276:'Clarification' section consists of public and legal certainty sections. 'Public certainty' section defines four concepts that are being used in the fatwa, namely religious pluralism, religious liberalism as well as religious secularism. Notably, the idea of religious pluralism and religious plurality are considered separate. Accordingly, the former is an ideology that relativizes all religions. The latter is a condition that different religions live side by side. Religious liberalism is an interpretation dictated by independent thinking. Religious secularism is an idea to demarcate religion into the
778:
220:(MMI). These organizations, in addition to DDII, were also staunch critics of the neo-modernist strand as well as JIL and Ulil. MUI, in order to bolster its position as a religious authority, issued eleven fatwas in 2005, incorporating the demands by the puritanical and Islamist bloc of the Muslim society. Among them was a fatwa against
349:
of the
Institution of Religious and Philosophical Studies (LSAF). The board of Nahdlatul Ulama also immediately made a statement to defend both pluralism and secularism of the Indonesian state. The contentions are predominantly centered on the vague definition of pluralism, liberalism, and secularism
236:
Fatwas by MUI consist of three sections; 'consideration', 'reminder', and 'clarification'. 'Consideration' section of the fatwa addresses the background of the issuance. 'Reminder' section provides the
Quranic and Hadith accounts to justify the fatwa. 'Clarification' section makes up the core of the
387:
and
Abdusshomad Buchori responded to critics by reiterating the definition as valid. Syamsuddin responded to Rahardjo, who was among the progressive wing of Muhammadiyah, by expelling him from the organization. Syamsuddin's role as MUI spokesperson received criticism from some Muhammadiyah members.
283:
Based on these definitions, on 'legal certainty' section, the fatwa declares religious pluralism, religious liberalism as well as religious secularism as contradictory with Islam. It also commands
Muslims not to follow these thoughts. The fatwa states that regarding the issue of
122:. The issuance of fatwa garnered substantial controversy and scholarly attention. The fatwa addressed the reformist trend of Islam which had been popular among the broad Indonesian society over the past 25 years. Such trends advocated for a more substantive reading of the
167:, a progressive figure, was elected as president from 1991 to 2001. Through the course, MUI lost its pipe with the government, prompted them to be an independent organization. They sought to establish its position as a religious authority representing the Muslim society.
251:(b) This growth of religious pluralism, liberalism and religious secularism within the society has created an uneasiness and a concern to the extent that part of the community has asked the MUI to give some clarification by means of a fatwa in relation to this problem;
182:
which inclined toward more substantive reading of the
Islamic scripture. The substantive reading was justified as accommodating the societal reality of Indonesia as a religiously plural and secular state. Abdurrahman Wahid, then chairman of
134:(Islamic clerics). MUI considered such ideas as incompatible with Islamic teaching, releasing the fatwa to promote a more literal reading of the Islamic scriptures. The fatwa was heavily criticized by progressive Muslim intellectuals.
237:
fatwa, divided into public and legal certainty sections. 'Public certainty' section delineates definition of concepts brought up in the fatwa. 'Legal certainty' section gives rulings that advised to be prescribed.
254:(c) Therefore, the MUI feel that it is necessary to formulate a fatwa about the understanding of pluralism, liberalism and religious secularism in order for it to provide guidance to the Islamic community.
423:
Abdurrahman Wahid had been critical against the
Suharto regime and to an extension the role of MUI, and advocated for the stripping off of MUI from the position as the semi-official clerical body.
396:
The fatwa prompted
Islamic preachers to avoid usage of the term 'pluralism' during a conversation about interfaith relations. Anti-pluralism speech has been widely made since then, especially in
258:
He analyses that the (b) section facilitates the MUI's position as a representative of the Muslim society. Overall, the section sets the debate by considering reformist thoughts as problematic.
273:
verse 6 is also cited to clarify that the fatwa is not directed against other religious groups. There are overall eight
Quranic verses as well as three Hadith records being used in the fatwa.
670:
Van
Bruinessen, M. (2013). Introduction: Contemporary Developments in Indonesian Islam and the “Conservative Turn” of the Early Twenty-first Century. In Martin Van Bruinessen ed.
635:
Barton, G. (1997). Indonesia's
Nurcholish Madjid and Abdurrahman Wahid as intellectual Ulama: The meeting of Islamic traditionalism and modernism in neo‐modernist thought.
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870:
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Gillespie, P. (2007). Current issues in Indonesian Islam: Analysing the 2005 council of Indonesian Ulama Fatwa no.7 opposing pluralism, liberalism and secularism.
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regime, aimed at monopolization of the Islamic orthodoxy in Indonesia at the direction of the government. After the fall of Suharto in 1998 and the beginning of
656:
Nur Ichwan, M. (2013). Towards a Puritanical Moderate Islam: The Majelis Ulama Indonesia and the Politics of Religious Orthodoxy. In Martin Van Bruinessen ed.
330:
811:
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Some ulamas who formed Forum Ulama Umat Islam (FUUI) already issued a fatwa against JIL and Ulil in 2002, declared him as an apostate who deserves death.
248:(a) Recently there has been a growth of religious pluralism, liberalism and secularism which has been understood in a variety of ways in the community;
1197:
198:(JIL) founded in 2001 by Ulil Abshar Abdalla among others. JIL was highly controversial due to Ulil's critical and contextual approach toward
224:, a heretic and minority Islamic group, as well as the fatwa against religious pluralism, liberalism, secularlism, often collectively called
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187:, was among the proponents of such ideas. The ideas were controversial especially among the ulamas, and puritanical organizations such as
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Suharto, during his rule, heavily suppressed the political Islamic movements and forced them to align with the state ideology of
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movements after the democratic transition, formerly suppressed by the Suharto regime. Notable organizations include
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who was deemed to be more friendly toward the political demand of puritanical Muslims. Habibie withdrew from the
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356:(independent reasoning) employed by MUI, and veracity of which categorizing all liberal Muslims who follow the
241:
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174:. During this time, liberal and progressive interpretations of Islam gained societal traction. This includes
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verse 116 is cited to warn against the majority of people who believe in liberal interpretations of Islam.
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marks the fatwa among incidents that catalyze "conservative turn" of the Muslim society in Indonesia.
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Sirry, M. (2013). Fatwas and their controversy: The case of the Council of Indonesian Ulama (MUI).
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After the collapse of Suharto regime, the substantive interpretations of Islam were succeeded by
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verse 19 and 85 are cited to assure the existence of only one valid interpretation of Islam.
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On the 'reminder' section, several Quranic verses and Hadith accounts are cited. Among them,
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era, MUI was pressed to reformulate its role within the society. Initially, MUI aligned with
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as deviant. From the non-religious perspective, the fatwa was criticized as a violation of
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no.7/National Congress VII/MUI/11/2005 about religious pluralism, liberalism and secularism
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who served the general secretary of MUI since 2000, as well as several authors including
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296:(worshipping), Islam needs to be exclusive. Accordingly, on the issues not related to
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The fatwa brought a fierce backlash by progressive Muslim intellectuals as well as
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set by MUI. From the religious perspective, critics questioned the methodology of
2008:
1908:
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Majelis Ulama Indonesia. (2005). Pluralisme, Liberalisme, Dan Sekularisme Agama.
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Contemporary Developments in Indonesian Islam Explaining the 'Conservative Turn'
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Contemporary Developments in Indonesian Islam Explaining the 'Conservative Turn'
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Fatwa on Religious Pluralism, Liberalism, and Secularism (PDF)
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as well as religious magazines with puritanical inclinations.
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130:, instead of literalist approaches taken by the majority of
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204:(traditions and customs). There was also an ascendance of
1551:
Fatwa on Religious Pluralism, Liberalism, and Secularism
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ulamas. Notable critics include Abdurrahman Wahid and
337:
of the International Centre for Religious Pluralism,
331:
Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta
244:translates the 'consideration' section as follows:
71:Declaration of reformist Islamic thoughts based on
1985:
325:of Nahdlatul Ulama, Ulil Abshar Abdalla of JIL,
191:(DDII) had been consistently criticizing them.
1198:Indonesian Association of Muslim Intellectuals
708:
343:International Center For Islam and Pluralism
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110:, or an Islamic legal opinion, against
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651:Himpunan Fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia
607:
605:
603:
601:
475:
473:
696:
571:
569:
530:
145:(MUI) was established in 1975 by the
1328:Indonesian Nahdlatul Community Party
1203:Indonesia Institute of Islamic Dawah
544:
523:
521:
598:
470:
13:
665:Journal of Southeast Asian Studies
566:
14:
2045:
1556:Operation Tinombala / Madago Raya
839:Ismail al-Khalidi al-Minangkabawi
678:
518:
776:
189:Indonesian Islamic Dawah Council
629:
426:
1561:December 2016 Jakarta protests
1442:Islamic Kingdoms in Indonesia
674:. Singapore: ISEAS Publishing.
660:. Singapore: ISEAS Publishing.
509:
500:
491:
482:
461:
417:
242:Australian National University
1:
2014:History of Islam in Indonesia
1213:Indonesian Mujahedeen Council
611:Majelis Ulama Indonesia 2005.
450:
218:Indonesian Mujahedeen Council
137:
1973:National Heroes of Indonesia
1899:Islamic criminal law in Aceh
1428:Spread of Islam in Indonesia
1255:Muslim Students' Association
1008:Ahmad Khatib al-Minangkabawi
623:Gillespie 2007, pp. 223-231.
595:Gillespie 2007, pp. 218-223.
541:Gillespie 2007, pp. 236-239.
455:
178:, a derivation of reformist
7:
1894:Islam Yes, Islamic Party No
563:Nur Ichwan 2013, pp. 80-83.
515:Nur Ichwan 2013, pp. 65-68.
438:
307:
34:19-22 Jumada al-Thani 1426
10:
2050:
800:Muhammad Arsyad al-Banjari
644:Journal of Islamic Studies
364:as well as a breaching of
231:
1958:
1927:
1881:
1821:
1681:Musabaqah Tilawatil Quran
1573:
1541:Maluku sectarian conflict
1506:
1418:
1411:
1399:Mujahidin Indonesia Timur
1366:
1315:
1170:
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1151:Muhammad Luthfi bin Yahya
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963:
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730:
67:
55:
45:
29:
18:
1476:Samudera Pasai Sultanate
1358:United Development Party
1348:Prosperous Justice Party
1338:National Awakening Party
1218:Indonesian Ulema Council
871:Abdus Samad al-Palimbani
411:
143:Indonesian Ulema Council
96:Indonesian Ulema Council
50:Indonesian Ulema Council
20:Indonesian Ulema Council
2029:Secularism in Indonesia
2024:Liberalism in Indonesia
1433:Ottoman embassy to Aceh
1228:Islamic Defenders Front
1193:Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia
1183:Campus Dakwah Institute
506:Gillespie 2007, p. 207.
497:Gillespie 2007, p. 206.
479:Nur Ichwan 2013, p. 61.
467:Nur Ichwan 2013, p. 60.
240:Piers Gillespie of the
214:Hizbut Tahrir Indonesia
210:Islamic Defenders Front
98:(MUI), a semi-official
1526:Tanjung Priok massacre
1384:Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid
1343:National Mandate Party
1121:Muhammad Rizieq Shihab
256:
1233:Liberal Islam Network
1223:Al-Irshad Al-Islamiya
998:Muhammad Jamil Jambek
913:Maulana Malik Ibrahim
402:Martin van Bruinessen
379:, former chairman of
366:freedom of expression
358:Five Pillars of Islam
246:
196:Liberal Islam Network
2034:Islam and secularism
1968:History of Indonesia
1963:Mosques in Indonesia
1491:Yogyakarta Sultanate
1056:Ahmad Syafi'i Maarif
993:Tahir bin Jalaluddin
978:Abdul Karim Amrullah
667:. 44(1), pp 100–117.
646:. 18(2), pp.202–240.
575:Van Bruinessen 2013.
46:Commissioned by
40:(26-29 July 2005 CE)
2019:Religious pluralism
1531:Talangsari incident
1323:Crescent Star Party
1081:Abdullah Gymnastiar
112:religious pluralism
1536:Insurgency in Aceh
1456:Kingdom of Kaimana
1238:Majelis Rasulullah
1018:Sulaiman ar-Rasuli
950:Burhanuddin Ulakan
854:Tuanku Imam Bonjol
829:Yusuf al-Makassari
724:Islam in Indonesia
406:Utrecht University
1999:2005 in Indonesia
1981:
1980:
1872:Tafsir Al-Mishbah
1569:
1568:
1521:Petition of Fifty
1481:Ternate Sultanate
1471:Mataram Sultanate
1466:Malacca Sultanate
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1406:
1316:Political parties
1302:Sumatera Thawalib
1292:Rabithah Alawiyah
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1146:Abdurrahman Wahid
1101:Nurcholish Madjid
940:Ali Mughayat Syah
935:Abdurrauf Singkil
908:Sunan Gunung Jati
844:Abdullah al-Misri
812:Nawawi al-Bantani
639:. 4(1), pp.29-81.
362:religious freedom
180:Islamic modernism
165:Abdurrahman Wahid
102:clerical body of
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91:
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1950:Central Sulawesi
1792:
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1486:Tidore Sultanate
1416:
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1389:Jamaah Islamiyah
1307:Wahdah Islamiyah
1277:Nahdlatul Wathan
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1066:Abu Bakar Bashir
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1516:Jakarta Charter
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1451:Demak Sultanate
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1260:Nahdlatul Ulama
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1111:Mohammad Natsir
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1106:Harun Nasution
1103:
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1076:Djohan Effendi
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1061:Azyumardi Azra
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973:Abdullah Ahmad
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945:Tuanku Nan Tuo
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445:List of fatwas
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377:Din Syamsuddin
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347:Dawam Rahardjo
335:Djohan Effendi
327:Azyumardi Azra
319:traditionalist
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2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2004:2005 in Islam
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1773:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1752:Tabligh Akbar
1750:
1746:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1482:
1479:
1477:
1474:
1472:
1469:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1423:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1333:Masyumi Party
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1297:Sarekat Islam
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1171:Civil society
1169:
1166:
1164:Organizations
1162:
1152:
1149:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1096:Kartosoewirjo
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1045:
1039:
1038:Tjokroaminoto
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1023:Mohammad Roem
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
970:
968:
966:Awakening era
962:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
884:
881:
877:
872:
869:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
851:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
818:
813:
810:
806:
801:
798:
797:
795:
791:
788:
786:Major figures
784:
779:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
753:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
735:
733:
729:
725:
718:
713:
711:
706:
704:
699:
698:
695:
686:
683:
682:
673:
669:
666:
662:
659:
655:
652:
648:
645:
641:
638:
634:
633:
620:
618:
608:
606:
604:
602:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
582:
572:
570:
560:
558:
556:
554:
552:
550:
548:
538:
536:
534:
527:Barton, 1997.
524:
522:
512:
503:
494:
485:
476:
474:
464:
460:
446:
443:
442:
429:
420:
416:
409:
407:
403:
399:
391:
390:
389:
386:
385:Adian Husaini
382:
378:
371:
370:
369:
367:
363:
359:
355:
354:
348:
345:, as well as
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
312:
311:
305:
303:
299:
295:
294:
289:
288:
281:
279:
278:private realm
274:
272:
268:
264:
259:
255:
252:
249:
245:
243:
238:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
202:
197:
192:
190:
186:
181:
177:
176:neo-modernism
173:
168:
166:
162:
161:1999 election
158:
157:B. J. Habibie
154:
153:
148:
144:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
97:
88:
87:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
61:
58:
54:
51:
48:
44:
37:
32:
28:
24:
21:
17:
1940:West Sumatra
1870:
1846:Kitab kuning
1841:Jamiat Kheir
1828:
1795:
1705:
1602:
1586:Architecture
1550:
1509:independence
1421:independence
1394:Laskar Jihad
1243:Muhammadiyah
1188:Hidayatullah
1091:Wahid Hasyim
1071:Idham Chalid
1049:independence
1013:Haji Misbach
988:Ahmad Dahlan
898:Sunan Drajat
893:Sunan Bonang
834:Malikussaleh
671:
664:
657:
650:
643:
636:
630:Bibliography
511:
502:
493:
484:
463:
428:
419:
395:
381:Muhammadiyah
375:
351:
323:Hasyim Wahid
316:
301:
297:
291:
290:(creed) and
285:
282:
275:
260:
257:
253:
250:
247:
239:
235:
225:
199:
193:
169:
150:
141:
93:
84:
1851:Kota santri
1787: [
1770: [
1743: [
1731: [
1640: [
1379:Darul Islam
1353:Ummah Party
1141:Abdul Somad
1131:Ma'ruf Amin
1028:Rasuna Said
1003:Mas Mansoer
928:Sunan Murya
923:Sunan Kudus
888:Sunan Ampel
874: [
815: [
803: [
793:Classic era
488:Sirry 2013.
216:(HTI), and
106:, issued a
60:Ma'ruf Amin
56:Signatories
1988:Categories
1718:Serak Gulo
1696:Sholawatan
1546:Poso riots
1438:Wali Sanga
1178:Alkhairaat
1116:Amien Rais
1033:Agus Salim
903:Sunan Giri
883:Wali Sanga
859:Tuanku Rao
738:Shia Islam
451:References
271:Al-Kafirun
138:Background
120:secularism
116:liberalism
81:secularism
77:liberalism
63:Hasanuddin
1945:East Java
1928:By region
1914:Modernist
1882:Movements
1866:Pesantren
1822:Education
1803:Wetu Telu
1797:Tombo Ati
1784:Tirakatan
1659:Manakiban
1498:Padri War
964:National
743:Ahmadiyya
456:Footnotes
313:Criticism
222:Ahmadiyya
172:Pancasila
152:reformasi
104:Indonesia
73:pluralism
1830:Al-Munir
1808:Yaqowiyu
1779:Tausiyah
1767:Takbiran
1762:Tahlilan
1723:Slametan
1610:Costumes
1265:GP Ansor
1248:Aisyiyah
731:Branches
439:See also
308:Response
267:Al-An'am
263:Al Imran
206:Islamist
1813:Yasinan
1740:Suronan
1713:Sekaten
1686:Qasidah
1669:Mosques
1654:Lebaran
1620:Songkok
1574:Culture
1412:History
1367:Militia
761:Priyayi
756:Abangan
748:Kejawèn
398:mosques
372:Defense
353:ijtihad
341:of the
329:of the
298:aqeedah
287:aqeedah
232:Content
226:SiPiLis
212:(FPI),
147:Suharto
100:Islamic
68:Subject
30:Created
2009:Fatwas
1757:Tabuik
1728:Suroan
1691:Rebana
1664:Maulid
1649:Kauman
1632:Hadroh
1625:Sarong
1615:Kupiah
1374:Banser
1282:PERSIS
1270:JATMAN
766:Santri
392:Impact
302:ibadah
293:ibadah
201:Sunnah
163:, and
132:ulamas
128:Hadith
118:, and
1861:LIPIA
1791:]
1774:]
1747:]
1735:]
1701:Saman
1644:]
1637:Khaul
1596:Tajug
1591:Bedug
1507:Post-
1287:PERTI
1086:Hamka
1047:Post-
878:]
849:Padri
819:]
807:]
412:Notes
124:Quran
108:fatwa
86:haram
23:Fatwa
1935:Aceh
1856:Kyai
1836:Iqro
1581:Adat
1419:Pre-
126:and
79:and
404:of
300:or
83:as
1990::
1789:id
1772:id
1745:id
1733:id
1642:id
876:id
817:id
805:id
616:^
600:^
580:^
568:^
546:^
532:^
520:^
472:^
368:.
333:,
280:.
228:.
114:,
75:,
36:AH
716:e
709:t
702:v
653:.
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