1897:
1853:
1820:Notaden bennettii
1809:
1765:
1721:
1686:Great barred frog
1679:
1646:Nicholl's toadlet
1642:Nicholl's toadlet
1639:
1595:
1551:
1507:
1463:
1422:
1378:
1334:
1290:
1273:Australian range
1219:
1175:
1161:Australian range
1118:Nyctimystes dayi
1107:
1070:White's tree frog
1063:
1019:
1002:Australian range
945:
928:Australian range
829:), of the family
728:giant barred frog
692:torrent tree frog
548:spotted tree frog
367:Taudactylus liemi
305:Western Australia
245:ecological niches
208:White's tree frog
114:Vieraella herbsti
16:(Redirected from
3149:
3101:Pitcairn Islands
3071:French Polynesia
3051:Christmas Island
2980:Papua New Guinea
2960:Marshall Islands
2933:Sovereign states
2921:
2914:
2907:
2898:
2897:
2835:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2825:on 20 March 2011
2824:
2813:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2707:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2696:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2637:
2628:. Archived from
2622:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2473:
2464:
2463:
2445:
2408:
2399:
2398:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2358:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2347:
2338:. Archived from
2332:
2311:
2286:
2247:
2240:
2212:
2173:
2166:
2157:Uperoleia tyleri
2141:
2129:
2122:
2100:
2088:
2063:
2051:
2044:
2022:
2010:
2003:
1978:
1966:
1959:
1934:
1924:
1917:
1892:
1880:
1873:
1848:
1836:
1829:
1804:
1792:
1785:
1760:
1748:
1741:
1716:
1706:
1699:
1674:
1662:
1634:
1622:
1615:
1590:
1578:
1571:
1546:
1534:
1527:
1502:
1490:
1483:
1474:Geocrinia laevis
1461:
1449:
1442:
1433:Crinia signifera
1417:
1405:
1398:
1389:Assa darlingtoni
1373:
1361:
1354:
1329:
1317:
1310:
1285:
1246:
1239:
1222:Rainforest frogs
1214:
1202:
1195:
1173:
1134:
1127:
1102:
1090:
1083:
1074:Litoria caerulea
1058:
1046:
1039:
1014:
972:
965:
956:Rhinella marinus
940:
903:
902:
860:, of the family
827:Rhinella marinus
755:Loveridge's frog
733:Nyctimystes dayi
715:Mixophyes fleayi
710:common mist frog
706:Litoria rheocola
688:Litoria nannotis
621:Endangered frogs
544:Litoria spenceri
534:Litoria piperata
504:Litoria castanea
469:Mixophyes fleayi
451:— last seen 1979
441:— last seen 1985
431:— last seen 1981
397:Litoria rheocola
379:Litoria nannotis
212:Litoria caerulea
80:amphibians, the
21:
3157:
3156:
3152:
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3148:
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3146:
3122:
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3038:
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3015:
3009:
2990:Solomon Islands
2928:
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2268:Example species
2211:
2194:Example species
2153:Tyler's toadlet
2140:
2099:
2062:
2021:
1977:
1933:
1891:
1847:
1803:
1759:
1715:
1673:
1633:
1589:
1558:Fletcher's frog
1545:
1501:
1466:Ground froglets
1460:
1416:
1372:
1328:
1301:Adelotus brevis
1284:
1267:Example species
1213:
1172:
1168:Austrochaperina
1155:Example species
1101:
1057:
1013:
996:Example species
939:
922:Example species
807:
647:McDonald's frog
623:
576:corroboree frog
562:Philoria frosti
557:myola tree frog
499:Booroolong frog
458:
421:
321:
313:Nullarbor Plain
253:
216:giant tree frog
202:to the current
131:Leptodactylidae
94:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3155:
3145:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3117:
3116:
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3113:
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3098:
3093:
3091:Norfolk Island
3088:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3046:American Samoa
3042:
3040:
3034:
3033:
3031:
3030:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3016:of New Zealand
3011:
3010:
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2871:External links
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2773:
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2655:. Reed Books.
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2632:on 4 July 2006
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2012:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1987:
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1968:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1943:
1942:Mountain frogs
1940:
1926:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1901:
1898:
1896:and Liem, 1976
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1554:Cannibal frogs
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1253:Myobatrachidae
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887:Myobatrachidae
806:
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798:
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771:
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761:Philoria pughi
757:
748:
739:
730:
721:
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665:neglected frog
658:
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622:
619:
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598:
589:
579:
569:
559:
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541:
531:
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514:Litoria lorica
511:
501:
492:
486:Geocrinia alba
483:
457:
454:
453:
452:
442:
432:
420:
417:
385:Litoria lorica
320:
317:
252:
249:
200:glacial period
190:Australia and
135:Myobatrachidae
127:South American
123:Heleophrynidae
98:supercontinent
93:
90:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3154:
3143:
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3086:New Caledonia
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
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3072:
3069:
3067:
3066:Easter Island
3064:
3062:
3059:
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3047:
3044:
3043:
3041:
3035:
3029:
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2817:
2810:
2803:
2788:
2784:
2783:"Smooth newt"
2777:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2712:
2706:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
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2662:0-7301-0468-0
2658:
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2271:Example photo
2270:
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2256:
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2254:Salamandridae
2250:
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2239:
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2197:Example photo
2196:
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2105:Torrent frogs
2104:
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2029:
2026:
2019:
2018:
2017:Rheobatrachus
2014:
2013:
2009:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1946:Sphagnum frog
1944:
1941:
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1931:
1928:
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1816:Crucifix toad
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1585:Limnodynastes
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1341:Sandhill frog
1339:
1337:Sandhill frog
1336:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1292:
1288:
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1281:
1277:
1276:
1272:
1270:Example photo
1269:
1266:
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1260:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1249:
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1241:
1238:
1234:
1231:
1227:
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1211:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1194:
1190:
1187:
1183:
1180:
1178:Nursery frogs
1177:
1170:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1158:Example photo
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1137:
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1119:
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1038:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1011:
1010:
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1005:
1001:
999:Example photo
998:
995:
992:
989:
988:
984:
983:
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975:
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964:
960:
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950:
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937:
936:
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927:
925:Example photo
924:
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914:
910:
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904:
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888:
883:
881:
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869:
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828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
802:
797:
793:
790:
788:
784:
781:
779:
778:sphagnum frog
775:
772:
770:
769:
765:
763:
762:
758:
756:
752:
749:
747:
746:mountain frog
743:
740:
738:
734:
731:
729:
725:
722:
720:
716:
713:
711:
707:
704:
702:
698:
695:
693:
689:
686:
684:
680:
677:
675:
671:
668:
666:
662:
659:
657:
653:
650:
648:
644:
641:
640:
636:
632:
627:
615:
614:tinkling frog
611:
608:
606:
602:
599:
597:
593:
590:
587:
583:
580:
577:
573:
570:
567:
563:
560:
558:
554:
553:Litoria myola
551:
549:
545:
542:
539:
535:
532:
529:
525:
522:
519:
518:armoured frog
515:
512:
509:
505:
502:
500:
496:
493:
491:
487:
484:
482:
478:
475:
474:
470:
466:
462:
450:
446:
443:
440:
436:
433:
430:
426:
423:
422:
419:Extinct frogs
416:
414:
410:
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401:
399:
398:
393:
392:
387:
386:
381:
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375:
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369:
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351:
347:
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334:
330:
325:
316:
314:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
289:sandhill frog
286:
282:
281:
275:
274:
269:
265:
264:
258:
248:
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
230:
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221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
188:
186:
182:
178:
173:
171:
167:
166:immunological
163:
162:
157:
156:
152:between some
151:
147:
143:
138:
136:
132:
128:
124:
118:
116:
115:
110:
106:
102:
99:
89:
87:
83:
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75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
44:
40:
36:
31:
27:
19:
3037:Dependencies
3023:Cook Islands
2856:
2847:
2827:. Retrieved
2820:the original
2815:
2802:
2790:. Retrieved
2786:
2776:
2764:. Retrieved
2760:
2751:
2739:. Retrieved
2735:
2726:
2714:. Retrieved
2705:
2693:. Retrieved
2689:the original
2680:
2671:
2652:
2646:
2634:. Retrieved
2630:the original
2620:
2608:. Retrieved
2602:
2595:
2583:. Retrieved
2569:
2557:. Retrieved
2543:
2531:. Retrieved
2517:
2505:. Retrieved
2496:
2484:. Retrieved
2480:
2443:11343/216887
2420:(1): 31–37.
2417:
2413:
2384:
2378:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2344:. Retrieved
2340:the original
2330:
2318:
2301:
2294:Common newts
2279:
2265:Common names
2252:
2231:Rana daemeli
2230:
2205:
2191:Common names
2178:
2156:
2139:- 24 species
2134:
2112:
2093:
2075:
2056:
2034:
2015:
1993:
1976:- 13 species
1973:Pseudophryne
1971:
1949:
1907:
1885:
1863:
1850:Steindachner
1841:
1819:
1797:
1775:
1772:Painted frog
1768:Stubby frogs
1758:- 10 species
1755:Neobatrachus
1753:
1731:
1712:Myobatrachus
1689:
1682:Barred frogs
1667:
1649:
1627:
1605:
1588:- 13 species
1583:
1561:
1539:
1517:
1495:
1473:
1454:
1432:
1415:- 15 species
1410:
1388:
1385:Pouched frog
1381:Pouched frog
1366:
1344:
1322:
1300:
1278:
1264:Common names
1251:
1229:
1212:- 14 species
1207:
1185:
1166:
1152:Common names
1141:Microhylidae
1139:
1117:
1095:
1073:
1056:- 64 species
1051:
1029:
1016:Steindachner
1012:- 13 species
1007:
993:Common names
980:
973:
955:
933:
919:Common names
906:
893:Microhylidae
891:
884:
877:
871:
865:
855:
842:
826:
808:
800:
791:
782:
773:
766:
759:
750:
741:
732:
723:
714:
705:
696:
687:
678:
669:
660:
651:
642:
634:
609:
600:
591:
581:
571:
566:Baw Baw frog
561:
552:
543:
533:
528:Nyakala frog
523:
513:
503:
494:
485:
481:elegant frog
476:
468:
444:
434:
424:
412:
402:
395:
389:
383:
377:
371:
365:
359:
353:
338:
332:
319:Conservation
309:
292:
284:
278:
271:
261:
254:
251:Distribution
237:Microhylidae
234:
227:
219:
211:
189:
185:Sooglossidae
181:sister taxon
177:Sooglossidae
174:
161:Phyllomedusa
159:
153:
139:
119:
112:
95:
62:Neobatrachia
49:
48:
38:
26:
2970:New Zealand
2792:26 November
2766:26 November
2741:26 November
2732:"Cane toad"
2507:18 November
2486:26 November
2298:Smooth newt
2284:- 1 species
2281:Lissotriton
2210:- 1 species
2098:- 6 species
2095:Taudactylus
2072:Sunset frog
2068:Sunset frog
2061:- 1 species
2020:- 2 species
1932:- 6 species
1890:- 1 species
1846:- 2 species
1802:- 4 species
1728:Turtle frog
1724:Turtle frog
1714:- 1 species
1672:- 5 species
1632:- 1 species
1544:- 1 species
1500:- 6 species
1497:Heleioporus
1470:Smooth frog
1462:Blake, 1973
1459:- 7 species
1371:- 1 species
1327:- 2 species
1324:Arenophryne
1297:Tusked frog
1293:Tusked frog
1283:- 1 species
1171:- 5 species
1100:- 1 species
1097:Nyctimystes
938:- 1 species
879:Nyctimystes
839:smooth newt
819:naturalised
355:Taudactylus
229:Nyctimystes
150:melanosomes
86:smooth newt
3126:Categories
2841:References
2346:5 December
2223:True frogs
2058:Spicospina
2023:Liem, 1973
1887:Paracrinia
1843:Opisthodon
1629:Metacrinia
1541:Lechriodus
1209:Cophixalus
1182:Fry's frog
1066:Tree frogs
858:tree frogs
835:Queensland
192:New Guinea
170:divergence
142:tree frogs
125:, and the
2940:Australia
2829:19 August
2452:1573-1464
2136:Uperoleia
1980:Fitzinger
1669:Mixophyes
1592:Fitzinger
1548:Boulenger
1456:Geocrinia
1174:Fry, 1912
1104:Stejneger
1009:Cyclorana
952:Cane toad
942:Fitzinger
908:Bufonidae
867:Cyclorana
851:Melbourne
831:Bufonidae
823:cane toad
821:, is the
297:Shark Bay
285:Mixophyes
280:Mixophyes
273:Cyclorana
263:Cyclorana
82:cane toad
43:tree frog
2955:Kiribati
2603:Philoria
2579:Archived
2553:Archived
2527:Archived
2460:18950725
2214:Linnaeus
1930:Philoria
1280:Adelotus
1216:Boettger
935:Rhinella
811:families
373:Philoria
239:and the
109:Laurasia
105:Gondwana
84:and the
78:invasive
3106:Tokelau
3005:Vanuatu
2716:10 July
2559:31 July
2533:27 July
2422:Bibcode
2367:CNN.com
2180:Ranidae
1936:Spencer
1806:Günther
1799:Notaden
1676:Günther
1419:Tschudi
1060:Tschudi
1053:Litoria
982:Hylidae
897:Ranidae
873:Litoria
862:Hylidae
847:Urodela
350:extinct
342:chytrid
268:Tadpole
241:Ranidae
155:Litoria
129:family
101:Pangaea
92:Origins
70:endemic
3081:Hawaii
3000:Tuvalu
2863:
2695:10 May
2659:
2636:8 July
2610:19 May
2585:8 July
2458:
2450:
2391:
2290:, 1839
2145:, 1841
1982:, 1843
1938:, 1901
1852:, 1867
1808:, 1873
1764:, 1863
1762:Peters
1720:, 1976
1678:, 1864
1638:, 1940
1636:Parker
1594:, 1843
1550:, 1882
1506:, 1841
1421:, 1838
1412:Crinia
1377:, 1972
1333:, 1976
1289:, 1907
1287:Ogilby
1218:, 1892
1106:, 1916
1062:, 1838
1018:, 1867
944:, 1826
2995:Tonga
2985:Samoa
2975:Palau
2965:Nauru
2823:(PDF)
2812:(PDF)
2456:S2CID
2323:Notes
2262:Genus
2188:Genus
1894:Heyer
1718:Tyler
1375:Tyler
1331:Tyler
1261:Genus
1149:Genus
990:Genus
916:Genus
815:order
146:North
58:frogs
54:Anura
3076:Guam
3028:Niue
2950:Fiji
2861:ISBN
2831:2010
2794:2019
2768:2019
2743:2019
2718:2006
2697:2007
2657:ISBN
2638:2006
2612:2015
2587:2006
2561:2006
2535:2006
2509:2006
2488:2019
2448:ISSN
2389:ISBN
2348:2006
2288:Bell
2218:1758
2207:Rana
2143:Gray
1504:Gray
1368:Assa
895:and
876:and
856:The
629:The
394:and
327:The
299:and
257:Arid
158:and
107:and
66:frog
33:The
2438:hdl
2430:doi
303:in
3128::
2814:.
2785:.
2759:.
2734:.
2683:.
2679:.
2577:.
2551:.
2525:.
2479:.
2468:^
2454:.
2446:.
2436:.
2428:.
2418:17
2416:.
2403:^
2369:.
2365:.
2216:,
870:,
794:—
785:—
776:—
753:—
744:—
735:—
726:—
717:—
708:—
699:—
690:—
681:—
672:—
663:—
654:—
645:—
612:—
603:—
594:—
584:—
574:—
564:—
555:—
546:—
536:—
526:—
516:—
506:—
497:—
488:—
479:—
447:—
437:—
427:—
388:,
382:,
88:.
2920:e
2913:t
2906:v
2833:.
2796:.
2770:.
2745:.
2720:.
2699:.
2665:.
2640:.
2614:.
2605:"
2589:.
2563:.
2537:.
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2440::
2432::
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2397:.
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2304:)
2300:(
2233:)
2229:(
2159:)
2155:(
2115:)
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2078:)
2074:(
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2033:(
1996:)
1992:(
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