5859:(NSV) were organized as quasi-private institutions, officially relying on private donations from Germans to help others of their raceâalthough in practice those who refused to donate could face severe consequences. Unlike the social welfare institutions of the Weimar Republic and the Christian charities, the NSV distributed assistance on explicitly racial grounds. It provided support only to those who were "racially sound, capable of and willing to work, politically reliable, and willing and able to reproduce." Non-Aryans were excluded, as well as the "work-shy", "asocials" and the "hereditarily ill". Under these conditions, by 1939, over 17 million Germans had obtained assistance from the NSV, and the agency "projected a powerful image of caring and support" for "those who were judged to have got into difficulties through no fault of their own." Yet the organization was "feared and disliked among society's poorest" because it resorted to intrusive questioning and monitoring to judge who was worthy of support.
5910:
4047:
6203:
5851:, arguing that it "encouraged the preservation of the degenerate and the feeble." The Nazi Party condemned the welfare system of the Weimar Republic, as well as private charity and philanthropy, for supporting people whom they regarded as racially inferior and weak, and who should have been weeded out in the process of natural selection. Nevertheless, faced with the mass unemployment and poverty of the Great Depression, the Nazis found it necessary to set up charitable institutions to help racially-pure Germans in order to maintain popular support, while arguing that this represented "racial self-help" and not indiscriminate charity or universal social welfare. Thus, Nazi programs such as the
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reported in early 1934 that they held assets of "48.5 percent of the share capital of Italy", which later included the capital of the banks themselves. Political historian Martin
Blinkhorn estimated Italy's scope of state intervention and ownership "greatly surpassed that in Nazi Germany, giving Italy a public sector second only to that of Stalin's Russia." In the late 1930s, Italy enacted manufacturing cartels, tariff barriers, currency restrictions and massive regulation of the economy to attempt to balance payments. Italy's policy of autarky failed to achieve effective economic autonomy. Nazi Germany similarly pursued an economic agenda with the aims of autarky and rearmament and imposed
7813:, pp. 6, 33â4: "... thin-centered ideologies have a restricted morphology, which necessarily appears attached toâand sometimes is even assimilated intoâother ideologies. In fact, populism almost always appears attached to other ideological elements, which are crucial for the promotion of political projects that are appealing to a broader public. Consequently, by itself populism can offer neither complex nor comprehensive answers to the political questions that modern societies generate. ... is not so much a coherent ideological tradition as a set of ideas that, in the real world, appears in combination with quite different, and sometimes contradictory, ideologies." (p. 6)
3408:(1908), that championed the causes of modernism, action, and political violence as necessary elements of politics while denouncing liberalism and parliamentary politics. Marinetti rejected conventional democracy based on majority rule and egalitarianism, for a new form of democracy, promoting what he described in his work "The Futurist Conception of Democracy" as the following: "We are therefore able to give the directions to create and to dismantle to numbers, to quantity, to the mass, for with us number, quantity and mass will never beâas they are in Germany and Russiaâthe number, quantity and mass of mediocre men, incapable and indecisive."
3985:
of
Catholic newspapers in the next three months than in the previous seven years." By the late 1930s, Mussolini became more vocal in his anti-clerical rhetoric, repeatedly denouncing the Catholic Church and discussing ways to depose the pope. He took the position that the "papacy was a malignant tumor in the body of Italy and must 'be rooted out once and for all,' because there was no room in Rome for both the Pope and himself." In her 1974 book, Mussolini's widow Rachele stated that her husband had always been an atheist until near the end of his life, writing that her husband was "basically irreligious until the later years of his life."
4505:"crushed Portuguese fascism after he had copied some of its techniques of popular mobilization." Paxton says: "Where Franco subjected Spain's fascist party to his personal control, Salazar abolished outright in July 1934 the nearest thing Portugal had to an authentic fascist movement, RolĂŁo Preto's blue-shirted National Syndicalists. ... Salazar preferred to control his population through such 'organic' institutions traditionally powerful in Portugal as the Church. Salazar's regime was not only non-fascist, but 'voluntarily non-totalitarian,' preferring to let those of its citizens who kept out of politics 'live by habit.
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death' at a time when the process of the disenchantment of value and of collective values, of the rational secularization and unidimensionalization of all life, of the operationalization of all social and individual life already makes itself strongly felt in the West. Yet again, everything seems to escape this catastrophe of value, this neutralization and pacification of life. Fascism is a resistance to this, even if it is a profound, irrational, demented resistance, it would not have tapped into this massive energy if it hadn't been a resistance to something much worse. Fascism's cruelty, its terror is on the level of
3173:. It challenged positivism's claim of deliberate and rational choice as the determining behaviour of humans, with social Darwinism focusing on heredity, race, and environment. Its emphasis on biogroup identity and the role of organic relations within societies fostered the legitimacy and appeal of nationalism. New theories of social and political psychology also rejected the notion of human behaviour being governed by rational choice and instead claimed that emotion was more influential in political issues than reason. Nietzsche's argument that "God is dead" coincided with his attack on the "herd mentality" of
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was exemplified by JĂŒnger who was influenced by his observation of the technological warfare during World War I and claimed that a new social class had been created that he described as the "warrior-worker"; Like
Marinetti, JĂŒnger emphasized the revolutionary capacities of technology. He emphasized an "organic construction" between human and machine as a liberating and regenerative force that challenged liberal democracy, conceptions of individual autonomy, bourgeois nihilism and decadence. He conceived of a society based on a totalitarian concept of "total mobilization" of such disciplined warrior-workers.
3933:
considerable autonomy. ... The
Fascist militia was placed under military control. ... The judicial system was left largely intact and relatively autonomous as well. The police continued to be directed by state officials and were not taken over by party leaders ... nor was a major new police elite created. ... There was never any question of bringing the Church under overall subservience. ... Sizable sectors of Italian cultural life retained extensive autonomy, and no major state propaganda-and-culture ministry existed. ... The Mussolini regime was neither especially sanguinary nor particularly repressive.
2406:
40:
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2611:, a racially unified and hierarchically organized body in which the interests of individuals would be strictly subordinate to those of the nation, or Volk." Kershaw noted that common factors of fascism included "the 'cleansing' of all those deemed not to belong â foreigners, ethnic minorities, 'undesirables'" and belief in its own nation's superiority, even if it was not biological racism like in Nazism. Fascist philosophies vary by application, but remain distinct by one theoretical commonality: all traditionally fall into the far-right sector of any
6175:
characteristic pageantry: the massing of groups of people; the turning of people into things; the multiplication or replication of things; and the grouping of people/things around an all-powerful, hypnotic leader-figure or force. The fascist dramaturgy centers on the orgiastic transactions between mighty forces and their puppets, uniformly garbed and shown in ever swelling numbers. Its choreography alternates between ceaseless motion and a congealed, static, 'virile' posing. Fascist art glorifies surrender, it exalts mindlessness, it glamorizes death.
2707:, stating: "We are free to believe that this is the century of authority, a century tending to the 'right,' a fascist century." Mussolini stated that fascism's position on the political spectrum was not a serious issue for fascists: "fascism, sitting on the right, could also have sat on the mountain of the center. These words in any case do not have a fixed and unchanged meaning: they do have a variable subject to location, time and spirit. We don't give a damn about these empty terminologies and we despise those who are terrorized by these words."
2624:
3966:. On 3 January 1925, Mussolini addressed the Fascist-dominated Italian parliament and declared that he was personally responsible for what happened, but insisted that he had done nothing wrong. Mussolini proclaimed himself dictator of Italy, assuming full responsibility over the government and announcing the dismissal of parliament. From 1925 to 1929, fascism steadily became entrenched in power: opposition deputies were denied access to parliament, censorship was introduced and a December 1925 decree made Mussolini solely responsible to the King.
5972:
initiated policies intended to reduce the number of women employed. Italian
Fascism called for women to be honoured as "reproducers of the nation" and the Italian Fascist government held ritual ceremonies to honour women's role within the Italian nation. In 1934, Mussolini declared that employment of women was a "major aspect of the thorny problem of unemployment" and that for women, working was "incompatible with childbearing"; Mussolini went on to say that the solution to unemployment for men was the "exodus of women from the work force."
3912:, where Mussolini ordered Blackshirts to take control of public buildings and trains and to converge on three points around Rome. The Fascists managed to seize control of several post offices and trains in northern Italy while the Italian government, led by a left-wing coalition, was internally divided and unable to respond to the Fascist advances. King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy perceived the risk of bloodshed in Rome in response to attempting to disperse the Fascists to be too high. Victor Emmanuel III decided to appoint Mussolini as
3273:, which called for the organic unity of a nation, and insisted that a powerful monarch was an ideal leader of a nation. Maurras distrusted what he considered the democratic mystification of the popular will that created an impersonal collective subject. He claimed that a powerful monarch was a personified sovereign who could exercise authority to unite a nation's people. Maurras' integral nationalism was idealized by fascists, but modified into a modernized revolutionary form that was devoid of Maurras' monarchism.
4711:
3218:
5835:. In particular, fascists criticized capitalism, not because of its competitive nature nor support of private property, which fascists supportedâbut due to its materialism, individualism, alleged bourgeois decadence and alleged indifference to the nation. Fascism denounced Marxism for its advocacy of materialist internationalist class identity, which fascists regarded as an attack upon the emotional and spiritual bonds of the nation and a threat to the achievement of genuine national solidarity.
4621:
3744:
4453:
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1893:
5747:. Fascism condemned what it viewed as widespread character traits that it associated as the typical bourgeois mentality that it opposed, such as: materialism, crassness, cowardice, and the inability to comprehend the heroic ideal of the fascist "warrior"; and associations with liberalism, individualism and parliamentarianism. In 1918, Mussolini defined what he viewed as the proletarian character, defining proletarian as being one and the same with producers, a
3546:
I had resulted in the rise of a powerful state capable of mobilizing millions of people to serve on the front lines or provide economic production and logistics to support those on the front lines, as well as having unprecedented authority to intervene in the lives of citizens. Fascists viewed technological developments of weaponry and the state's total mobilization of its population in the war as symbolizing the beginning of a new era fusing state power with
3379:
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3320:, Sorel denounced democracy as reactionary, saying "nothing is more aristocratic than democracy." By 1909, after the failure of a syndicalist general strike in France, Sorel and his supporters left the radical left and went to the radical right, where they sought to merge militant Catholicism and French patriotism with their viewsâadvocating anti-republican Christian French patriots as ideal revolutionaries. Initially, Sorel had officially been a
83:
5896:
2212:
6035:. Fascism promotes the regeneration of the nation and purging it of decadence. Fascism accepts forms of modernism that it deems promotes national regeneration while rejecting forms of modernism that are regarded as antithetical to national regeneration. Fascism aestheticized modern technology and its association with speed, power and violence. Fascism admired advances in the economy in the early 20th century, particularly
3421:
4671:
discusses the basis, significance, and veracity of accusations of fascism in and around Russia through an analysis of the domestic situation in Russia and the
Kremlin's foreign policy justifications; she concludes that Russian efforts to brand its opponents as fascist is ultimately an attempt to determine the future of Russia in Europe as an antifascist force, influenced by its role in fighting fascism in World War II.
3232:
3525:
2506:"thin-centered ideology" with a "restricted morphology" that necessarily becomes attached to "thick-centered" ideologies such as fascism, liberalism, or socialism. Thus populism can be found as an aspect of many specific ideologies, without necessarily being a defining characteristic of those ideologies. They refer to the combination of populism, authoritarianism and ultranationalism as "a marriage of convenience".
5755:
11105:, p. 285: "Conflict is in fact the basic law of life in all social organisms, as it is of all biological ones; societies are formed, gain strength, and move forwards through conflict; the healthiest and most vital of them assert themselves against the weakest and less well adapted through conflict; the natural evolution of nations and races takes place through conflict." Alfredo Rocco, Italian Fascist.
6521:
3958:, which guaranteed a plurality of the seats in parliament to any party or coalition list in an election that received 25% or more of the vote. Through considerable fascist violence and intimidation, the list won a majority of the vote, allowing many seats to go to the fascists. In the aftermath of the election, a crisis and political scandal erupted after Socialist Party deputy
5676:, who Mussolini described as "the philosopher of Fascism", states: "The Fascist conception of the State is all-embracing; outside of it no human or spiritual values can exist, much less have value. Thus understood, Fascism is totalitarian, and the Fascist Stateâa synthesis and a unit inclusive of all valuesâinterprets, develops, and potentiates the whole life of a people." In
3989:
organizations banned, their meetings limited and various
Catholic periodicals censored or banned. Government officials eventually found it necessary to place "Nazis into editorial positions in the Catholic press." Up to 2,720 clerics, mostly Catholics, were arrested by the Gestapo and imprisoned inside of Germany's Dachau concentration camp, resulting in over 1,000 deaths.
5790:
combined the traditionalist right-wing criticisms of the French
Revolution with a left-wing belief in the need for association or collaboration of productive people in society. Whereas Marxism condemned capitalism as a system of exploitative property relations, fascism saw the nature of the control of credit and money in the contemporary capitalist system as abusive.
6996:, p. 275: "Detailed and intrusive state direction of the economy and/or society. Dirigisme was central to both fascism and Communist systems. However, in the case of fascism, there was no requirement for outright state ownership of the means of production, as long as the economy could be harnessed to serve what fascists deemed to be the "national interest"."
2667:, which he says is "a radical variant of fascism"âon the political right by explaining: "The more a person deems absolute equality among all people to be a desirable condition, the further left he or she will be on the ideological spectrum. The more a person considers inequality to be unavoidable or even desirable, the further to the right he or she will be."
4414:
Europe led by Nazi
Germany participated in the extermination of millions of Poles, Jews, Gypsies and others in the genocide known as the Holocaust. In 1943, after Italy faced multiple military failures, the complete reliance and subordination of Italy to Germany, the Allied invasion of Italy and the corresponding international humiliation, Mussolini
4022:, Fascist Italy abandoned previous liberal-era colonial policy of cooperation with local leaders. Instead, claiming that Italians were a superior race to African races and thereby had the right to colonize the "inferior" Africans, it sought to settle 10 to 15 million Italians in Libya. This resulted in an aggressive military campaign known as the
4010:, which established workers' rights and duties and created labour tribunals to arbitrate employer-employee disputes. In practice, the sectoral corporations exercised little independence and were largely controlled by the regime, and the employee organizations were rarely led by employees themselves, but instead by appointed Fascist party members.
4390:. At the same time from 1938 to 1939, Italy was demanding territorial and colonial concessions from France and Britain. In 1939, Germany prepared for war with Poland, but attempted to gain territorial concessions from Poland through diplomatic means. The Polish government did not trust Hitler's promises and refused to accept Germany's demands.
3344:. Corradini spoke of the need for a nationalist-syndicalist movement, led by elitist aristocrats and anti-democrats who shared a revolutionary syndicalist commitment to direct action and a willingness to fight. Corradini spoke of Italy as being a "proletarian nation" that needed to pursue imperialism in order to challenge the "
5794:
society including: corrupt political parties, corrupt financial capital and feeble people. Fascist leaders such as
Mussolini and Hitler spoke of the need to create a new managerial elite led by engineers and captains of industryâbut free from the parasitic leadership of industries. Hitler stated that the Nazi Party supported
5871:, including supporting the legitimacy of political violence, as a core part of its politics. Fascism views violent action as a necessity in politics that fascism identifies as being an "endless struggle"; this emphasis on the use of political violence means that most fascist parties have also created their own private
4394:
2897:. Historian Peter Amann states that, "Undeniably, the Klan had some traits in common with European fascismâchauvinism, racism, a mystique of violence, an affirmation of a certain kind of archaic traditionalismâyet their differences were fundamental ... never envisioned a change of political or economic system."
6643:, pp. 32, 45, 173: (32) "...antiliberal values, more aggressive nationalism and racism, and a new aesthetic of instinct and violence", (173) "...overtly violent racism and nationalism. its defining elementsâunlimited particular sovereignty, a relish for war, and a society based on violent exclusion";
4845:
relations between the individual and the collectivity, so that an individual had no rights outside community interest. It expanded the powers of the executiveâparty and stateâin a bid for total control. Finally, it unleashed aggressive emotions hitherto known in Europe only during war or social revolution.
6647:, p. 300: "National fascism, as we have shown, is distinguished from nationalism by, among other things, the fact it demands the destruction of a neighbouring state whose very existence appears to threaten its own position of power and the historic remains of its past dominant status in the area."
3512:
was opposed to capitalism because of the components that were against "the national interest" of Germany but insisted that National Socialism would strive for greater efficiency in the economy. Plenge advocated an authoritarian rational ruling elite to develop National Socialism through a hierarchical
6074:
In Italy, such modernist influence was exemplified by Marinetti who advocated a palingenetic modernist society that condemned liberal-bourgeois values of tradition and psychology, while promoting a technological-martial religion of national renewal that emphasized militant nationalism. In Germany, it
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on the order of King Victor Emmanuel III, who proceeded to dismantle the Fascist state and declared Italy's switching of allegiance to the Allied side. Mussolini was rescued from arrest by German forces and led the German client state, the Italian Social Republic from 1943 to 1945. Nazi Germany faced
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as a "pagan idolatry of the state" which teaches "hatred, violence and irreverence". Not long after signing the agreement, by Mussolini's own confession, the Church had threatened to have him "excommunicated", in part because of his intractable nature, but also because he had "confiscated more issues
2710:
Major Italian groups politically on the right, especially rich landowners and big business, feared an uprising by groups on the left, such as sharecroppers and labour unions. They welcomed fascism and supported its violent suppression of opponents on the left. The accommodation of the political right
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without prior sanctioning from his financial backers. Furthermore, the major source of financial support that Mussolini and the fascist movement received in World War I was from France and is widely believed to have been French socialists who supported the French government's war against Germany and
6335:
Opportunist is a term of reproach used to brand men who fit themselves to conditions for the reasons of self-interest. Mussolini, as I have learned to know him, is an opportunist in the sense that he believed that mankind itself must be fitted to changing conditions rather than to fixed theories, no
4767:
in the 19th century that emphasized 'Orthodoxy, autocracy, and nationality' than one resembling the revolutionary, modernizing regimes of Hitler and Mussolini." According to Griffin, fascism is "a revolutionary form of nationalism" seeking to destroy the old system and remake society, and that Putin
4532:
from 1946 to 1955 and 1973 to 1974, was influenced by fascism. Between 1939 and 1941, prior to his rise to power, PerĂłn had developed a deep admiration of Italian Fascism and modelled his economic policies on Italian fascist policies. However, not all historians agree with this identification, which
3851:
and Mussolini's rise to power, found "a strong association between the Red Scare in Italy and the subsequent local support for the Fascist Party in the early 1920s." According to the authors, it was local elites and large landowners who played an important role in boosting Fascist Party activity and
3545:
and mass mobilization had broken down the distinction between civilian and combatant, as civilians had become a critical part in economic production for the war effort and thus arose a "military citizenship" in which all citizens were involved to the military in some manner during the war. World War
3411:
Futurism influenced fascism in its emphasis on recognizing the virile nature of violent action and war as being necessities of modern civilization. Marinetti promoted the need of physical training of young men saying that, in male education, gymnastics should take precedence over books. He advocated
2430:
a cult of the leader who promises national restoration in the face of humiliation brought on by supposed communists, Marxists and minorities and immigrants who are supposedly posing a threat to the character and the history of a nation" and that "The leader proposes that only he can solve it and all
2381:
lists fourteen "features that are typical of what I would like to call Ur-Fascism, or Eternal Fascism. These features cannot be organized into a system; many of them contradict each other, and are also typical of other kinds of despotism or fanaticism. But it is enough that one of them be present to
11734:
Fascism itself, the mystery of its appearance and of its collective energy, ... can already be interpreted as the 'irrational' excess of mythic and political referentials, the mad intensification of collective value (blood, race, people, etc.), the reinjection of death, of a 'political aesthetic of
6461:
to that of Nordic societies that Italian nationalists described as "newcomers" to civilization in comparison. At the height of antagonism between the Nazis and Italian fascists over race, Mussolini claimed that the Germans themselves were not a pure race and noted with irony that the Nazi theory of
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appeals to emotion impressed Mussolini deeply. Mussolini's use of Nietzsche made him a highly unorthodox socialist, due to Nietzsche's promotion of elitism and anti-egalitarian views. Prior to World War I, Mussolini's writings over time indicated that he had abandoned the Marxism and egalitarianism
6367:
Mussolini's transformation away from Marxism into what eventually became fascism began prior to World War I, as Mussolini had grown increasingly pessimistic about Marxism and egalitarianism while becoming increasingly supportive of figures who opposed egalitarianism, such as Friedrich Nietzsche. By
6183:
According to Sontag, fascist aesthetics "is based on the containment of vital forces; movements are confined, held tight, held in." Its appeal is not necessarily limited to those who share the fascist political ideology because fascism "stands for an ideal or rather ideals that are persistent today
5696:
in education and the media, and regulation of the production of educational and media materials. Education was designed to glorify the fascist movement and inform students of its historical and political importance to the nation. It attempted to purge ideas that were not consistent with the beliefs
3511:
manifested itself in the concept of the People's League of National Socialism. This National Socialism was a form of state socialism that rejected the "idea of boundless freedom" and promoted an economy that would serve the whole of Germany under the leadership of the state. This National Socialism
3500:
spoke of the rise of a "National Socialism" in Germany within what he termed the "ideas of 1914" that were a declaration of war against the "ideas of 1789" (the French Revolution). According to Plenge, the "ideas of 1789"âsuch as the rights of man, democracy, individualism and liberalismâwere being
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free of such fascist hyperbole. Italian fascism's stance towards German Nazism fluctuated from support from the late 1920s to 1934, when it celebrated Hitler's rise to power and Mussolini's first meeting with Hitler in 1934; to opposition from 1934 to 1936 after the assassination of Italy's allied
5789:
and influenced other ideologies, that stressed solidarity rather than class war and whose conception of productive people in the economy included both productive workers and productive bosses to challenge the influence of the aristocracy and unproductive financial speculators. Saint Simon's vision
5780:
was key to creating a strong nationalist state, it criticized internationalist and Marxist socialism, advocating instead to represent a type of nationalist productivist socialism. Nevertheless, while condemning parasitical capitalism, was willing to accommodate productivist capitalism within it so
3826:
and the monarchy as institutions in Italy. To appeal to Italian conservatives, fascism adopted policies such as promoting family values, including policies designed to reduce the number of women in the workforceâlimiting the woman's role to that of a mother. The fascists banned literature on birth
2567:
conception of politics and the State, an activist and anti-theoretical ideology, with a mythical, virilistic and anti-hedonistic foundation, sacralized as a secular religion, which affirms the absolute primacy of the nation, understood as an ethnically homogeneous organic community, hierarchically
2316:
once wrote that "trying to define 'fascism' is like trying to nail jelly to the wall." Each different group described as fascist has at least some unique elements, and many definitions of fascism have been criticized as either too broad or too narrow. According to many scholars, fascismâespecially
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and the mass mobilization of society erased the distinction between civilians and combatants. A military citizenship arose in which all citizens were involved with the military in some manner. The war resulted in the rise of a powerful state capable of mobilizing millions of people to serve on the
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which had one of Italy's largest Jewish communities, were disgusted by the antisemitic laws and opposed them. Fascism scholar Mark Neocleous notes that while Italian fascism did not have a clear commitment to antisemitism, there were occasional antisemitic statements issued prior to 1938, such as
6220:
to encourage film studios to glorify fascism. Italian cinema flourished because the regime stopped the import of Hollywood films in 1938, subsidized domestic production, and kept ticket prices low. It encouraged international distribution to glorify its African empire and to belie the charge that
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on women bearing four or more children. The unemployment rate was cut substantially, mostly through arms production and sending women home so that men could take their jobs. Nazi propaganda sometimes promoted premarital and extramarital sexual relations, unwed motherhood and divorce, but at other
5842:
Since the Depression was a crisis of laissez-faire capitalism and its political counterpart, parliamentary democracy, fascism could pose as the 'third-way' alternative between capitalism and Bolshevism, the model of a new European 'civilization.' As Mussolini typically put it in early 1934, 'from
5793:
Unlike Marxism, fascism did not see class conflict between the Marxist-defined proletariat and the bourgeoisie as a given or as an engine of historical materialism. Instead, it viewed workers and productive capitalists in common as productive people who were in conflict with parasitic elements in
4005:
and fascist trade unions agreed to recognize each other as the sole representatives of Italy's employers and employees, excluding non-fascist trade unions. The Fascist regime first created a Ministry of Corporations that organized the Italian economy into 22 sectoral corporations, banned workers'
3865:
Beginning in 1922, fascist paramilitaries escalated their strategy from one of attacking socialist offices and the homes of socialist leadership figures, to one of violent occupation of cities. The fascists met little serious resistance from authorities and proceeded to take over several northern
3806:
Fascists identified their primary opponents as the majority of socialists on the left who had opposed intervention in World War I. The fascists and the Italian political right held common ground: both held Marxism in contempt, discounted class consciousness and believed in the rule of elites. The
2460:
In Griffin's view, fascism is "a genuinely revolutionary, trans-class form of anti-liberal, and in the last analysis, anti-conservative nationalism" built on a complex range of theoretical and cultural influences. He distinguishes an inter-war period in which it manifested itself in elite-led but
5935:
argues that "he corollaries of the cult of war and physical danger were the cult of brutality, strength, and sexuality ... a true counter-civilization: rejecting the sophisticated rationalist humanism of Old Europe, fascism sets up as its ideal the primitive instincts and primal emotions of the
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and other members on charges related to being associated with a criminal organization. On 7 October 2020, Athens Appeals Court announced verdicts for 68 defendants, including the party's political leadership. Nikolaos Michaloliakos and six other prominent members and former members of parliament
4413:
The invasion of Poland by Germany was deemed unacceptable by Britain, France and their allies, leading to their mutual declaration of war against Germany and the start of World War II. In 1940, Mussolini led Italy into World War II on the side of the Axis. During World War II, the Axis Powers in
3834:
point of viewâthe fascists sought to maintain fascism's revolutionary character, with Angelo Oliviero Olivetti saying: "Fascism would like to be conservative, but it will by being revolutionary." The Fascists supported revolutionary action and committed to secure law and order to appeal to both
3615:
Liberal opponents of both fascism and the Bolsheviks argue that there are various similarities between the two, including that they believed in the necessity of a vanguard leadership, showed contempt for bourgeois values, and had totalitarian ambitions. In practice, both have commonly emphasized
3375:, vitalism, and violence. The ANI claimed that liberal democracy was no longer compatible with the modern world, and advocated a strong state and imperialism. They believed that humans are naturally predatory, and that nations are in a constant struggle in which only the strongest would survive.
2516:
a form of political behavior marked by obsessive preoccupation with community decline, humiliation, or victimhood and by compensatory cults of unity, energy, and purity, in which a mass-based party of committed nationalist militants, working in uneasy but effective collaboration with traditional
4287:
Due to the worldwide depression, Mussolini's government was able to take over most of Italy's largest failing banks, who held controlling interest in many Italian businesses. The Institute for Industrial Reconstruction, a state-operated holding company in charge of bankrupt banks and companies,
3476:
The first meeting of the Fasces of Revolutionary Action was held on 24 January 1915 when Mussolini declared that it was necessary for Europe to resolve its national problemsâincluding national bordersâof Italy and elsewhere "for the ideals of justice and liberty for which oppressed peoples must
3254:
developed the theory that claims that in all societies an "organized minority" would dominate and rule over an "disorganized majority", stating that there are only two classes in society, "the governing" (the organized minority) and "the governed" (the disorganized majority). He claims that the
2505:
and CristĂłbal Rovira Kaltwasser argue that although fascism "flirted with populism ... in an attempt to generate mass support", it is better seen as an elitist ideology. They cite in particular its exaltation of the Leader, the race, and the state, rather than the people. They see populism as a
6179:
Sontag also enumerates some commonalities between fascist art and the official art of communist countries, such as the obeisance of the masses to the hero, and a preference for the monumental and the "grandiose and rigid" choreography of mass bodies. But whereas official communist art "aims to
3988:
The Nazis in Germany employed similar anti-clerical policies. The Gestapo confiscated hundreds of monasteries in Austria and Germany, evicted clergymen and laymen alike and often replaced crosses with swastikas. Referring to the swastika as "the Devil's Cross", church leaders found their youth
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voters, as they viewed traditional centre-right parties as ineffective in stopping socialism and turned to the Fascists. In 2003, historian Adrian Lyttelton wrote: "The expansion of Fascism in the rural areas was stimulated and directed by the reaction of the farmers and landowners against the
3735:
on capital, confiscation of the property of religious institutions and abolishment of bishoprics, and revision of military contracts to allow the government to seize 85% of profits. It also called for the fulfillment of expansionist aims in the Balkans and other parts of the Mediterranean, the
3348:" French and British. Corradini's views were part of a wider set of perceptions within the right-wing Italian Nationalist Association (ANI), which claimed that Italy's economic backwardness was caused by corruption in its political class, liberalism, and division caused by "ignoble socialism".
6280:
committed during the Holocaust by Germany have led to an almost universal condemnation of both past and present forms of fascism in the modern era. "Fascism" is today used across the political spectrum as a pejorative or byword for perceived authoritarianism and other forms of political evil.
5971:
Mussolini perceived women's primary role as primarily child bearers, while that of men as warriors, once saying: "War is to man what maternity is to the woman." In an effort to increase birthrates, the Italian Fascist government gave financial incentives to women who raised large families and
4844:
fascism redrew the frontiers between private and public, sharply diminishing what had once been untouchably private. It changed the practice of citizenship from the enjoyment of constitutional rights and duties to participation in mass ceremonies of affirmation and conformity. It reconfigured
3838:
Prior to fascism's accommodations to the political right, fascism was a small, urban, northern Italian movement that had about a thousand members. After Fascism's accommodation of the political right, the fascist movement's membership soared to approximately 250,000 by 1921. A 2020 article by
5606:
Ultranationalism, combined with the myth of national rebirth, is a key foundation of fascism. Robert Paxton argues that "a passionate nationalism" is the basis of fascism, combined with "a conspiratorial and Manichean view of history" which holds that "the chosen people have been weakened by
4670:
that the accusation of "fascist" has evolved into a strategic narrative of the existing world order. Geopolitical rivals might construct their own view of the world and assert the moral high ground by branding ideological rivals as fascists, regardless of their real ideals or deeds. Laruelle
4500:
Historian Robert Paxton observes that one of the main problems in defining fascism is that it was widely mimicked. Paxton says: "In fascism's heyday, in the 1930s, many regimes that were not functionally fascist borrowed elements of fascist decor in order to lend themselves an aura of force,
4283:
and had the power to take over private firms to maximize war production. While Hitler's regime only nationalized 500 companies in key industries by the early 1940s, Mussolini declared in 1934 that "hree-fourths of Italian economy, industrial and agricultural, is in the hands of the state."
3932:
primarily political dictatorship. ... The Fascist Party itself had become almost completely bureaucratized and subservient to, not dominant over, the state itself. Big business, industry, and finance retained extensive autonomy, particularly in the early years. The armed forces also enjoyed
5623:
above all else and promoting cults of unity, strength and purity. European fascist movements typically espouse a racist conception of non-Europeans being inferior to Europeans. Beyond this, fascists in Europe have not held a unified set of racial views. Historically, most fascists promoted
3116:. They regarded civilization as being in crisis, requiring a massive and total solution. Their intellectual school considered the individual as only one part of the larger collectivity, which should not be viewed as a numerical sum of atomized individuals. They condemned the rationalistic,
6221:
Italy was backward. The regime censored criticism and used the state-run Luce Institute film company to laud the Duce through newsreels, documentaries, and photographs. The regime promoted Italian opera and theatre as well, making sure that political enemies did not have a voice on stage.
6174:
Fascist aesthetics ... flow from (and justify) a preoccupation with situations of control, submissive behavior, extravagant effort, and the endurance of pain; they endorse two seemingly opposite states, egomania and servitude. The relations of domination and enslavement take the form of a
11479:, pp. 122â123: "Abortion, in other words, could be allowed if it was in the interest of racial hygiene. ... the Nazis did allow (and in some cases even required) abortions for women deemed racially inferior. ... On 10 November 1938, a Luneberg court declared abortion legal for Jews."
3536:
corps, shown here in 1918 holding daggers, a symbol of their group. They were formed in 1917 as groups of soldiers trained for dangerous missions, characterized by a refusal to surrender and a willingness to fight to the death. Their black uniforms inspired those of the Italian Fascist
3731:, worker representation in industrial management, equal confidence in labour unions as in industrial executives and public servants, reorganization of the transportation sector, revision of the draft law on invalidity insurance, reduction of the retirement age from 65 to 55, a strong
6340:
Child quoted Mussolini as saying: "The sanctity of an ism is not in the ism; it has no sanctity beyond its power to do, to work, to succeed in practice. It may have succeeded yesterday and fail to-morrow. Failed yesterday and succeed to-morrow. The machine, first of all, must run!"
5883:). The basis of fascism's support of violent action in politics is connected to social Darwinism. Fascist movements have commonly held social Darwinist views of nations, races and societies. They say that nations and races must purge themselves of socially and biologically weak or
3718:
system of "National Councils" of experts, selected from professionals and tradespeople, elected to represent and hold legislative power over their respective areas, including labour, industry, transportation, public health, and communications, among others; and abolition of the
3451:(PSI) opposed the war but a number of Italian revolutionary syndicalists supported war against Germany and Austria-Hungary on the grounds that their reactionary regimes had to be defeated to ensure the success of socialism. Angelo Oliviero Olivetti formed a pro-interventionist
6396:
Fascism has been criticized for being ideologically dishonest. Major examples of ideological dishonesty have been identified in Italian fascism's changing relationship with German Nazism. Fascist Italy's official foreign policy positions commonly used rhetorical ideological
2766:
said: "asically the Right stands for the maintenance of an economic structure, albeit an unjust one, while the Left stands for the attempt to subvert that economic structure, even though the subversion thereof would entail the destruction of much that was worthwhile."
2917:
6466:
diminished during the late 1930s, Italian fascism sought to harmonize its ideology with German Nazism and combined Nordicist and Mediterranean racial theories, noting that Italians were members of the Aryan Race, composed of a mixed Nordic-Mediterranean subtype.
6383:
concept and anti-egalitarianism. In 1908, Mussolini wrote a short essay called "Philosophy of Strength" based on his Nietzschean influence, in which Mussolini openly spoke fondly of the ramifications of an impending war in Europe in challenging both religion and
4497:, Regional Statutes of Autonomy). After World War II and a period of international isolation, Franco's regime normalized relations with the Western powers during the Cold War, until Franco's death in 1975 and the transformation of Spain into a liberal democracy.
6158:
argues that fascism expresses itself aesthetically more than theoretically by means of a new political style with myths, rites, and symbols as a lay religion designed to acculturate, socialize, and integrate the faith of the masses with the goal of creating a
10147:
Although it is incorrect to define Peronism as Nazism, and it is debatable to conceptualize it as fascism, the truth is that in the University the Catholic sectors that received the support of the General did much to make the students consider as fascist to
2743:, sought to institute an authoritarian corporatist state to replace the liberal state in Italy while retaining the existing elites. Upon accommodating the political right, there arose a group of monarchist fascists who sought to use fascism to create an
2731:, who were committed to advancing national syndicalism as a replacement for parliamentary liberalism in order to modernize the economy and advance the interests of workers and the common people. The "fascist right" included members of the paramilitary
2457:." Without palingenetic ultranationalism, there is no "genuine fascism" according to Griffin. Griffin further describes fascism as having three core components: "(i) the rebirth myth, (ii) populist ultra-nationalism, and (iii) the myth of decadence."
4792:, collecting the opinions of experts on fascism, said that while Russia is repressive and authoritarian, it cannot be classified as a fascist state for various reasons, including Russia's government being more reactionary than revolutionary. In 2023,
6184:
under the other banners: the ideal of life as art, the cult of beauty, the fetishism of courage, the dissolution of alienation in ecstatic feelings of community; the repudiation of the intellect; the family of man (under the parenthood of leaders)."
4835:
finds that even though fascism "maintained the existing regime of property and social hierarchy", it cannot be considered "simply a more muscular form of conservatism" because "fascism in power did carry out some changes profound enough to be called
4762:
says Putin's Russia "is not equivalent to the fascist regimes of World War II, but it forms the nearest analogue to fascism found in a major country since that time" and argues that Putin's political system is "more a revival of the creed of Tsar
3328:
that "socialism is dead" because of the "decomposition of Marxism". Sorel became a supporter of reactionary Maurrassian nationalism beginning in 1909 that influenced his works. Maurras held interest in merging his nationalist ideals with Sorelian
2580:
has described fascism as "the original phase of authoritarianism, along with early communism, when a population has undergone huge dislocations or they perceive that there's been changes in society that are very rapid, too rapid for their taste".
3807:
fascists assisted the anti-socialist campaign by allying with the other parties and the conservative right in a mutual effort to destroy the Italian Socialist Party and labour organizations committed to class identity above national identity.
4640:, espousing a staunch hostility towards minorities, illegal immigrants and refugees. In 2013, after the murder of an anti-fascist musician by a person with links to Golden Dawn, the Greek government ordered the arrest of Golden Dawn's leader
16551:
16836:
5843:
1929 ... fascism has become a universal phenomenon ... The dominant forces of the 19th century, democracy, socialism, liberalism have been exhausted ... the new political and economic forms of the twentieth-century are fascist'.
6357:. Some, including Mussolini's socialist opponents at the time, have noted that regardless of the financial support he accepted for his pro-interventionist stance, Mussolini was free to write whatever he wished in his newspaper
6348:
and note, to that effect, that upon Mussolini endorsing Italy's intervention in the war against Germany and Austria-Hungary, he and the new fascist movement received financial support from Italian and foreign sources, such as
5614:
The fascist view of a nation is of a single organic entity that binds people together by their ancestry and is a natural unifying force of people. Fascism seeks to solve economic, political and social problems by achieving a
3616:
revolutionary action, proletarian nation theories, one-party states, and party-armies; however, both draw clear distinctions from each other both in aims and tactics, with the Bolsheviks emphasizing the need for an organized
4279:(IRI), a giant state-owned firm and holding company that provided state funding to failing private enterprises. The IRI was made a permanent institution in Fascist Italy in 1937, pursued fascist policies to create national
4124:
was dissolved in Germany and the Nazis mobilized the country for war, with expansionist territorial aims against several countries. In the 1930s, the Nazis implemented racial laws that deliberately discriminated against,
5819:
was applied to both the public and private sector and the prosperity of private enterprise depended on its acceptance of synchronizing itself with the economic goals of the state. Fascist economic ideology supported the
3477:
acquire the right to belong to those national communities from which they descended." Attempts to hold mass meetings were ineffective and the organization was regularly harassed by government authorities and socialists.
11451:, p. 366: "This emendation allowed abortion only if the woman granted permission, and only if the fetus was not old enough to survive outside the womb. It is unclear if either of these qualifications was enforced."
11092:
and anti-egalitarianism rose as very strong "restoration movements" on the European scene. However, by the turn of that century no one could predict that fascism would become such a concrete, political reaction ...
3978:, which gave the papacy state sovereignty and financial compensation for the seizure of Church lands by the liberal state in the 19th century, but within two years the Church had renounced fascism in the Encyclical
2294:. The symbolism of the fasces suggested strength through unity: a single rod is easily broken, while the bundle is difficult to break. Similar symbols were developed by different fascist movements: for example, the
16608:
3951:, a member of the Center Party, including balancing the budget through deep cuts to the civil service. Initially, little drastic change in government policy had occurred and repressive police actions were limited.
6437:. Mussolini himself responded to Nordicists' claims of Italy being divided into Nordic and Mediterranean racial areas due to Germanic invasions of Northern Italy by claiming that while Germanic tribes such as the
3942:
Upon being appointed Prime Minister of Italy, Mussolini had to form a coalition government because the fascists did not have control over the Italian parliament. Mussolini's coalition government initially pursued
11993:, p. ix. (Note: Mussolini wrote the second volume about his fall from power as head of government of the Kingdom of Italy in 1943, though he was restored to power in northern Italy by the German military.)
3763:(a city-state in Fiume) from 1919 to 1920 and whose actions inspired the Italian fascist movement. In September 1919 Fiume had 22,488 (62% of the population) Italians in a total population of 35,839 inhabitants
12326:
5963:
as deviant sexual behaviour, although enforcement of laws opposed to such practices was erratic and authorities often turned a blind eye. Fascist Italy regarded the promotion of male sexual excitation before
2198:
are sometimes employed to describe contemporary parties with ideologies similar to, or rooted in 20th-century fascist movements. Some opposition groups have adopted the label anti-fascist (often shortened to
2808:
wrote in 2000 that "fascism" is the "most misused, and over-used word, of our times". "Fascist" is sometimes applied to post-World War II organizations and ways of thinking that academics more commonly term
18743:
6180:
expound and reinforce a utopian morality", the art of fascist countries such as Nazi Germany "displays a utopian aesthetics â that of physical perfection", in a way that is "both prurient and idealizing".
6010:
The Nazis said that homosexuality was degenerate, effeminate, perverted and undermined masculinity because it did not produce children. They considered homosexuality curable through therapy, citing modern
15701:
Germany and the Second World War: Volume III: The Mediterranean, South-East Europe, and North Africa 1939â1941 (From Italy's Declaration of Non-Belligerence to the Entry of the United States into the War)
10294:
5727:
and unity. Fascists opposed international free market capitalism, but supported a type of productive capitalism. Economic self-sufficiency, known as autarky, was a major goal of most fascist governments.
5684:
described the Nazi intention to form a "strong state which guarantees a totality of political unity transcending all diversity" in order to avoid a "disastrous pluralism tearing the German people apart."
25422:
4645:(MPs) were found guilty of running a criminal organization. Guilty verdicts were delivered on charges of murder, attempted murder, and violent attacks on immigrants and left-wing political opponents.
4346:
agendas from the 1930s through the 1940s culminating in World War II. From 1935 to 1939, Germany and Italy escalated their demands for territorial claims and greater influence in world affairs. Italy
6665:: "extreme militaristic nationalism, contempt for electoral democracy and political and cultural liberalism, a belief in natural social hierarchy and the rule of elites, and the desire to create a
7184:
When carried inside Rome, the ax was removed (unless the magistrate was a dictator or general celebrating a triumph) as recognition of the right of a Roman citizen to appeal a magistrate's ruling.
3803:). Mussolini and the fascists took advantage of the situation by allying with industrial businesses and attacking workers and peasants in the name of preserving order and internal peace in Italy.
4422:
On 28 April 1945, Mussolini was captured and executed by Italian communist partisans. On 30 April 1945, Hitler committed suicide. Shortly afterwards, Germany surrendered and the Nazi regime was
2483:
and shifts in fascist organizing techniques, a number of scholars have moved toward the minimalist 'new consensus' refined by Roger Griffin: 'the mythic core' of fascism is 'a populist form of
3507:) would replace class division and that "racial comrades" would unite to create a socialist society in the struggle of "proletarian" Germany against "capitalist" Britain. He believed that the
4489:
one-party state in Spain was officially neutral during World War II, although Franco's rise to power had been directly assisted by the militaries of Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany during the
3337:, as a means to confront democracy. Maurras stated that "a socialism liberated from the democratic and cosmopolitan element fits nationalism well as a well made glove fits a beautiful hand."
2595:, "In dealing with the Holocaust, it is the consensus of historians that Nazi Germany targeted Jews as a race, not as a religious group." Umberto Eco, Kevin Passmore, and Moyra Grant stress
2468:
is that the latter generally aimed "to conserve the existing social order", whereas fascism was "revolutionary", seeking to change society and obtain "total commitment" from the population.
2374:"Fascist style" â a political aesthetic of romantic symbolism, mass mobilization, a positive view of violence, and promotion of masculinity, youth, and charismatic authoritarian leadership.
4541:
8961:"Trotsky...maintained during the period of Hitler's rise to power so persistent and, for the most part, so prescient a commentary on the course of events in Germany as to deserve record".
9881:
4479:
convicted several Nazi leaders of crimes against humanity involving the Holocaust. However, there remained several movements and governments that were ideologically related to fascism.
6495:
Mussolini in 1919 declaring that the Jewish bankers in London and New York were connected by race to the Russian Bolsheviks and that eight percent of the Russian Bolsheviks were Jews.
6388:: " new kind of free spirit will come, strengthened by the war, ... a spirit equipped with a kind of sublime perversity, ... a new free spirit will triumph over God and over Nothing."
7277:
10327:
6344:
Some have criticized Mussolini's actions during the outbreak of World War I as opportunistic for seeming to suddenly abandon Marxist egalitarian internationalism for non-egalitarian
2796:
noted in 1944 that the term had been used to denigrate diverse positions "in internal politics": while fascism is "a political and economic system" that was inconvenient to define, "
22234:
5800:("productive capitalism") that was based upon profit earned from one's own labour, but condemned unproductive capitalism or loan capitalism, which derived profit from speculation.
15858:
Sternhell, Zeev (1976). "Anatomie d'un mouvement fasciste en France: le faisceau de Georges Valois" [Anatomy of a fascist movement in France: the beam of Georges Valois].
4780:, "describe in their writings a completely new Russia" controlling parts of the world that were never under tsarist or Soviet domination. According to Marlene Laurelle writing in
3866:
Italian cities. The fascists attacked the headquarters of socialist and Catholic labour unions in Cremona and imposed forced Italianization upon the German-speaking population of
3783:
alongside D'Annunzio's political views. Many fascists saw the Charter of Carnaro as an ideal constitution for a fascist Italy. This behaviour of aggression towards Yugoslavia and
6152:, focuses on three concepts, one of which is a "fascist style" with an aesthetic structure of meetings, symbols, and political liturgy, stressing emotional and mystical aspects.
6003:, to promote abortion for women with hereditary disorders. The law allowed abortion if a woman gave her permission and the fetus was not yet viable and for purposes of so-called
2670:
Fascism's origins are complex and include many seemingly contradictory viewpoints, ultimately centered on a mythos of national rebirth from decadence. Fascism was founded during
2487:.' That means that fascism is an ideology that draws on old, ancient, and even arcane myths of racial, cultural, ethnic, and national origins to develop a plan for the 'new man.
10774:, p. 13: "The first half of the article was the work of Giovanni Gentile; only the second half was Mussolini's own work, though the whole article appeared under his name."
6429:
over the assassination of Austrian Chancellor Dollfuss in 1934, Mussolini and Italian fascists denounced and ridiculed Nazism's racial theories, particularly by denouncing its
20457:
7611:
6474:
until the late 1930s when Mussolini feared alienating antisemitic Nazi Germany, whose power and influence were growing in Europe. Prior to that period, there had been notable
5624:
imperialism, although there have been several fascist movements that were uninterested in the pursuit of new imperial ambitions. For example, Nazism and Italian Fascism were
4493:. The first years were characterized by a repression against the anti-fascist ideologies, deep censorship and the suppression of democratic institutions (elected Parliament,
2186:
Since the end of World War II in 1945, fascism as an ideology has been largely disgraced, and few parties have openly described themselves as fascist; the term is often used
10503:
5739:-inspired capitalists). While fascism was opposed to domestic class conflict, it was held that bourgeois-proletarian conflict existed primarily in national conflict between
2690:
gravitated to the right in the early 1920s. A major element of fascist ideology that has been deemed to be far right is its stated goal to promote the right of a supposedly
5983:
The Nazis decriminalized abortion in cases where fetuses had hereditary defects or were of a race the government disapproved of, while the abortion of healthy pure German,
24417:
22852:
18728:
10562:
5498:
3830:
Although fascism adopted a number of anti-modern positions designed to appeal to people upset with the new trends in sexuality and women's rightsâespecially those with a
18892:
3169:, which gained widespread acceptance, made no distinction between physical and social life, and viewed the human condition as being an unceasing struggle to achieve the
10483:
5847:
Fascists criticized egalitarianism as preserving the weak, and they instead promoted social Darwinist views and policies. They were in principle opposed to the idea of
4786:, "applying the "fascism" label ... to the entirety of the Russian state or society short-circuits our ability to construct a more complex and differentiated picture."
2517:
elites, abandons democratic liberties and pursues with redemptive violence and without ethical or legal restraints goals of internal cleansing and external expansion.
12330:
6000:
4018:
In the 1920s, Fascist Italy pursued an aggressive foreign policy that included ambitions to expand Italian territory. In response to revolt in the Italian colony of
3412:
segregation of the genders because womanly sensibility must not enter men's education, which he claimed must be "lively, bellicose, muscular and violently dynamic."
16618:
4378:
and was perceived at the time to have averted a European war. These hopes faded when Czechoslovakia was dissolved by the proclamation of the German client state of
12029:"Recruited by MI5: the name's Mussolini. Benito Mussolini â Documents reveal Italian dictator got start in politics in 1917 with help of ÂŁ100 weekly wage from MI5"
6482:, who had also been Mussolini's mistress. Also contrary to Mussolini's claim in 1938, only a small number of Italian fascists were staunchly antisemitic (such as
5968:
as the cause of criminality amongst male youth, declared homosexuality a social disease and pursued an aggressive campaign to reduce prostitution of young women.
3974:
In 1929, the fascist regime briefly gained what was in effect a blessing of the Catholic Church after the regime signed a concordat with the Church, known as the
10286:
6470:
In 1938, Mussolini declared upon Italy's adoption of antisemitic laws that Italian fascism had always been antisemitic. In fact, Italian fascism did not endorse
12038:
5607:
political parties, social classes, unassimilable minorities, spoiled rentiers, and rationalist thinkers." Roger Griffin identifies the core of fascism as being
19327:
18668:
5719:. While fascism opposed mainstream socialism, fascists sometimes regarded their movement as a type of nationalist "socialism" to highlight their commitment to
18227:
4144:
throughout the country. He created an eight-hour work day and a forty-eight-hour work week in industry; sought to entrench a corporatist economy; and pursued
27974:
23901:
10071:
6197:
6100:
5735:
within a nation in order to guarantee national unity. This would be done through the state mediating relations between the classes (contrary to the views of
10587:
5925:
both in a physical sense of age and in a spiritual sense as related to virility and commitment to action. The Italian Fascists' political anthem was called
28676:
6327:
by Mussolini and that he changed his political stances merely to bolster his personal ambitions while he disguised them as being purposeful to the public.
4537:, categorically maintain that PerĂłn was not a fascist and that this characterization was imposed on him because of his defiant stance against US hegemony.
12492:
7102:
2371:
to regulate economic structure and to transform social relations within a modern, self-determined culture, and the expansion of the nation into an empire.
28642:
24654:
6331:, the American ambassador to Italy who worked with Mussolini and became his friend and admirer, defended Mussolini's opportunistic behaviour by writing:
4768:
is a reactionary politician who is not trying to create a new order "but to recreate a modified version of the Soviet Union". German political scientist
4156:
soared in political support after 1933, gaining representation in the Romanian government, and an Iron Guard member assassinated Romanian prime minister
3458:
10618:
5943:. Fascist Italy promoted what it considered normal sexual behaviour in youth while denouncing what it considered deviant sexual behaviour. It condemned
5887:
people, while simultaneously promoting the creation of strong people, in order to survive in a world defined by perpetual national and racial conflict.
2540:; racialism, the need for leadership, a new aristocracy, and obedience; and the negation of the ideals of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution."
17445:
2341:
1551:
23717:
4840:" These transformations "often set fascists into conflict with conservatives rooted in families, churches, social rank, and property." Paxton argues:
3304:(1908) and other works in which he advocated radical syndicalist action to achieve a revolution to overthrow capitalism and the bourgeoisie through a
27927:
23364:
17659:
7556:
6372:. Sorel's emphasis on the need for overthrowing decadent liberal democracy and capitalism by the use of violence, direct action, general strikes and
5827:
While fascism accepted the importance of material wealth and power, it condemned materialism which identified as being present in both communism and
4089:
brought about an international surge of social unrest. Fascist propaganda blamed the problems of the long depression of the 1930s on minorities and
23916:
22229:
10507:
5931:("The Youth"). Fascism identifies the physical age period of youth as a critical time for the moral development of people who will affect society.
3501:
rejected in favor of "the ideas of 1914" that included "German values" of duty, discipline, law and order. Plenge believed that racial solidarity (
1247:
856:
16425:
7763:
5975:
The German Nazi government strongly encouraged women to stay at home to bear children and keep house. This policy was reinforced by bestowing the
25349:
18441:
24504:
7731:
7133:
2317:
once in powerâhas historically attacked communism, conservatism, and parliamentary liberalism, attracting support primarily from the far-right.
26081:
25598:
25330:
23163:
18421:
6419:
4583:. In Germany, various neo-Nazi movements have been formed and banned in accordance with Germany's constitutional law which forbids Nazism. The
4210:
was at its height in the 1930s due to the Great Depression, especially in 1935 when it won almost eight percent of votes, until the year 1937.
4207:
3962:
was kidnapped and murdered by a Fascist. The liberals and the leftist minority in parliament walked out in protest in what became known as the
2804:", and in 1946 wrote that "...'Fascism' has now no meaning except in so far as it signifies something not desirable." Richard Griffiths of the
2418:
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9889:
24412:
23642:
23158:
18436:
18233:
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5593:
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7273:
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perspective that associated all people deemed productive, including entrepreneurs, technicians, workers and soldiers as being proletarian.
4264:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
4106:
3810:
Fascism sought to accommodate Italian conservatives by making major alterations to its political agendaâabandoning its previous populism,
25342:
23232:
21684:
19933:
19646:
18119:
10008:, Vol. 2, Ch. 25, p. 632 (Print Edition: University of Wisconsin Press, 1973) (LIBRARY OF IBERIAN RESOURCES ONLINE Accessed May 30, 2007)
8422:
Gregor, A. James (27 March 2006). "5 - Black Nationalism and Neofascism: Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association".
6462:
German racial superiority was based on the theories of non-German foreigners, such as Frenchman Arthur de Gobineau. After the tension in
3550:, technology and particularly the mobilizing myth that they contended had triumphed over the myth of progress and the era of liberalism.
3541:
Fascists viewed World War I as bringing revolutionary changes in the nature of war, society, the state and technology, as the advent of
26871:
26512:
22294:
19626:
19187:
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policies, including forcing the German steel industry to use lower-quality German iron ore rather than superior-quality imported iron.
2461:
populist "armed party" politics opposing socialism and liberalism, and promising radical politics to rescue the nation from decadence.
16714:
2083:
front lines and providing logistics to support them, as well as having unprecedented authority to intervene in the lives of citizens.
28622:
27967:
25320:
19656:
19337:
18882:
18723:
18139:
16733:
12351:
2495:
to explore the continuation of Nazism in the modern era. Additionally, other historians have applied this minimalist core to explore
2440:
1923:
16401:
11525:
11088:, p. 353: "When the Russian revolution occurred in 1917 and the 'Democratic' revolution spread after the First World War, anti-
10885:
Laqueur, Walter (1978). Fascism: A Reader's Guide: Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography. University of California Press. p. 357.
7894:
7603:
5909:
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asked in 1946: "Should we now place Stalinist Russia in the same category as Hitlerite Germany? Should we say that she is Fascist?"
27056:
25412:
25047:
23993:
22701:
21553:
19953:
19539:
19054:
17061:
7471:
2572:, with a bellicose vocation to the politics of greatness, power, and conquest aimed at creating a new order and a new civilization.
1312:
231:
18542:
16867:
10511:
3795:
In 1920, militant strike activity by industrial workers reached its peak in Italy and 1919 and 1920 were known as the "Red Year" (
3447:
At the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, the Italian political left became severely split over its position on the war. The
3209:, or vital instinct, centred upon free choice and rejected the processes of materialism and determinism; this challenged Marxism.
2800:, the word 'Fascism' is almost entirely meaningless. ... almost any English person would accept 'bully' as a synonym for 'Fascist,
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26966:
17802:
12545:
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4276:
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10529:
6696:
4038:
Cyrenaicans, half the population of Cyrenaica in Libya, from their settlements that was slated to be given to Italian settlers.
2711:
into the Italian Fascist movement in the early 1920s created internal factions within the movement. The "Fascist left" included
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23384:
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22254:
19691:
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6418:, by Austrian Nazis; and again back to support after 1936, when Germany was the only significant power that did not denounce
5856:
1131:
16512:
3916:
and Mussolini arrived in Rome on 30 October to accept the appointment. Fascist propaganda aggrandized this event, known as "
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23148:
23133:
22908:
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19958:
19407:
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4584:
4249:
1282:
1071:
979:
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18496:
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would later formulate a theory of fascism based on a dialectical interpretation of events to analyze the manifestation of
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308:
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23748:
23632:
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21970:
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19803:
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19641:
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19442:
18828:
18763:
18537:
18431:
18243:
10036:
5976:
4387:
4263:
During the Great Depression, Mussolini promoted active state intervention in the economy. He denounced the contemporary "
3355:, Catholics, and the business community. Italian national syndicalists held a common set of principles: the rejection of
1225:
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14503:
13582:
13092:
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11933:
7664:
7653:"Chapter I: Staging the Nation's Rebirth: The Politics and Aesthetics of Performance in the Context of Fascist Studies"
6580:
4366:
and Italy assisted Germany in resolving the diplomatic crisis between Germany versus Britain and France over claims on
4046:
3604:, praised the October Revolution, but later he became unimpressed with Lenin, regarding him as merely a new version of
2739:(ANI). The Blackshirts wanted to establish fascism as a complete dictatorship, while the former ANI members, including
2200:
2116:(national economic self-sufficiency). Fascism's extreme authoritarianism and nationalism often manifest as a belief in
1429:
876:
23647:
16685:
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they consider debatable or even false, biased by a pejorative political position. Other authors, such as the Israeli
4355:
3963:
2443:, have substantiated his concern about how fascist rhetoric is showing up in politics and policies around the world.
2048:
1971:
1116:
826:
816:
23041:
19007:
3473:. The term "fascism" was first used in 1915 by members of Mussolini's movement, the Fasces of Revolutionary Action.
3324:
of Marxism, but by 1910 announced his abandonment of socialist literature and claimed in 1914, using an aphorism of
28792:
27744:
26194:
24690:
24345:
24208:
23850:
23743:
23454:
19876:
19651:
19372:
18950:
18783:
18491:
18451:
18238:
18164:
18159:
17664:
15534:"Antebellum Palingenetic Ultranationalism: The Case for including the United States in Comparative Fascist Studies"
14817:
13107:
9699:
4430:. Beginning in November 1945 and lasting through 1949, numerous Nazi political, military and economic leaders were
3648:
fascists complete by the end of the war, the two sides became irreconcilable. The fascists presented themselves as
3434:
2263:
2028:
1161:
1146:
23242:
4563:
was a major neo-fascist movement that transformed itself into a self-described "post-fascist" movement called the
3025:
speaks of a 'direct line' from Bismarck to Hitler. Julian Dierkes sees fascism as a 'particularly violent form of
28059:
26700:
26551:
25534:
24744:
24497:
24422:
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23344:
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18753:
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18124:
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14288:(April 2003a). "To Expand or Not to Expand? Territory, Generic Fascism and the Quest for an 'Ideal Fatherland'".
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10591:
4809:
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3255:
organized nature of the organized minority makes it irresistible to any individual of the disorganized majority.
2736:
2267:
1576:
1277:
1046:
23083:
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17377:
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5503:
2763:
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1483:
529:
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27901:
27754:
26640:
24427:
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23309:
23252:
22953:
22948:
22269:
22174:
21935:
21669:
21533:
20637:
19808:
19262:
18758:
18562:
18446:
17807:
16782:
14565:
14165:
13799:
13532:
12830:
11876:
Berezin, Mabel (1991). "The organization of political ideology: Culture, state, and theater in fascist Italy".
7110:
4883:
3720:
3601:
3461:
in October 1914. Benito Mussolini upon being expelled from his position as chief editor of the PSI's newspaper
3182:
1036:
479:
17:
19154:
17341:
15272:
12449:
12318:. Supplement, Papers and Proceedings of the Forty-Seventh Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association.
10659:
9976:
Philosophy and Democracy in Intercultural Perspective/Philosophie et démocratie en perspective interculturelle
9885:
9592:
6671:(German: "people's community"), in which individual interests would be subordinated to the good of the nation"
4502:
1447:
28752:
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18713:
18326:
18149:
17607:
17098:
17086:
16575:
15278:
15216:
15190:
11841:
Sorlin, Pierre (2007). "A Mirror for Fascism. How Mussolini Used Cinema to Advertise his Person and Regime".
11761:
11651:
Jay, Martin (1992). ""The Aesthetic Ideology" as Ideology; Or, What Does It Mean to Aestheticize Politics?".
11454:
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5608:
4600:
2484:
2399:
2216:
1916:
1708:
268:
256:
23799:
14640:
9974:
Oosterling, Henk (1997). "Fascism as the Looming Shadow of Democracy: A Critique of the Xenophobic Reason".
7342:
6453:
scornfully looking down upon Nordicists' claims and taking pride in comparing the age and sophistication of
6323:
Some critics of Italian fascism have said that much of the ideology was merely a by-product of unprincipled
4190:
governments that borrowed elements from fascism were formed during the Great Depression, including those of
2956:
emphasized that Germany should adhere to Hellenic values and culture â particularly that of ancient Sparta.
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18268:
18211:
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17654:
16944:
16703:
16678:
16645:
16603:
Berezin, Mabel. "Fascism and populism: Are they useful categories for comparative sociological analysis?."
15786:
15680:
14717:
14529:
13386:
11878:
11719:
11411:
7764:"'Christian Patriots': The Intersection Between Proto-fascism and Clerical Fascism in the Antebellum South"
7657:
Fascism and theater: comparative studies on the aesthetics and politics of performance in Europe, 1925â1945
7564:
7106:
6109:
5579:
4604:
4587:(NPD) is widely considered a neo-Nazi party, although the party does not publicly identify itself as such.
4494:
3629:
2748:
969:
102:
23469:
23143:
22090:
21850:
21381:
21366:
20547:
20311:
17509:
7573:
6232:, Hitler's powerful Reich Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda. The goal was to stimulate the
4579:, but in 2012 a group of politicians split from The People of Freedom, refounding the party with the name
1610:
564:
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28353:
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19911:
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18808:
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17797:
17350:
16845:
16776:
15059:
13986:
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13578:
13068:
12565:
11930:
Art, ideology, & economics in Nazi Germany: the Reich chambers of music, theater, and the visual arts
6595:
5448:
5368:
4805:
4801:
4057:
The March on Rome brought fascism international attention. One early admirer of the Italian fascists was
3779:
in 1920. D'Annunzio and De Ambris designed the Charter, which advocated national-syndicalist corporatist
3711:
3464:
3364:
2464:
Kershaw argues that the difference between fascism and other forms of right-wing authoritarianism in the
2016:
1456:
1200:
622:
414:
25216:
21880:
18915:
17541:
17450:
14527:
Lancaster, Guy (26 September 2011). "Genocide and Fascism: The Eliminationist Drive in Fascist Europe".
11482:
10160:
Galasso, Norberto (2003). "Peronismo y LiberaciĂłn Nacional" [Peronism and National Liberation].
1642:
707:
28762:
28328:
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25356:
25281:
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19891:
19828:
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19362:
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19114:
19079:
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18798:
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18527:
18486:
18351:
18248:
18196:
18084:
17877:
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17737:
16856:
16417:
16176:
15952:
15887:
15524:
14886:
14794:
14743:
14646:
14490:
14237:
14214:
14201:
14152:
13822:
13713:
13171:
13084:
12776:
12742:
12713:
12497:
10488:
10322:
8427:
7349:
6980:
6896:
6454:
6445:, they arrived in small numbers (about 8,000) and quickly assimilated into Roman culture and spoke the
5535:
5433:
4347:
4343:
4245:
3760:
3710:(the latter being realized only partly in late 1925, with all opposition parties banned or disbanded);
3645:
2449:
describes fascism as "a genus of political ideology whose mythic core in its various permutations is a
1817:
1178:
1151:
1001:
986:
866:
202:
26836:
24700:
22100:
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18708:
16830:
13665:
The Origins of Fascist Ideology, 1918â1925: The First Complete Study of the Origins of Italian Fascism
8122:
8120:
7518:
4758:, saying that like Putin's Russia, it "emulated fascism in many ways, but was not fascist." Historian
3787:
was pursued by Italian fascists with their persecution of South Slavsâespecially Slovenes and Croats.
3340:
The fusion of Maurrassian nationalism and Sorelian syndicalism influenced radical Italian nationalist
3043:
wrote "all the things that Hitler was to do so well later, Marcus Garvey was doing in 1920 and 1921".
1230:
28712:
28379:
28027:
27952:
26883:
26826:
26411:
23479:
23108:
22943:
22691:
22289:
21488:
21012:
19973:
19798:
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19745:
19636:
19467:
19427:
19322:
19124:
19069:
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18516:
18461:
18406:
18371:
18303:
18216:
18169:
18104:
17209:
15921:
14621:
14188:
12677:
Baker, David (June 2006). "The political economy of fascism: Myth or reality, or myth and reality?".
11495:: "In 1939, it was announced that Jewish women could seek abortions, but non-Jewish women could not."
7963:
7145:
6977:
An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Europe: Economic Regimes from Laissez-Faire to Globalization
6113:
6092:
6044:
5262:
5194:
5075:
4746:
has stated that "Putin's regime is the world center of fascism" and has written an article entitled
4564:
3998:
3687:
3440:
3401:
3382:
2998:
2078:
that brought massive changes to the nature of war, society, the state, and technology. The advent of
1837:
974:
717:
376:
28297:
20291:
17485:
17414:
7430:
6843:
6056:
5187:
4678:, an American historian and political scientist, Russian fascism has the following characteristics:
1586:
1520:
28787:
28671:
28661:
28608:
28323:
28195:
27724:
25506:
25450:
25266:
25252:
24782:
24695:
24619:
24545:
24521:
24487:
23789:
23539:
23514:
23409:
23394:
23207:
23056:
22938:
22898:
22837:
22711:
22485:
21699:
21401:
21032:
20775:
20734:
20336:
19983:
19863:
19823:
19788:
19735:
19686:
19516:
19457:
19357:
19347:
19312:
19302:
19297:
19237:
19202:
19042:
18940:
18773:
18738:
18401:
18356:
18273:
18258:
18078:
17907:
17674:
17049:
17014:
16954:
15791:
15326:
15322:
13326:
13122:
10537:
10386:
10200:
10189:"Readings and interpretations on the origins of Peronism: national-populism or fascist adaptation?"
8117:
6463:
6225:
6133:
5117:
5112:
4782:
4363:
4232:
claimed as many as 200,000 members, although following coup attempts it faced a crackdown from the
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3666:
2975:
2720:
2109:
1909:
1842:
1767:
1755:
1173:
1121:
1088:
1031:
1021:
996:
991:
737:
219:
207:
112:
31:
25186:
22630:
22025:
20577:
20427:
20225:
14961:
14149:
Social Darwinism in European and American Thought, 1860â1945: Nature as Model and Nature as Threat
13931:
10660:"Biden compares Putin to Hitler as he makes the case for continued aid to Ukraine in SOTU address"
5824:, but emphasized that industries must uphold the national interest as superior to private profit.
4342:
In Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, both Mussolini and Hitler pursued territorial expansionist and
637:
524:
28717:
28666:
28207:
28140:
28064:
28037:
27704:
27624:
27041:
26630:
26541:
25871:
25501:
25460:
25407:
25241:
24114:
23988:
23282:
23138:
23128:
23046:
22681:
22370:
22309:
22189:
22169:
21925:
21744:
21184:
20108:
19881:
19292:
19277:
19049:
19037:
18522:
18391:
18288:
17959:
17934:
17887:
17782:
17553:
16384:
16168:
15983:
15704:
15667:
15034:
14953:
14853:
14594:
14401:
14095:
13889:
13687:
13626:
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12794:
12258:
7401:
6550:
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6277:
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4141:
3913:
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3170:
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1812:
1654:
1307:
1076:
846:
836:
434:
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17328:
7392:(1996). "Political institutions: An Overview (Part II, Chapter 4)". In Klingemann, Hans-Dieter;
6711:
4426:
by the occupying Allied powers. An International Military Tribunal was subsequently convened in
4120:, under the leadership of Adolf Hitler. With the rise of Hitler and the Nazis to power in 1933,
3600:
and the early emergence of Nazi Germany from 1930 to 1933. In 1917, Mussolini, as leader of the
2094:, and war as means to national rejuvenation. Fascists often advocate for the establishment of a
1434:
28565:
28555:
28525:
28520:
28246:
28081:
27031:
27011:
26861:
26531:
26159:
26028:
25730:
25126:
24987:
24815:
24664:
24402:
23820:
23652:
23434:
23324:
23123:
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23036:
23026:
23021:
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22763:
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20892:
20729:
20678:
20582:
19943:
19928:
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19437:
19247:
19227:
19207:
19139:
19129:
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19032:
19017:
18920:
18887:
18547:
18481:
18381:
18313:
18206:
18154:
18091:
18011:
17969:
17912:
17822:
17762:
17602:
17438:
17194:
17143:
16659:
15403:
Euroscepticism and the Rising Threat from the Left and Right: The Concept of Millennial Fascism
15135:
12869:
Fascists and Conservatives: The Radical Right and the Establishment in Twentieth-Century Europe
7569:
6740:
6691:
6328:
6290:
5914:
5716:
5423:
5413:
4821:
4731:
4727:
4641:
4510:
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4257:
4165:
4007:
3901:
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control and increased penalties for abortion in 1926, declaring both crimes against the state.
3772:
3752:
2307:
2271:
1703:
1544:
1168:
898:
632:
361:
212:
26898:
22040:
21885:
21346:
21219:
19482:
17362:
16764:
16573:
Alcalde, Ăngel (2020). "The Transnational Consensus: Fascism and Nazism in Current Research".
15374:
Population Politics in Twentieth-century Europe: Fascist Dictatorships and Liberal Democracies
14559:
12944:
12465:
10046:
6735:
4112:
In Germany, it contributed to the rise of the Nazi Party, which resulted in the demise of the
3740:
of the armaments industry, and a foreign policy designed to be peaceful but also competitive.
2997:, who ran a 'police state' and suppressed the media, as a forerunner of fascism. According to
2086:
Fascism rejects assertions that violence is inherently negative or pointless, instead viewing
1468:
28732:
28450:
28071:
28054:
27185:
27140:
26951:
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25919:
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22015:
21980:
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17133:
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4225:
4217:
4069:, attempted a "March on Berlin" modeled upon the March on Rome, which resulted in the failed
4023:
3697:
3405:
3321:
3117:
2675:
2491:" Griffin himself explored this 'mythic' or 'eliminable' core of fascism with his concept of
2337:
2164:
2004:
1372:
1056:
1026:
777:
584:
539:
519:
303:
27001:
22385:
21325:
20487:
18580:
17497:
15830:
15401:
14790:
Private and Public Enterprise in Europe: Energy, Telecommunications and Transport, 1830â1990
13348:
12541:
9991:
Diålogos-Revista do Departamento de História e do Programa de Pós-Graduação Em História 13.1
6776:
6043:. Fascist modernism has been recognized as inspired or developed by various figuresâsuch as
4275:, and its intention to create the "standardization of humankind." Fascist Italy created the
2970:
movement, seeing in its totalitarian nature a foreshadowing of the fascist state. Historian
1598:
28727:
28410:
28405:
28372:
28212:
27694:
27574:
27343:
27150:
26991:
26918:
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26571:
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22842:
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22706:
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22415:
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21845:
21391:
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20739:
19871:
19760:
19596:
19591:
19382:
19257:
18872:
18693:
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18346:
18278:
18263:
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17852:
17832:
17742:
17717:
17516:
17399:
17204:
17199:
17081:
17071:
16857:
Authorized translation of Mussolini's "The Political and Social Doctrine of Fascism" (1933)
16130:
14730:
14428:
12596:
Amann, Peter H. (1986). "A 'Dog in the Nighttime' Problem: American Fascism in the 1930s".
10231:
10117:
7432:
Transatlantic Fascism: Ideology, Violence, and the Sacred in Argentina and Italy, 1919-1945
6450:
6442:
5782:
5736:
5706:
5398:
5306:
5267:
5257:
5221:
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4908:
4858:
4773:
4764:
4633:
4615:
4359:
4233:
4186:
in Paris against the French government resulting in major political violence. A variety of
4080:
3641:
3496:
Similar political ideas arose in Germany after the outbreak of the war. German sociologist
3270:
3057:
2939:. The political culture of ancient Greece and specifically the ancient Greek city state of
2906:
2831:
2105:
1617:
1505:
1419:
1322:
1136:
752:
534:
371:
366:
251:
241:
27165:
24970:
24965:
24265:
22435:
22005:
21351:
20184:
18982:
17419:
16159:
Welge, Jobst (2007). "Fascist Modernism". In Eysteinsson, Astradur; Liska, Vivian (eds.).
12308:(March 1935). "The Paths of Economic Change: Contrasting Tendencies in the Modern World".
11952:
10901:
Overy, Richard (1994). War and Economy in the Third Reich. Oxford University Press. p. 1.
6855:
6145:
against the increasing rationalism, secularism, and pacifism of the modern Western world.
5987:
fetuses remained strictly forbidden. For non-Aryans, abortion was often compulsory. Their
5781:
long as it supported the nationalist objective. The role of productivism was derived from
4636:, widely considered a neo-Nazi party, soared in support out of obscurity and won seats in
3877:
3400:
was both an artistic-cultural movement and initially a political movement in Italy led by
3046:
2274:
two years later. The fascists came to associate the term with the ancient Roman fasces or
2183:, with their genocidal and imperialist ambitions, caused the death of millions of people.
1525:
8:
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15603:
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13916:(2003). "The palingenetic core of generic fascist ideology". In Campi, Alessandro (ed.).
11521:
9989:
Deutsch, Sandra McGee (2009). "Fascism, Neo-Fascism, or Post-Fascism? Chile, 1945â1988".
7912:
7141:
7042:
6639:, p. 424: "... organized form of integrative radical nationalist authoritarianism";
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who sent support to Italian socialists who wanted Italian intervention on France's side.
6295:
6193:
5996:
5884:
5812:
5645:
5520:
5483:
5478:
5463:
5272:
5226:
5147:
5016:
4700:
4405:(the orange line delimits metropolitan Italy, the green line the borders of the enlarged
3980:
3944:
3724:
3707:
3492:" identified the outbreak of war as a moment that forged nationalistic German solidarity.
3282:
3154:
2805:
2652:
2476:
1748:
1686:
1661:
1190:
1183:
930:
152:
137:
26928:
24737:
21945:
21158:
20286:
19059:
18987:
18970:
16016:
Popular Autocracy in Greece, 1936â1941: A Political Biography of General Ioannis Metaxas
10072:"Inauguração do Museu de Peniche é um gesto antifascista atual contra a extrema-direita"
8048:
5939:
Italian fascism pursued what it called "moral hygiene" of youth, particularly regarding
617:
474:
39:
28590:
28575:
28505:
28470:
28465:
28455:
28415:
28364:
27896:
27891:
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26783:
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20204:
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16344:
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16207:
16081:
15991:
15755:
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15118:
15110:
14546:
14397:
The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe
14305:
14071:
14012:
13859:
13652:
13481:
12962:
12694:
12621:
12470:
12369:
11895:
11858:
11823:
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10479:
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10429:
10400:
8476:
7793:
7371:
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6415:
6304:
5740:
5632:. Falangism in Spain envisioned the worldwide unification of Spanish-speaking peoples (
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5141:
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and Manuel Villaverde Cabral, think that the Estado Novo should be considered fascist.
4027:
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3776:
3703:
3581:
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3313:
3295:
3258:
3158:
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has traced the ideological roots of fascism back to the 1880s and in particular to the
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1980:
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288:
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16322:
Modern Free Society and Its Nemesis: Liberty Versus Conservatism in the New Millennium
12827:
Fascism and Theatre: Comparative Studies on the Aesthetics and Politics of Performance
12523:] (in Spanish). Madrid: DelegaciĂłn Nacional de la SecciĂłn Femenina del Movimiento.
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Nazism as Fascism: Violence, Ideology, and the Ground of Consent in Germany 1930â1945
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Contemporary British Fascism: The British National Party and the Quest for Legitimacy
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2947:, with its emphasis on militarism and racial purity, were admired by the Nazis. Nazi
2855:
2744:
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2436:
2329:
2287:
2063:
2054:
Fascism rose to prominence in early 20th-century Europe. The first fascist movements
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Sauer, Wolfgang (December 1967). "National Socialism: totalitarianism or fascism?".
14780:
14550:
12635:
Avant-Garde Fascism: The Mobilization of Myth, Art, and Culture in France, 1909â1939
12585:
The Making of Modern Libya: State Formation, Colonization, and Resistance, 1830â1922
10688:
10404:
10145:, Department of Social Sciences, National College of Buenos Aires, UBA, p. 14,
7740:, Chapter 8: Fascism's New Faces (and New Facelessness) in the 'Post-Fascist' Epoch.
6972:
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state. It opposes liberal democracy, rejects multi-party systems, and may support a
4237:
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2924:
has been considered an inspiration for fascist and quasi-fascist movements, such as
1622:
1442:
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549:
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11751:
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11376:
10546:
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10255:
8990:
Trotsky's political economy of capitalism. Brotherstone, Terence; Dukes, Paul,(eds)
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5363:
5326:
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5172:
4898:
4832:
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4555:
The term neo-fascism refers to fascist movements after World War II. In Italy, the
4482:
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4431:
4419:
multiple losses and steady Soviet and Western Allied offensives from 1943 to 1945.
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2779:
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2454:
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2187:
1988:
1984:
1942:
1832:
1822:
1399:
1242:
1111:
1081:
757:
677:
642:
627:
494:
459:
318:
261:
127:
117:
66:
43:
27468:
25226:
24768:
23066:
21128:
20587:
20103:
17777:
16862:
15315:
14500:
Believe, obey, fight: political socialization of youth in fascist Italy, 1922â1943
10550:
6786:
6784:
5838:
In discussing the spread of fascism beyond Italy, historian Philip Morgan states:
4065:
upon Mussolini and the Fascists. The Nazis, led by Hitler and the German war hero
3997:
The fascist regime created a corporatist economic system in 1925 with creation of
3069:
682:
449:
28649:
28600:
28535:
28485:
28460:
28118:
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25146:
25111:
25014:
25007:
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24593:
24331:
24299:
24119:
23804:
23319:
23016:
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22510:
22455:
22179:
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21714:
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21422:
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21179:
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21022:
20942:
20922:
20902:
20861:
20851:
20821:
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20796:
20714:
20612:
20467:
20442:
20397:
19978:
19606:
19149:
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19022:
18683:
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15692:
15573:
A Single Communal Faith? The German Right from Conservatism to National Socialism
15372:
15353:
15235:
15053:
14984:
14920:
14912:
The Three Faces of Fascism: Action Française, Italian Fascism, National Socialism
14788:
14588:
14542:
14487:
Mussolini unleashed, 1939â1941: Politics and Strategy in Fascist Italy's Last War
14395:
14257:
14042:
13853:
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13721:
13417:
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13316:
13292:
13258:
13165:
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13116:
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12867:
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12707:
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12322:
12268:
11819:
11755:
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11424:
10644:
8435:
8076:
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6512:
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6369:
6265:
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5940:
5852:
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5567:
5493:
5393:
5162:
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5090:
4953:
4903:
4893:
4888:
4777:
4755:
4715:
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4248:
was a fascist political party which was in power 1931 to 1933. In the 1930s, the
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2410:
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2098:
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2055:
1897:
1807:
1772:
1738:
1635:
1571:
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1500:
1377:
1126:
742:
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652:
612:
559:
509:
504:
419:
343:
328:
273:
97:
23170:
22550:
21148:
20642:
20422:
20296:
20199:
20189:
18573:
14301:
13167:
French Literary Fascism: Nationalism, Anti-Semitism, and the Ideology of Culture
6449:
language within fifty years. Italian fascism was influenced by the tradition of
6353:(an armaments firm) and other companies as well as the British Security Service
6336:
matter how many hopes and prayers have been expended on theories and programmes.
6048:
4030:
and the forced starvation of thousands of people. Italian authorities committed
2524:
defines fascism as "an ideology that strives to forge social rebirth based on a
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82:
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12454:
Doctrine and Action: Internal and Foreign Policy of the New Portugal, 1928â1939
12232:
10848:
10588:"Nasty, Repressive, Aggressive â Yes. But Is Russia Fascist? Experts Say 'No.'"
9820:, p. 59; Mussolini's speech to the Chamber of Deputies was on 26 May 1934.
7281:
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5105:
4943:
4769:
4743:
4719:
4518:
4423:
4406:
4367:
4173:
3975:
3893:
3694:". The Fascist Manifesto was presented on 6 June 1919 in the fascist newspaper
3659:
3589:
3508:
3489:
3484:
German soldiers parading through LĂŒbeck in the days leading up to World War I.
3305:
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3146:
3063:
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2979:
2959:
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2615:, catalyzed by afflicted class identities over conventional social inequities.
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772:
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338:
197:
182:
107:
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20316:
20260:
20143:
20128:
16778:
The Civic Foundations of Fascism in Europe: Italy, Spain and Romania 1870â1945
16588:
16352:
15884:
The Birth of Fascist Ideology, From Cultural Rebellion to Political Revolution
15554:
15533:
15114:
14772:
A History of Fascism in France: From the First World War to the National Front
12690:
11854:
7780:
5803:
Fascist economics supported a state-controlled economy that accepted a mix of
4710:
4620:
4517:
in nature, possessing minimal fascist tendencies. Other historians, including
4427:
3743:
3656:. In 1919, Mussolini consolidated control over the fascist movement, known as
2792:, regarding varying movements across the far right of the political spectrum.
727:
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Hitler, Stalin, and Mussolini: Totalitarianism in the Twentieth Century Italy
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13623:
Rehearsals for Fascism: Populism and Political Mobilization in Weimar Germany
13450:
13060:
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12669:
12617:
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8298:"To what extent was Hitler's rule of Nazi Germany similar to life in Sparta?"
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Early influences that shaped the ideology of fascism have been dated back to
2793:
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was later labeled by some commentators the "last surviving fascist dictator".
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2008:
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47:
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24310:
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22010:
21910:
16747:
16728:
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15511:
15344:
14259:
Fascist ideology: territory and expansionism in Italy and Germany, 1922â1945
13600:
13478:
The Making of Fascism: Class, State, and Counter-Revolution, Italy 1919â1922
6088:
4529:
4456:
4160:. The Iron Guard was the only fascist movement outside Germany and Italy to
3188:
3039:, insisted that he and his organisation "were the first fascists". In 1938,
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21990:
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16999:
16686:"How Fascism Works: A Yale philosopher on fascism, truth, and Donald Trump"
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Larsen, Stein Ugelvik; Hagtvet, Bernt; Myklebust, Jan Petter, eds. (1984).
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Fascism from Above: The Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera in Spain, 1923â1930
12763:
12727:
12291:
12033:
11775:
9713:
9678:
7880:
7389:
6849:
6717:
6535:
6471:
6446:
6315:. Fascism is deliberately and entirely non-democratic and anti-democratic.
6311:
One of the most common and strongest criticisms of fascism is that it is a
6273:
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6167:
6027:
Fascism emphasizes both palingenesis (national rebirth or re-creation) and
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5876:
5777:
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of the fascist movement and to teach students to be obedient to the state.
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4981:
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4572:
4514:
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4379:
4327:
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4187:
4117:
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4061:, who less than a month after the March had begun to model himself and the
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for his anti-German stance, joined the interventionist cause in a separate
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2108:(a market economy in which the state plays a strong directive role through
2067:
1877:
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1847:
1802:
1350:
1342:
1267:
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762:
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313:
157:
55:
51:
22540:
21118:
16493:
16379:
14992:
14922:
Mussolini in the First World War: The Journalist, the Soldier, the Fascist
14427:. Malden, Massaschussetts; Oxford, England; Carlton, Victoria, Australia:
11380:
10484:"Yes, Putin and Russia are fascist. How they meet the textbook definition"
10224:
Los muchachos judĂos peronistas: Judeosargentinos y apoyo al Justicialismo
10003:
9544:
9189:
9187:
9150:
9148:
8836:
8834:
8731:
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7486:
7445:
7357:
7348:. Princeton Studies in International History and Politics. Vol. 125.
7312:
6873:
5831:
and criticized materialism for lacking acknowledgement of the role of the
4438:, with many of the worst offenders being sentenced to death and executed.
4132:
Fascist movements grew in strength elsewhere in Europe. Hungarian fascist
3755:
and his blackshirt-wearing nationalist raiders, as D'Annunzio and fascist
3480:
2754:
A number of post-World War II fascist movements described themselves as a
2409:
Roundel used on the wings of aircraft of the Italian air force during the
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28200:
28088:
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27523:
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17504:
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17076:
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16989:
16871:
16863:
Readings on Fascism and National Socialism by Various â Project Gutenberg
16721:
Fascism Comes to America: A Century of Obsession in Politics and Culture
16653:
Rethinking Antifascism: History, Memory and Politics, 1922 to the Present
16051:
15491:
15463:
14907:
14519:
14365:
12540:; De Feo, Giuseppe; De Luca, Giacomo; Russo, Gianluca (28 October 2020).
10982:
10980:
10978:
10976:
10974:
10318:"The end of Golden Dawn: has Greece shown us how to deal with neo-Nazis?"
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in German), its concept and its functional objectives were formulated by
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767:
697:
409:
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246:
192:
147:
24294:
23414:
22430:
21214:
15675:
Schnapp, Jeffrey Thompson; Sears, Olivia E.; Stampino, Maria G. (2000).
13749:
Italian Fascism and the Female Body: Submissive Women and Strong Mothers
10465:
10433:
9695:
Hitler's Forgotten Ally: Ion Antonescu and his Regime, Romania 1940â1944
6506:
5562:
4575:
for a decade. In 2008, AN joined Forza Italia in Berlusconi's new party
4081:
International impact of the Great Depression and buildup to World War II
3736:
creation of a short-service national militia to serve defensive duties,
3420:
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1892:
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20492:
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20077:
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19676:
19272:
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18744:
Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party
18180:
18114:
17772:
17702:
17480:
17367:
17308:
17158:
17123:
17066:
16974:
16229:
Fascism and Political Theory: Critical Perspectives on Fascist Ideology
16115:
15650:
13930:(in Italian). Rome: Ideazione editrice. pp. 97â122. Archived from
13900:(2000). "Revolution from the Right: Fascism"". In Parker, David (ed.).
13710:
Nietzsche, Godfather of Fascism? On the Uses and Abuses of a Philosophy
13489:
13260:
Salazar's Dictatorship and European Fascism: Problems of Interpretation
13042:
The fasces: a history of ancient Rome's most dangerous political symbol
12296:
11972:
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5724:
5693:
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5515:
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5127:
4996:
4986:
4976:
4793:
4686:, different from both traditional authoritarianism and totalitarianism;
4313:
4149:
4102:
4062:
3955:
3954:
The fascists began their attempt to entrench fascism in Italy with the
3767:
The next events that influenced the fascists in Italy were the raid of
3592:
seized power in Russia, greatly influenced the development of fascism.
3150:
3129:
outlook was influenced by various intellectual developments, including
3083:
2789:
2683:
2246:. This was the name given to political organizations in Italy known as
2075:
2036:
2000:
1581:
1473:
1409:
964:
947:
915:
908:
806:
747:
579:
554:
323:
293:
236:
132:
27982:
16546:
Ahmed, Saladdin. "Fascism as an Ideological Form: A Critical Theory."
16211:
16057:
Varieties of Fascism: Doctrines of Revolution in the Twentieth Century
15493:
A Short History of the Netherlands: From Prehistory to the Present Day
14516:
Politics and Ideology in Marxist Theory: Capitalism, Fascism, Populism
12625:
10971:
10228:
The Peronist Jewish Boys: Judeo-sergeants and support for Justicialism
8768:
8702:
8687:
8487:
7167:
6141:
interprets fascism as a "political aesthetic of death" and a vehement
5905:, an organization for girls within the National Fascist Party in Italy
4714:
Protester against the Russian government, holding an image portraying
3852:
support, which did not come from socialists' core supporters but from
2986:, as well as a result of the brutalization of societies in 1914â1918.
2386:
argues that there is no such thing as generic fascism. He claims that
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17009:
16520:
16416:
16302:
16232:
16184:
Wistrich, Robert (October 1976). "Leon Trotsky's Theory of Fascism".
16020:
15836:
15808:
15805:
Politics of Eugenics: Productionism, Population, and National Welfare
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13497:
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12970:
12902:
12873:
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12118:
11737:
this other terror that is the confusion of the real and the rational,
7969:
7478:
7303:
7043:"What Is Antifa, the Movement Trump Wants to Declare a Terror Group?"
6635:, p. 162: "... goals of radical and authoritarian nationalism";
6398:
6261:
6028:
6012:
5712:
5428:
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4596:
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4467:
and modelled his economic policies on those pursued by Fascist Italy.
4435:
4415:
4268:
4195:
4090:
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3585:
3542:
3356:
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of society and the dissolution of social links in bourgeois society.
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2679:
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2585:
2502:
2391:
2295:
2255:
2149:
2102:
2079:
2040:
2024:
2020:
1996:
1797:
1414:
1382:
702:
167:
22490:
19477:
16874:'s list of 14 characteristics of Fascism, originally published 1995.
16104:
The Fascist Tradition: Radical Right-Wing Extremism in Modern Europe
15642:
14211:
State, Society and Mobilization in Europe During the First World War
11891:
11660:
11183:
8325:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2010. Pp. 353.
7927:
4267:" that he claimed began in 1914 as a failure because of its alleged
2949:
2694:
to dominate, while purging society of supposedly inferior elements.
952:
28183:
28098:
27879:
27458:
27195:
26788:
26753:
26727:
26707:
26660:
26471:
26426:
26310:
26214:
26204:
26169:
26139:
26013:
26003:
25998:
25854:
25824:
25819:
25804:
25660:
25630:
24932:
24897:
24639:
24260:
24228:
24178:
24092:
24082:
24065:
23673:
23439:
23369:
22676:
22410:
21108:
19232:
17433:
17372:
17357:
17113:
17055:
17019:
16392:
15611:
15106:
14246:
The Nazi Party in dissolution: Hitler and the Verbotzeit, 1923â1925
13575:
The origins of Nazi genocide: from euthanasia to the final solution
12856:
12843:
12609:
11516:
10640:"Russian activist from Nobel-winning organization gets prison term"
10353:
10350:"Greece Golden Dawn: Neo-Nazi leaders guilty of running crime gang"
10259:
9304:
8297:
8126:
7211:. Oxford, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Berg, 2002. Pp. 178
6565:
6438:
6385:
6016:
5988:
5895:
5872:
5832:
5542:
5525:
5458:
5238:
4723:
4658:
4525:
4182:
4157:
4035:
3683:
3653:
3397:
3368:
3113:
2963:
2929:
2591:
2480:
2395:
2172:
2160:
1992:
1539:
1478:
1463:
283:
225:
172:
16700:
Fascism in the contemporary world: ideology, evolution, resurgence
16515:. In Krech III, Shepard; McNeill, John; Merchant, Carolyn (eds.).
16299:
Explaining Politics: Culture, Institutions, and Political Behavior
14914:. Translated by Vennewitz, Leila. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
14561:
Fascism: A Reader's Guide: Analyses, Interpretations, Bibliography
12366:
My Autobiography with The Political and Social Doctrine of Fascism
10801:
8589:
7804:
7041:
Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas; Garcia, Sandra E. (28 September 2020).
3908:
On 24 October 1922, the Fascist Party held its annual congress in
3572:
during his final years in exile and advocated for the tactic of a
2966:, claimed the roots of fascism stemmed from the late 18th century
2019:, and strong regimentation of society and the economy. Opposed to
28343:
27916:
27829:
26717:
26685:
26675:
26446:
26239:
26164:
26149:
26129:
26038:
25898:
25839:
24381:
23591:
22460:
22425:
22405:
22235:
An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus
22205:
The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia
21774:
19770:
19417:
18845:
18471:
17548:
13902:
Revolutions and the Revolutionary Tradition in the West 1560â1991
12773:
Third Way Discourse: European Ideologies in the Twentieth Century
12084:
12082:
12080:
11806:
Ben-Ghiat, Ruth (2015). "The Imperial Moment in Fascist Cinema".
10623:
10504:"Systemic Transformations and the Drift Toward Fascism in Russia"
8943:
7344:
Unanswered Threats: Political Constraints on the Balance of Power
7274:"Works citing Stanley Payne's Fascism: Comparison and Definition"
6491:
6312:
6036:
5965:
5711:
Fascism presented itself as an alternative to both international
5204:
4689:
4654:
4280:
4153:
4137:
3920:", as a "seizure" of power because of Fascists' heroic exploits.
3867:
3636:
and open hostility towards democracy, envisioning a hierarchical
3524:
3372:
3360:
3197:
as a primordial instinct, were major influences upon many of the
2858:, and the Soviets used the term to denounce Chinese Marxists and
2843:
2321:
2113:
2047:, fascism is placed on the far-right wing within the traditional
2044:
1649:
1041:
920:
14642:
Latin Fascist Elites: The Mussolini, Franco, and Salazar Regimes
14335:
Genocide and Fascism: The Eliminationist Drive in Fascist Europe
13919:
Che cos'Ăš il fascismo? Interpretazioni e prospettive di ricerche
13195:
Hegemony or survival : America's quest for global dominance
6925:
6923:
6112:
as a key ingredient in fascist regimes. On this point he quotes
5991:
program also stemmed from the "progressive biomedical model" of
3231:
2211:
28285:
28222:
28188:
28135:
26665:
26466:
26254:
26229:
26219:
26189:
26174:
25792:
24803:
24659:
24354:
24070:
23738:
23733:
23678:
23424:
23374:
22893:
22620:
22615:
22445:
22279:
19496:
19397:
19267:
18935:
17612:
17460:
17387:
17128:
16729:"Fascism-lite in America (or the social ideal of Donald Trump)"
15658:
Schmitt, Carl (1995). "The Legal Basis of the Total State". In
13819:
Mussolini's Intellectuals: Fascist Social and Political Thought
13529:
Fascist Spectacle: The Aesthetics of Power in Mussolini's Italy
12273:
Goebbels on the Jews: The Complete Diary Entries â 1923 to 1945
10664:
9921:
9919:
9572:
7226:
6241:
5952:
5754:
5510:
5292:
5287:
4875:
4256:'s parliament and attempted a coup d'Ă©tat that resulted in the
4199:
4191:
4169:
4074:
3909:
3790:
3531:
3453:
3010:
2940:
2925:
2921:
2664:
2596:
2536:
sees the core tenets of fascism as "self-evident: nationalism;
2525:
2387:
2291:
2241:
2125:
2071:
2012:
1713:
1561:
1493:
298:
27:
Far-right, authoritarian, ultranationalistic political ideology
16076:
Contains chapters on fascist movements in different countries.
14198:
Integral Europe: Fast-Capitalism, Multiculturalism, Neofascism
13649:
The Struggle for Modernity: Nationalism, Futurism, and Fascism
13419:
In the Shadow of the Fasces: Political Design in Fascist Italy
12478:
12077:
11079:
10712:
9440:
9097:
8424:
The Search for Neofascism: The Use and Abuse of Social Science
8226:
6019:. Open homosexuals were interned in Nazi concentration camps.
4382:, followed by the next day of the occupation of the remaining
4026:
against natives in Libya, including mass killings, the use of
3870:. After seizing these cities, the fascists made plans to take
3843:, Giuseppe De Feo, Giacomo De Luca, and Gianluca Russo in the
2701:
described their ideology as right-wing in the political essay
2266:
were founded in Italy in 1915. In 1919, Mussolini founded the
28228:
26695:
26184:
26119:
25366:
22923:
18508:
18035:
16613:
Churchwell, Sarah. "American fascism: It has happened here."
16432:
16123:
Weiss-Wendt, Anton; Krieken, Robert; Cave, Alfred A. (2008).
16044:
The Secretary: Martin Bormann, The Man Who Manipulated Hitler
15904:
International Fascism: Theories, Causes and the New Consensus
15575:. Monographs in German History. Vol. 20. Berghahn Books.
12480:
The Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell
12327:"Testimony before the House Un-American Activities Committee"
10415:
10256:"Greece's Golden Dawn leader Michaloliakos held in crackdown"
10143:
PerĂłn, Reformism and Nazi fascism during the Second War World
9534:
9532:
9015:
9013:
9011:
9009:
8875:
8873:
8345:
8343:
8105:
7604:"Fascism Scholar Says U.S. Is 'Losing Its Democratic Status'"
7082:
7025:
6920:
6405:'s tenure as Italy's foreign minister the country engaged in
5922:
5731:
Fascist governments advocated for the resolution of domestic
4735:
4501:
vitality, and mass mobilization." He goes on to observe that
4253:
4019:
3748:
3443:
action to liberate Italian-claimed lands from Austria-Hungary
3014:
2603:
stated that "Hitler envisioned the ideal German society as a
2251:
2247:
1963:
22853:
National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise
15980:
The Oxford Handbook of the Italian Economy Since Unification
15586:
Salazar and the Fascisms: Brief Essay on Comparative History
14438:
Jean-Jacques Rousseau et les origines françaises du fascisme
14185:
Fascist Modernism: Aesthetics, Politics, and the Avant-Garde
13350:
Fascism: An Informal Introduction to Its Theory and Practice
12709:
The Cambridge History of Twentieth-Century Political Thought
11567:
11555:
9916:
9768:
6318:
6236:
of German culture and to prohibit postmodern trends such as
5917:, an organization for girls within the Nazi Party in Germany
4401:
according to the 1940 fascist project in case Italy had won
3415:
3074:
theme of that time. The theme was based on a revolt against
2435:
Stanley says recent global events as of 2020, including the
26690:
26114:
18893:
Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit
17034:
16868:"Eternal Fascism: Fourteen Ways of Looking at a Blackshirt"
16378:
15717:
Sawdust Caesar: The Untold History of Mussolini and Fascism
14100:
Communication, Cultural and Media Studies: The Key Concepts
12400:. New Brunswick (US); London (UK): Transaction Publishers.
12203:
11545:
11543:
11470:
11416:
11414:
11031:
10997:
10995:
10947:
10923:
10829:
10530:"So, Is Russia Fascist Now? Labels and Policy Implications"
10287:"The Arrest of the Nazi Gangsters of Golden Dawn in Greece"
10095:
10093:
9882:"Utopia: The 'Greater Germanic Reich of the German Nation'"
9789:
9787:
9785:
9783:
9744:
9507:
9505:
9503:
9259:
9247:
9172:
9160:
9109:
9085:
8756:
8746:
8744:
8543:
8541:
8539:
8537:
8512:
8510:
8508:
8506:
7709:
7707:
6864:
6659:
4849:
4475:
led to the collapse of many fascist regimes in Europe. The
4241:
3871:
3673:
2835:
2599:
as a characteristic component of German fascism. Historian
2215:
Eagle perched on fasces, as adorned on caps and helmets of
2137:
187:
16877:
16709:
Kagan, Robert. "This is how fascism comes to America." in
15582:
Salazar e os Fascismos: Ensaio Breve de HistĂłria Comparada
13924:
What is fascism? Interpretations and research perspectives
13250:
Rethinking the Nature of Fascism: Comparative Perspectives
12536:
12157:
12155:
12153:
12151:
12149:
12053:
12008:
11286:
11284:
11282:
11280:
11243:
11241:
11204:
11202:
10911:
10817:
9852:
9850:
9529:
9488:
9428:
9277:
9006:
8904:
8902:
8900:
8885:
8870:
8858:
8340:
8012:
6955:
6953:
6391:
6377:
that he had previously supported in favour of Nietzsche's
6368:
1902, Mussolini was studying Georges Sorel, Nietzsche and
4772:
said genuine fascists in Russia, like deceased politician
4703:(emphasis on his courage, militancy and physical prowess);
4354:
and its widespread diplomatic isolation. In 1936, Germany
4129:
and persecuted Jews and other racial and minority groups.
2584:
Racism was a key feature of German fascism, for which the
2402:
are more different from each other than they are similar.
2003:, forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural
1954:
26259:
26154:
24323:
18729:
German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)
11739:
which deepened in the West, and it is a response to that.
11344:
11214:
11171:
11144:
11132:
11108:
9756:
9642:
9452:
9416:
8931:
8921:
8919:
8917:
8639:
8629:
8627:
8625:
8623:
8610:
8608:
7607:
6940:
6938:
6478:
who had been senior Italian fascist officials, including
6354:
3947:
policies under the direction of liberal finance minister
3714:
on a regional basis; government representation through a
3052:
era and fusion of Maurrasism with Sorelianism (1880â1914)
2916:
2885:
director and ardent anti-communist, wrote extensively of
2882:
1957:
1951:
28394:
13081:
Italian Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period, 1918â1940
11996:
11634:
11632:
11630:
11591:
11579:
11540:
11161:
11159:
11055:
11019:
10992:
10959:
10935:
10867:
10777:
10765:
10678:
10676:
10382:
Is Russia Fascist?: Unravelling Propaganda East and West
10090:
10012:
9862:
9835:
9780:
9593:"Fascism in America: a long history that predates Trump"
9500:
9464:
9394:
9392:
9379:
9377:
9375:
9362:
9360:
9358:
9333:
9331:
9294:
9292:
9290:
9288:
9286:
9235:
9211:
9199:
9073:
8741:
8534:
8503:
8064:
7768:
International Journal for History, Culture and Modernity
7704:
7631:
7629:
7189:
7070:
4172:
faced the greatest domestic political turmoil since the
3640:
as essential to their aims. With the antagonism between
15878:
15802:
15687:
15012:
Fashioning the Body Politic: Dress, Gender, Citizenship
14618:
Who Were the Fascists: Social Roots of European Fascism
14442:
Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the French origins of fascism
14162:
Introduction to Critical Theory: Horkheimer to Habermas
13796:
Young Mussolini and the Intellectual Origins of Fascism
13726:
New British Fascism: Rise of the British National Party
13405:
Postwar Historical Education in Japan and the Germanies
12191:
12179:
12167:
12146:
11978:
11442:
11430:
11308:
11277:
11265:
11238:
11199:
11096:
11007:
10986:
10755:
10753:
10751:
10736:
10052:
9847:
9560:
9229:
9193:
9154:
9139:
9127:
9055:
8897:
8852:
8840:
8774:
8735:
8708:
8696:
8391:
8238:
8154:
8144:
8142:
8140:
8138:
8054:
7209:
Fashioning the body politic: dress, gender, citizenship
6950:
5664:
so that it may synthesize with the nation. Mussolini's
4632:
and economic crisis in Greece, a movement known as the
2348:. His definition of fascism focuses on three concepts:
2159:. These ideas have motivated fascist regimes to commit
19328:
National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement
18669:
Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists
16440:(in Italian). Enciclopedia Italiana. 31 October 2014.
16122:
15362:] (in Italian). Edizioni del Borghese – via
14615:
12134:
12065:
11940:
11789:
11787:
11785:
11296:
11226:
10789:
10024:
9904:
9823:
9618:
9517:
9037:
8914:
8819:
8809:
8807:
8792:
8675:
8663:
8651:
8620:
8605:
8565:
8367:
8355:
7951:
7939:
7933:
7743:
7680:
7214:
7134:"Policing Rome: Maintaining Order in Fact and Fiction"
6935:
6636:
6033:
has been identified as having a palingenetic character
4706:
General popular support for the regime and its leader.
4590:
4358:, a region that had been ordered demilitarized by the
23902:
Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia
14979:
Outhwaite, William (2006). Outhwaite, William (ed.).
12967:
Being a Character: Psychoanalysis and Self-Experience
12338:
Matthews, Claudio (1946). "Fascism Is Not Dead ...".
12094:
11684:
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
11627:
11615:
11603:
11498:
11332:
11156:
11120:
11067:
11043:
10700:
10673:
9732:
9720:
9630:
9476:
9404:
9389:
9372:
9355:
9343:
9328:
9316:
9283:
9061:
9025:
8780:
8714:
8403:
8328:
8202:
8036:
7840:
7828:
7816:
7626:
7583:
7508:
7506:
7040:
6198:
Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda
6101:
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
5951:
and contraceptive devices (with the exception of the
3723:. The Fascist Manifesto supported the creation of an
3608:. After World War I, fascists commonly campaigned on
3553:
2618:
2320:
Frequently cited as a standard definition by notable
1972:
1960:
1948:
15674:
13294:
The Routledge Companion to Fascism and the Far Right
13115:
Camus, Jean-Yves; Lebourg, Nicolas (20 March 2017).
12106:
11320:
11253:
10748:
9799:
8577:
8379:
8274:
8250:
8135:
8082:
8024:
7692:
7579:
on 29 November 2005 – via justicescholars.org.
6768:
6766:
6764:
6762:
6760:
6758:
6502:
6128:
in his writings and claims that "war is beautiful."
4796:, the chairman of the Board of Human Rights Center "
3439:
to promote the Italian intervention in the war as a
3269:
influenced fascism. Maurras promoted what he called
2911:
1991:
political ideology and movement, characterized by a
13286:. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press.
12448:
12020:
11782:
10724:
10619:"Rights campaigner calls Russia 'fascist' in court"
8804:
8553:
8522:
8214:
8166:
6425:After antagonism exploded between Nazi Germany and
3857:peasant leagues of both Socialists and Catholics."
3203:generation. Bergson's claim of the existence of an
2431:
of his political opponents are enemies or traitors.
1945:
28630:
16080:
15314:
14126:Encyclopaedia of Government and Politics: Volume 1
13454:
12706:Ball, Terence; Bellamy, Richard (14 August 2003).
8321:Anthony Grafton, Glenn W. Most, Salvatore Settis.
8262:
8190:
8178:
7503:
7470:
7429:
7341:
4471:The victory of the Allies over the Axis powers in
4085:The conditions of economic hardship caused by the
3568:Leon Trotsky was an early observer on the rise of
2974:similarly analyzed fascism as an inheritor of the
2234:, meaning 'bundle of sticks', ultimately from the
15803:Spektorowski, Alberto; Ireni-Saban, Liza (2013).
14981:The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought
14248:. London; Totowa, NJ: Frank Cass and Company Ltd.
12738:The Cambridge Companion to Modern Italian Culture
10523:
10521:
7719:
7242:
6755:
6284:
5995:. In 1935, Nazi Germany expanded the legality of
2962:, founder of the first non-Italian fascist party
2850:. Chinese Marxists used the term to denounce the
2830:, typically as an insult. It has been applied to
2382:allow fascism to coagulate around it". Historian
28699:
22230:Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics
15473:British Fascism: A Discourse-Historical Analysis
14120:
13798:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California; London:
13549:
12931:(2010). Bloxham, Donald; Moses, A. Dirk (eds.).
11915:The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia
11843:Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television
10581:
10579:
10577:
10575:
10309:
9310:
7473:Russian Fascism: Traditions Tendencies Movements
6806:
4804:had descended into fascism and that the army is
4754:compared Putin's Russia to the World War II-era
4441:
2663:. Roderick Stackelberg places fascismâincluding
2479:writes regarding Griffin's view: "Following the
2367:"Fascist goals" â the creation of a nationalist
2112:policies), with the principal goal of achieving
1248:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
857:Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics
16482:International Encyclopedia of Political Science
15588:] (in Portuguese). EdiçÔes Tinta-da-China.
14877:Originally published by William Morrow in 1974.
14844:
14044:Fascism, Totalitarianism and Political Religion
13981:
13961:
13951:Fascism: Critical Concepts in Political Science
13789:. Lanham, Maryland: University of America, Inc.
13526:
13211:
12735:Baranski, Zygmunt G.; West, Rebecca J. (2001).
11958:
11522:"Persecution of Homosexuals in the Third Reich"
11365:"Sexuality and Nazism: The Doubly Unspeakable?"
8232:
7810:
7528:
7280:from the original on 2 August 2022 – via
7088:
6906:
6850:International Encyclopedia of Political Science
6718:International Encyclopedia of Political Science
4318:, had boundaries derived from the plans of the
3628:, internationalist vision for society based on
25332:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands
18422:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands
16813:. Vol. 17, no. 12. pp. 812â818.
15898:(1998). "Crisis of Fin-de-siĂšcle Thought". In
14360:. New York; London: W.W. Norton & Company.
13941:
13707:
12088:
11085:
10849:"Benito Mussolini, Doctrine of Fascism (1932)"
10518:
10434:"Putin's Russia as a fascist political system"
10232:Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial Argentina
10118:Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial Argentina
9997:
9978:. Amsterdam/Atlanta: Rodopi. pp. 235â252.
4416:was removed as head of government and arrested
4208:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands
4041:
4006:strikes and lock-outs and in 1927 created the
4001:, in which the Italian employers' association
3992:
2920:Depiction of a Greek Hoplite warrior; ancient
2419:How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them
28616:
28380:
27968:
26075:
25592:
24339:
24315:
18234:Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation
16893:
15760:Economy and Class Structure of German Fascism
15139:(First ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
15055:Women, Gender, and Fascism in Europe, 1919-45
13550:Ferrandi, Maurizio; Obermair, Hannes (2023).
13022:Fascist Italy: A Concise Historical Narrative
13020:Borsella, Cristogianni; Caso, Adolph (2007).
10572:
9667:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 35.
8291:
8289:
6486:and Giuseppe Preziosi), while others such as
6358:
6215:
6148:The standard definition of fascism, given by
6022:
5900:
5633:
5587:
4116:and the establishment of the fascist regime,
3796:
3695:
3692:The Manifesto of the Italian Fasces of Combat
3657:
3529:
3462:
3432:
2275:
2229:
2223:
1917:
26581:
25520:
25511:
25351:National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark
25032:
25023:
25012:
24956:
24947:
24829:
24820:
24801:
24792:
24766:
24735:
24574:
24565:
24526:
24502:
24461:
24451:
24437:
24388:
24379:
24370:
24051:
22285:Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World
18442:National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark
18417:National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)
16626:"Fascism â Concepts and Theories, version 1"
16510:
15906:. London and New York: Bloomsbury Academic.
13383:Italian Fascism: its Origins and Development
13114:
13019:
12923:
12770:
12734:
12645:
11655:(21). University of Minnesota Press: 41â61.
11460:
10835:
10616:
9554:
9265:
9253:
9178:
9166:
9115:
9103:
9091:
8349:
8111:
8058:
7641:
7424:
6838:
6666:
6655:
6653:
6406:
6378:
5795:
5648:, though it did embrace the British Empire.
4666:, a French political scientist, contends in
4463:from 1946 to 1955 and 1973 to 1974, admired
4331:
4319:
4311:
4305:
4013:
3791:From populism to conservative accommodations
3502:
3459:Revolutionary Fasces of International Action
3312:, Sorel emphasized need for a revolutionary
3204:
3198:
3186:
3134:
3124:
3095:
3067:
3047:
2758:outside the traditional political spectrum.
2604:
2190:by political opponents. The descriptions of
26517:
23233:Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists
18228:Fédération d'action nationale et européenne
16517:Encyclopedia of World Environmental History
16060:. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company.
15828:
15754:
15719:. New York and London: Harper and Brothers.
15351:
14918:
13572:
13290:
13256:
13247:
13212:Clarke, Paul Barry; Foweraker, Joe (2001).
13024:. Wellesley, Massachusetts: Branden Books.
12705:
12646:Arnot, Margaret; Usborne, Cornelie (1999).
12059:
11710:
11420:
11037:
10042:
8992:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 227.
8879:
8864:
8244:
8018:
8002:
6993:
6772:
6420:Italy's invasion and occupation of Ethiopia
6214:In Italy, the Mussolini regime created the
4624:Golden Dawn demonstration in Greece in 2012
4295:
4148:claims on Hungary's neighbors. The fascist
3847:, exploring the link between the threat of
2398:, and that states such as Nazi Germany and
2239:
28623:
28609:
28387:
28373:
27975:
27961:
26082:
26068:
25599:
25585:
24346:
24332:
23718:Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust
23643:National Socialist German Students' League
23164:Union of Young Fascists â Vanguard (girls)
22295:A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century
19188:Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party
18437:National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)
17813:National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party
16900:
16886:
16723:(U Chicago Press 2022) online book review]
16319:
16087:. Houghton Mifflin Reference Books. 2005.
16012:
15815:
15531:
15489:
15470:
14769:
14711:
14699:
13708:Golomb, Jacob; Wistrich, Robert S (2002).
13291:Davies, Peter; Lynch, Derek, eds. (2002).
12855:. Vol. 2. Santa Barbara, California:
12842:. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California:
12014:
9973:
9664:Theft of a Nation: Romania Since Communism
9446:
9434:
8286:
8006:
7761:
7749:
7547:
7545:
6929:
6910:
6826:
6252:Fascist parties were closely contested by
5688:Fascist states pursued policies of social
5594:
5580:
2871:In the United States, Herbert Matthews of
2770:
2282:, a bundle of rods tied around an axe, an
1924:
1910:
25321:German National Movement in Liechtenstein
23159:Union of Young Fascists â Vanguard (boys)
19338:National Socialist Patriotic Organisation
18883:United Hungarian National Socialist Party
18724:German National Movement in Liechtenstein
18140:British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women
16799:
16746:
16734:British Journal of American Legal Studies
16726:
16296:
15894:
15882:; Sznajder, Mario; Ashéri, Maia (1994) .
15857:
15570:
15553:
14978:
14962:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198202905.001.0001
14880:
14870:
14690:
14526:
14243:
14069:
13620:
13343:
13315:
13104:Handbook of the sociology of the military
12994:Theories of Tyranny: From Plato to Arendt
12894:
12865:
12850:
12511:
12426:
12414:
12386:
12360:
12209:
12002:
11990:
11927:
11906:
11805:
11597:
11585:
10953:
10783:
10771:
10694:
10186:
9841:
9660:
9578:
9458:
9241:
9217:
8937:
8762:
8750:
8595:
8547:
8516:
8493:
8334:
8208:
8160:
8086:
8070:
7779:
7468:
7388:
7336:
7311:
7236:
7076:
7013:
6959:
6650:
6319:Unprincipled opportunism: Italian fascism
5619:national rebirth, exalting the nation or
4776:and activist and self-styled philosopher
3416:World War I and its aftermath (1914â1929)
3005:of 1871 led to the 'nemesis of fascism'.
58:(right), are examples of fascist leaders.
26089:
25606:
22702:Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal
19540:Canadian Association for Free Expression
19055:Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista
18120:Breton Social-National Workers' Movement
16623:
16556:
16183:
16167:
16041:
15399:
15317:Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis
15051:
15028:
14786:
14760:
14693:Italian Fascisms: from Pareto to Gentile
14458:
14435:
14073:An Intelligent Person's Guide to Fascism
13694:
13681:
13607:
13380:
13371:
13281:
13229:(second ed.). London and New York:
13059:
12853:World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia
12840:World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia
12837:
12829:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California:
12824:
12542:"Revisiting the rise of Italian fascism"
12337:
12267:
12231:
12197:
12185:
12173:
12124:
11681:
11573:
11561:
11549:
11362:
11314:
11193:
11061:
11025:
11013:
11001:
10965:
10917:
10873:
10527:
10378:
10099:
10058:
9958:
9925:
9868:
9856:
9793:
9774:
9691:
9511:
9470:
9205:
9079:
9031:
9019:
8949:
8397:
8361:
8256:
7945:
7524:
7100:
6886:
6834:
6822:
6457:as well as the classical revival in the
6401:to justify its actions, although during
6294:
6201:
6087:
5980:times the Nazis opposed such behaviour.
5908:
5894:
5753:
5656:Fascism promotes the establishment of a
4850:Nationalism with or without expansionism
4816:compared Russia under Vladimir Putin to
4709:
4619:
4539:
4451:
4392:
4299:
4212:
4180:and multiple far-right movements rioted
4045:
3876:
3742:
3674:Fascist Manifesto and Charter of Carnaro
3563:
3523:
3519:
3479:
3419:
3377:
2915:
2622:
2404:
2298:symbol is five arrows joined by a yoke.
2258:. According to Italian fascist dictator
2210:
2070:. Fascism also had adherents outside of
38:
27665:Reflections on the Revolution in France
16572:
16343:. Studies in European History. London:
16226:
15977:
15942:
15920:
15657:
15532:Roel Reyes, Stefan (17 December 2019).
15518:
15312:
15299:
15009:
14893:
14848:; Kaltwasser, CristĂłbal Rovira (2017).
14724:
14586:
14557:
14470:] (in French). Ars Magna Editions.
14464:Pour une Ă©tude scientifique du fascisme
14444:] (in French). Ars Magna Editions.
14422:
14390:
14364:
14355:
14316:
14284:
14234:War, Violence, and the Modern Condition
14231:
14146:
14094:
14037:
14003:
13912:
13896:
13880:
13848:
13720:
13659:
13643:
13558:] (in Italian). Merano: Alphabeta.
13449:
13415:
13402:
13192:
13163:
13150:
13101:
13075:
13038:
12987:
12945:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199232116.001.0001
12933:The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies
12895:Blinkhorn, Martin (27 September 2006).
12818:Dachau, 1933â1945: The Official History
12783:
12632:
12546:Center for Economic and Policy Research
12253:
12161:
12140:
12128:
12026:
11979:Schreiber, Stegemann & Vogel (1995)
11966:
11962:
11946:
11875:
11518:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
11488:
11476:
11448:
11436:
11271:
11247:
11232:
11208:
11102:
10929:
10795:
10742:
10617:Papachristou, Lucy (26 February 2024).
10585:
10315:
10284:
10159:
9988:
9910:
9829:
9817:
9750:
9624:
9590:
9566:
9550:
9230:Sternhell, Sznajder & Ashéri (1994)
9194:Sternhell, Sznajder & Ashéri (1994)
9155:Sternhell, Sznajder & Ashéri (1994)
9140:Sternhell, Sznajder & Ashéri (1994)
9128:Sternhell, Sznajder & Ashéri (1994)
9056:Sternhell, Sznajder & Ashéri (1994)
9043:
8987:
8925:
8908:
8853:Sternhell, Sznajder & Ashéri (1994)
8841:Sternhell, Sznajder & Ashéri (1994)
8786:
8775:Sternhell, Sznajder & Ashéri (1994)
8736:Sternhell, Sznajder & Ashéri (1994)
8709:Sternhell, Sznajder & Ashéri (1994)
8697:Sternhell, Sznajder & Ashéri (1994)
8681:
8669:
8657:
8645:
8633:
8614:
8409:
8373:
8295:
8099:
8055:Sternhell, Sznajder & Ashéri (1994)
8030:
7858:
7846:
7834:
7762:Roel Reyes, Stefan (24 November 2021).
7737:
7713:
7698:
7686:
7647:
7635:
7542:
7532:
7294:
7256:
7252:
7248:
7220:
7195:
7131:
6944:
6818:
6814:
6798:
6794:
6790:
6730:
6728:
6726:
6392:Ideological dishonesty: Italian fascism
6217:Direzione Generale per la Cinematografi
6031:. In particular, fascism's nationalism
5890:
5785:, whose ideas inspired the creation of
4808:"mass murder". On 7 March 2024, in his
4509:" However, historians tend to view the
4277:Institute for Industrial Reconstruction
4164:without foreign assistance. During the
3845:Center for Economic and Policy Research
3560:The Struggle Against Fascism in Germany
3037:Universal Negro Improvement Association
2124:, usually blended with some variant of
14:
28700:
23385:Hungarian National Defence Association
22255:Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals
19692:Christian Party (United States, 1930s)
19413:Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine
19388:Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists
19243:Front of National Revolutionary Action
19178:Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights
18834:National Socialist Working Association
18412:National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)
18397:National Socialist Dutch Workers Party
17995:Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana
16683:
16338:
15990:
15776:
15745:
15723:
15711:
15457:
15153:
15129:
15093:(1998). "The five stages of fascism".
15089:
15080:
14815:
14667:
14510:
14425:A History of Modern Germany, 1800â2000
14329:
14252:
14195:
14182:
13839:
13816:
13793:
13610:The Routledge History of the Holocaust
13556:Blackshirts in South Tyrol (1921â1928)
13552:Camicie nere in Alto Adige (1921â1928)
13475:
13440:
13393:
13224:
12961:
12866:Blinkhorn, Martin (2 September 2003).
12815:
12582:
12487:
12460:
12346:
12321:
12304:
12290:
12279:
12112:
12100:
12071:
11840:
11793:
11338:
11302:
11073:
11049:
10941:
10823:
10807:
10730:
10718:
10706:
10682:
10372:
10316:Samaras, Georgios (26 November 2020).
10266:from the original on 28 September 2013
10193:Studia Historica. Contemporary History
10140:
10030:
10018:
9940:
9931:
9538:
9523:
9494:
9337:
9322:
9298:
9067:
8891:
8798:
8720:
8458:
8421:
8385:
8268:
8196:
8184:
8172:
8042:
7934:Weiss-Wendt, Krieken & Cave (2008)
7822:
7676:– via Library of Social Science.
7589:
7536:
7009:
7005:
6971:
6810:
6640:
6637:Larsen, Hagtvet & Myklebust (1984)
6632:
4748:"We Should Say It: Russia Is Fascist."
4356:remilitarized the industrial Rhineland
4310:, to be realised with the policies of
4140:in 1932 and attempted to entrench his
3389:(1909) and later the co-author of the
3351:The ANI held ties and influence among
3276:
2818:Despite fascist movements' history of
2563:, organized in a militia party with a
28604:
28368:
27956:
26063:
25580:
24327:
24314:
24020:
23937:
23892:Nazi crimes against the Polish nation
23826:November 1932 German federal election
23699:
22809:
22146:
20034:
20004:La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia
19834:National Socialist Party of Australia
18543:Parti Communautaire National-Européen
18427:National Socialist Movement of Norway
17636:
17235:
16919:
16881:
16771:
16658:
16281:
16249:
16158:
16101:
16050:
15628:
15579:
15496:(4th ed.). Amersfoort: Bekking.
15431:
15370:
15267:
15247:Falange: A History of Spanish Fascism
15241:
15207:
15181:
14947:
14906:
14638:
14208:
13784:
13759:
13514:
12771:Bastow, Steve; Martin, James (2003).
12676:
12595:
12559:
11750:
11638:
11621:
11609:
11504:
11350:
11290:
11259:
11220:
11189:
11177:
11165:
11150:
11138:
11126:
11114:
10987:Spektorowski & Ireni-Saban (2013)
10811:
10759:
10478:
10428:
10285:Michael, Savvas (30 September 2013).
9949:
9805:
9762:
9738:
9726:
9648:
9636:
9482:
9422:
9410:
9398:
9383:
9366:
9349:
8583:
8571:
8559:
8528:
8497:
8280:
8220:
8148:
7957:
7869:] (in Italian). Editori Laterza.
7614:from the original on 7 September 2020
7512:
7260:
7232:
6914:
6902:
6802:
6681:
6679:
6677:
6644:
4648:
4350:resulting in its condemnation by the
3937:
2441:2020â2022 United States racial unrest
2286:symbol of the authority of the civic
2064:spreading to other European countries
28396:List of fascist movements by country
25338:National Socialist Movement of Chile
23134:National Youth Organisation (Greece)
22909:Francisco Franco National Foundation
19959:National Socialist Movement of Chile
18769:National Democratic Party of Germany
16444:from the original on 6 November 2014
16079:
15860:Revue française de science politique
15748:The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich
15602:
14737:
14497:
14484:
14159:
13993:. Vol. 3. London and New York:
13746:
13488:
12529:
11326:
10638:Ebel, Francesca (27 February 2024).
10637:
10438:Communist and Post-Communist Studies
10360:from the original on 10 October 2020
10330:from the original on 2 December 2020
10221:
10111:
8962:
8825:
8813:
8599:
8083:Schnapp, Sears & Stampino (2000)
7725:
6890:
6830:
6723:
4585:National Democratic Party of Germany
4250:National Socialist Movement of Chile
3009:sees a continuity from the views of
1072:Imperial Rule Assistance Association
27775:The End of History and the Last Man
27685:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
23749:Armenian genocide and the Holocaust
23633:Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas
23114:National Socialist Liberation Front
19964:National Universitary Concentration
19804:Australian National Socialist Party
19642:National Socialist Liberation Front
19473:Union of Bulgarian National Legions
19003:Falange Española de las JONS (1976)
18829:National Socialist Freedom Movement
18764:National Democratic Party (Austria)
18538:Organisation of National Socialists
18432:National Socialist Union of Finland
16651:GarcĂa, Hugo, et al. (eds.) (2016)
16642:From fascism to populism in history
16428:from the original on 31 March 2019.
16404:from the original on 7 October 2017
16371:
16083:Webster's II New College Dictionary
14850:Populism: A Very Short Introduction
13844:. New Brunswick: Transaction Press.
13527:Falasca-Zamponi, Simonetta (2000).
13520:The Third Reich in Power: 1933â1939
13153:Benito Mussolini: the First Fascist
12493:"Politics and the English Language"
11650:
11528:from the original on 6 October 2008
11369:Journal of the History of Sexuality
9591:Tenorio, Rich (30 September 2023).
8965:The twilight of Comintern 1930â1935
7867:Fascism: History and interpretation
7551:
7398:A New Handbook of Political Science
7103:"The Rule of Law: Symbols of Power"
6699:from the original on 22 August 2017
6206:Joseph Goebbels with film director
5977:Cross of Honor of the German Mother
5857:National Socialist People's Welfare
4591:Contemporary fascism (2008âpresent)
4388:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
4386:and the proclamation of the German
4136:rose to power as Prime Minister of
3860:
3431:), who in 1914 founded and led the
2826:have sometimes been referred to as
24:
25377:World Union of National Socialists
24536:Adolf Hitler's cult of personality
24440:Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte
24021:
23831:March 1933 German federal election
23623:Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad
23293:Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood
22833:Chamber of Fasces and Corporations
22722:Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht
22245:The Last Will of a Russian Fascist
19939:National Fascist Party (Argentina)
19488:Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood
19283:Liberal Democratic Party of Russia
19183:Bosnian Movement of National Pride
18749:Hungarian National Socialist Party
18699:Christian National Socialist Front
18651:World Union of National Socialists
18568:Patriotic People's Movement (1993)
18254:French National-Collectivist Party
17903:Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad
17803:Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde Ä°nkiĆaf
17708:Azerbaijan National Democrat Party
16684:Illing, Sean (19 September 2018).
16624:Esposito, Fernando (August 2017).
16539:
15731:. New York: In Fact. p. 288.
15187:Fascism: Comparison and Definition
15031:Fascism: A Very Short Introduction
14950:War and Economy in the Third Reich
14504:University of North Carolina Press
14370:To Hell and Back: Europe 1914â1949
13583:University of North Carolina Press
13248:Costa Pinto, Antonio, ed. (2011).
13214:Encyclopedia of Democratic Thought
12589:State University of New York Press
12420:Fascism: Doctrine and Institutions
12224:
11934:University of North Carolina Press
11808:Journal of Modern European History
10697:, pp. 451â453, "Nationalism".
10568:from the original on 20 July 2022.
10168:] (in Spanish). pp. 2â3.
7862:Fascismo: Storia e interpretazione
7659:. Providence, RI: Berghahn Books.
6674:
6187:
6120:art movement and co-author of the
5853:Winter Relief of the German People
5678:The Legal Basis of the Total State
5651:
3969:
3818:, adopting policies in support of
3554:Impact of the Bolshevik Revolution
3385:, Italian modernist author of the
2893:in the 1920s was sometimes called
2651:. Such scholarship focuses on its
2619:Position on the political spectrum
2588:was a high priority. According to
2394:are essentially manifestations of
877:The Last Will of a Russian Fascist
25:
28804:
25423:Last surviving war crime suspects
23089:Korean National Youth Association
22810:
22275:The Myth of the Twentieth Century
19662:Nationalist Front (United States)
19622:National Alliance (United States)
19393:The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov
19308:National-Christian Defense League
18819:Greater German People's Community
18597:Scottish Democratic Fascist Party
17788:Korean National Youth Association
16819:
16013:Vatikiotis, Panayiotis J (1988).
15085:. Wheeling: Harlan Davidson, Inc.
14714:Modern Italy: A Political History
14468:For a scientific study of fascism
12648:Gender and Crime in Modern Europe
12422:. Rome, Italy: Ardita Publishers.
11912:
10855:from the original on 31 July 2016
10450:10.1016/j.postcomstud.2016.01.002
10297:from the original on 13 June 2020
9955:De Felice in Grandi (1983), p. 21
7601:
7101:Johnston, Peter (12 April 2013).
6276:and subsequent revelation of the
5343:List of nationalist organizations
3928:Historian Stanley G. Payne says:
3652:and as especially opposed to the
2912:Background and 19th-century roots
827:The Myth of the Twentieth Century
27745:The Open Society and Its Enemies
25563:
25562:
25413:Nazi Party leaders and officials
24293:
23851:1934 Montreux Fascist conference
23455:National Socialism / White Power
19877:Argentine Anticommunist Alliance
19443:Russian Women's Fascist Movement
19373:National Socialism / White Power
18784:National Movement of Switzerland
18244:Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party
17665:Muslim Association of the Lictor
16931:
16341:Nationalism in Europe, 1890â1940
16194:(4). Thousand Oaks, California:
15490:Rietbergen, P. J. A. N. (2000).
14873:Mussolini: An Intimate Biography
14317:Kallis, Aristotle, ed. (2003b).
14007:(2008). Feldman, Matthew (ed.).
13697:Racial Theories in Fascist Italy
13394:Delzel, Charles F., ed. (1970).
12041:from the original on 19 May 2019
12027:Kington, Tom (13 October 2009).
11984:
11921:
11869:
11834:
11799:
11744:
11704:
11675:
11644:
11510:
11356:
10895:
10879:
10841:
10652:
10631:
10610:
10586:Coalson, Robert (9 April 2022).
10496:
10472:
10422:
10342:
10278:
10248:
10215:
10180:
10153:
10134:
10105:
10064:
9982:
9967:
9874:
9811:
9685:
9654:
9584:
8981:
8955:
7895:"Who Are You Calling a Fascist?"
6519:
6505:
6441:took control of Italy after the
5862:
5561:
4567:(AN), which has been an ally of
4528:, associated with the regime of
4109:and the presence of immigrants.
3923:
3835:conservatives and syndicalists.
3230:
3216:
2627:Pro-government demonstration in
2074:. Fascists saw World War I as a
1941:
1891:
1147:1934 Montreux Fascist conference
81:
26552:Family as a model for the state
25535:Political views of Adolf Hitler
23648:Sindicato Español Universitario
22879:Agrarian Trade Union Federation
22848:Italian Nationalist Association
19949:Nationalist Liberation Alliance
19731:Revolutionary Mexicanist Action
19587:Fascist League of North America
19550:Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform
19170:Eastern and Southeastern Europe
18956:Fasci Italiani di Combattimento
18754:Kampfbund Deutscher Sozialisten
18041:Syrian Social Nationalist Party
16187:Journal of Contemporary History
15886:. Translated by Maisei, David.
15816:Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2012).
15302:The Fascist Experience in Italy
14290:Journal of Contemporary History
14232:HĂŒppauf, Bernd-RĂŒdiger (1997).
13396:Mediterranean Fascism 1919â1945
13372:De Grand, Alexander J. (1995).
13197:. Henry Holt and Company, LLC.
13164:Carroll, David (21 July 1998).
12583:Ahmida, Ali Abdullatif (1994).
12397:Origins and Doctrine of Fascism
12219:
11757:A History of Fascism, 1914â1945
11363:Heineman, Elizabeth D. (2002).
10592:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
10006:A History of Spain and Portugal
8452:
8415:
8315:
8092:
7978:
7887:
7852:
7755:
7595:
7462:
7418:
7382:
7330:
7288:
7266:
7201:
7160:
7125:
7094:
7034:
6987:
6965:
4810:2024 State of the Union Address
4790:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
3359:values, democracy, liberalism,
2737:Italian Nationalist Association
2551:a modern political phenomenon,
1047:Revolutionary Mexicanist Action
28632:Category: Fascism by continent
27902:Separation of church and state
27800:Collectivism and individualism
27755:The Origins of Totalitarianism
25428:Speeches given by Adolf Hitler
24155:of Poles during the Partitions
23628:Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista
23310:Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria
23042:GioventĂč Italiana del Littorio
22949:National Popular Consciousness
19560:Parti national social chrétien
19263:Greek National Socialist Party
19033:National Fascist Party (Italy)
19008:Falange Española Independiente
18961:Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria
18759:Liechtenstein Homeland Service
18447:National Socialists of Finland
18071:Northern / Northwestern Europe
17808:National Socialism Association
16783:Johns Hopkins University Press
16644:(U of California Press, 2019)
16126:The Historiography of Genocide
15829:Stackelberg, Roderick (1999).
15631:The American Historical Review
15437:The Mass Psychology of Fascism
14919:O'Brien, Paul (4 March 2014).
14590:Fascism: Past, Present, Future
14566:University of California Press
14166:University of California Press
13840:Gregor, Anthony James (2009).
13817:Gregor, Anthony James (2005).
13800:University of California Press
13794:Gregor, Anthony James (1979).
13608:Friedman, Jonathan C. (2011).
13533:University of California Press
13374:Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany
12831:University of California Press
12282:The Goebbels Diaries 1939â1941
12271:(2019). Dalton, Thomas (ed.).
9692:Deletant, D. (12 April 2006).
9311:Ferrandi & Obermair (2023)
6807:Hawkesworth & Kogan (1992)
6626:
6581:PostâWorld War II anti-fascism
6285:Anti-democratic and tyrannical
5434:Historiography and nationalism
4884:Nationalism in the Middle Ages
4344:interventionist foreign policy
4034:by forcibly expelling 100,000
3892:(from left to right: unknown,
3721:Senate of the Kingdom of Italy
3702:and supported the creation of
3602:Fasces of Revolutionary Action
3427:(here in 1917 as a soldier in
2643:Scholars place fascism on the
2576:Historian and cultural critic
2301:
2264:Fasces of Revolutionary Action
2011:for the perceived good of the
13:
1:
28783:Syncretic political movements
28758:Political science terminology
27942:Category:Political philosophy
27815:Critique of political economy
25362:Ossewabrandwag (South Africa)
23744:Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria
23485:Russian National Unity (2000)
23268:Combat Terrorist Organization
23149:Patriotic/Eureka Youth League
22240:Kokutairon and Pure Socialism
19839:Progressive Nationalist Party
19652:National States' Rights Party
18951:Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria
18239:Finnish People's Organisation
18165:British People's Party (2005)
18160:British People's Party (1939)
18150:British National Party (1960)
17637:
16666:. London: Allen & Unwin.
16576:Contemporary European History
16301:. Oxford, England; New York:
16282:Woolf, Stuart Joseph (1983).
16173:The Mortal Napoleon The Third
15978:Toniolo, Gianni, ed. (2013).
15400:Ramswell, Prebble Q. (2017).
15352:Quarantotto, Claudio (1976).
15279:University of Wisconsin Press
15217:University of Wisconsin Press
15213:A History of Fascism, 1914â45
15191:University of Wisconsin Press
14763:Mussolini and Italian Fascism
14209:Horne, John (8 August 2002).
13480:. Westport, Connecticut, US:
13263:. Social Science Monographs.
13257:Costa Pinto, AntĂłnio (1995).
12513:de Rivera, José Antonio Primo
11959:Clarke & Foweraker (2001)
11762:University of Wisconsin Press
10551:10.1080/0163660X.2022.2090760
8963:Carr, Edward Hallett (1986).
8233:Griffin & Feldman (2004a)
7811:Mudde & Kaltwasser (2017)
7655:. In Berghaus, GĂŒnter (ed.).
7529:Griffin & Feldman (2004a)
6907:Griffin & Feldman (2004c)
6619:
6083:
5609:palingenetic ultranationalism
5526:Seasonal or cultural festival
4684:undemocratic political system
4601:Radical right (United States)
4442:Post-World War II (1945â2008)
3435:Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria
2485:palingenetic ultranationalism
2179:, the actions of the fascist
28339:Social dominance orientation
27840:Institutional discrimination
27835:History of political thought
26567:Negative and positive rights
25403:Bibliography of Adolf Hitler
24686:Aestheticization of politics
23964:Fascist movements by country
23545:Ukrainian People's Militsiya
23288:Croatian National Resistance
23154:Union of Fascist Little Ones
23084:Juventudes de AcciĂłn Popular
23079:Jeunesse Populaire Française
23012:Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha
22979:Russian Fascist Organization
22571:Revue d'histoire du fascisme
20014:Tacuara Nationalist Movement
19989:Popular Representation Party
19954:National Liberation Movement
19907:Brazilian Integralist Action
19887:Argentine Nationalist Action
19567:Fascism in the United States
19288:Lithuanian Nationalist Union
19198:Croatian National Resistance
19193:Croatian Liberation Movement
19095:National Union (Italy, 1923)
19090:National Front (Spain, 2006)
19085:National Front (Spain, 1986)
18998:Falange Española de las JONS
18804:National Union (Switzerland)
18794:National Radical Camp (1993)
18779:National Front (Switzerland)
18457:National Union (Netherlands)
18294:International Third Position
18269:General Dutch Fascist League
18212:English National Association
17918:Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha
17655:Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging
17236:
16945:Aestheticization of politics
16615:The New York Review of Books
16511:Staudenmaier, Peter (2004).
16163:. John Benjamins Publishing.
15945:Women's studies encyclopedia
15794:on 18 July 2020 – via
15787:The New York Review of Books
15681:University of Nebraska Press
15471:Richardson, John E. (2017).
15460:Fascism: Theory and Practice
15371:Quine, Maria Sophia (1996).
15274:The Franco Regime, 1936â1975
14819:Fascism in Europe, 1919â1945
14718:University of Michigan Press
14543:10.1080/14623528.2011.595586
14530:Journal of Genocide Research
13842:Phoenix: Fascism in Our Time
13387:University of Nebraska Press
13381:De Grand, Alexander (2000).
13284:The Unmaking of Adolf Hitler
13151:Cardoza, Anthony L. (2006).
13118:Far-Right Politics in Europe
12450:de Oliveira Salazar, AntĂłnio
12310:The American Economic Review
12237:The Ciano Diaries, 1939â1943
12089:Golomb & Wistrich (2002)
11879:American Sociological Review
11820:10.17104/1611-8944_2015_1_59
11720:University of Michigan Press
11086:Griffin & Feldman (2004)
10187:Cucchetti, Humberto (2012).
8436:10.1017/cbo9780511617225.006
7565:The New York Review of Books
7107:Oklahoma Wesleyan University
6299:Hitler and Spanish dictator
6247:
6110:aestheticization of politics
5723:, describing it as national
4605:Fascism in the United States
4495:Spanish Constitution of 1931
4271:, its support for unlimited
3759:developed the quasi-fascist
3632:, while fascists emphasized
3630:proletarian internationalism
3035:, founder and leader of the
2764:José Antonio Primo de Rivera
2760:Falange Española de las JONS
2749:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
2697:In the 1920s, Mussolini and
2206:
1283:Fascist movements by country
970:Brazilian Integralist Action
103:Aestheticization of politics
7:
28354:List of totalitarian states
28334:Right-wing authoritarianism
27850:Justification for the state
27635:Two Treatises of Government
25343:National Socialist Movement
25311:Arrow Cross Party (Hungary)
23700:
23405:Jewish Defense Organization
23278:Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar
23273:Confederation of the Nation
22954:People's Party Our Slovakia
22672:The Daughter of the Samurai
22381:Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung
22210:The Fourth Political Theory
22185:Did Six Million Really Die?
19912:Brazilian Integralist Front
19819:National Action (Australia)
19756:Nationalist Front of Mexico
19704:Traditionalist Worker Party
19647:National Socialist Movement
19632:Nationalist Social Club-131
19155:Unidad Falangista Montañesa
19013:Falangist Movement of Spain
18809:Nationalist Front (Germany)
18563:Patriotic People's Movement
17990:Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
17798:Liberal Party (South Korea)
16907:
16850:by Benito Mussolini (1932)
16713:(Routledge, 2019) 369â371.
15677:A Primer of Italian Fascism
15475:. Stuttgart: Ibidem Press.
15313:Proctor, Robert E. (1989).
15060:Manchester University Press
14898:. Oxon, England; New York:
14871:Mussolini, Rachele (1977).
14727:Twentieth-Century Sexuality
14302:10.1177/0022009403038002132
14238:Walter de Gruyter & Co.
14196:Holmes, Douglas R. (2000).
14070:Griffiths, Richard (2000).
13787:Ethics and Political Theory
13579:Chapel Hill, North Carolina
13573:Friedlander, Henry (1995).
13416:Doordan, Dennis P. (1995).
13069:University of Chicago Press
13045:. Oxford University Press.
12898:Mussolini and Fascist Italy
12851:Blamires, Cyprian (2006b).
12566:Manchester University Press
12517:Textos de Doctrina PolĂtica
11928:Steinweis, Alan E. (1996).
10379:Laruelle, Marlene. (2021).
9886:Institut fĂŒr Zeitgeschichte
7469:Shenfield, Stephen (2001).
6852:, p. 887â888, Fascism.
6596:Right-wing authoritarianism
6498:
5797:bodenstÀndigen Kapitalismus
5369:Anti-globalization movement
4802:Russia under Vladimir Putin
4362:. In 1938, Germany annexed
4050:Nazis in Munich during the
4042:Hitler adopts Italian model
3993:Corporatist economic system
3712:proportional representation
3664:, with the founding of the
3294:promoted the legitimacy of
2682:organizational tactics and
2270:in Milan, which became the
2203:) to signify their stance.
1201:Italian invasion of Albania
1037:Patriotic People's Movement
10:
28809:
28329:Left-wing authoritarianism
28164:Authoritarian conservatism
26520:Bellum omnium contra omnes
25357:Nordic Resistance Movement
24493:National Socialist Program
24353:
24140:F-scale (personality test)
24032:Authoritarian conservatism
23525:Sudetendeutsches Freikorps
20035:
19994:Popular Socialist Vanguard
19919:Falangism in Latin America
19897:Bolivian Socialist Falange
19892:Argentine Patriotic League
19829:National Socialist Network
19627:National Renaissance Party
19545:Canadian Union of Fascists
19363:National Renaissance Front
19343:National Socialist Society
19318:National Fascist Community
19115:Republican Social Movement
19080:National Democracy (Spain)
19075:National Democracy (Italy)
18993:Falange Española Auténtica
18799:National Revival of Poland
18714:Free German Workers' Party
18602:Scottish Protestant League
18528:Order of Flemish Militants
18487:Nordic Resistance Movement
18352:National Alliance (Sweden)
18327:Mouvement d'Action Civique
17878:Rastriya Prajatantra Party
17818:Nationalist Movement Party
16920:
16605:Annual Review of Sociology
16320:Zafirovski, Milan (2008).
16297:Woshinsky, Oliver (2008).
16204:10.1177/002200947601100409
16177:Princeton University Press
15953:Greenwood Publishing Group
15888:Princeton University Press
15571:RohkrÀmer, Thomas (2007).
15544:(2). Leiden, Netherlands:
15525:Cambridge University Press
14887:Minnesota University Press
14795:Cambridge University Press
14770:Millington, Chris (2019).
14761:McDonald, Harmish (1999).
14744:Cambridge University Press
14712:Mack Smith, Denis (1997).
14707:. New York: Vintage Books.
14691:Lyttelton, Adrian (1973).
14647:Greenwood Publishing Group
14491:Cambridge University Press
14436:Kitsikis, Dimitri (2006).
14215:Cambridge University Press
14202:Princeton University Press
14153:Cambridge University Press
13823:Princeton University Press
13714:Princeton University Press
13667:. New York: Enigma Books.
13476:Elazar, Dahlia S. (2001).
13322:Interpretations of Fascism
13172:Princeton University Press
13102:Caforio, Giuseppe (2006).
13085:Greenwood Publishing Group
12901:(3rd ed.). New York:
12838:Blamires, Cyprian (2006).
12777:Edinburgh University Press
12743:Cambridge University Press
12714:Cambridge University Press
12280:Taylor, Fred, ed. (1983).
11682:Benjamin, Walter (2008) .
11461:Arnot & Usborne (1999)
10836:Bastow & Martin (2003)
10667:, The New Voice of Ukraine
10528:Laruelle, Marlene (2022).
10162:Apuntes para otra historia
9555:Bloxham & Moses (2010)
9266:Borsella & Caso (2007)
9254:Borsella & Caso (2007)
9179:Borsella & Caso (2007)
9167:Borsella & Caso (2007)
9116:Borsella & Caso (2007)
9104:Borsella & Caso (2007)
9092:Borsella & Caso (2007)
8967:. Macmillan. p. 433.
8428:Cambridge University Press
8350:Camus & Lebourg (2017)
8112:Baranski & West (2001)
8059:Borsella & Caso (2007)
7477:(2nd ed.). New York:
7350:Princeton University Press
6981:Cambridge University Press
6455:ancient Roman civilization
6288:
6191:
6078:
6023:Palingenesis and modernism
5704:
5700:
5680:, Nazi political theorist
5499:Principle of nationalities
4701:cult of the supreme leader
4652:
4613:
4594:
4445:
4107:left-wing internationalism
3761:Italian Regency of Carnaro
3557:
3280:
3193:, and his advocacy of the
3153:, and the philosophies of
3055:
2904:
2900:
2777:
2735:and former members of the
2305:
1179:Marco Polo Bridge Incident
1152:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
987:Canadian Union of Fascists
867:Foundations of Geopolitics
29:
28748:Italian words and phrases
28638:
28402:
28306:
28156:
28028:Counterintelligence state
27998:
27937:
27787:
27556:
27204:
26937:
26817:
26736:
26648:
26639:
26505:
26339:
26268:
26097:
25907:
25701:
25614:
25560:
25468:
25442:
25394:
25326:Nasjonal Samling (Norway)
25294:
25251:
25166:
25046:
24675:
24477:
24361:
24321:
24316:Links to related articles
24283:
24027:
24016:
23944:
23938:
23933:
23879:
23813:
23757:
23726:
23710:
23706:
23695:
23661:
23615:
23480:Russian Imperial Movement
23470:OstmÀrkische Sturmscharen
23450:National Republican Guard
23189:
23144:Ăsterreichisches Jungvolk
23109:National League of Sweden
22987:
22944:National Policy Institute
22866:
22820:
22816:
22805:
22756:
22735:
22649:
22323:
22315:Who Are the Mind Benders?
22290:Protestantische Rompilger
22157:
22153:
22147:
22142:
21793:
21562:
21481:
21410:
21339:
21233:
21167:
21101:
20870:
20784:
20748:
20692:
20651:
20380:
20274:
20213:
20157:
20086:
20045:
20041:
20030:
19974:Patriot Front (Argentina)
19862:
19799:Australian Defence League
19769:
19751:National Synarchist Union
19746:National Pro Patria Party
19637:National Socialist Legion
19515:
19428:Russian Imperial Movement
19323:National Fascist Movement
19168:
19125:Sammarinese Fascist Party
19070:National Alliance July 18
19065:National Alliance (Spain)
18906:
18659:
18462:National Union (Portugal)
18407:National Socialist League
18372:National League of Sweden
18304:Lalli Alliance of Finland
18217:European Liberation Front
18170:British Union of Fascists
18105:Black Front (Netherlands)
18069:
17683:
17647:
17643:
17632:
17566:Syrian Social Nationalism
17242:
17231:
17187:
16930:
16926:
16915:
16837:Works by or about Fascism
16589:10.1017/S0960777320000089
16353:10.1007/978-1-4039-4388-0
16046:. New York: Random House.
16042:von Lang, Jochen (1979).
15608:Against the Fascist Creep
15555:10.1163/22116257-00802005
15521:Fascism's European empire
15095:Journal of Modern History
15081:Pauley, Bruce F. (2003).
14875:. New York: Pocket Books.
14787:Millward, Robert (2007).
14622:Columbia University Press
14358:Hitler, 1889â1936: Hubris
14244:Jablonsky, David (1989).
14200:. Princeton, New Jersey:
14189:Stanford University Press
14124:; Kogan, Maurice (1992).
13751:. Oxfordshire; New York:
13712:. Princeton, New Jersey:
13682:Gerwarth, Robert (2005).
13651:. Westport, Connecticut:
13621:Fritzsche, Peter (1990).
13282:Davidson, Eugene (2004).
13065:Nationalism and the State
13039:Brennan, T Corey (2022).
12825:Berghaus, GĂŒnter (2000).
12691:10.1080/13563460600655581
11855:10.1080/01439680601177163
11038:Davies & Lynch (2002)
10721:, pp. 80â107, ch. 4.
10043:Davies & Lynch (2002)
9964:De Felice (1996), p. 1391
8296:Whiffen, Timothy (2013).
8003:Davies & Lynch (2002)
7781:10.1163/22130624-00219121
6889:, pp. 140â141, 670;
6773:Davies & Lynch (2002)
6228:was under the control of
6114:Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
6093:Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
6045:Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
5076:Constitutional patriotism
4827:
4609:
4424:systematically dismantled
4014:Aggressive foreign policy
3688:Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
3441:revolutionary nationalist
3402:Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
3383:Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
3318:The Illusions of Progress
2473:Against the Fascist Creep
1838:Glossary of Fascist Italy
1667:Syrian Social Nationalism
975:British Union of Fascists
28324:Inverted totalitarianism
28196:Authoritarian capitalism
27725:The Revolt of the Masses
25267:Nazi concentration camps
24783:Economic interventionism
24745:Jewish conspiracy theory
24546:Night of the Long Knives
24522:Religion in Nazi Germany
24209:Redâgreenâbrown alliance
23790:Italian economic battles
23540:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
23410:Kataeb Regulatory Forces
23208:Albanian Fascist Militia
23057:Faith and Beauty Society
22939:National Party of Europe
22899:European Social Movement
22838:Grand Council of Fascism
22712:The Siege of the Alcazar
19984:Popular Freedom Alliance
19824:National Democrats Party
19789:Australia First Movement
19736:Mexican Democratic Party
19687:Silver Legion of America
19368:National Salvation Front
19358:National Romanian Fascio
19348:National Social Movement
19313:National Christian Party
19303:National Bolshevik Party
19298:National Bolshevik Front
19238:For the Native Language!
19203:Croatian Party of Rights
19043:Republican Fascist Party
18941:Democratic Fascist Party
18774:National Front (Hungary)
18739:Hungarian National Front
18497:Norwegian Defence League
18402:National Socialist Front
18357:National Corporate Party
18274:Greater Britain Movement
18259:French Nationalist Party
18125:British Democratic Party
18079:Academic Karelia Society
17908:Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal
17675:Young Egypt Party (1933)
17015:Economic interventionism
16805:"The Origins of Fascism"
16727:McGaughey, Ewan (2018).
16640:Finchelstein, Federico.
16630:Docupedia Zeitgeschichte
16550:49.4-5 (2023): 669â687.
16394:"Italy: The Fascist Era"
16227:Woodley, Daniel (2010).
16169:Williams, Roger Lawrence
15872:10.3406/rfsp.1976.393652
15746:Shirer, William (1960).
15580:Rosas, Fernando (2019).
15519:Rodogno, Davide (2006).
15327:Harvard University Press
15323:Cambridge, Massachusetts
15052:Passmore, Kevin (2003).
15029:Passmore, Kevin (2002).
14881:Neocleous, Mark (1997).
14587:Laqueur, Walter (1997).
14558:Laqueur, Walter (1978).
14485:Knox, MacGregor (1999).
14423:Kitchen, Martin (2006).
14187:. Stanford, California:
13695:Gillette, Aaron (2001).
13461:. New York: Allen Lane.
13403:Dierkes, Julian (2010).
13327:Harvard University Press
13123:Harvard University Press
12562:Political Ideology Today
12521:Political Doctrine Texts
11716:Simulacra and Simulation
10538:The Washington Quarterly
10387:Cornell University Press
10201:Universidad de Salamanca
10141:Romero, Ricardo (2015),
10112:Page, Joseph A. (2014).
8988:Ticktin, Hillel (1992).
8952:, pp. 140â141, 670.
8127:Encyclopedia Britannica
7990:Encyclopaedia Britannica
7970:Encyclopedia Britannica
7859:Gentile, Emilio (2002).
7140:. Stockton, New Jersey:
6865:Encyclopedia Britannica
6660:Encyclopedia Britannica
6464:German-Italian relations
6226:Reich Chamber of Culture
6224:In Nazi Germany the new
6134:Simulacra and Simulation
4783:The Washington Quarterly
4348:invaded Ethiopia in 1935
4296:World War II (1939â1945)
3775:and the founding of the
3667:Italian Fasces of Combat
3576:against fascist parties.
2862:, coining a new term in
2721:Angelo Oliviero Olivetti
2268:Italian Fasces of Combat
2110:economic interventionist
1843:Glossary of Nazi Germany
1174:Second Sino-Japanese War
1122:Second Italo-Senussi War
1032:National Social Movement
1022:National Christian Party
997:Silver Legion of America
992:Republican Fascist Party
32:Fascism (disambiguation)
28793:Totalitarian ideologies
28208:Authoritarian socialism
27705:The Communist Manifesto
26631:Tyranny of the majority
26542:Consent of the governed
25372:Tsagaan Khas (Mongolia)
24115:Conservative Revolution
23959:British fascist parties
23800:28 May 1926 coup d'Ă©tat
23500:Serbian Volunteer Corps
23283:Croatian Defence Forces
23139:Opera Nazionale Balilla
23129:National Youth Alliance
23119:National Youth (Sweden)
23047:Great Japan Youth Party
22682:Europa: The Last Battle
22371:La Conquista del Estado
22310:A Warning to the Hindus
22190:The Doctrine of Fascism
22175:The Culture of Critique
22170:La Conquista del Estado
19882:Argentine Fascist Party
19333:National Party â Greeks
19293:National Agrarian Party
19050:Italian Social Movement
19038:Italian Social Republic
18709:Eidgenössische Sammlung
18523:Official National Front
18392:National Socialist Bloc
18289:Imperial Fascist League
18197:Clerical People's Party
17960:Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh
17935:Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh
17888:Religious Zionist Party
17783:Korea Nationalist Party
16847:The Doctrine of Fascism
16831:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
16748:10.2478/bjals-2018-0012
16422:Encyclopedia Britannica
16398:Encyclopedia Britannica
16385:Encyclopedia Britannica
16339:Zimmer, Oliver (2003).
16231:. London and New York:
15996:Reappraisals of Fascism
15984:Oxford University Press
15943:Tierney, Helen (1999).
15705:Oxford University Press
15668:Oxford University Press
15249:. Textbook Publishers.
15035:Oxford University Press
15010:Parkins, Wendy (2002).
14954:Oxford University Press
14894:Neville, Peter (2004).
14854:Oxford University Press
14816:Morgan, Philip (2003).
14725:McLaren, Angus (1999).
14595:Oxford University Press
14498:Koon, Tracy H. (1985).
14402:Oxford University Press
14183:Hewitt, Andrew (1993).
13890:Oxford University Press
13747:Gori, Gigliola (2004).
13728:. London and New York:
13688:Oxford University Press
13627:Oxford University Press
13531:. Oakland, California:
13522:. The Penguin Press HC.
13496:. London and New York:
13441:Durham, Martin (1998).
12937:Oxford University Press
12795:Oxford University Press
12564:. Manchester, England:
12260:The Doctrine of Fascism
10166:Notes for another story
9661:Gallagher, Tom (2005).
8323:The Classical Tradition
7986:"Franco's dictatorship"
7402:Oxford University Press
6994:Davies & Lynch 2002
6720:, p. 889, Fascism.
6551:Conservative Revolution
6278:crimes against humanity
5875:(e.g. the Nazi Party's
5666:The Doctrine of Fascism
4726:made of colours of the
4628:After the onset of the
4557:Italian Social Movement
4549:Italian Social Movement
4142:Party of National Unity
3999:the Palazzo Vidoni Pact
3914:Prime Minister of Italy
3884:with three of the four
3771:by Italian nationalist
3618:participatory democracy
3449:Italian Socialist Party
3371:, and the promotion of
3310:Reflections on Violence
3301:Reflections on Violence
3171:survival of the fittest
2993:and Howard C Payne see
2704:The Doctrine of Fascism
2547:has defined fascism as
2344:, is that of historian
1813:Extremism of the centre
1278:British fascist parties
1132:German election of 1932
1077:Great Japan Youth Party
847:The Doctrine of Fascism
837:La Conquista del Estado
26582:
26532:Clash of civilizations
26518:
25521:
25512:
25033:
25024:
25013:
24988:Social interventionism
24957:
24948:
24830:
24821:
24816:Greater Germanic Reich
24802:
24793:
24767:
24736:
24575:
24566:
24527:
24503:
24498:Hitler's rise to power
24462:
24452:
24438:
24403:League of German Girls
24389:
24380:
24371:
24052:
23821:March of the Iron Will
23124:National Youth (Italy)
23072:League of German Girls
23027:Fascist Union of Youth
23022:Ethiopian Lictor Youth
22914:Friends of New Germany
22764:Art of the Third Reich
22641:Wochenspruch der NSDAP
19944:National Fascist Union
19929:Iron Guard (Argentina)
19719:White Aryan Resistance
19502:Yugoslav Radical Union
19438:Russian National Unity
19208:Crusade of Romanianism
19135:Struggle of the People
19130:Spanish Military Union
19100:National Union (Spain)
18921:Albanian Fascist Party
18888:Volksdeutsche Bewegung
18646:White Aryan Resistance
18548:Party of Finnish Labor
18482:The Nordic Realm Party
18382:National Popular Rally
18314:League of Saint George
18249:Flemish National Union
18207:English Defence League
18155:British National Party
18092:Autonome Nationalisten
18012:Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram
17970:Muslim Rashtriya Manch
17913:Bharatiya Janata Party
17823:Nationalist Task Party
17439:Revisionist Maximalism
17144:Social interventionism
16468:(2011). "Fascism". In
16436:[Neofascism].
16250:Woolf, Stuart (1981).
16161:Modernism, Volumes 1â2
15523:. Cambridge, England:
15458:Renton, David (1999).
15300:Pollard, John (1998).
15159:The Anatomy of Fascism
15136:The Anatomy of Fascism
14742:. Cambridge, England:
14738:Mann, Michael (2004).
14639:Lewis, Paul H (2002).
14489:. Cambridge, England:
14213:. Cambridge, England:
14147:Hawkins, Mike (1997).
13785:GrÄiÄ, Joseph (2000).
13225:Copsey, Nigel (2008).
13193:Chomsky, Noam (2003).
12633:Antliff, Mark (2007).
12356:. Nelson Publications.
12239:. Simon Publications.
9946:Bianchi (1963), p. 704
9937:Bianchi (1963), p. 609
9888:. 1999. Archived from
9278:AcemoÄlu et al. (2020)
7570:New York Times Company
7426:Finchelstein, Federico
7105:. The Keating Center,
7089:Falasca-Zamponi (2000)
7026:Enciclopedia Italiana
6741:Holocaust Encyclopedia
6692:Merriam-Webster Online
6667:
6407:
6379:
6359:
6338:
6329:Richard Washburn Child
6308:
6291:Criticism of democracy
6216:
6211:
6177:
6095:
6057:Louis-Ferdinand CĂ©line
5918:
5915:League of German Girls
5906:
5901:
5845:
5796:
5773:
5717:free-market capitalism
5634:
5424:Gender and nationalism
4847:
4739:
4728:Ribbon of Saint George
4642:Nikolaos Michaloliakos
4625:
4552:
4468:
4461:President of Argentina
4410:
4374:that gave Germany the
4339:
4332:
4320:
4312:
4306:
4258:Seguro Obrero massacre
4226:Brazilian Integralists
4221:
4166:6 February 1934 crisis
4054:
3935:
3905:
3797:
3764:
3696:
3658:
3577:
3538:
3530:
3503:
3493:
3463:
3444:
3433:
3394:
3205:
3199:
3187:
3135:
3125:
3096:
3068:
3048:
2932:
2640:
2605:
2590:The Historiography of
2574:
2519:
2433:
2413:
2352:"Fascist negations" â
2308:Definitions of fascism
2276:
2272:National Fascist Party
2240:
2230:
2224:
2219:
1545:Revisionist Maximalism
1169:Battle of Cable Street
899:National Fascist Party
59:
28773:Right-wing ideologies
28072:Dominant-party system
26547:Divine right of kings
25282:Human experimentation
24978:Reactionary modernism
24923:Anti-Slavic sentiment
24650:Human experimentation
24382:Geheime Staatspolizei
24271:Women in Nazi Germany
24098:Identitarian movement
23587:Weerbaarheidsafdeling
23530:Terror Against Terror
23400:Jewish Defense League
23360:Greenshirts (Romania)
23002:Albanian Lictor Youth
22707:Der Sieg des Glaubens
22631:Völkischer Beobachter
22526:Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift
22516:Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift
22391:La Difesa della Razza
19924:Female Peronist Party
19902:Brazilian Integralism
19854:United Patriots Front
19794:Australia First Party
19784:Antipodean Resistance
19741:Mexican Fascist Party
19458:Slovak People's Party
19453:Serbian Radical Party
19433:Russian Fascist Party
19353:National Radical Camp
19253:German People's Party
19213:Ethnic National Union
18946:European Nation State
18868:Socialist Reich Party
18851:Positive Christianity
18789:National Radical Camp
18719:German Faith Movement
18704:Deutsche Reichspartei
18689:Black Front (Germany)
18558:Patriotic Alternative
18452:National Syndicalists
18085:Ailtirà na hAiséirghe
18017:Vishva Hindu Parishad
17985:Rashtriya Sikh Sangat
17980:Rashtra Sevika Samiti
17940:Bharat Vikas Parishad
17930:Bharatiya Kisan Sangh
17863:Progress Party (Iran)
17758:Jewish National Front
17733:Concordia Association
17134:Reactionary modernism
16859:(PDF). media.wix.com.
16711:Ideals and Ideologies
16494:10.4135/9781412994163
15949:Westport, Connecticut
15926:Europe Since Napoleon
15782:"Fascinating Fascism"
15610:. Chico, California:
15161:. New York; Toronto:
14993:10.1002/9780470999028
14948:Overy, R. J. (1994).
14927:Bloomsbury Publishing
14670:The Hitler of History
14668:Lukacs, John (1998).
14356:Kershaw, Ian (2000).
14041:(13 September 2013).
13971:The nature of fascism
13855:The Nature of Fascism
13852:(15 September 1991).
13763:Key Ideas in Politics
13760:Grant, Moyra (2003).
13353:. Transaction Books.
13252:. Palgrave Macmillan.
12816:Berben, Paul (1975).
12679:New Political Economy
12639:Duke University Press
12506:The Orwell Foundation
12464:(29 December 2019) .
12392:Gregor, Anthony James
12368:. Mineloa, New York:
11381:10.1353/sex.2002.0006
10262:. 28 September 2013.
10222:Rein, Raanan (2015).
10120:. p. 10 and ss.
9884:. Munich and Berlin:
9581:, pp. 20â26, 30.
8459:Gilroy, Paul (2000).
7487:10.4324/9781315500058
7446:10.1515/9780822391555
7438:Duke University Press
7404:. pp. 135, 164.
7358:10.1515/9781400837854
7338:Schweller, Randall L.
7313:10.4324/9781315003627
7300:The Nature of Fascism
7132:Watkins, Tom (2013).
6601:Reactionary modernism
6333:
6298:
6205:
6192:Further information:
6172:
6091:
6041:scientific management
5912:
5898:
5840:
5757:
5474:National indifference
4842:
4812:, American President
4713:
4623:
4577:The People of Freedom
4543:
4455:
4396:
4304:The Greater Germanic
4303:
4224:In the Americas, the
4216:
4049:
4024:Pacification of Libya
3930:
3880:
3751:cheer the arrival of
3746:
3567:
3527:
3520:Impact of World War I
3483:
3423:
3406:Manifesto of Futurism
3381:
3287:French revolutionary
3185:, his concept of the
3118:liberal individualism
3100:generation supported
2919:
2905:Further information:
2676:national syndicalists
2626:
2549:
2514:
2428:
2408:
2338:Federico Finchelstein
2214:
2165:forced sterilizations
2132:against a demonized "
1089:Slovak People's Party
1057:Russian Fascist Party
1027:National Radical Camp
304:Reactionary modernism
42:
28753:Political ideologies
28723:Anti-union sentiment
27695:Democracy in America
27074:political philosophy
27057:political philosophy
26872:political philosophy
26701:political philosophy
26611:Separation of powers
26572:Night-watchman state
26557:Monopoly on violence
26091:Political philosophy
25608:Political ideologies
25316:German American Bund
24696:Anti-intellectualism
24541:Enabling Act of 1933
23861:4th of August Regime
23638:German Student Union
23258:Blueshirts (Ireland)
23104:Nationale Jeugdstorm
23032:Frente de Juventudes
22919:German American Bund
22843:Imperial Way Faction
22769:Fascist architecture
22481:MĂŒnchener Beobachter
22416:La France au travail
22215:Hitlers Zweites Buch
19872:Agrarian Labor Party
19761:Order of Nine Angles
19597:Goyim Defense League
19592:German American Bund
19383:Order of Nine Angles
18916:ADĂâSpanish Identity
18873:Sudeten German Party
18694:Bund Deutscher Osten
18533:Order of Nine Angles
18347:National Action (UK)
18279:Groupe Collaboration
18264:French Popular Party
18061:White Shirts Society
17975:Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas
17965:Jammu Praja Parishad
17925:Bharatiya Jana Sangh
17853:Palestine Arab Party
17833:Nation Party of Iran
17718:Black Dragon Society
17410:Reform bureaucratism
17205:Fascism and ideology
17072:National syndicalism
16955:Anti-intellectualism
16801:Wiskemann, Elizabeth
16607:45 (2019): 345â361.
16523:. pp. 517â521.
16474:Berg-Schlosser, Dirk
16462:Berg-Schlosser, Dirk
16288:Taylor & Francis
16102:Weiss, John (1967).
15818:Western Civilization
15604:Ross, Alexander Reid
14731:Blackwell Publishing
14429:Blackwell Publishing
14286:Kallis, Aristotle A.
14254:Kallis, Aristotle A.
14160:Held, David (1980).
13975:Taylor & Francis
13955:Taylor & Francis
13699:. London; New York:
12587:. Albany, New York:
10514:on 2 September 2023.
10405:10.7591/j.ctv16t673d
10230:] (in Spanish).
9892:on 15 September 2018
8430:. pp. 111â136.
8098:Mussolini quoted in
8005:, pp. 126â127;
7602:Silva, Christianna.
7259:, pp. 185â201;
6451:Italian nationalists
6443:fall of Ancient Rome
6307:, on 23 October 1940
6268:. The defeat of the
5891:Age and gender roles
5879:and Fascist Italy's
5783:Henri de Saint Simon
5707:Economics of fascism
5399:Cultural nationalism
5268:National syndicalist
4774:Vladimir Zhirinovsky
4732:Russian coat of arms
4360:Treaty of Versailles
4328:state administration
3945:economically liberal
3642:anti-interventionist
3271:integral nationalism
3058:National syndicalism
2907:Fascism and ideology
2426:defined fascism as:
2342:Stephen D. Shenfield
2262:'s own account, the
2250:, groups similar to
2009:individual interests
1995:leader, centralized
1823:Fascist as an insult
1516:Reform bureaucratism
372:Fascism and ideology
242:National syndicalism
113:Anti-intellectualism
30:For other uses, see
28778:Right-wing populism
28738:Economic ideologies
28259:Ecoauthoritarianism
28077:Illiberal democracy
27885:Right-wing politics
27765:A Theory of Justice
27735:The Road to Serfdom
27655:The Social Contract
26362:Christian democracy
25726:Christian democracy
25443:Role and impact in
25306:American Nazi Party
24757:Cult of personality
24726:Class collaboration
24635:Extermination camps
24620:Concentration camps
24561:Anti-Comintern Pact
24300:Politics portal
23866:Anti-Comintern Pact
23253:Blueshirts (Canada)
23213:Atomwaffen Division
23099:Mocidade Portuguesa
22964:Republic (Slovakia)
22959:Popular Force Party
22904:Finnish Realm Union
22727:Triumph of the Will
22717:Lo squadrone bianco
22466:Kansallissosialisti
22351:The American Review
20009:Revolutionary Union
19682:Rise Above Movement
19617:League of the South
19577:American Nazi Party
19483:UstaĆĄe in Australia
19018:Freethinkers' Party
18863:The Right (Germany)
18734:German Social Union
18553:Party of the Swedes
18367:National Front (UK)
18334:Mouvement Franciste
18202:Dutch Fascist Union
18056:Turkish Union Party
17950:Hindu Makkal Katchi
17828:National Will Party
17723:Blue Shirts Society
17586:National Bolshevism
17542:Romanianism/Stelism
16995:Cult of personality
16980:Class collaboration
16558:Albright, Madeleine
16418:"Volksgemeinschaft"
16324:. Lexington Books.
15992:Turner, Henry Ashby
15780:(6 February 1975).
15762:. London: CSE Bks.
15756:Sohn-Rethel, Alfred
15406:. Lexington Books.
15033:. Oxford, England:
15014:. Berg Publishers.
14952:. Clarendon Press (
14885:. Minneapolis, MN:
14852:. Oxford, England:
14822:. London, England:
14593:. Oxford, England:
14011:. London, England:
13991:Fascism and Culture
13888:. Oxford, England:
13722:Goodwin, Matthew J.
12991:(1 November 2010).
12963:Bollas, Christopher
12935:. Oxford, England:
12598:The History Teacher
12560:Adams, Ian (1993).
11576:, pp. 168â169.
11353:, pp. 331â332.
11223:, pp. 485â486.
11180:, pp. 489â490.
11153:, pp. 486â487.
11141:, pp. 484â485.
11117:, pp. 483â484.
10932:, pp. 222â223.
10826:, pp. 117â119.
10480:Motyl, Alexander J.
10430:Motyl, Alexander J.
10004:Payne, Stanley G.
9928:, pp. 371â372.
9777:, pp. 136â137.
9765:, pp. 341â342.
9753:, pp. 150â152.
9651:, pp. 282â288.
9541:, pp. 134â135.
9497:, pp. 276â277.
9449:, pp. 222â223.
9425:, pp. 119â120.
8894:, pp. 195â196.
8009:, pp. 137â138.
7142:Stockton University
6932:, pp. 160â161.
6839:Staudenmaier (2004)
6793:, pp. 8, 307;
6586:Political strongman
6480:Margherita Sarfatti
6414:leader in Austria,
6256:movements from the
6194:Art in Nazi Germany
5921:Fascism emphasizes
5867:Fascism emphasizes
5813:means of production
5741:proletarian nations
5646:non-interventionist
5568:Politics portal
5521:Right-wing populism
5479:Nationalism studies
4822:conquests of Europe
4638:Greece's parliament
4432:tried and convicted
4246:Revolutionary Union
4202:and Yugoslavia. In
4028:concentration camps
3981:Non Abbiamo Bisogno
3773:Gabriele d'Annunzio
3753:Gabriele d'Annunzio
3727:for all workers, a
3725:eight-hour work day
3528:Members of Italy's
3488:'s concept of the "
3316:. Also in his work
3283:Fascist syndicalism
3277:Fascist syndicalism
3155:Friedrich Nietzsche
2989:Historians such as
2806:University of Wales
2788:has been used as a
2678:who drew upon both
2653:social conservatism
2477:Alexander Reid Ross
2049:leftâright spectrum
2007:, subordination of
1898:Politics portal
1687:National Bolshevism
1643:Romanianism/Stelism
1231:Downfall in Germany
1191:Anti-Comintern Pact
1184:Japanese war crimes
153:Cult of personality
138:Class collaboration
28743:Far-right politics
27897:Political violence
27892:Political theology
27875:Left-wing politics
27870:Political spectrum
25641:Political spectrum
25530:German Romanticism
25418:Nazi Party members
25272:Extermination camp
24665:Racial segregation
24391:Deutsches Jungvolk
24088:Alt-right pipeline
23999:Speeches by Hitler
23954:Books about Hitler
23841:Austrian Civil War
23785:Aventine Secession
23062:Deutsches Jungvolk
22969:Resistance Records
22874:Adelaide Institute
22576:Das Schwarze Korps
22561:Il Popolo d'Italia
22501:Neue Anthropologie
22386:Das Deutsche MĂ€del
22305:The Turner Diaries
22225:Impeachment of Man
22200:For My Legionaries
22051:Riva-AgĂŒero y Osma
20913:Torrente Ballester
19418:Ratniks (Bulgaria)
19403:Patriotic Alliance
18619:Third Way (France)
18581:Phalange Française
18110:Blood & Honour
17883:Reform bureaucrats
17868:Philippine Falange
17581:National-anarchism
17292:Christian Identity
17119:Proletarian nation
16702:(Routledge, 2019)
16562:Fascism: A Warning
16548:Critical Sociology
15998:. New Viewpoints.
15689:Schreiber, Gerhard
14319:The Fascism Reader
14013:Palgrave Macmillan
13860:Palgrave Macmillan
13766:. Nelson Thornes.
13653:Praeger Publishers
13482:Praeger Publishers
13457:Fascism: A History
12466:"What is Fascism?"
12456:. Faber and Faber.
12370:Dover Publications
11690:. pp. 36â37.
11564:, p. 451â453.
11421:Friedlander (1995)
10356:. 7 October 2020.
10114:PerĂłn: A biography
8245:Quarantotto (1976)
8019:Stackelberg (1999)
7481:(published 2016).
7306:(published 2013).
7048:The New York Times
6433:, while promoting
6416:Engelbert Dollfuss
6360:Il Popolo d'Italia
6309:
6305:Meeting at Hendaye
6212:
6096:
5919:
5907:
5774:
5439:Imagined community
5273:National Bolshevik
4992:Self-determination
4740:
4676:Alexander J. Motyl
4668:Is Russia Fascist?
4649:Post-Soviet Russia
4626:
4553:
4469:
4411:
4340:
4222:
4220:marching in Brazil
4077:in November 1923.
4055:
3964:Aventine Secession
3949:Alberto De Stefani
3938:Mussolini in power
3906:
3822:and accepting the
3777:Charter of Carnaro
3765:
3704:universal suffrage
3698:Il Popolo d'Italia
3588:communists led by
3584:of 1917, in which
3582:October Revolution
3578:
3539:
3494:
3445:
3395:
3387:Futurist Manifesto
3314:political religion
3296:political violence
3259:French nationalist
3159:Fyodor Dostoyevsky
3143:Arthur de Gobineau
2933:
2928:and quasi-fascist
2874:The New York Times
2659:means of opposing
2649:political spectrum
2641:
2613:political spectrum
2528:-national radical
2414:
2220:
2146:transgender people
2092:political violence
1682:National-anarchism
1393:Christian Identity
1318:Speeches by Hitler
1273:Books about Hitler
1236:Surrender of Japan
1162:Unification Decree
1142:Austrian Civil War
1117:Aventine Secession
289:Proletarian nation
60:
28763:Political systems
28695:
28694:
28689:
28688:
28598:
28597:
28362:
28361:
28314:Democracy indices
28006:Absolute monarchy
27950:
27949:
27860:Philosophy of law
27805:Conflict theories
27645:The Spirit of Law
27552:
27551:
26601:Original position
26057:
26056:
25756:Constitutionalism
25619:The Establishment
25574:
25573:
25147:Strasser (Gregor)
25026:Volksgemeinschaft
24971:Völkisch movement
24966:Völkisch equality
24551:Nuremberg rallies
24512:German rearmament
24308:
24307:
24279:
24278:
24266:Völkisch movement
24224:Scientific racism
24189:Para/semi-fascism
24130:Fascist mysticism
24125:Fascist (epithet)
24012:
24011:
23929:
23928:
23925:
23924:
23871:Spanish Civil War
23691:
23690:
23687:
23686:
23597:Westland New Post
23007:Arab Lictor Youth
22801:
22800:
22797:
22796:
22789:Nazism and cinema
22784:Nazi architecture
22451:Hrvatski Domobran
22436:GioventĂč Fascista
22396:Eleftheros Kosmos
22376:The Daily Stormer
22250:Manifesto of Race
22195:Fascist Manifesto
22138:
22137:
22134:
22133:
21382:Giménez Caballero
20613:Strasser (Gregor)
20058:Campbell (Graeme)
20026:
20025:
20022:
20021:
19999:Republican League
19969:New Triumph Party
19844:Reclaim Australia
19657:National Vanguard
19612:LaRouche movement
19525:Fascism in Canada
19378:Occupy Pedophilia
19120:The Right (Italy)
19110:New Force (Spain)
19105:New Force (Italy)
18983:Falange Auténtica
18978:La Falange (1999)
18931:Brothers of Italy
18856:German Christians
18674:Arrow Cross Party
18517:L'Ćuvre Française
18377:Nationalist Party
18362:National Fascisti
17848:Pan-Iranist Party
17838:New Life Movement
17628:
17627:
17576:Third Positionism
17342:L'Ćuvre Française
17260:Orthodox Peronism
17227:
17226:
17223:
17222:
17210:Fascism worldwide
17025:Heroic capitalism
16803:(December 1967).
16698:Joes, Anthony J.
16486:SAGE Publications
16478:Morlino, Leonardo
16466:Morlino, Leonardo
16388:. 8 January 2008.
16362:978-1-4039-4388-0
16331:978-0-7391-1516-9
16284:Fascism in Europe
16263:978-0-416-30240-0
16253:Fascism in Europe
16242:978-0-415-47354-5
16140:978-0-230-29778-4
16129:. New York City:
16106:. New York City:
16094:978-0-618-39601-6
16067:978-0-89874-444-6
16030:978-0-7146-4869-9
15962:978-0-313-31072-0
15846:978-0-203-00541-5
15769:978-0-906336-00-7
15738:978-0-930852-43-6
15729:Facts and Fascism
15621:978-1-84935-244-4
15482:978-3-8382-6491-2
15450:978-0-285-64701-5
15413:978-1-4985-4604-1
15388:978-0-415-08069-9
15336:978-0-674-74578-0
15288:978-0-299-11070-3
15269:Payne, Stanley G.
15256:978-0-7581-3445-5
15243:Payne, Stanley G.
15226:978-0-299-14874-4
15209:Payne, Stanley G.
15200:978-0-299-08060-0
15183:Payne, Stanley G.
15172:978-0-307-42812-7
15155:Paxton, Robert O.
15146:978-1-4000-4094-0
15131:Paxton, Robert O.
15091:Paxton, Robert O.
15069:978-0-7190-6617-7
15044:978-1-5366-6507-9
15021:978-1-85973-587-9
14936:978-1-84520-558-4
14863:978-0-19-023487-4
14833:978-1-134-74028-4
14804:978-0-521-83524-4
14765:. Nelson Thornes.
14753:978-0-521-83131-4
14716:. Ann Arbor: The
14701:Mack Smith, Denis
14683:978-0-375-70113-9
14672:. New York City:
14656:978-0-275-97880-8
14631:978-82-00-05331-6
14604:978-0-19-802527-6
14575:978-0-520-03642-0
14477:978-2-912164-11-7
14460:Kitsikis, Dimitri
14451:978-2-912164-46-9
14411:978-0-19-871616-7
14392:Kertzer, David I.
14383:978-0-14-310992-1
14348:978-0-415-89027-4
14331:Kallis, Aristotle
14273:978-0-415-21612-8
14224:978-0-521-52266-3
14175:978-0-520-04175-2
14139:978-0-203-71288-7
14122:Hawkesworth, Mary
14113:978-0-521-55982-9
14083:978-0-7156-2918-5
14058:978-1-136-87168-9
14022:978-0-230-20518-5
14009:A Fascist Century
13869:978-0-312-07132-5
13832:978-0-691-12009-6
13809:978-0-520-03799-1
13773:978-0-7487-7096-0
13739:978-0-415-46500-7
13684:The Bismarck Myth
13674:978-1-929631-18-6
13636:978-0-19-505780-5
13592:978-0-8078-4675-9
13565:978-88-7223-419-8
13542:978-0-520-22677-7
13507:978-0-203-69430-5
13468:978-0-7139-9147-5
13443:Women and Fascism
13433:978-0-299-14874-4
13360:978-0-87855-619-9
13336:978-0-674-45962-5
13304:978-1-134-60952-9
13270:978-0-88033-968-1
13240:978-0-230-57437-3
13181:978-0-691-05846-7
13132:978-0-674-97153-0
13077:Burgwyn, H. James
13052:978-0-19-764488-1
13008:978-0-271-04405-7
12980:978-0-415-08815-2
12912:978-1-134-50572-2
12883:978-1-134-99712-1
12804:978-0-19-822596-6
12752:978-0-521-55982-9
12723:978-0-521-56354-3
12661:978-1-85728-745-5
12575:978-0-7190-6020-5
12530:Secondary sources
12476:, republished in
12441:978-0-306-80864-7
12434:. Da Capo Press.
12428:Mussolini, Benito
12416:Mussolini, Benito
12407:978-0-7658-0130-2
12388:Mussolini, Benito
12379:978-0-486-44777-3
12362:Mussolini, Benito
12340:Nation's Business
12306:Hoover, Calvin B.
12255:Gentile, Giovanni
12246:978-1-931313-74-2
12212:, pp. 35â36.
12015:Mack Smith (1997)
11752:Payne, Stanley G.
11729:978-0-472-06521-9
11712:Baudrillard, Jean
11697:978-0-14-103619-9
11653:Cultural Critique
11293:, pp. 46â47.
10956:, pp. 21â22.
10944:, pp. 13â20.
10920:, pp. 60â61.
10907:978-0-19-820290-5
10891:978-0-520-03642-0
10482:(30 March 2022).
10021:, pp. 3, 17.
9447:Mack Smith (1983)
9435:Mack Smith (1983)
9313:, p. 127â67.
9106:, pp. 69â70.
9022:, pp. 95â96.
8999:978-0-7486-0317-6
8974:978-0-333-40455-3
8828:, pp. 20â21.
8648:, pp. 75â81.
8574:, pp. 24â25.
8500:, pp. 23â24.
8114:, pp. 50â51.
8007:Zafirovski (2008)
7972:Volksgemeinschaft
7960:, pp. 60â61.
7903:. 29 March 2023.
7876:978-88-581-0916-8
7750:Roel Reyes (2019)
7568:. New York City:
7557:"Eternal Fascism"
7535:, pp. 84â5;
7455:978-0-8223-9155-5
7394:Goodin, Robert E.
7367:978-1-4008-3785-4
7198:, pp. 2, 12.
6930:Rietbergen (2000)
6911:Spielvogel (2012)
6827:Richardson (2017)
6668:Volksgemeinschaft
6541:Christian fascism
6484:Roberto Farinacci
6374:neo-Machiavellian
6126:aestheticizes war
6122:Fascist Manifesto
6116:, founder of the
6015:and the study of
5817:Economic planning
5787:utopian socialism
5745:bourgeois nations
5737:classical liberal
5604:
5603:
5419:Gastronationalism
5404:Diaspora politics
5379:Banal nationalism
4750:Oxford historian
4699:A hypermasculine
4581:Brothers of Italy
4569:Silvio Berlusconi
4565:National Alliance
4561:Giorgio Almirante
4551:from 1969 to 1987
4545:Giorgio Almirante
4491:Spanish Civil War
4370:by arranging the
4352:League of Nations
4178:Francist Movement
4176:when the fascist
4122:liberal democracy
4008:Charter of Labour
3960:Giacomo Matteotti
3757:Alceste De Ambris
3680:Alceste De Ambris
3644:Marxists and pro-
3634:hyper-nationalism
3504:Volksgemeinschaft
3391:Fascist Manifesto
2984:French Revolution
2856:Sino-Soviet split
2745:absolute monarchy
2686:political views.
2607:Volksgemeinschaft
2453:form of populist
2437:COVID-19 pandemic
2330:Randall Schweller
2222:The Italian term
1934:
1933:
1448:L'Ćuvre Française
1356:Orthodox Peronism
1226:Downfall in Italy
1157:Spanish Civil War
1067:Arrow Cross Party
1012:FET y de las JONS
797:Fascist Manifesto
377:Fascism worldwide
178:Heroic capitalism
16:(Redirected from
28800:
28713:Authoritarianism
28625:
28618:
28611:
28602:
28601:
28389:
28382:
28375:
28366:
28365:
28213:MarxismâLeninism
28094:Managerial state
27977:
27970:
27963:
27954:
27953:
27865:Political ethics
27855:Machiavellianism
27795:Authoritarianism
27780:
27770:
27760:
27750:
27740:
27730:
27720:
27710:
27700:
27690:
27680:
27670:
27660:
27650:
27640:
27630:
27620:
27610:
27600:
27590:
27580:
27570:
26646:
26645:
26587:
26523:
26513:Balance of power
26487:Social democracy
26482:Social Darwinism
26457:Multiculturalism
26402:Environmentalism
26377:Communitarianism
26084:
26077:
26070:
26061:
26060:
25984:Internationalism
25915:Authoritarianism
25884:Social democracy
25778:Environmentalism
25741:Communitarianism
25601:
25594:
25587:
25578:
25577:
25566:
25565:
25526:
25517:
25514:Drang nach Osten
25352:
25333:
25242:von Sebottendorf
25038:
25029:
25018:
24998:State capitalism
24983:Social Darwinism
24962:
24953:
24835:
24826:
24807:
24798:
24772:
24741:
24738:DolchstoĂlegende
24711:Authoritarianism
24604:Nuremberg trials
24580:
24571:
24532:
24508:
24467:
24457:
24443:
24394:
24385:
24376:
24348:
24341:
24334:
24325:
24324:
24312:
24311:
24298:
24297:
24057:
24018:
24017:
23935:
23934:
23912:Nuremberg Trials
23856:Romani Holocaust
23780:Beer Hall Putsch
23708:
23707:
23697:
23696:
23602:Yokusan Sonendan
22818:
22817:
22807:
22806:
22748:Ethnic Cleansing
22687:The Great Appeal
22657:L'Armata Azzurra
22546:Parole der Woche
22265:My Autobiography
22155:
22154:
22144:
22143:
21367:FernĂĄndez-Cuesta
20953:Ciano (Galeazzo)
20948:Ciano (Costanzo)
20043:
20042:
20032:
20031:
19779:Action Zealandia
19709:Vanguard America
19218:Eurasia Movement
19060:Juntas Españolas
18988:Falange Española
18971:SecciĂłn Femenina
18341:Nasjonal Samling
18320:Les Identitaires
18192:Centre Party '86
18145:British Movement
18130:British Fascists
17698:Al-Muthanna Club
17645:
17644:
17634:
17633:
17233:
17232:
17154:State capitalism
17139:Social Darwinism
16970:Authoritarianism
16960:Anti-materialism
16928:
16927:
16917:
16916:
16902:
16895:
16888:
16879:
16878:
16853:
16841:Internet Archive
16814:
16796:
16768:
16750:
16719:Kuklick, Bruce.
16695:
16677:
16655:(Berghahn Books)
16637:
16600:
16569:
16534:
16507:
16453:
16451:
16449:
16429:
16413:
16411:
16409:
16389:
16372:Tertiary sources
16366:
16335:
16316:
16291:
16286:(3rd ed.).
16278:
16272:
16270:
16246:
16223:
16180:
16164:
16155:
16149:
16147:
16119:
16108:Harper & Row
16098:
16086:
16075:
16047:
16038:
16009:
15987:
15974:
15939:
15917:
15891:
15875:
15854:
15832:Hitler's Germany
15825:
15822:Cengage Learning
15812:
15799:
15790:. Archived from
15773:
15751:
15742:
15720:
15708:
15693:Stegemann, Bernd
15684:
15671:
15654:
15625:
15599:
15576:
15567:
15557:
15528:
15515:
15486:
15467:
15454:
15428:
15422:
15420:
15396:
15367:
15348:
15320:
15309:
15296:
15260:
15230:
15204:
15176:
15150:
15126:
15086:
15077:
15048:
15025:
15006:
14975:
14944:
14915:
14903:
14890:
14876:
14867:
14841:
14812:
14779:
14766:
14757:
14734:
14721:
14708:
14696:
14687:
14664:
14635:
14612:
14583:
14554:
14523:
14507:
14494:
14481:
14455:
14432:
14419:
14387:
14361:
14352:
14326:
14313:
14281:
14249:
14240:
14228:
14205:
14192:
14179:
14156:
14143:
14117:
14102:(3rd ed.).
14091:
14088:Internet Archive
14066:
14034:
13998:
13989:, eds. (2004c).
13987:Feldman, Matthew
13978:
13969:, eds. (2004a).
13967:Feldman, Matthew
13958:
13947:Feldman, Matthew
13938:
13937:on 29 July 2004.
13936:
13929:
13909:
13893:
13877:
13845:
13836:
13813:
13790:
13781:
13756:
13743:
13717:
13704:
13691:
13678:
13656:
13640:
13617:
13604:
13569:
13546:
13523:
13516:Evans, Richard J
13511:
13485:
13472:
13460:
13446:
13437:
13412:
13399:
13390:
13385:(3rd ed.).
13377:
13368:
13345:De Felice, Renzo
13340:
13317:De Felice, Renzo
13312:
13287:
13278:
13253:
13244:
13221:
13208:
13189:
13160:
13147:
13141:
13139:
13111:
13098:
13072:
13056:
13035:
13016:
12999:Penn State Press
12984:
12958:
12920:
12891:
12860:
12847:
12834:
12821:
12820:. Norfolk Press.
12812:
12780:
12767:
12761:
12759:
12731:
12702:
12673:
12642:
12629:
12592:
12579:
12556:
12554:
12552:
12524:
12502:
12484:
12475:
12457:
12445:
12432:My Rise And Fall
12423:
12411:
12383:
12357:
12343:
12334:
12333:on 23 July 2010.
12329:. Archived from
12323:Hoover, J. Edgar
12317:
12301:
12285:
12276:
12269:Goebbels, Joseph
12264:
12250:
12213:
12210:Neocleous (1997)
12207:
12201:
12195:
12189:
12183:
12177:
12171:
12165:
12159:
12144:
12138:
12132:
12122:
12116:
12110:
12104:
12098:
12092:
12086:
12075:
12069:
12063:
12057:
12051:
12050:
12048:
12046:
12024:
12018:
12012:
12006:
12003:Mussolini (1998)
12000:
11994:
11991:Mussolini (1998)
11988:
11982:
11976:
11970:
11956:
11950:
11944:
11938:
11937:
11925:
11919:
11918:
11913:Overy, Richard.
11910:
11904:
11903:
11873:
11867:
11866:
11838:
11832:
11831:
11803:
11797:
11791:
11780:
11779:
11764:. pp. 5â6.
11748:
11742:
11741:
11708:
11702:
11701:
11679:
11673:
11672:
11648:
11642:
11636:
11625:
11619:
11613:
11607:
11601:
11598:Neocleous (1997)
11595:
11589:
11586:Neocleous (1997)
11583:
11577:
11571:
11565:
11559:
11553:
11547:
11538:
11537:
11535:
11533:
11514:
11508:
11502:
11496:
11486:
11480:
11474:
11468:
11458:
11452:
11446:
11440:
11434:
11428:
11418:
11409:
11408:
11360:
11354:
11348:
11342:
11336:
11330:
11324:
11318:
11312:
11306:
11300:
11294:
11288:
11275:
11269:
11263:
11257:
11251:
11245:
11236:
11230:
11224:
11218:
11212:
11206:
11197:
11187:
11181:
11175:
11169:
11163:
11154:
11148:
11142:
11136:
11130:
11124:
11118:
11112:
11106:
11100:
11094:
11083:
11077:
11071:
11065:
11059:
11053:
11047:
11041:
11035:
11029:
11023:
11017:
11011:
11005:
10999:
10990:
10984:
10969:
10963:
10957:
10954:Neocleous (1997)
10951:
10945:
10939:
10933:
10927:
10921:
10915:
10909:
10899:
10893:
10883:
10877:
10871:
10865:
10864:
10862:
10860:
10845:
10839:
10833:
10827:
10821:
10815:
10805:
10799:
10793:
10787:
10784:Mussolini (1935)
10781:
10775:
10772:Lyttelton (1973)
10769:
10763:
10757:
10746:
10740:
10734:
10728:
10722:
10716:
10710:
10704:
10698:
10695:Blamires (2006b)
10692:
10686:
10680:
10671:
10670:
10656:
10650:
10649:
10635:
10629:
10628:
10614:
10608:
10607:
10605:
10603:
10594:. Archived from
10583:
10570:
10569:
10567:
10534:
10525:
10516:
10515:
10510:. Archived from
10500:
10494:
10493:
10489:The Conversation
10476:
10470:
10469:
10426:
10420:
10419:
10413:
10411:
10376:
10370:
10369:
10367:
10365:
10346:
10340:
10339:
10337:
10335:
10323:The Conversation
10313:
10307:
10306:
10304:
10302:
10282:
10276:
10275:
10273:
10271:
10252:
10246:
10245:
10219:
10213:
10212:
10184:
10178:
10177:
10157:
10151:
10150:
10138:
10132:
10131:
10109:
10103:
10097:
10088:
10087:
10085:
10083:
10068:
10062:
10056:
10050:
10040:
10034:
10028:
10022:
10016:
10010:
10001:
9995:
9994:
9986:
9980:
9979:
9971:
9965:
9962:
9956:
9953:
9947:
9944:
9938:
9935:
9929:
9923:
9914:
9908:
9902:
9901:
9899:
9897:
9878:
9872:
9866:
9860:
9854:
9845:
9842:Blinkhorn (2006)
9839:
9833:
9827:
9821:
9815:
9809:
9803:
9797:
9791:
9778:
9772:
9766:
9760:
9754:
9748:
9742:
9736:
9730:
9724:
9718:
9717:
9689:
9683:
9682:
9658:
9652:
9646:
9640:
9634:
9628:
9622:
9616:
9615:
9613:
9611:
9588:
9582:
9579:Jablonsky (1989)
9576:
9570:
9564:
9558:
9548:
9542:
9536:
9527:
9521:
9515:
9509:
9498:
9492:
9486:
9480:
9474:
9468:
9462:
9459:Mussolini (1977)
9456:
9450:
9444:
9438:
9432:
9426:
9420:
9414:
9408:
9402:
9396:
9387:
9381:
9370:
9364:
9353:
9347:
9341:
9335:
9326:
9320:
9314:
9308:
9302:
9296:
9281:
9275:
9269:
9263:
9257:
9251:
9245:
9242:Blinkhorn (2003)
9239:
9233:
9227:
9221:
9218:Blinkhorn (2003)
9215:
9209:
9203:
9197:
9191:
9182:
9176:
9170:
9164:
9158:
9152:
9143:
9137:
9131:
9125:
9119:
9113:
9107:
9101:
9095:
9089:
9083:
9077:
9071:
9065:
9059:
9053:
9047:
9041:
9035:
9029:
9023:
9017:
9004:
9003:
8985:
8979:
8978:
8959:
8953:
8947:
8941:
8938:RohkrÀmer (2007)
8935:
8929:
8923:
8912:
8906:
8895:
8889:
8883:
8877:
8868:
8862:
8856:
8850:
8844:
8838:
8829:
8823:
8817:
8811:
8802:
8796:
8790:
8784:
8778:
8772:
8766:
8765:, p. 12â13.
8763:Blinkhorn (2006)
8760:
8754:
8751:Blinkhorn (2006)
8748:
8739:
8733:
8724:
8718:
8712:
8706:
8700:
8694:
8685:
8679:
8673:
8667:
8661:
8655:
8649:
8643:
8637:
8631:
8618:
8612:
8603:
8596:Outhwaite (2006)
8593:
8587:
8581:
8575:
8569:
8563:
8557:
8551:
8548:Sternhell (1998)
8545:
8532:
8526:
8520:
8517:Sternhell (1998)
8514:
8501:
8494:Sternhell (1998)
8491:
8485:
8484:
8467:(81/82): 70â91.
8456:
8450:
8449:
8419:
8413:
8407:
8401:
8395:
8389:
8383:
8377:
8371:
8365:
8359:
8353:
8347:
8338:
8335:Sternhell (1976)
8332:
8326:
8319:
8313:
8312:
8310:
8308:
8293:
8284:
8278:
8272:
8266:
8260:
8254:
8248:
8242:
8236:
8230:
8224:
8218:
8212:
8209:Griffiths (2000)
8206:
8200:
8194:
8188:
8182:
8176:
8170:
8164:
8161:Neocleous (1997)
8158:
8152:
8146:
8133:
8124:
8115:
8109:
8103:
8096:
8090:
8087:Mussolini (1935)
8080:
8074:
8071:Woshinsky (2008)
8068:
8062:
8052:
8046:
8040:
8034:
8028:
8022:
8016:
8010:
8000:
7994:
7993:
7982:
7976:
7967:
7961:
7955:
7949:
7943:
7937:
7931:
7925:
7924:
7922:
7920:
7915:on 29 March 2023
7911:. Archived from
7900:The New Republic
7891:
7885:
7884:
7856:
7850:
7844:
7838:
7832:
7826:
7820:
7814:
7808:
7802:
7801:
7783:
7759:
7753:
7747:
7741:
7735:
7729:
7723:
7717:
7716:, p. 228-9.
7711:
7702:
7696:
7690:
7684:
7678:
7677:
7675:
7673:
7645:
7639:
7633:
7624:
7623:
7621:
7619:
7599:
7593:
7587:
7581:
7580:
7578:
7572:. Archived from
7561:
7555:(22 June 1995).
7549:
7540:
7522:
7516:
7510:
7501:
7500:
7476:
7466:
7460:
7459:
7435:
7422:
7416:
7415:
7386:
7380:
7379:
7347:
7334:
7328:
7327:
7315:
7292:
7286:
7285:
7270:
7264:
7246:
7240:
7237:Griffiths (2000)
7230:
7224:
7218:
7212:
7205:
7199:
7193:
7187:
7186:
7181:
7179:
7164:
7158:
7157:
7155:
7153:
7148:on 16 March 2014
7144:. Archived from
7129:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7118:
7113:on 30 March 2017
7109:. Archived from
7098:
7092:
7086:
7080:
7077:Mussolini (2006)
7074:
7068:
7067:
7065:
7063:
7038:
7032:
7023:
7017:
7014:Lancaster (2011)
7003:
6997:
6991:
6985:
6984:
6969:
6963:
6960:Mussolini (2002)
6957:
6948:
6942:
6933:
6927:
6918:
6900:
6894:
6884:
6871:
6862:
6853:
6847:
6841:
6788:
6779:
6770:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6748:
6732:
6721:
6715:
6709:
6708:
6706:
6704:
6683:
6672:
6670:
6657:
6648:
6630:
6546:Clerical fascism
6529:
6524:
6523:
6522:
6515:
6510:
6509:
6490:, who came from
6435:Mediterraneanism
6412:
6382:
6362:
6301:Francisco Franco
6258:political centre
6219:
6208:Leni Riefenstahl
6166:Cultural critic
6150:Stanley G. Payne
6139:Jean Baudrillard
6001:its eugenics law
5947:, most forms of
5904:
5902:Piccole Italiane
5855:and the broader
5809:public ownership
5799:
5674:Giovanni Gentile
5639:
5596:
5589:
5582:
5566:
5565:
5507:
5489:Plurinationalism
5449:Internationalism
5389:Communitarianism
5374:Anti-imperialism
5364:Anti-nationalism
5353:Related concepts
4854:
4853:
4839:
4833:Robert O. Paxton
4800:", claimed that
4760:Stanley G. Payne
4722:as Nazis with a
4694:hypernationalism
4664:Marlene Laruelle
4547:, leader of the
4508:
4483:Francisco Franco
4477:Nuremberg Trials
4372:Munich Agreement
4337:
4325:
4317:
4309:
4252:gained seats in
4105:" conspiracies,
4087:Great Depression
4071:Beer Hall Putsch
4067:Erich Ludendorff
4052:Beer Hall Putsch
4032:ethnic cleansing
3882:Benito Mussolini
3861:Fascist violence
3802:
3708:women's suffrage
3701:
3686:movement leader
3663:
3638:social structure
3622:Soviet democracy
3606:Tsar Nicholas II
3535:
3506:
3468:
3438:
3425:Benito Mussolini
3404:who founded the
3365:internationalism
3342:Enrico Corradini
3248:The Ruling Class
3234:
3220:
3208:
3202:
3192:
3167:Social Darwinism
3140:
3128:
3099:
3073:
3051:
3007:William L Shirer
2860:social democracy
2832:MarxistâLeninist
2824:Communist states
2803:
2780:Fascist (insult)
2699:Giovanni Gentile
2637:Francisco Franco
2610:
2538:social Darwinism
2490:
2455:ultranationalism
2346:Stanley G. Payne
2281:
2260:Benito Mussolini
2245:
2233:
2228:is derived from
2227:
2056:emerged in Italy
2005:social hierarchy
1989:ultranationalist
1975:
1970:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1896:
1895:
1243:Nuremberg trials
1112:Beer Hall Putsch
1082:Yokusan Sonendan
1002:Fatherland Front
882:
872:
862:
852:
842:
832:
822:
817:My Autobiography
812:
802:
319:State capitalism
309:Social Darwinism
128:Authoritarianism
118:Anti-materialism
85:
62:
61:
44:Benito Mussolini
21:
28808:
28807:
28803:
28802:
28801:
28799:
28798:
28797:
28788:Totalitarianism
28698:
28697:
28696:
28691:
28690:
28685:
28634:
28629:
28599:
28594:
28398:
28393:
28363:
28358:
28302:
28152:
28119:Socialist state
28104:One-party state
28023:Communist state
27994:
27981:
27951:
27946:
27933:
27922:Totalitarianism
27783:
27778:
27768:
27758:
27748:
27738:
27728:
27718:
27708:
27698:
27688:
27678:
27668:
27658:
27648:
27638:
27628:
27618:
27608:
27598:
27595:Treatise on Law
27588:
27578:
27568:
27548:
27206:
27200:
26939:
26933:
26819:
26813:
26732:
26635:
26621:State of nature
26616:Social contract
26596:Ordered liberty
26584:Noblesse oblige
26501:
26335:
26264:
26093:
26088:
26058:
26053:
26049:Totalitarianism
25903:
25706:Accelerationism
25697:
25610:
25605:
25575:
25570:
25556:
25555:
25554:
25540:Racial theories
25523:Generalplan Ost
25470:
25464:
25444:
25438:
25437:
25436:
25408:Nazi ideologues
25390:
25389:
25388:
25350:
25345:(United States)
25344:
25331:
25296:
25290:
25287:Romani genocide
25254:
25247:
25246:
25245:
25162:
25161:
25160:
25152:Strasser (Otto)
25042:
25041:
25040:
25015:Gleichschaltung
25008:Totalitarianism
24893:One-party state
24701:Anti-liberalism
24671:
24670:
24669:
24594:Tripartite Pact
24505:Machtergreifung
24473:
24472:
24471:
24357:
24352:
24317:
24309:
24304:
24292:
24275:
24120:Europe a Nation
24023:
24008:
23989:Nazi ideologues
23940:
23921:
23875:
23809:
23805:Libyan genocide
23753:
23722:
23702:
23683:
23657:
23611:
23320:Falange Militia
23185:
23017:Blue-and-Blacks
22997:Adler und Falke
22983:
22862:
22812:
22793:
22752:
22731:
22645:
22511:Het Nieuwe Volk
22456:Je suis partout
22319:
22149:
22130:
22016:Phibunsongkhram
21789:
21558:
21524:Mosley (Oswald)
21477:
21406:
21387:Primo de Rivera
21335:
21229:
21163:
21097:
20866:
20780:
20744:
20688:
20647:
20618:Strasser (Otto)
20376:
20270:
20209:
20153:
20082:
20053:Campbell (Eric)
20037:
20018:
19979:Popular Dignity
19858:
19765:
19607:Identity Evropa
19511:
19164:
19150:Tricolour Flame
19145:Terza Posizione
19028:Italian fascism
19023:Imperium Europa
18908:Southern Europe
18902:
18684:Austrian Nazism
18679:Artgemeinschaft
18655:
18613:Terre et Peuple
18503:Nouvelle Droite
18492:Northern League
18099:Bases AutĂłnomas
18065:
17873:Rastakhiz Party
17753:Iran-e-No Party
17748:Hindu Mahasabha
17728:Brit HaBirionim
17679:
17639:
17624:
17554:Neo-Eurasianism
17535:Neo-Legionarism
17238:
17219:
17183:
17179:Totalitarianism
17164:Supercapitalism
17104:One-party state
16940:Actual idealism
16922:
16911:
16906:
16851:
16822:
16817:
16793:
16674:
16542:
16540:Further reading
16537:
16531:
16504:
16470:Badie, Bertrand
16458:Badie, Bertrand
16447:
16445:
16407:
16405:
16374:
16369:
16363:
16332:
16313:
16268:
16266:
16264:
16243:
16196:SAGE Publishing
16145:
16143:
16141:
16095:
16068:
16031:
16006:
15963:
15936:
15914:
15896:Sternhell, Zeev
15880:Sternhell, Zeev
15847:
15770:
15739:
15643:10.2307/1866167
15622:
15596:
15504:
15483:
15451:
15418:
15416:
15414:
15389:
15355:Tutti fascisti!
15337:
15289:
15257:
15227:
15201:
15173:
15147:
15070:
15045:
15022:
15003:
14985:Wiley-Blackwell
14972:
14937:
14864:
14834:
14805:
14754:
14695:. London: Cape.
14684:
14657:
14632:
14605:
14576:
14512:Laclau, Ernesto
14478:
14452:
14412:
14384:
14349:
14274:
14225:
14176:
14140:
14114:
14084:
14059:
14023:
13973:. Vol. 1.
13949:, eds. (2004).
13934:
13927:
13870:
13833:
13810:
13774:
13740:
13675:
13661:Gentile, Emilio
13645:Gentile, Emilio
13637:
13593:
13566:
13543:
13508:
13469:
13434:
13361:
13337:
13305:
13271:
13241:
13205:
13182:
13157:Pearson Longman
13137:
13135:
13133:
13095:
13053:
13032:
13009:
12981:
12955:
12925:Bloxham, Donald
12913:
12884:
12805:
12785:Ben-Ami, Shlomo
12757:
12755:
12753:
12724:
12662:
12576:
12550:
12548:
12538:AcemoÄlu, Daron
12532:
12527:
12477:
12442:
12408:
12380:
12247:
12233:Galeazzo, Ciano
12227:
12225:Primary sources
12222:
12217:
12216:
12208:
12204:
12198:Gillette (2001)
12196:
12192:
12186:Gillette (2001)
12184:
12180:
12174:Gillette (2001)
12172:
12168:
12160:
12147:
12139:
12135:
12125:Gillette (2001)
12123:
12119:
12111:
12107:
12099:
12095:
12087:
12078:
12070:
12066:
12058:
12054:
12044:
12042:
12025:
12021:
12013:
12009:
12001:
11997:
11989:
11985:
11977:
11973:
11965:, p. 121;
11961:, p. 540;
11957:
11953:
11945:
11941:
11926:
11922:
11911:
11907:
11892:10.2307/2096085
11874:
11870:
11839:
11835:
11804:
11800:
11792:
11783:
11772:
11760:. Madison, WI:
11749:
11745:
11730:
11709:
11705:
11698:
11680:
11676:
11661:10.2307/1354116
11649:
11645:
11637:
11628:
11620:
11616:
11608:
11604:
11596:
11592:
11584:
11580:
11574:Blamires (2006)
11572:
11568:
11562:Blamires (2006)
11560:
11556:
11550:Blamires (2006)
11548:
11541:
11531:
11529:
11515:
11511:
11503:
11499:
11487:
11483:
11475:
11471:
11459:
11455:
11447:
11443:
11435:
11431:
11419:
11412:
11361:
11357:
11349:
11345:
11337:
11333:
11325:
11321:
11315:McDonald (1999)
11313:
11309:
11301:
11297:
11289:
11278:
11270:
11266:
11258:
11254:
11246:
11239:
11231:
11227:
11219:
11215:
11207:
11200:
11194:Breuilly (1994)
11192:, p. 106;
11188:
11184:
11176:
11172:
11164:
11157:
11149:
11145:
11137:
11133:
11125:
11121:
11113:
11109:
11101:
11097:
11084:
11080:
11072:
11068:
11062:Breuilly (1994)
11060:
11056:
11048:
11044:
11036:
11032:
11026:Millward (2007)
11024:
11020:
11014:Friedman (2011)
11012:
11008:
11002:Blamires (2006)
11000:
10993:
10985:
10972:
10966:Blamires (2006)
10964:
10960:
10952:
10948:
10940:
10936:
10928:
10924:
10918:De Grand (1995)
10916:
10912:
10900:
10896:
10884:
10880:
10874:Blamires (2006)
10872:
10868:
10858:
10856:
10847:
10846:
10842:
10834:
10830:
10822:
10818:
10810:, p. 117;
10806:
10802:
10794:
10790:
10782:
10778:
10770:
10766:
10758:
10749:
10741:
10737:
10729:
10725:
10717:
10713:
10705:
10701:
10693:
10689:
10681:
10674:
10669:. 8 March 2024.
10658:
10657:
10653:
10645:Washington Post
10636:
10632:
10615:
10611:
10601:
10599:
10598:on 23 July 2023
10584:
10573:
10565:
10532:
10526:
10519:
10502:
10501:
10497:
10477:
10473:
10427:
10423:
10409:
10407:
10397:
10377:
10373:
10363:
10361:
10348:
10347:
10343:
10333:
10331:
10314:
10310:
10300:
10298:
10283:
10279:
10269:
10267:
10254:
10253:
10249:
10242:
10220:
10216:
10185:
10181:
10158:
10154:
10139:
10135:
10128:
10110:
10106:
10100:Blamires (2006)
10098:
10091:
10081:
10079:
10078:. 26 April 2024
10070:
10069:
10065:
10059:Passmore (2002)
10057:
10053:
10041:
10037:
10029:
10025:
10017:
10013:
10002:
9998:
9987:
9983:
9972:
9968:
9963:
9959:
9954:
9950:
9945:
9941:
9936:
9932:
9926:Davidson (2004)
9924:
9917:
9909:
9905:
9895:
9893:
9880:
9879:
9875:
9869:Blamires (2006)
9867:
9863:
9857:Blamires (2006)
9855:
9848:
9840:
9836:
9828:
9824:
9816:
9812:
9804:
9800:
9794:Blamires (2006)
9792:
9781:
9775:Berghaus (2000)
9773:
9769:
9761:
9757:
9749:
9745:
9737:
9733:
9725:
9721:
9710:
9690:
9686:
9675:
9659:
9655:
9647:
9643:
9635:
9631:
9623:
9619:
9609:
9607:
9589:
9585:
9577:
9573:
9565:
9561:
9553:, p. 109;
9549:
9545:
9537:
9530:
9522:
9518:
9512:Blamires (2006)
9510:
9501:
9493:
9489:
9481:
9477:
9471:von Lang (1979)
9469:
9465:
9457:
9453:
9445:
9441:
9433:
9429:
9421:
9417:
9409:
9405:
9397:
9390:
9382:
9373:
9365:
9356:
9348:
9344:
9336:
9329:
9321:
9317:
9309:
9305:
9297:
9284:
9276:
9272:
9264:
9260:
9252:
9248:
9240:
9236:
9228:
9224:
9216:
9212:
9206:De Grand (2000)
9204:
9200:
9192:
9185:
9177:
9173:
9165:
9161:
9153:
9146:
9138:
9134:
9126:
9122:
9114:
9110:
9102:
9098:
9090:
9086:
9080:Passmore (2003)
9078:
9074:
9066:
9062:
9054:
9050:
9042:
9038:
9030:
9026:
9020:Blamires (2006)
9018:
9007:
9000:
8986:
8982:
8975:
8960:
8956:
8950:Blamires (2006)
8948:
8944:
8936:
8932:
8924:
8915:
8907:
8898:
8890:
8886:
8878:
8871:
8863:
8859:
8851:
8847:
8839:
8832:
8824:
8820:
8812:
8805:
8797:
8793:
8785:
8781:
8773:
8769:
8761:
8757:
8749:
8742:
8734:
8727:
8719:
8715:
8707:
8703:
8695:
8688:
8680:
8676:
8668:
8664:
8656:
8652:
8644:
8640:
8632:
8621:
8613:
8606:
8598:, p. 442;
8594:
8590:
8582:
8578:
8570:
8566:
8558:
8554:
8546:
8535:
8527:
8523:
8515:
8504:
8496:, p. 169;
8492:
8488:
8461:"Black Fascism"
8457:
8453:
8446:
8420:
8416:
8408:
8404:
8398:Gerwarth (2005)
8396:
8392:
8384:
8380:
8372:
8368:
8362:Williams (2015)
8360:
8356:
8348:
8341:
8333:
8329:
8320:
8316:
8306:
8304:
8294:
8287:
8279:
8275:
8267:
8263:
8257:Matthews (1946)
8255:
8251:
8243:
8239:
8231:
8227:
8219:
8215:
8207:
8203:
8195:
8191:
8183:
8179:
8171:
8167:
8159:
8155:
8147:
8136:
8129:The fascist era
8125:
8118:
8110:
8106:
8097:
8093:
8081:
8077:
8069:
8065:
8057:, p. 161;
8053:
8049:
8041:
8037:
8029:
8025:
8021:, pp. 4â6.
8017:
8013:
8001:
7997:
7984:
7983:
7979:
7968:
7964:
7956:
7952:
7946:Passmore (2002)
7944:
7940:
7932:
7928:
7918:
7916:
7893:
7892:
7888:
7877:
7857:
7853:
7845:
7841:
7833:
7829:
7821:
7817:
7809:
7805:
7774:(aop): 82â110.
7760:
7756:
7748:
7744:
7736:
7732:
7724:
7720:
7712:
7705:
7697:
7693:
7685:
7681:
7671:
7669:
7667:
7646:
7642:
7634:
7627:
7617:
7615:
7600:
7596:
7588:
7584:
7576:
7559:
7550:
7543:
7531:, p. 258;
7525:Ramswell (2017)
7523:
7519:
7511:
7504:
7497:
7467:
7463:
7456:
7423:
7419:
7412:
7387:
7383:
7368:
7335:
7331:
7324:
7293:
7289:
7272:
7271:
7267:
7251:, p. 223;
7247:
7243:
7231:
7227:
7219:
7215:
7207:Wendy Parkins.
7206:
7202:
7194:
7190:
7177:
7175:
7166:
7165:
7161:
7151:
7149:
7130:
7126:
7116:
7114:
7099:
7095:
7087:
7083:
7075:
7071:
7061:
7059:
7039:
7035:
7024:
7020:
7004:
7000:
6992:
6988:
6973:Berend, IvĂĄn T.
6970:
6966:
6958:
6951:
6947:, pp. 1â6.
6943:
6936:
6928:
6921:
6913:, p. 935;
6909:, p. 185;
6905:, p. 120;
6901:
6897:
6887:Blamires (2006)
6885:
6874:
6863:
6856:
6848:
6844:
6835:Wistrich (1976)
6823:Blamires (2006)
6801:, p. 187;
6789:
6782:
6771:
6756:
6746:
6744:
6734:
6733:
6724:
6716:
6712:
6702:
6700:
6685:
6684:
6675:
6658:
6651:
6631:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6525:
6520:
6518:
6513:Politics portal
6511:
6504:
6501:
6476:Jewish Italians
6394:
6370:Vilfredo Pareto
6321:
6293:
6287:
6266:Interwar period
6264:throughout the
6250:
6230:Joseph Goebbels
6200:
6190:
6188:Popular culture
6143:countermovement
6106:Walter Benjamin
6086:
6081:
6025:
5913:Members of the
5899:Members of the
5893:
5865:
5758:The need for a
5709:
5703:
5672:by philosopher
5668:(1932), partly
5662:one-party state
5654:
5652:Totalitarianism
5642:British Fascism
5600:
5560:
5553:
5552:
5501:
5394:Cosmopolitanism
5354:
5346:
5345:
5340:
5332:
5331:
5012:
5002:
5001:
4972:
4964:
4963:
4879:
4852:
4837:
4836:'revolutionary.
4830:
4778:Aleksandr Dugin
4756:Empire of Japan
4742:Yale historian
4734:in the centre (
4716:Dmitry Medvedev
4661:
4653:Main articles:
4651:
4630:Great Recession
4618:
4612:
4607:
4593:
4506:
4465:Italian Fascism
4450:
4444:
4322:Generalplan Ost
4298:
4265:supercapitalism
4204:the Netherlands
4127:disenfranchised
4114:Weimar Republic
4083:
4044:
4016:
3995:
3972:
3970:Catholic Church
3940:
3926:
3863:
3824:Catholic Church
3820:free enterprise
3816:anticlericalism
3793:
3738:nationalization
3733:progressive tax
3676:
3650:anti-communists
3646:interventionist
3598:Italian fascism
3562:
3556:
3522:
3418:
3326:Benedetto Croce
3285:
3279:
3267:Charles Maurras
3244:
3243:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3235:
3227:
3226:
3224:Charles Maurras
3221:
3137:Gesamtkunstwerk
3060:
3054:
3023:Robert Gerwarth
2914:
2909:
2903:
2879:J. Edgar Hoover
2801:
2782:
2776:
2774:as a pejorative
2729:Edmondo Rossoni
2725:Sergio Panunzio
2717:Giuseppe Bottai
2713:Michele Bianchi
2692:superior people
2688:Italian Fascism
2633:Francoist Spain
2621:
2570:corporate state
2568:organized in a
2488:
2466:Interwar period
2354:anti-liberalism
2310:
2304:
2290:carried by his
2278:fascio littorio
2209:
2099:one-party state
2066:, most notably
1973:
1944:
1940:
1930:
1890:
1883:
1882:
1808:Culture of fear
1793:
1785:
1784:
1734:
1726:
1725:
1655:Neo-Eurasianism
1636:Neo-Legionarism
1338:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1308:Nazi ideologues
1261:
1253:
1252:
1127:Mukden Incident
1102:
1094:
1093:
894:
886:
885:
880:
870:
860:
850:
840:
830:
820:
810:
800:
791:
783:
782:
608:
600:
599:
530:Primo de Rivera
395:
387:
386:
357:
349:
348:
344:Totalitarianism
329:Supercapitalism
274:One-party state
203:Interventionism
98:Actual idealism
93:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
28806:
28796:
28795:
28790:
28785:
28780:
28775:
28770:
28765:
28760:
28755:
28750:
28745:
28740:
28735:
28730:
28725:
28720:
28718:Anti-communism
28715:
28710:
28693:
28692:
28687:
28686:
28684:
28683:
28681:
28679:
28674:
28669:
28664:
28659:
28654:
28652:
28647:
28645:
28639:
28636:
28635:
28628:
28627:
28620:
28613:
28605:
28596:
28595:
28593:
28588:
28583:
28581:United Kingdom
28578:
28573:
28568:
28563:
28558:
28553:
28548:
28543:
28538:
28533:
28528:
28523:
28518:
28513:
28508:
28503:
28498:
28493:
28488:
28483:
28478:
28473:
28468:
28463:
28458:
28453:
28448:
28443:
28438:
28433:
28428:
28423:
28418:
28413:
28408:
28403:
28400:
28399:
28392:
28391:
28384:
28377:
28369:
28360:
28359:
28357:
28356:
28351:
28346:
28341:
28336:
28331:
28326:
28321:
28316:
28310:
28308:
28304:
28303:
28301:
28300:
28295:
28294:
28293:
28283:
28278:
28277:
28276:
28271:
28261:
28256:
28255:
28254:
28249:
28239:
28234:
28233:
28232:
28225:
28220:
28215:
28205:
28204:
28203:
28193:
28192:
28191:
28186:
28181:
28176:
28171:
28160:
28158:
28154:
28153:
28151:
28150:
28149:
28148:
28143:
28133:
28132:
28131:
28121:
28116:
28111:
28106:
28101:
28096:
28091:
28086:
28085:
28084:
28074:
28069:
28068:
28067:
28062:
28057:
28052:
28045:
28043:Constitutional
28040:
28030:
28025:
28020:
28019:
28018:
28008:
28002:
28000:
27996:
27995:
27980:
27979:
27972:
27965:
27957:
27948:
27947:
27945:
27944:
27938:
27935:
27934:
27932:
27931:
27924:
27919:
27914:
27912:Social justice
27909:
27904:
27899:
27894:
27889:
27888:
27887:
27882:
27877:
27867:
27862:
27857:
27852:
27847:
27842:
27837:
27832:
27827:
27822:
27820:Egalitarianism
27817:
27812:
27810:Contractualism
27807:
27802:
27797:
27791:
27789:
27785:
27784:
27782:
27781:
27771:
27761:
27751:
27741:
27731:
27721:
27711:
27701:
27691:
27681:
27671:
27661:
27651:
27641:
27631:
27621:
27611:
27601:
27591:
27581:
27571:
27560:
27558:
27554:
27553:
27550:
27549:
27547:
27546:
27541:
27536:
27531:
27526:
27521:
27516:
27511:
27506:
27501:
27496:
27491:
27486:
27481:
27476:
27471:
27466:
27461:
27456:
27451:
27446:
27441:
27436:
27431:
27426:
27421:
27416:
27411:
27406:
27401:
27396:
27391:
27386:
27381:
27376:
27371:
27366:
27361:
27356:
27351:
27346:
27341:
27336:
27331:
27326:
27321:
27316:
27311:
27306:
27301:
27296:
27291:
27286:
27281:
27276:
27271:
27266:
27261:
27256:
27251:
27246:
27241:
27236:
27231:
27226:
27221:
27216:
27210:
27208:
27202:
27201:
27199:
27198:
27193:
27188:
27183:
27178:
27173:
27168:
27163:
27158:
27153:
27148:
27143:
27138:
27133:
27128:
27123:
27118:
27113:
27108:
27103:
27098:
27093:
27088:
27083:
27078:
27077:
27076:
27066:
27061:
27060:
27059:
27049:
27044:
27039:
27034:
27029:
27024:
27019:
27014:
27009:
27004:
26999:
26994:
26989:
26984:
26979:
26974:
26969:
26964:
26959:
26954:
26949:
26943:
26941:
26935:
26934:
26932:
26931:
26926:
26921:
26916:
26911:
26906:
26901:
26896:
26891:
26886:
26881:
26876:
26875:
26874:
26864:
26859:
26854:
26849:
26844:
26839:
26834:
26829:
26823:
26821:
26815:
26814:
26812:
26811:
26806:
26801:
26796:
26791:
26786:
26781:
26776:
26771:
26766:
26761:
26756:
26751:
26746:
26740:
26738:
26734:
26733:
26731:
26730:
26725:
26720:
26715:
26710:
26705:
26704:
26703:
26693:
26688:
26683:
26678:
26673:
26668:
26663:
26658:
26652:
26650:
26643:
26637:
26636:
26634:
26633:
26628:
26623:
26618:
26613:
26608:
26606:Overton window
26603:
26598:
26593:
26588:
26579:
26574:
26569:
26564:
26559:
26554:
26549:
26544:
26539:
26534:
26529:
26524:
26515:
26509:
26507:
26503:
26502:
26500:
26499:
26494:
26489:
26484:
26479:
26474:
26469:
26464:
26459:
26454:
26449:
26444:
26439:
26437:Libertarianism
26434:
26429:
26424:
26419:
26414:
26409:
26404:
26399:
26394:
26389:
26384:
26379:
26374:
26369:
26364:
26359:
26354:
26349:
26343:
26341:
26337:
26336:
26334:
26333:
26328:
26323:
26318:
26313:
26308:
26303:
26298:
26293:
26288:
26283:
26278:
26272:
26270:
26266:
26265:
26263:
26262:
26257:
26252:
26247:
26242:
26237:
26232:
26227:
26222:
26217:
26212:
26207:
26202:
26197:
26192:
26187:
26182:
26177:
26172:
26167:
26162:
26157:
26152:
26147:
26142:
26137:
26132:
26127:
26122:
26117:
26112:
26107:
26101:
26099:
26095:
26094:
26087:
26086:
26079:
26072:
26064:
26055:
26054:
26052:
26051:
26046:
26041:
26036:
26031:
26026:
26021:
26016:
26011:
26006:
26001:
25996:
25991:
25986:
25981:
25976:
25971:
25966:
25961:
25956:
25955:
25954:
25949:
25944:
25934:
25929:
25924:
25923:
25922:
25911:
25909:
25905:
25904:
25902:
25901:
25896:
25891:
25886:
25881:
25880:
25879:
25874:
25864:
25859:
25858:
25857:
25847:
25842:
25837:
25835:Libertarianism
25832:
25827:
25822:
25817:
25812:
25810:Fundamentalism
25807:
25802:
25801:
25800:
25798:Third Position
25795:
25785:
25780:
25775:
25774:
25773:
25763:
25758:
25753:
25748:
25743:
25738:
25733:
25728:
25723:
25718:
25713:
25708:
25702:
25699:
25698:
25696:
25695:
25690:
25685:
25680:
25679:
25678:
25673:
25668:
25663:
25658:
25653:
25648:
25638:
25633:
25628:
25627:
25626:
25615:
25612:
25611:
25604:
25603:
25596:
25589:
25581:
25572:
25571:
25561:
25558:
25557:
25553:
25552:
25547:
25542:
25537:
25532:
25527:
25518:
25509:
25504:
25499:
25497:Beefsteak Nazi
25494:
25493:
25492:
25487:
25476:
25475:
25474:
25472:
25466:
25465:
25463:
25458:
25453:
25448:
25446:
25445:German society
25440:
25439:
25435:
25430:
25425:
25420:
25415:
25410:
25405:
25400:
25399:
25398:
25396:
25392:
25391:
25387:
25386:
25379:
25374:
25369:
25364:
25359:
25354:
25347:
25340:
25335:
25328:
25323:
25318:
25313:
25308:
25302:
25301:
25300:
25298:
25292:
25291:
25289:
25284:
25279:
25277:Final Solution
25274:
25269:
25264:
25259:
25257:
25255:and war crimes
25249:
25248:
25244:
25239:
25234:
25229:
25224:
25219:
25217:von Liebenfels
25214:
25209:
25204:
25199:
25194:
25189:
25184:
25179:
25174:
25173:
25172:
25170:
25164:
25163:
25159:
25154:
25149:
25144:
25139:
25134:
25129:
25127:von Ribbentrop
25124:
25119:
25114:
25109:
25104:
25099:
25094:
25089:
25084:
25079:
25074:
25069:
25064:
25059:
25054:
25053:
25052:
25050:
25044:
25043:
25039:
25030:
25021:
25020:
25019:
25005:
25000:
24995:
24990:
24985:
24980:
24975:
24974:
24973:
24968:
24963:
24954:
24945:
24940:
24935:
24930:
24925:
24920:
24910:
24905:
24900:
24895:
24890:
24885:
24880:
24879:
24878:
24873:
24868:
24863:
24853:
24848:
24846:Indoctrination
24843:
24842:
24841:
24836:
24827:
24823:Heim ins Reich
24818:
24808:
24799:
24790:
24785:
24780:
24775:
24774:
24773:
24759:
24754:
24749:
24748:
24747:
24742:
24728:
24723:
24718:
24716:Blood and soil
24713:
24708:
24703:
24698:
24693:
24691:Anti-communism
24688:
24683:
24682:
24681:
24679:
24673:
24672:
24668:
24667:
24662:
24657:
24652:
24647:
24642:
24637:
24632:
24630:Doctors' Trial
24627:
24622:
24614:Final solution
24611:
24606:
24601:
24599:Denazification
24596:
24591:
24586:
24581:
24572:
24563:
24558:
24556:Nuremberg Laws
24553:
24548:
24543:
24538:
24533:
24524:
24519:
24514:
24509:
24500:
24495:
24490:
24488:Early timeline
24485:
24484:
24483:
24481:
24475:
24474:
24470:
24469:
24459:
24454:Sturmabteilung
24449:
24444:
24435:
24430:
24425:
24420:
24415:
24410:
24405:
24400:
24395:
24386:
24377:
24367:
24366:
24365:
24363:
24359:
24358:
24351:
24350:
24343:
24336:
24328:
24322:
24319:
24318:
24306:
24305:
24303:
24302:
24290:
24284:
24281:
24280:
24277:
24276:
24274:
24273:
24268:
24263:
24258:
24253:
24248:
24243:
24241:Social fascism
24238:
24237:
24236:
24231:
24221:
24219:Sansepolcrismo
24216:
24211:
24206:
24201:
24196:
24191:
24186:
24181:
24176:
24171:
24170:
24169:
24167:of South Tyrol
24162:Italianization
24159:
24158:
24157:
24147:
24142:
24137:
24135:Feudal fascism
24132:
24127:
24122:
24117:
24112:
24107:
24102:
24101:
24100:
24095:
24090:
24085:
24075:
24074:
24073:
24068:
24063:
24058:
24049:
24044:
24039:
24028:
24025:
24024:
24022:Related topics
24014:
24013:
24010:
24009:
24007:
24006:
24001:
23996:
23991:
23986:
23980:
23975:
23970:
23961:
23956:
23951:
23945:
23942:
23941:
23931:
23930:
23927:
23926:
23923:
23922:
23920:
23919:
23914:
23909:
23904:
23899:
23894:
23889:
23883:
23881:
23877:
23876:
23874:
23873:
23868:
23863:
23858:
23853:
23848:
23843:
23838:
23833:
23828:
23823:
23817:
23815:
23811:
23810:
23808:
23807:
23802:
23797:
23792:
23787:
23782:
23777:
23772:
23770:Corfu incident
23767:
23761:
23759:
23755:
23754:
23752:
23751:
23746:
23741:
23736:
23730:
23728:
23724:
23723:
23721:
23720:
23714:
23712:
23704:
23703:
23693:
23692:
23689:
23688:
23685:
23684:
23682:
23681:
23676:
23671:
23665:
23663:
23659:
23658:
23656:
23655:
23653:Student Action
23650:
23645:
23640:
23635:
23630:
23625:
23619:
23617:
23613:
23612:
23610:
23609:
23604:
23599:
23594:
23589:
23584:
23583:
23582:
23572:
23567:
23565:Walloon Legion
23562:
23557:
23552:
23550:UstaĆĄe Militia
23547:
23542:
23537:
23532:
23527:
23522:
23520:Sturmabteilung
23517:
23512:
23510:Sich Battalion
23507:
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23492:
23487:
23482:
23477:
23472:
23467:
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23335:Flemish Legion
23332:
23327:
23322:
23317:
23315:Falange Armata
23312:
23307:
23305:Einsatzgruppen
23302:
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23300:
23290:
23285:
23280:
23275:
23270:
23265:
23260:
23255:
23250:
23245:
23240:
23238:Black Brigades
23235:
23230:
23225:
23220:
23215:
23210:
23205:
23203:Abhinav Bharat
23199:
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22889:Casuals United
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22776:
22774:Heroic realism
22771:
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22758:
22757:Related topics
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22606:TĂŒrkische Post
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22366:The Blackshirt
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21983:
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21519:Mosley (Diana)
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20292:Benoist-MĂ©chin
20289:
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20276:
20272:
20271:
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20268:
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20253:
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20211:
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20208:
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20202:
20197:
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19849:True Blue Crew
19846:
19841:
19836:
19831:
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19572:American Front
19564:
19563:
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19555:Heritage Front
19552:
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19537:
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19492:
19491:
19490:
19475:
19470:
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19448:Serbian Action
19445:
19440:
19435:
19430:
19425:
19423:Romanian Front
19420:
19415:
19410:
19408:People's Party
19405:
19400:
19395:
19390:
19385:
19380:
19375:
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19365:
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19147:
19142:
19140:Student Action
19137:
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18926:Balli Kombëtar
18923:
18918:
18912:
18910:
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18903:
18901:
18900:
18895:
18890:
18885:
18880:
18878:The Third Path
18875:
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18859:
18858:
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18661:Central Europe
18657:
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18643:
18638:
18631:
18629:Union Movement
18626:
18624:Third Way (UK)
18621:
18616:
18609:
18604:
18599:
18594:
18592:Rising Finland
18589:
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18414:
18409:
18404:
18399:
18394:
18389:
18387:National Rally
18384:
18379:
18374:
18369:
18364:
18359:
18354:
18349:
18344:
18337:
18330:
18323:
18316:
18311:
18309:Lapua Movement
18306:
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18214:
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18189:
18187:Casuals United
18184:
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17997:
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17945:Ekal Vidyalaya
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17695:
17693:Abhinav Bharat
17689:
17687:
17681:
17680:
17678:
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17672:
17670:Ossewabrandwag
17667:
17662:
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17360:
17355:
17354:
17353:
17348:
17347:
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17345:
17344:
17339:
17333:Neo-PĂ©tainism
17326:
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17311:
17306:
17301:
17296:
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17294:
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17185:
17184:
17182:
17181:
17176:
17174:Third Position
17171:
17166:
17161:
17156:
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17146:
17141:
17136:
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17094:
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17074:
17069:
17064:
17059:
17052:
17047:
17045:Indoctrination
17042:
17037:
17032:
17030:Heroic realism
17027:
17022:
17017:
17012:
17007:
17002:
16997:
16992:
16987:
16982:
16977:
16972:
16967:
16962:
16957:
16952:
16950:Anti-communism
16947:
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16897:
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16882:
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16854:
16843:
16834:
16821:
16820:External links
16818:
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16815:
16797:
16791:
16769:
16741:(2): 291â315.
16724:
16717:
16707:
16696:
16681:
16672:
16660:Hayes, Paul M.
16656:
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16029:
16010:
16005:978-0531053720
16004:
15988:
15982:. Oxford: UK:
15975:
15961:
15940:
15934:
15922:Thomson, David
15918:
15913:978-0340706138
15912:
15900:Griffin, Roger
15892:
15876:
15855:
15845:
15826:
15813:
15800:
15774:
15768:
15752:
15743:
15737:
15725:Seldes, George
15721:
15713:Seldes, George
15709:
15685:
15672:
15660:Griffin, Roger
15655:
15637:(2): 404â424.
15626:
15620:
15600:
15594:
15577:
15568:
15529:
15516:
15502:
15487:
15481:
15468:
15455:
15449:
15433:Reich, Wilhelm
15429:
15412:
15397:
15387:
15368:
15349:
15335:
15310:
15297:
15287:
15265:
15255:
15239:
15225:
15205:
15199:
15179:
15178:
15177:
15171:
15145:
15127:
15115:10.1086/235001
15107:10.1086/235001
15087:
15078:
15068:
15049:
15043:
15026:
15020:
15007:
15001:
14976:
14970:
14945:
14935:
14916:
14904:
14891:
14878:
14868:
14862:
14842:
14832:
14813:
14803:
14784:
14767:
14758:
14752:
14735:
14722:
14709:
14697:
14688:
14682:
14665:
14655:
14636:
14630:
14613:
14603:
14584:
14574:
14555:
14537:(3): 366â369.
14524:
14508:
14495:
14482:
14476:
14456:
14450:
14433:
14420:
14410:
14388:
14382:
14362:
14353:
14347:
14327:
14314:
14296:(2): 237â260.
14282:
14272:
14250:
14241:
14229:
14223:
14206:
14193:
14180:
14174:
14157:
14144:
14138:
14118:
14112:
14092:
14082:
14067:
14057:
14039:Griffin, Roger
14035:
14021:
14005:Griffin, Roger
14001:
14000:
13999:
13983:Griffin, Roger
13979:
13963:Griffin, Roger
13943:Griffin, Roger
13939:
13914:Griffin, Roger
13910:
13898:Griffin, Roger
13894:
13882:Griffin, Roger
13878:
13868:
13850:Griffin, Roger
13846:
13837:
13831:
13814:
13808:
13791:
13782:
13772:
13757:
13744:
13738:
13718:
13705:
13692:
13679:
13673:
13657:
13641:
13635:
13618:
13605:
13591:
13570:
13564:
13547:
13541:
13524:
13512:
13506:
13486:
13473:
13467:
13451:Eatwell, Roger
13447:
13438:
13432:
13413:
13400:
13398:. Harper Rowe.
13391:
13378:
13369:
13359:
13341:
13335:
13313:
13303:
13288:
13279:
13269:
13254:
13245:
13239:
13222:
13209:
13203:
13190:
13180:
13161:
13148:
13131:
13112:
13099:
13094:978-0275948771
13093:
13073:
13061:Breuilly, John
13057:
13051:
13036:
13031:978-0828321556
13030:
13017:
13007:
12989:Boesche, Roger
12985:
12979:
12959:
12953:
12929:Moses, A. Dirk
12921:
12911:
12892:
12882:
12863:
12862:
12861:
12835:
12822:
12813:
12803:
12781:
12768:
12751:
12732:
12722:
12703:
12685:(2): 227â250.
12674:
12660:
12643:
12630:
12610:10.2307/493879
12604:(4): 559â584.
12593:
12580:
12574:
12557:
12533:
12531:
12528:
12526:
12525:
12509:
12491:(April 1946).
12489:Orwell, George
12485:
12462:Orwell, George
12458:
12446:
12440:
12424:
12412:
12406:
12384:
12378:
12358:
12348:Mosely, Oswald
12344:
12335:
12319:
12302:
12288:
12287:
12286:
12265:
12251:
12245:
12228:
12226:
12223:
12221:
12218:
12215:
12214:
12202:
12190:
12178:
12166:
12164:, p. 129.
12162:Pollard (1998)
12145:
12141:Burgwyn (1997)
12133:
12131:, p. 129.
12129:Pollard (1998)
12127:, p. 17;
12117:
12105:
12093:
12091:, p. 249.
12076:
12074:, p. 200.
12064:
12060:O'Brien (2014)
12052:
12019:
12017:, p. 284.
12007:
11995:
11983:
11981:, p. 111.
11971:
11967:Griffin (1991)
11963:Pollard (1998)
11951:
11947:Boesche (2010)
11939:
11920:
11917:. p. 361.
11905:
11886:(5): 639â651.
11868:
11849:(1): 111â117.
11833:
11798:
11781:
11770:
11743:
11728:
11703:
11696:
11674:
11643:
11641:, p. 553.
11626:
11624:, p. 550.
11614:
11612:, p. 547.
11602:
11590:
11578:
11566:
11554:
11552:, p. 168.
11539:
11509:
11507:, p. 529.
11497:
11489:Tierney (1999)
11481:
11477:Proctor (1989)
11469:
11453:
11449:Proctor (1989)
11441:
11439:, p. 139.
11437:McLaren (1999)
11429:
11410:
11375:(1/2): 22â66.
11355:
11343:
11331:
11329:, p. 101.
11319:
11307:
11305:, p. 205.
11295:
11276:
11274:, p. 341.
11272:Laqueur (1978)
11264:
11252:
11250:, p. 171.
11248:Antliff (2007)
11237:
11233:Griffin (1995)
11225:
11213:
11211:, p. 106.
11209:Woodley (2010)
11198:
11196:, p. 294.
11182:
11170:
11168:, p. 489.
11155:
11143:
11131:
11129:, p. 484.
11119:
11107:
11103:Hawkins (1997)
11095:
11078:
11066:
11064:, p. 290.
11054:
11042:
11040:, p. 103.
11030:
11028:, p. 178.
11018:
11006:
11004:, p. 535.
10991:
10970:
10968:, p. 102.
10958:
10946:
10934:
10930:Griffin (1991)
10922:
10910:
10894:
10878:
10876:, p. 610.
10866:
10840:
10828:
10816:
10814:, p. 220.
10800:
10796:Schmitt (1995)
10788:
10776:
10764:
10747:
10745:, p. 223.
10743:Laqueur (1997)
10735:
10723:
10711:
10699:
10687:
10672:
10651:
10630:
10609:
10571:
10545:(2): 149â168.
10517:
10495:
10471:
10432:(March 2016).
10421:
10395:
10371:
10341:
10308:
10277:
10247:
10240:
10214:
10179:
10152:
10133:
10126:
10104:
10102:, p. 512.
10089:
10063:
10051:
10035:
10033:, p. 150.
10023:
10011:
9996:
9981:
9966:
9957:
9948:
9939:
9930:
9915:
9911:Rodogno (2006)
9903:
9873:
9871:, p. 190.
9861:
9846:
9834:
9830:Toniolo (2013)
9822:
9818:Toniolo (2013)
9810:
9798:
9796:, p. 189.
9779:
9767:
9755:
9751:Griffin (1991)
9743:
9741:, p. 145.
9731:
9729:, p. 311.
9719:
9708:
9702:. p. 66.
9684:
9673:
9653:
9641:
9639:, p. 270.
9629:
9617:
9583:
9571:
9569:, p. 182.
9567:Kershaw (2000)
9559:
9557:, p. 358.
9551:Cardoza (2006)
9543:
9528:
9526:, p. 132.
9516:
9514:, p. 150.
9499:
9487:
9485:, p. 239.
9475:
9473:, p. 221.
9463:
9461:, p. 131.
9451:
9439:
9437:, p. 162.
9427:
9415:
9413:, p. 115.
9403:
9401:, p. 114.
9388:
9386:, p. 113.
9371:
9369:, p. 110.
9354:
9352:, p. 122.
9342:
9327:
9315:
9303:
9282:
9270:
9258:
9246:
9234:
9232:, p. 190.
9222:
9210:
9208:, p. 145.
9198:
9196:, p. 193.
9183:
9171:
9159:
9157:, p. 189.
9144:
9142:, p. 187.
9132:
9130:, p. 186.
9120:
9108:
9096:
9084:
9082:, p. 116.
9072:
9060:
9058:, p. 178.
9048:
9044:Neville (2004)
9036:
9024:
9005:
8998:
8980:
8973:
8954:
8942:
8940:, p. 130.
8930:
8926:HĂŒppauf (1997)
8913:
8911:, p. 205.
8909:Kitchen (2006)
8896:
8884:
8880:O'Brien (2014)
8869:
8865:O'Brien (2014)
8857:
8855:, p. 214.
8845:
8843:, p. 175.
8830:
8818:
8803:
8801:, p. 153.
8791:
8787:Gentile (2003)
8779:
8767:
8755:
8740:
8738:, p. 163.
8725:
8713:
8701:
8686:
8682:Antliff (2007)
8674:
8670:Antliff (2007)
8662:
8658:Antliff (2007)
8650:
8646:Antliff (2007)
8638:
8634:Carroll (1998)
8619:
8615:Caforio (2006)
8604:
8588:
8576:
8564:
8552:
8550:, p. 171.
8533:
8521:
8519:, p. 170.
8502:
8486:
8451:
8444:
8414:
8410:Dierkes (2010)
8402:
8400:, p. 166.
8390:
8378:
8376:, p. 293.
8374:Thomson (1966)
8366:
8354:
8339:
8327:
8314:
8285:
8283:, p. 562.
8273:
8261:
8249:
8237:
8235:, p. 231.
8225:
8213:
8201:
8189:
8177:
8165:
8153:
8151:, p. 112.
8134:
8116:
8104:
8100:Gentile (2005)
8091:
8085:, p. 57;
8075:
8073:, p. 156.
8063:
8047:
8045:, p. 191.
8035:
8031:Griffin (2003)
8023:
8011:
7995:
7977:
7962:
7950:
7938:
7926:
7886:
7875:
7851:
7847:Laqueur (1997)
7839:
7835:Eatwell (1996)
7827:
7825:, p. 216.
7815:
7803:
7754:
7742:
7738:Griffin (2008)
7730:
7718:
7714:Kershaw (2016)
7703:
7699:Griffin (2003)
7691:
7689:, p. 201.
7687:Griffin (1991)
7679:
7666:978-1571819017
7665:
7649:Griffin, Roger
7640:
7636:Griffin (1991)
7625:
7594:
7592:, p. 118.
7582:
7541:
7533:Kallis (2003b)
7517:
7502:
7495:
7461:
7454:
7417:
7410:
7381:
7366:
7329:
7322:
7296:Griffin, Roger
7287:
7282:Google Scholar
7265:
7257:Griffin (1991)
7255:, p. 39;
7253:Eatwell (1996)
7249:Laqueur (1997)
7241:
7225:
7223:, p. 228.
7221:Kershaw (2016)
7213:
7200:
7188:
7172:Britannica.com
7159:
7138:Fictional Rome
7124:
7093:
7081:
7079:, p. 227.
7069:
7033:
7018:
6998:
6986:
6964:
6949:
6945:Griffin (2013)
6934:
6919:
6917:, p. 106.
6895:
6872:
6854:
6842:
6819:Woodley (2010)
6815:Goodwin (2011)
6799:Hartley (2004)
6797:, p. 71;
6795:Kallis (2003b)
6791:Griffin (1995)
6780:
6754:
6722:
6710:
6673:
6649:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6615:
6613:Third Position
6610:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6556:Crypto-fascism
6553:
6548:
6543:
6538:
6532:
6531:
6530:
6527:History portal
6516:
6500:
6497:
6393:
6390:
6320:
6317:
6286:
6283:
6249:
6246:
6189:
6186:
6156:Emilio Gentile
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6053:Gottfried Benn
6024:
6021:
6005:racial hygiene
5993:Weimar Germany
5933:Walter Laqueur
5892:
5889:
5864:
5861:
5849:social welfare
5733:class conflict
5705:Main article:
5702:
5699:
5690:indoctrination
5653:
5650:
5602:
5601:
5599:
5598:
5591:
5584:
5576:
5573:
5572:
5571:
5570:
5555:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5539:
5538:
5536:in Catholicism
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5384:Civil religion
5381:
5376:
5371:
5366:
5361:
5355:
5352:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5341:
5338:
5337:
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5260:
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5224:
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5190:
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5155:
5150:
5145:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5109:
5108:
5106:Ethnopluralism
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5046:
5045:
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5004:
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4994:
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4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4880:
4874:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4863:
4862:
4851:
4848:
4829:
4826:
4770:Andreas Umland
4744:Timothy Snyder
4720:Vladimir Putin
4708:
4707:
4704:
4697:
4687:
4650:
4647:
4614:Main article:
4611:
4608:
4592:
4589:
4524:In Argentina,
4519:Fernando Rosas
4446:Main article:
4443:
4440:
4407:Italian Empire
4368:Czechoslovakia
4297:
4294:
4244:, the fascist
4238:GetĂșlio Vargas
4230:PlĂnio Salgado
4174:Dreyfus Affair
4082:
4079:
4043:
4040:
4015:
4012:
3994:
3991:
3976:Lateran Treaty
3971:
3968:
3939:
3936:
3925:
3922:
3862:
3859:
3841:Daron AcemoÄlu
3792:
3789:
3675:
3672:
3660:Sansepolcrismo
3590:Vladimir Lenin
3555:
3552:
3521:
3518:
3509:Spirit of 1914
3490:Spirit of 1914
3417:
3414:
3306:general strike
3281:Main article:
3278:
3275:
3236:
3229:
3228:
3222:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3147:Gustave Le Bon
3145:'s racialism,
3064:Zeev Sternhell
3062:The historian
3053:
3045:
3041:C. L. R. James
3001:, the Italian
2980:civil religion
2960:Georges Valois
2937:ancient Greece
2913:
2910:
2902:
2899:
2865:social fascism
2820:anti-communism
2778:Main article:
2775:
2769:
2756:Third Position
2661:egalitarianism
2620:
2617:
2578:Ruth Ben-Ghiat
2545:Emilio Gentile
2534:Walter Laqueur
2411:Fascist period
2376:
2375:
2372:
2365:
2358:anti-communism
2306:Main article:
2303:
2300:
2208:
2205:
2130:discrimination
2033:egalitarianism
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1914:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1875:
1870:
1868:Social fascism
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1828:Feudal fascism
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1792:Related topics
1791:
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1694:
1689:
1684:
1677:Third Position
1674:
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1450:
1445:
1439:Neo-PĂ©tainism
1432:
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1417:
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1407:
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1007:FE de las JONS
1004:
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989:
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967:
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945:
944:
943:
938:
933:
928:
923:
913:
912:
911:
906:
895:
892:
891:
888:
887:
884:
883:
873:
863:
853:
843:
833:
823:
813:
803:
792:
789:
788:
785:
784:
781:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
755:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
710:
708:von Liebenfels
705:
700:
695:
690:
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
655:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
625:
620:
615:
609:
606:
605:
602:
601:
598:
597:
592:
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
522:
517:
512:
507:
502:
497:
492:
487:
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
396:
393:
392:
389:
388:
385:
384:
379:
374:
369:
364:
358:
355:
354:
351:
350:
347:
346:
341:
339:Third Position
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
286:
281:
276:
271:
266:
265:
264:
259:
254:
244:
239:
234:
229:
222:
217:
216:
215:
210:
200:
198:Indoctrination
195:
190:
185:
183:Heroic realism
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
140:
135:
130:
125:
120:
115:
110:
108:Anti-communism
105:
100:
94:
91:
90:
87:
86:
78:
77:
71:
70:
26:
18:Fascist regime
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
28805:
28794:
28791:
28789:
28786:
28784:
28781:
28779:
28776:
28774:
28771:
28769:
28766:
28764:
28761:
28759:
28756:
28754:
28751:
28749:
28746:
28744:
28741:
28739:
28736:
28734:
28731:
28729:
28726:
28724:
28721:
28719:
28716:
28714:
28711:
28709:
28706:
28705:
28703:
28682:
28680:
28678:
28675:
28673:
28672:South America
28670:
28668:
28665:
28663:
28662:North America
28660:
28658:
28655:
28653:
28651:
28648:
28646:
28644:
28641:
28640:
28637:
28633:
28626:
28621:
28619:
28614:
28612:
28607:
28606:
28603:
28592:
28589:
28587:
28586:United States
28584:
28582:
28579:
28577:
28574:
28572:
28569:
28567:
28564:
28562:
28559:
28557:
28554:
28552:
28549:
28547:
28544:
28542:
28539:
28537:
28534:
28532:
28529:
28527:
28524:
28522:
28519:
28517:
28514:
28512:
28509:
28507:
28504:
28502:
28499:
28497:
28494:
28492:
28489:
28487:
28484:
28482:
28479:
28477:
28474:
28472:
28469:
28467:
28464:
28462:
28459:
28457:
28454:
28452:
28449:
28447:
28444:
28442:
28439:
28437:
28434:
28432:
28429:
28427:
28424:
28422:
28419:
28417:
28414:
28412:
28409:
28407:
28404:
28401:
28397:
28390:
28385:
28383:
28378:
28376:
28371:
28370:
28367:
28355:
28352:
28350:
28347:
28345:
28342:
28340:
28337:
28335:
28332:
28330:
28327:
28325:
28322:
28320:
28317:
28315:
28312:
28311:
28309:
28305:
28299:
28298:ShĆwa Statism
28296:
28292:
28289:
28288:
28287:
28284:
28282:
28279:
28275:
28272:
28270:
28267:
28266:
28265:
28262:
28260:
28257:
28253:
28250:
28248:
28245:
28244:
28243:
28240:
28238:
28237:Caesaropapism
28235:
28231:
28230:
28226:
28224:
28221:
28219:
28216:
28214:
28211:
28210:
28209:
28206:
28202:
28199:
28198:
28197:
28194:
28190:
28187:
28185:
28182:
28180:
28177:
28175:
28172:
28170:
28167:
28166:
28165:
28162:
28161:
28159:
28155:
28147:
28144:
28142:
28139:
28138:
28137:
28134:
28130:
28129:Islamic state
28127:
28126:
28125:
28122:
28120:
28117:
28115:
28112:
28110:
28107:
28105:
28102:
28100:
28097:
28095:
28092:
28090:
28087:
28083:
28080:
28079:
28078:
28075:
28073:
28070:
28066:
28063:
28061:
28058:
28056:
28053:
28051:
28050:
28046:
28044:
28041:
28039:
28036:
28035:
28034:
28031:
28029:
28026:
28024:
28021:
28017:
28014:
28013:
28012:
28009:
28007:
28004:
28003:
28001:
27997:
27993:
27989:
27985:
27984:Authoritarian
27978:
27973:
27971:
27966:
27964:
27959:
27958:
27955:
27943:
27940:
27939:
27936:
27930:
27929:
27925:
27923:
27920:
27918:
27915:
27913:
27910:
27908:
27905:
27903:
27900:
27898:
27895:
27893:
27890:
27886:
27883:
27881:
27878:
27876:
27873:
27872:
27871:
27868:
27866:
27863:
27861:
27858:
27856:
27853:
27851:
27848:
27846:
27845:Jurisprudence
27843:
27841:
27838:
27836:
27833:
27831:
27828:
27826:
27823:
27821:
27818:
27816:
27813:
27811:
27808:
27806:
27803:
27801:
27798:
27796:
27793:
27792:
27790:
27786:
27777:
27776:
27772:
27767:
27766:
27762:
27757:
27756:
27752:
27747:
27746:
27742:
27737:
27736:
27732:
27727:
27726:
27722:
27717:
27716:
27712:
27707:
27706:
27702:
27697:
27696:
27692:
27687:
27686:
27682:
27677:
27676:
27675:Rights of Man
27672:
27667:
27666:
27662:
27657:
27656:
27652:
27647:
27646:
27642:
27637:
27636:
27632:
27627:
27626:
27622:
27617:
27616:
27612:
27607:
27606:
27602:
27597:
27596:
27592:
27587:
27586:
27585:De re publica
27582:
27577:
27576:
27572:
27567:
27566:
27562:
27561:
27559:
27555:
27545:
27542:
27540:
27537:
27535:
27532:
27530:
27527:
27525:
27522:
27520:
27517:
27515:
27512:
27510:
27507:
27505:
27502:
27500:
27497:
27495:
27492:
27490:
27487:
27485:
27482:
27480:
27477:
27475:
27472:
27470:
27467:
27465:
27462:
27460:
27457:
27455:
27452:
27450:
27447:
27445:
27442:
27440:
27437:
27435:
27432:
27430:
27427:
27425:
27422:
27420:
27417:
27415:
27412:
27410:
27407:
27405:
27402:
27400:
27397:
27395:
27392:
27390:
27387:
27385:
27382:
27380:
27377:
27375:
27372:
27370:
27367:
27365:
27362:
27360:
27357:
27355:
27352:
27350:
27347:
27345:
27342:
27340:
27337:
27335:
27332:
27330:
27327:
27325:
27322:
27320:
27317:
27315:
27312:
27310:
27307:
27305:
27302:
27300:
27297:
27295:
27292:
27290:
27287:
27285:
27282:
27280:
27277:
27275:
27272:
27270:
27267:
27265:
27262:
27260:
27257:
27255:
27252:
27250:
27247:
27245:
27242:
27240:
27237:
27235:
27232:
27230:
27227:
27225:
27222:
27220:
27217:
27215:
27212:
27211:
27209:
27205:20th and 21st
27203:
27197:
27194:
27192:
27189:
27187:
27184:
27182:
27179:
27177:
27174:
27172:
27169:
27167:
27164:
27162:
27159:
27157:
27154:
27152:
27149:
27147:
27144:
27142:
27139:
27137:
27134:
27132:
27129:
27127:
27124:
27122:
27119:
27117:
27114:
27112:
27109:
27107:
27104:
27102:
27099:
27097:
27094:
27092:
27089:
27087:
27084:
27082:
27079:
27075:
27072:
27071:
27070:
27067:
27065:
27062:
27058:
27055:
27054:
27053:
27050:
27048:
27045:
27043:
27040:
27038:
27035:
27033:
27030:
27028:
27025:
27023:
27020:
27018:
27015:
27013:
27010:
27008:
27005:
27003:
27000:
26998:
26995:
26993:
26990:
26988:
26985:
26983:
26980:
26978:
26975:
26973:
26970:
26968:
26965:
26963:
26960:
26958:
26955:
26953:
26950:
26948:
26945:
26944:
26942:
26938:18th and 19th
26936:
26930:
26927:
26925:
26922:
26920:
26917:
26915:
26912:
26910:
26907:
26905:
26902:
26900:
26897:
26895:
26892:
26890:
26887:
26885:
26882:
26880:
26877:
26873:
26870:
26869:
26868:
26865:
26863:
26860:
26858:
26855:
26853:
26850:
26848:
26845:
26843:
26840:
26838:
26835:
26833:
26830:
26828:
26825:
26824:
26822:
26816:
26810:
26807:
26805:
26802:
26800:
26797:
26795:
26794:Nizam al-Mulk
26792:
26790:
26787:
26785:
26782:
26780:
26777:
26775:
26772:
26770:
26767:
26765:
26762:
26760:
26757:
26755:
26752:
26750:
26747:
26745:
26742:
26741:
26739:
26735:
26729:
26726:
26724:
26721:
26719:
26716:
26714:
26711:
26709:
26706:
26702:
26699:
26698:
26697:
26694:
26692:
26689:
26687:
26684:
26682:
26679:
26677:
26674:
26672:
26669:
26667:
26664:
26662:
26659:
26657:
26654:
26653:
26651:
26647:
26644:
26642:
26638:
26632:
26629:
26627:
26624:
26622:
26619:
26617:
26614:
26612:
26609:
26607:
26604:
26602:
26599:
26597:
26594:
26592:
26589:
26586:
26585:
26580:
26578:
26575:
26573:
26570:
26568:
26565:
26563:
26560:
26558:
26555:
26553:
26550:
26548:
26545:
26543:
26540:
26538:
26535:
26533:
26530:
26528:
26525:
26522:
26521:
26516:
26514:
26511:
26510:
26508:
26504:
26498:
26495:
26493:
26490:
26488:
26485:
26483:
26480:
26478:
26477:Republicanism
26475:
26473:
26470:
26468:
26465:
26463:
26460:
26458:
26455:
26453:
26450:
26448:
26445:
26443:
26440:
26438:
26435:
26433:
26430:
26428:
26425:
26423:
26420:
26418:
26415:
26413:
26410:
26408:
26405:
26403:
26400:
26398:
26395:
26393:
26390:
26388:
26385:
26383:
26380:
26378:
26375:
26373:
26370:
26368:
26365:
26363:
26360:
26358:
26355:
26353:
26350:
26348:
26345:
26344:
26342:
26338:
26332:
26329:
26327:
26324:
26322:
26319:
26317:
26314:
26312:
26309:
26307:
26304:
26302:
26299:
26297:
26294:
26292:
26289:
26287:
26284:
26282:
26279:
26277:
26274:
26273:
26271:
26267:
26261:
26258:
26256:
26253:
26251:
26248:
26246:
26243:
26241:
26238:
26236:
26233:
26231:
26228:
26226:
26223:
26221:
26218:
26216:
26213:
26211:
26208:
26206:
26203:
26201:
26198:
26196:
26193:
26191:
26188:
26186:
26183:
26181:
26178:
26176:
26173:
26171:
26168:
26166:
26163:
26161:
26158:
26156:
26153:
26151:
26148:
26146:
26143:
26141:
26138:
26136:
26133:
26131:
26128:
26126:
26123:
26121:
26118:
26116:
26113:
26111:
26108:
26106:
26103:
26102:
26100:
26096:
26092:
26085:
26080:
26078:
26073:
26071:
26066:
26065:
26062:
26050:
26047:
26045:
26042:
26040:
26037:
26035:
26032:
26030:
26027:
26025:
26022:
26020:
26019:Progressivism
26017:
26015:
26012:
26010:
26007:
26005:
26002:
26000:
25997:
25995:
25992:
25990:
25987:
25985:
25982:
25980:
25979:Individualism
25977:
25975:
25972:
25970:
25967:
25965:
25962:
25960:
25957:
25953:
25950:
25948:
25945:
25943:
25940:
25939:
25938:
25935:
25933:
25930:
25928:
25925:
25921:
25918:
25917:
25916:
25913:
25912:
25910:
25906:
25900:
25897:
25895:
25892:
25890:
25887:
25885:
25882:
25878:
25875:
25873:
25870:
25869:
25868:
25867:Republicanism
25865:
25863:
25860:
25856:
25853:
25852:
25851:
25848:
25846:
25843:
25841:
25838:
25836:
25833:
25831:
25828:
25826:
25823:
25821:
25818:
25816:
25813:
25811:
25808:
25806:
25803:
25799:
25796:
25794:
25791:
25790:
25789:
25786:
25784:
25781:
25779:
25776:
25772:
25771:Social credit
25769:
25768:
25767:
25764:
25762:
25759:
25757:
25754:
25752:
25749:
25747:
25744:
25742:
25739:
25737:
25734:
25732:
25729:
25727:
25724:
25722:
25719:
25717:
25714:
25712:
25709:
25707:
25704:
25703:
25700:
25694:
25693:Revolutionary
25691:
25689:
25686:
25684:
25681:
25677:
25674:
25672:
25669:
25667:
25664:
25662:
25659:
25657:
25654:
25652:
25649:
25647:
25644:
25643:
25642:
25639:
25637:
25634:
25632:
25629:
25625:
25622:
25621:
25620:
25617:
25616:
25613:
25609:
25602:
25597:
25595:
25590:
25588:
25583:
25582:
25579:
25569:
25559:
25551:
25548:
25546:
25543:
25541:
25538:
25536:
25533:
25531:
25528:
25525:
25524:
25519:
25516:
25515:
25510:
25508:
25505:
25503:
25500:
25498:
25495:
25491:
25488:
25486:
25483:
25482:
25481:
25478:
25477:
25473:
25467:
25462:
25459:
25457:
25454:
25452:
25451:The Wehrmacht
25449:
25447:
25441:
25434:
25431:
25429:
25426:
25424:
25421:
25419:
25416:
25414:
25411:
25409:
25406:
25404:
25401:
25397:
25393:
25385:
25384:
25380:
25378:
25375:
25373:
25370:
25368:
25365:
25363:
25360:
25358:
25355:
25353:
25348:
25346:
25341:
25339:
25336:
25334:
25329:
25327:
25324:
25322:
25319:
25317:
25314:
25312:
25309:
25307:
25304:
25303:
25299:
25293:
25288:
25285:
25283:
25280:
25278:
25275:
25273:
25270:
25268:
25265:
25263:
25260:
25258:
25256:
25250:
25243:
25240:
25238:
25235:
25233:
25230:
25228:
25225:
25223:
25220:
25218:
25215:
25213:
25210:
25208:
25205:
25203:
25200:
25198:
25195:
25193:
25190:
25188:
25185:
25183:
25180:
25178:
25175:
25171:
25169:
25165:
25158:
25155:
25153:
25150:
25148:
25145:
25143:
25140:
25138:
25137:Seyss-Inquart
25135:
25133:
25130:
25128:
25125:
25123:
25120:
25118:
25115:
25113:
25110:
25108:
25105:
25103:
25100:
25098:
25095:
25093:
25090:
25088:
25085:
25083:
25080:
25078:
25075:
25073:
25070:
25068:
25065:
25063:
25060:
25058:
25055:
25051:
25049:
25045:
25037:
25036:
25031:
25028:
25027:
25022:
25017:
25016:
25011:
25010:
25009:
25006:
25004:
25001:
24999:
24996:
24994:
24991:
24989:
24986:
24984:
24981:
24979:
24976:
24972:
24969:
24967:
24964:
24961:
24960:
24959:Untermenschen
24955:
24952:
24951:
24950:Rassenschande
24946:
24944:
24941:
24939:
24936:
24934:
24931:
24929:
24926:
24924:
24921:
24919:
24916:
24915:
24914:
24911:
24909:
24906:
24904:
24901:
24899:
24896:
24894:
24891:
24889:
24886:
24884:
24881:
24877:
24874:
24872:
24869:
24867:
24864:
24862:
24859:
24858:
24857:
24854:
24852:
24849:
24847:
24844:
24840:
24839:Pan-Germanism
24837:
24834:
24833:
24828:
24825:
24824:
24819:
24817:
24814:
24813:
24812:
24809:
24806:
24805:
24800:
24797:
24796:
24791:
24789:
24786:
24784:
24781:
24779:
24778:Direct action
24776:
24771:
24770:
24769:FĂŒhrerprinzip
24765:
24764:
24763:
24760:
24758:
24755:
24753:
24750:
24746:
24743:
24740:
24739:
24734:
24733:
24732:
24729:
24727:
24724:
24722:
24719:
24717:
24714:
24712:
24709:
24707:
24706:Anti-pacifism
24704:
24702:
24699:
24697:
24694:
24692:
24689:
24687:
24684:
24680:
24678:
24674:
24666:
24663:
24661:
24658:
24656:
24653:
24651:
24648:
24646:
24643:
24641:
24638:
24636:
24633:
24631:
24628:
24626:
24623:
24621:
24618:
24617:
24616:
24615:
24610:
24607:
24605:
24602:
24600:
24597:
24595:
24592:
24590:
24589:The Holocaust
24587:
24585:
24582:
24579:
24578:
24573:
24570:
24569:
24568:Kristallnacht
24564:
24562:
24559:
24557:
24554:
24552:
24549:
24547:
24544:
24542:
24539:
24537:
24534:
24531:
24530:
24525:
24523:
24520:
24518:
24515:
24513:
24510:
24507:
24506:
24501:
24499:
24496:
24494:
24491:
24489:
24486:
24482:
24480:
24476:
24466:
24465:
24464:Schutzstaffel
24460:
24456:
24455:
24450:
24448:
24445:
24442:
24441:
24436:
24434:
24431:
24429:
24426:
24424:
24421:
24419:
24416:
24414:
24411:
24409:
24406:
24404:
24401:
24399:
24396:
24393:
24392:
24387:
24384:
24383:
24378:
24375:
24374:
24369:
24368:
24364:
24360:
24356:
24349:
24344:
24342:
24337:
24335:
24330:
24329:
24326:
24320:
24313:
24301:
24296:
24291:
24289:
24286:
24285:
24282:
24272:
24269:
24267:
24264:
24262:
24259:
24257:
24254:
24252:
24249:
24247:
24244:
24242:
24239:
24235:
24232:
24230:
24227:
24226:
24225:
24222:
24220:
24217:
24215:
24212:
24210:
24207:
24205:
24202:
24200:
24199:Proto-fascism
24197:
24195:
24192:
24190:
24187:
24185:
24182:
24180:
24177:
24175:
24172:
24168:
24165:
24164:
24163:
24160:
24156:
24153:
24152:
24151:
24150:Germanisation
24148:
24146:
24143:
24141:
24138:
24136:
24133:
24131:
24128:
24126:
24123:
24121:
24118:
24116:
24113:
24111:
24108:
24106:
24103:
24099:
24096:
24094:
24091:
24089:
24086:
24084:
24081:
24080:
24079:
24076:
24072:
24069:
24067:
24064:
24062:
24059:
24056:
24055:
24050:
24048:
24045:
24043:
24040:
24038:
24035:
24034:
24033:
24030:
24029:
24026:
24019:
24015:
24005:
24002:
24000:
23997:
23995:
23992:
23990:
23987:
23984:
23981:
23979:
23976:
23974:
23971:
23969:
23965:
23962:
23960:
23957:
23955:
23952:
23950:
23949:Anti-fascists
23947:
23946:
23943:
23936:
23932:
23918:
23915:
23913:
23910:
23908:
23905:
23903:
23900:
23898:
23897:The Holocaust
23895:
23893:
23890:
23888:
23885:
23884:
23882:
23878:
23872:
23869:
23867:
23864:
23862:
23859:
23857:
23854:
23852:
23849:
23847:
23844:
23842:
23839:
23837:
23834:
23832:
23829:
23827:
23824:
23822:
23819:
23818:
23816:
23812:
23806:
23803:
23801:
23798:
23796:
23793:
23791:
23788:
23786:
23783:
23781:
23778:
23776:
23773:
23771:
23768:
23766:
23765:March on Rome
23763:
23762:
23760:
23756:
23750:
23747:
23745:
23742:
23740:
23737:
23735:
23732:
23731:
23729:
23725:
23719:
23716:
23715:
23713:
23709:
23705:
23698:
23694:
23680:
23677:
23675:
23672:
23670:
23667:
23666:
23664:
23662:International
23660:
23654:
23651:
23649:
23646:
23644:
23641:
23639:
23636:
23634:
23631:
23629:
23626:
23624:
23621:
23620:
23618:
23614:
23608:
23605:
23603:
23600:
23598:
23595:
23593:
23590:
23588:
23585:
23581:
23578:
23577:
23576:
23573:
23571:
23568:
23566:
23563:
23561:
23560:Walloon Guard
23558:
23556:
23553:
23551:
23548:
23546:
23543:
23541:
23538:
23536:
23533:
23531:
23528:
23526:
23523:
23521:
23518:
23516:
23515:Silver Shirts
23513:
23511:
23508:
23506:
23503:
23501:
23498:
23496:
23495:Schutzstaffel
23493:
23491:
23488:
23486:
23483:
23481:
23478:
23476:
23473:
23471:
23468:
23466:
23463:
23461:
23458:
23456:
23453:
23451:
23448:
23446:
23443:
23441:
23438:
23436:
23433:
23431:
23428:
23426:
23423:
23421:
23418:
23416:
23413:
23411:
23408:
23406:
23403:
23401:
23398:
23396:
23393:
23391:
23390:Interbrigades
23388:
23386:
23383:
23381:
23378:
23376:
23373:
23371:
23368:
23366:
23363:
23361:
23358:
23356:
23353:
23351:
23348:
23346:
23343:
23341:
23338:
23336:
23333:
23331:
23330:Flemish Guard
23328:
23326:
23323:
23321:
23318:
23316:
23313:
23311:
23308:
23306:
23303:
23299:
23298:Bugojno group
23296:
23295:
23294:
23291:
23289:
23286:
23284:
23281:
23279:
23276:
23274:
23271:
23269:
23266:
23264:
23261:
23259:
23256:
23254:
23251:
23249:
23246:
23244:
23241:
23239:
23236:
23234:
23231:
23229:
23226:
23224:
23221:
23219:
23216:
23214:
23211:
23209:
23206:
23204:
23201:
23200:
23198:
23196:
23192:
23188:
23182:
23179:
23177:
23176:Wiking-Jugend
23174:
23172:
23169:
23165:
23162:
23160:
23157:
23156:
23155:
23152:
23150:
23147:
23145:
23142:
23140:
23137:
23135:
23132:
23130:
23127:
23125:
23122:
23120:
23117:
23115:
23112:
23110:
23107:
23105:
23102:
23100:
23097:
23095:
23092:
23090:
23087:
23085:
23082:
23080:
23077:
23073:
23070:
23068:
23067:JungmÀdelbund
23065:
23063:
23060:
23058:
23055:
23054:
23053:
23050:
23048:
23045:
23043:
23040:
23038:
23035:
23033:
23030:
23028:
23025:
23023:
23020:
23018:
23015:
23013:
23010:
23008:
23005:
23003:
23000:
22998:
22995:
22994:
22992:
22990:
22986:
22980:
22977:
22975:
22972:
22970:
22967:
22965:
22962:
22960:
22957:
22955:
22952:
22950:
22947:
22945:
22942:
22940:
22937:
22935:
22932:
22930:
22927:
22925:
22922:
22920:
22917:
22915:
22912:
22910:
22907:
22905:
22902:
22900:
22897:
22895:
22892:
22890:
22887:
22885:
22882:
22880:
22877:
22875:
22872:
22871:
22869:
22865:
22859:
22856:
22854:
22851:
22849:
22846:
22844:
22841:
22839:
22836:
22834:
22831:
22829:
22826:
22825:
22823:
22821:Institutional
22819:
22815:
22811:Organizations
22808:
22804:
22790:
22787:
22785:
22782:
22780:
22777:
22775:
22772:
22770:
22767:
22765:
22762:
22761:
22759:
22755:
22749:
22746:
22744:
22741:
22740:
22738:
22734:
22728:
22725:
22723:
22720:
22718:
22715:
22713:
22710:
22708:
22705:
22703:
22700:
22698:
22695:
22693:
22692:The Old Guard
22690:
22688:
22685:
22683:
22680:
22678:
22675:
22673:
22670:
22668:
22665:
22663:
22660:
22658:
22655:
22654:
22652:
22648:
22642:
22639:
22637:
22636:Die Wehrmacht
22634:
22632:
22629:
22627:
22626:Volk en Staat
22624:
22622:
22619:
22617:
22614:
22612:
22609:
22607:
22604:
22602:
22599:
22597:
22594:
22592:
22589:
22587:
22584:
22582:
22581:SfarmÄ-PiatrÄ
22579:
22577:
22574:
22572:
22569:
22567:
22564:
22562:
22559:
22557:
22554:
22552:
22549:
22547:
22544:
22542:
22539:
22537:
22534:
22532:
22529:
22527:
22524:
22522:
22519:
22517:
22514:
22512:
22509:
22507:
22504:
22502:
22499:
22497:
22496:Nation Europa
22494:
22492:
22489:
22487:
22484:
22482:
22479:
22477:
22474:
22472:
22469:
22467:
22464:
22462:
22459:
22457:
22454:
22452:
22449:
22447:
22444:
22442:
22439:
22437:
22434:
22432:
22429:
22427:
22424:
22422:
22419:
22417:
22414:
22412:
22409:
22407:
22404:
22402:
22399:
22397:
22394:
22392:
22389:
22387:
22384:
22382:
22379:
22377:
22374:
22372:
22369:
22367:
22364:
22362:
22359:
22357:
22354:
22352:
22349:
22347:
22344:
22342:
22339:
22337:
22334:
22332:
22329:
22328:
22326:
22322:
22316:
22313:
22311:
22308:
22306:
22303:
22301:
22298:
22296:
22293:
22291:
22288:
22286:
22283:
22281:
22278:
22276:
22273:
22271:
22268:
22266:
22263:
22261:
22258:
22256:
22253:
22251:
22248:
22246:
22243:
22241:
22238:
22236:
22233:
22231:
22228:
22226:
22223:
22221:
22218:
22216:
22213:
22211:
22208:
22206:
22203:
22201:
22198:
22196:
22193:
22191:
22188:
22186:
22183:
22181:
22178:
22176:
22173:
22171:
22168:
22166:
22163:
22162:
22160:
22156:
22152:
22145:
22141:
22127:
22124:
22122:
22119:
22117:
22114:
22112:
22109:
22107:
22104:
22102:
22101:Terre'Blanche
22099:
22097:
22094:
22092:
22089:
22087:
22086:Seyss-Inquart
22084:
22082:
22079:
22077:
22074:
22072:
22069:
22067:
22064:
22062:
22059:
22057:
22054:
22052:
22049:
22047:
22044:
22042:
22039:
22037:
22034:
22032:
22029:
22027:
22024:
22022:
22019:
22017:
22014:
22012:
22009:
22007:
22004:
22002:
21999:
21997:
21994:
21992:
21989:
21987:
21984:
21982:
21981:Merlika-Kruja
21979:
21977:
21974:
21972:
21969:
21967:
21964:
21962:
21959:
21957:
21954:
21952:
21949:
21947:
21944:
21942:
21939:
21937:
21934:
21932:
21929:
21927:
21924:
21922:
21919:
21917:
21914:
21912:
21909:
21907:
21904:
21902:
21899:
21897:
21894:
21892:
21889:
21887:
21884:
21882:
21879:
21877:
21874:
21872:
21869:
21867:
21864:
21862:
21859:
21857:
21854:
21852:
21849:
21847:
21844:
21842:
21839:
21837:
21834:
21832:
21829:
21827:
21824:
21822:
21819:
21817:
21814:
21812:
21809:
21807:
21804:
21802:
21799:
21798:
21796:
21792:
21786:
21783:
21781:
21778:
21776:
21773:
21771:
21768:
21766:
21763:
21761:
21758:
21756:
21753:
21751:
21748:
21746:
21743:
21741:
21738:
21736:
21733:
21731:
21728:
21726:
21723:
21721:
21718:
21716:
21713:
21711:
21708:
21706:
21703:
21701:
21698:
21696:
21693:
21691:
21688:
21686:
21683:
21681:
21678:
21676:
21673:
21671:
21668:
21666:
21663:
21661:
21658:
21656:
21653:
21651:
21648:
21646:
21643:
21641:
21638:
21636:
21633:
21631:
21628:
21626:
21623:
21621:
21618:
21616:
21613:
21611:
21608:
21606:
21603:
21601:
21598:
21596:
21593:
21591:
21588:
21586:
21583:
21581:
21578:
21576:
21573:
21571:
21568:
21567:
21565:
21563:United States
21561:
21555:
21552:
21550:
21547:
21545:
21542:
21540:
21537:
21535:
21532:
21530:
21527:
21525:
21522:
21520:
21517:
21515:
21512:
21510:
21507:
21505:
21502:
21500:
21497:
21495:
21492:
21490:
21487:
21486:
21484:
21480:
21474:
21471:
21469:
21466:
21464:
21461:
21459:
21456:
21454:
21451:
21449:
21446:
21444:
21441:
21439:
21436:
21434:
21431:
21429:
21426:
21424:
21421:
21419:
21416:
21415:
21413:
21409:
21403:
21402:Serrano Suñer
21400:
21398:
21397:SĂĄnchez Mazas
21395:
21393:
21390:
21388:
21385:
21383:
21380:
21378:
21377:Franco y Polo
21375:
21373:
21370:
21368:
21365:
21363:
21360:
21358:
21355:
21353:
21350:
21348:
21345:
21344:
21342:
21338:
21332:
21329:
21327:
21324:
21322:
21319:
21317:
21314:
21312:
21309:
21307:
21304:
21302:
21299:
21297:
21296:Martsinkevich
21294:
21292:
21289:
21287:
21284:
21282:
21279:
21277:
21274:
21272:
21269:
21267:
21264:
21262:
21259:
21257:
21254:
21252:
21249:
21247:
21244:
21242:
21239:
21238:
21236:
21232:
21226:
21223:
21221:
21218:
21216:
21213:
21211:
21208:
21206:
21203:
21201:
21198:
21196:
21193:
21191:
21188:
21186:
21183:
21181:
21178:
21176:
21173:
21172:
21170:
21166:
21160:
21157:
21155:
21152:
21150:
21147:
21145:
21142:
21140:
21137:
21135:
21132:
21130:
21127:
21125:
21122:
21120:
21117:
21115:
21112:
21110:
21107:
21106:
21104:
21100:
21094:
21091:
21089:
21086:
21084:
21081:
21079:
21076:
21074:
21071:
21069:
21066:
21064:
21061:
21059:
21056:
21054:
21051:
21049:
21046:
21044:
21041:
21039:
21036:
21034:
21031:
21029:
21026:
21024:
21021:
21019:
21016:
21014:
21011:
21009:
21006:
21004:
21001:
20999:
20996:
20994:
20991:
20989:
20986:
20984:
20981:
20979:
20976:
20974:
20971:
20969:
20966:
20964:
20961:
20959:
20956:
20954:
20951:
20949:
20946:
20944:
20941:
20939:
20936:
20934:
20931:
20929:
20926:
20924:
20921:
20919:
20916:
20914:
20911:
20909:
20906:
20904:
20901:
20899:
20896:
20894:
20891:
20889:
20886:
20884:
20881:
20879:
20876:
20875:
20873:
20869:
20863:
20860:
20858:
20855:
20853:
20850:
20848:
20845:
20843:
20840:
20838:
20835:
20833:
20830:
20828:
20825:
20823:
20820:
20818:
20815:
20813:
20810:
20808:
20805:
20803:
20800:
20798:
20795:
20793:
20790:
20789:
20787:
20783:
20777:
20774:
20772:
20769:
20767:
20764:
20762:
20759:
20757:
20754:
20753:
20751:
20747:
20741:
20738:
20736:
20733:
20731:
20728:
20726:
20723:
20721:
20718:
20716:
20713:
20711:
20708:
20706:
20703:
20701:
20698:
20697:
20695:
20691:
20685:
20682:
20680:
20679:Michaloliakos
20677:
20675:
20672:
20670:
20667:
20665:
20662:
20660:
20657:
20656:
20654:
20650:
20644:
20641:
20639:
20636:
20634:
20631:
20629:
20626:
20624:
20621:
20619:
20616:
20614:
20611:
20609:
20606:
20604:
20601:
20599:
20596:
20594:
20591:
20589:
20586:
20584:
20581:
20579:
20576:
20574:
20571:
20569:
20566:
20564:
20561:
20559:
20556:
20554:
20551:
20549:
20546:
20544:
20541:
20539:
20536:
20534:
20531:
20529:
20526:
20524:
20521:
20519:
20516:
20514:
20511:
20509:
20506:
20504:
20501:
20499:
20496:
20494:
20491:
20489:
20486:
20484:
20481:
20479:
20476:
20474:
20471:
20469:
20466:
20464:
20461:
20459:
20456:
20454:
20451:
20449:
20446:
20444:
20441:
20439:
20436:
20434:
20431:
20429:
20426:
20424:
20421:
20419:
20416:
20414:
20411:
20409:
20406:
20404:
20401:
20399:
20396:
20394:
20391:
20389:
20386:
20385:
20383:
20379:
20373:
20370:
20368:
20365:
20363:
20360:
20358:
20355:
20353:
20350:
20348:
20345:
20343:
20340:
20338:
20335:
20333:
20330:
20328:
20325:
20323:
20320:
20318:
20315:
20313:
20312:ChĂąteaubriant
20310:
20308:
20305:
20303:
20300:
20298:
20295:
20293:
20290:
20288:
20285:
20283:
20280:
20279:
20277:
20273:
20267:
20264:
20262:
20259:
20257:
20254:
20252:
20249:
20247:
20244:
20242:
20239:
20237:
20234:
20232:
20229:
20227:
20224:
20222:
20219:
20218:
20216:
20212:
20206:
20203:
20201:
20198:
20196:
20193:
20191:
20188:
20186:
20183:
20181:
20178:
20176:
20173:
20171:
20168:
20166:
20163:
20162:
20160:
20156:
20150:
20147:
20145:
20142:
20140:
20137:
20135:
20132:
20130:
20127:
20125:
20122:
20120:
20117:
20115:
20112:
20110:
20107:
20105:
20102:
20100:
20097:
20095:
20092:
20091:
20089:
20085:
20079:
20076:
20074:
20071:
20069:
20066:
20064:
20061:
20059:
20056:
20054:
20051:
20050:
20048:
20044:
20040:
20033:
20029:
20015:
20012:
20010:
20007:
20005:
20002:
20000:
19997:
19995:
19992:
19990:
19987:
19985:
19982:
19980:
19977:
19975:
19972:
19970:
19967:
19965:
19962:
19960:
19957:
19955:
19952:
19950:
19947:
19945:
19942:
19940:
19937:
19935:
19932:
19930:
19927:
19925:
19922:
19920:
19917:
19913:
19910:
19908:
19905:
19904:
19903:
19900:
19898:
19895:
19893:
19890:
19888:
19885:
19883:
19880:
19878:
19875:
19873:
19870:
19869:
19867:
19865:
19864:South America
19861:
19855:
19852:
19850:
19847:
19845:
19842:
19840:
19837:
19835:
19832:
19830:
19827:
19825:
19822:
19820:
19817:
19815:
19812:
19810:
19807:
19805:
19802:
19800:
19797:
19795:
19792:
19790:
19787:
19785:
19782:
19780:
19777:
19776:
19774:
19772:
19768:
19762:
19759:
19757:
19754:
19752:
19749:
19747:
19744:
19742:
19739:
19737:
19734:
19732:
19729:
19725:
19722:
19720:
19717:
19715:
19712:
19710:
19707:
19705:
19702:
19700:
19697:
19693:
19690:
19689:
19688:
19685:
19683:
19680:
19678:
19675:
19673:
19672:Patriot Front
19670:
19668:
19665:
19663:
19660:
19658:
19655:
19653:
19650:
19648:
19645:
19643:
19640:
19638:
19635:
19633:
19630:
19628:
19625:
19623:
19620:
19618:
19615:
19613:
19610:
19608:
19605:
19603:
19600:
19598:
19595:
19593:
19590:
19588:
19585:
19583:
19580:
19578:
19575:
19573:
19570:
19569:
19568:
19565:
19561:
19558:
19556:
19553:
19551:
19548:
19546:
19543:
19541:
19538:
19536:
19535:Aryan Nations
19533:
19531:
19528:
19527:
19526:
19523:
19522:
19520:
19518:
19517:North America
19514:
19508:
19505:
19503:
19500:
19498:
19495:
19489:
19486:
19485:
19484:
19481:
19480:
19479:
19476:
19474:
19471:
19469:
19466:
19464:
19461:
19459:
19456:
19454:
19451:
19449:
19446:
19444:
19441:
19439:
19436:
19434:
19431:
19429:
19426:
19424:
19421:
19419:
19416:
19414:
19411:
19409:
19406:
19404:
19401:
19399:
19396:
19394:
19391:
19389:
19386:
19384:
19381:
19379:
19376:
19374:
19371:
19369:
19366:
19364:
19361:
19359:
19356:
19354:
19351:
19349:
19346:
19344:
19341:
19339:
19336:
19334:
19331:
19329:
19326:
19324:
19321:
19319:
19316:
19314:
19311:
19309:
19306:
19304:
19301:
19299:
19296:
19294:
19291:
19289:
19286:
19284:
19281:
19279:
19276:
19274:
19271:
19269:
19266:
19264:
19261:
19259:
19256:
19254:
19251:
19249:
19246:
19244:
19241:
19239:
19236:
19234:
19231:
19229:
19226:
19224:
19223:Eurasia Party
19221:
19219:
19216:
19214:
19211:
19209:
19206:
19204:
19201:
19199:
19196:
19194:
19191:
19189:
19186:
19184:
19181:
19179:
19176:
19175:
19173:
19171:
19167:
19161:
19158:
19156:
19153:
19151:
19148:
19146:
19143:
19141:
19138:
19136:
19133:
19131:
19128:
19126:
19123:
19121:
19118:
19116:
19113:
19111:
19108:
19106:
19103:
19101:
19098:
19096:
19093:
19091:
19088:
19086:
19083:
19081:
19078:
19076:
19073:
19071:
19068:
19066:
19063:
19061:
19058:
19056:
19053:
19051:
19048:
19044:
19041:
19039:
19036:
19034:
19031:
19030:
19029:
19026:
19024:
19021:
19019:
19016:
19014:
19011:
19009:
19006:
19004:
19001:
18999:
18996:
18994:
18991:
18989:
18986:
18984:
18981:
18979:
18976:
18972:
18969:
18968:
18967:
18964:
18962:
18959:
18957:
18954:
18952:
18949:
18947:
18944:
18942:
18939:
18937:
18934:
18932:
18929:
18927:
18924:
18922:
18919:
18917:
18914:
18913:
18911:
18909:
18905:
18899:
18898:Wiking-Jugend
18896:
18894:
18891:
18889:
18886:
18884:
18881:
18879:
18876:
18874:
18871:
18869:
18866:
18864:
18861:
18857:
18854:
18853:
18852:
18849:
18847:
18844:
18842:
18839:
18835:
18832:
18830:
18827:
18825:
18822:
18820:
18817:
18816:
18815:
18812:
18810:
18807:
18805:
18802:
18800:
18797:
18795:
18792:
18790:
18787:
18785:
18782:
18780:
18777:
18775:
18772:
18770:
18767:
18765:
18762:
18760:
18757:
18755:
18752:
18750:
18747:
18745:
18742:
18740:
18737:
18735:
18732:
18730:
18727:
18725:
18722:
18720:
18717:
18715:
18712:
18710:
18707:
18705:
18702:
18700:
18697:
18695:
18692:
18690:
18687:
18685:
18682:
18680:
18677:
18675:
18672:
18670:
18667:
18666:
18664:
18662:
18658:
18652:
18649:
18647:
18644:
18642:
18639:
18637:
18636:
18632:
18630:
18627:
18625:
18622:
18620:
18617:
18615:
18614:
18610:
18608:
18605:
18603:
18600:
18598:
18595:
18593:
18590:
18588:
18585:
18583:
18582:
18578:
18576:
18575:
18571:
18569:
18566:
18564:
18561:
18559:
18556:
18554:
18551:
18549:
18546:
18544:
18541:
18539:
18536:
18534:
18531:
18529:
18526:
18524:
18521:
18519:
18518:
18514:
18510:
18507:
18506:
18505:
18504:
18500:
18498:
18495:
18493:
18490:
18488:
18485:
18483:
18480:
18478:
18477:Nordic League
18475:
18473:
18470:
18468:
18465:
18463:
18460:
18458:
18455:
18453:
18450:
18448:
18445:
18443:
18440:
18438:
18435:
18433:
18430:
18428:
18425:
18423:
18420:
18418:
18415:
18413:
18410:
18408:
18405:
18403:
18400:
18398:
18395:
18393:
18390:
18388:
18385:
18383:
18380:
18378:
18375:
18373:
18370:
18368:
18365:
18363:
18360:
18358:
18355:
18353:
18350:
18348:
18345:
18343:
18342:
18338:
18336:
18335:
18331:
18329:
18328:
18324:
18322:
18321:
18317:
18315:
18312:
18310:
18307:
18305:
18302:
18300:
18297:
18295:
18292:
18290:
18287:
18285:
18284:Heathen Front
18282:
18280:
18277:
18275:
18272:
18270:
18267:
18265:
18262:
18260:
18257:
18255:
18252:
18250:
18247:
18245:
18242:
18240:
18237:
18235:
18232:
18230:
18229:
18225:
18223:
18220:
18218:
18215:
18213:
18210:
18208:
18205:
18203:
18200:
18198:
18195:
18193:
18190:
18188:
18185:
18183:
18182:
18178:
18176:
18173:
18171:
18168:
18166:
18163:
18161:
18158:
18156:
18153:
18151:
18148:
18146:
18143:
18141:
18138:
18136:
18135:Britain First
18133:
18131:
18128:
18126:
18123:
18121:
18118:
18116:
18113:
18111:
18108:
18106:
18103:
18101:
18100:
18096:
18094:
18093:
18089:
18087:
18086:
18082:
18080:
18077:
18076:
18074:
18072:
18068:
18062:
18059:
18057:
18054:
18052:
18049:
18047:
18044:
18042:
18039:
18037:
18034:
18028:
18025:
18023:
18020:
18019:
18018:
18015:
18013:
18010:
18006:
18005:Vidya Bharati
18003:
18001:
17998:
17996:
17993:
17992:
17991:
17988:
17986:
17983:
17981:
17978:
17976:
17973:
17971:
17968:
17966:
17963:
17961:
17958:
17956:
17955:Hindu Munnani
17953:
17951:
17948:
17946:
17943:
17941:
17938:
17936:
17933:
17931:
17928:
17926:
17923:
17919:
17916:
17915:
17914:
17911:
17909:
17906:
17904:
17901:
17900:
17899:
17898:Sangh Parivar
17896:
17894:
17891:
17889:
17886:
17884:
17881:
17879:
17876:
17874:
17871:
17869:
17866:
17864:
17861:
17859:
17856:
17854:
17851:
17849:
17846:
17844:
17843:Otzma Yehudit
17841:
17839:
17836:
17834:
17831:
17829:
17826:
17824:
17821:
17819:
17816:
17814:
17811:
17809:
17806:
17804:
17801:
17799:
17796:
17794:
17791:
17789:
17786:
17784:
17781:
17779:
17778:Kokumin DĆmei
17776:
17774:
17771:
17769:
17766:
17764:
17761:
17759:
17756:
17754:
17751:
17749:
17746:
17744:
17743:Golden Square
17741:
17739:
17736:
17734:
17731:
17729:
17726:
17724:
17721:
17719:
17716:
17714:
17711:
17709:
17706:
17704:
17701:
17699:
17696:
17694:
17691:
17690:
17688:
17686:
17682:
17676:
17673:
17671:
17668:
17666:
17663:
17661:
17658:
17656:
17653:
17652:
17650:
17646:
17642:
17635:
17631:
17621:
17618:
17614:
17611:
17609:
17606:
17604:
17601:
17600:
17599:
17596:
17592:
17589:
17587:
17584:
17582:
17579:
17578:
17577:
17574:
17572:
17569:
17567:
17564:
17562:
17559:
17555:
17552:
17551:
17550:
17547:
17543:
17540:
17536:
17533:
17532:
17531:
17528:
17527:
17525:
17523:
17520:
17518:
17515:
17511:
17508:
17507:
17506:
17503:
17499:
17496:
17494:
17491:
17487:
17484:
17483:
17482:
17479:
17477:
17474:
17472:
17469:
17467:
17464:
17463:
17462:
17459:
17457:
17454:
17452:
17449:
17447:
17444:
17440:
17437:
17435:
17432:
17431:
17430:
17427:
17421:
17418:
17417:
17416:
17413:
17411:
17408:
17407:
17405:
17401:
17398:
17397:
17396:
17393:
17389:
17386:
17385:
17384:
17381:
17379:
17376:
17374:
17371:
17369:
17366:
17364:
17361:
17359:
17356:
17352:
17349:
17343:
17340:
17338:
17335:
17334:
17332:
17331:
17330:
17327:
17325:
17322:
17321:
17320:
17317:
17315:
17312:
17310:
17307:
17305:
17302:
17300:
17297:
17293:
17290:
17289:
17288:
17285:
17283:
17280:
17278:
17275:
17273:
17270:
17268:
17265:
17261:
17258:
17256:
17253:
17252:
17250:
17248:
17245:
17244:
17241:
17234:
17230:
17216:
17213:
17211:
17208:
17206:
17203:
17201:
17198:
17196:
17193:
17192:
17190:
17186:
17180:
17177:
17175:
17172:
17170:
17167:
17165:
17162:
17160:
17157:
17155:
17152:
17150:
17147:
17145:
17142:
17140:
17137:
17135:
17132:
17130:
17127:
17125:
17122:
17120:
17117:
17115:
17112:
17110:
17109:Perpetual war
17107:
17105:
17102:
17100:
17097:
17093:
17090:
17088:
17085:
17083:
17080:
17079:
17078:
17075:
17073:
17070:
17068:
17065:
17063:
17060:
17058:
17057:
17053:
17051:
17050:Irrationalism
17048:
17046:
17043:
17041:
17038:
17036:
17033:
17031:
17028:
17026:
17023:
17021:
17018:
17016:
17013:
17011:
17008:
17006:
17005:Direct action
17003:
17001:
16998:
16996:
16993:
16991:
16988:
16986:
16983:
16981:
16978:
16976:
16973:
16971:
16968:
16966:
16965:Anti-pacifism
16963:
16961:
16958:
16956:
16953:
16951:
16948:
16946:
16943:
16941:
16938:
16937:
16935:
16933:
16929:
16925:
16918:
16914:
16910:
16903:
16898:
16896:
16891:
16889:
16884:
16883:
16880:
16873:
16869:
16866:
16864:
16861:
16858:
16855:
16849:
16848:
16844:
16842:
16838:
16835:
16833:
16832:
16827:
16824:
16823:
16812:
16811:
16810:History Today
16806:
16802:
16798:
16794:
16792:9780801894275
16788:
16784:
16780:
16779:
16774:
16770:
16766:
16762:
16758:
16754:
16749:
16744:
16740:
16736:
16735:
16730:
16725:
16722:
16718:
16716:
16712:
16708:
16705:
16701:
16697:
16693:
16692:
16687:
16682:
16680:
16675:
16673:9780043200896
16669:
16665:
16661:
16657:
16654:
16650:
16647:
16643:
16639:
16635:
16631:
16627:
16622:
16620:
16616:
16612:
16610:
16606:
16602:
16598:
16594:
16590:
16586:
16582:
16578:
16577:
16571:
16567:
16566:HarperCollins
16563:
16559:
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16553:
16549:
16545:
16544:
16532:
16530:0-415-93733-7
16526:
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16503:9781412959636
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16439:
16435:
16434:"Neofascismo"
16431:
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15958:
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15937:
15935:9780140135619
15931:
15927:
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15909:
15905:
15901:
15897:
15893:
15889:
15885:
15881:
15877:
15873:
15869:
15865:
15862:(in French).
15861:
15856:
15852:
15848:
15842:
15838:
15834:
15833:
15827:
15823:
15820:. Wadsworth,
15819:
15814:
15810:
15806:
15801:
15797:
15793:
15789:
15788:
15783:
15779:
15778:Sontag, Susan
15775:
15771:
15765:
15761:
15757:
15753:
15749:
15744:
15740:
15734:
15730:
15726:
15722:
15718:
15714:
15710:
15706:
15702:
15698:
15697:Vogel, Detlef
15694:
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15682:
15678:
15673:
15669:
15665:
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15595:9789896714840
15591:
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15578:
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15569:
15565:
15561:
15556:
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15547:
15543:
15539:
15535:
15530:
15526:
15522:
15517:
15513:
15509:
15505:
15503:90-6109-440-2
15499:
15495:
15494:
15488:
15484:
15478:
15474:
15469:
15465:
15461:
15456:
15452:
15446:
15442:
15441:HarperCollins
15438:
15434:
15430:
15426:
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15409:
15405:
15404:
15398:
15394:
15390:
15384:
15380:
15376:
15375:
15369:
15365:
15361:
15360:All fascists!
15357:
15356:
15350:
15346:
15342:
15338:
15332:
15328:
15324:
15319:
15318:
15311:
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15050:
15046:
15040:
15036:
15032:
15027:
15023:
15017:
15013:
15008:
15004:
15002:9780470999028
14998:
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14986:
14982:
14977:
14973:
14971:9780198202905
14967:
14963:
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14859:
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14825:
14821:
14820:
14814:
14810:
14806:
14800:
14796:
14792:
14791:
14785:
14782:
14781:online review
14777:
14773:
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14736:
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14715:
14710:
14706:
14702:
14698:
14694:
14689:
14685:
14679:
14675:
14674:Vintage Books
14671:
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14643:
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14509:
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14465:
14461:
14457:
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14421:
14417:
14413:
14407:
14403:
14399:
14398:
14393:
14389:
14385:
14379:
14375:
14374:Penguin Books
14371:
14367:
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14350:
14344:
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14230:
14226:
14220:
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14207:
14203:
14199:
14194:
14190:
14186:
14181:
14177:
14171:
14167:
14163:
14158:
14154:
14151:. Cambridge:
14150:
14145:
14141:
14135:
14131:
14127:
14123:
14119:
14115:
14109:
14105:
14101:
14097:
14096:Hartley, John
14093:
14089:
14085:
14079:
14076:. Duckworth.
14075:
14074:
14068:
14064:
14060:
14054:
14050:
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14045:
14040:
14036:
14032:
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13828:
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13815:
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13805:
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13783:
13779:
13775:
13769:
13765:
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13754:
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13745:
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13731:
13727:
13723:
13719:
13715:
13711:
13706:
13702:
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13689:
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13680:
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13624:
13619:
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13576:
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13342:
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13332:
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13324:
13323:
13318:
13314:
13310:
13306:
13300:
13297:. Routledge.
13296:
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13276:
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13255:
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13210:
13206:
13204:0-8050-7400-7
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12990:
12986:
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12976:
12972:
12968:
12964:
12960:
12956:
12954:9780199232116
12950:
12946:
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12510:
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12437:
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12398:
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12375:
12371:
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12363:
12359:
12355:
12354:
12349:
12345:
12341:
12336:
12332:
12328:
12324:
12320:
12315:
12311:
12307:
12303:
12299:
12298:
12293:
12292:Hitler, Adolf
12289:
12283:
12278:
12277:
12274:
12270:
12266:
12262:
12261:
12256:
12252:
12248:
12242:
12238:
12234:
12230:
12229:
12211:
12206:
12200:, p. 45.
12199:
12194:
12188:, p. 17.
12187:
12182:
12176:, p. 93.
12175:
12170:
12163:
12158:
12156:
12154:
12152:
12150:
12143:, p. 58.
12142:
12137:
12130:
12126:
12121:
12114:
12113:Delzel (1970)
12109:
12103:, p. 96.
12102:
12101:Delzel (1970)
12097:
12090:
12085:
12083:
12081:
12073:
12072:Gregor (1979)
12068:
12062:, p. 37.
12061:
12056:
12040:
12036:
12035:
12030:
12023:
12016:
12011:
12005:, p. ix.
12004:
11999:
11992:
11987:
11980:
11975:
11969:, p. 42.
11968:
11964:
11960:
11955:
11949:, p. 11.
11948:
11943:
11935:
11931:
11924:
11916:
11909:
11901:
11897:
11893:
11889:
11885:
11881:
11880:
11872:
11864:
11860:
11856:
11852:
11848:
11844:
11837:
11829:
11825:
11821:
11817:
11813:
11809:
11802:
11795:
11794:Sontag (1975)
11790:
11788:
11786:
11777:
11773:
11771:9780299148737
11767:
11763:
11759:
11758:
11753:
11747:
11740:
11738:
11731:
11725:
11721:
11718:. Ann Arbor:
11717:
11713:
11707:
11699:
11693:
11689:
11688:Penguin Books
11685:
11678:
11670:
11666:
11662:
11658:
11654:
11647:
11640:
11635:
11633:
11631:
11623:
11618:
11611:
11606:
11600:, p. 65.
11599:
11594:
11588:, p. 63.
11587:
11582:
11575:
11570:
11563:
11558:
11551:
11546:
11544:
11527:
11524:. Ushmm.org.
11523:
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11394:
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11386:
11382:
11378:
11374:
11370:
11366:
11359:
11352:
11347:
11341:, p. 15.
11340:
11339:Durham (1998)
11335:
11328:
11323:
11317:, p. 27.
11316:
11311:
11304:
11303:Bollas (1993)
11299:
11292:
11287:
11285:
11283:
11281:
11273:
11268:
11262:, p. 47.
11261:
11256:
11249:
11244:
11242:
11235:, p. 59.
11234:
11229:
11222:
11217:
11210:
11205:
11203:
11195:
11191:
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11174:
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11140:
11135:
11128:
11123:
11116:
11111:
11104:
11099:
11091:
11087:
11082:
11076:, p. 32.
11075:
11074:Morgan (2003)
11070:
11063:
11058:
11052:, p. 10.
11051:
11050:Paxton (2005)
11046:
11039:
11034:
11027:
11022:
11016:, p. 24.
11015:
11010:
11003:
10998:
10996:
10989:, p. 33.
10988:
10983:
10981:
10979:
10977:
10975:
10967:
10962:
10955:
10950:
10943:
10942:Hoover (1935)
10938:
10931:
10926:
10919:
10914:
10908:
10904:
10898:
10892:
10888:
10882:
10875:
10870:
10854:
10850:
10844:
10838:, p. 36.
10837:
10832:
10825:
10824:Pauley (2003)
10820:
10813:
10809:
10808:Pauley (2003)
10804:
10798:, p. 72.
10797:
10792:
10786:, p. 14.
10785:
10780:
10773:
10768:
10762:, p. 11.
10761:
10756:
10754:
10752:
10744:
10739:
10732:
10731:Paxton (2004)
10727:
10720:
10719:Zimmer (2003)
10715:
10709:, p. 41.
10708:
10707:Paxton (2004)
10703:
10696:
10691:
10685:, p. 11.
10684:
10683:Paxton (2004)
10679:
10677:
10668:
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10661:
10655:
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10646:
10641:
10634:
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10513:
10509:
10508:Wilson Center
10505:
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10123:
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10115:
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10101:
10096:
10094:
10077:
10073:
10067:
10061:, p. 76.
10060:
10055:
10048:
10044:
10039:
10032:
10031:Paxton (2004)
10027:
10020:
10019:Paxton (1998)
10015:
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10000:
9992:
9985:
9977:
9970:
9961:
9952:
9943:
9934:
9927:
9922:
9920:
9913:, p. 47.
9912:
9907:
9891:
9887:
9883:
9877:
9870:
9865:
9859:, p. 72.
9858:
9853:
9851:
9844:, p. 46.
9843:
9838:
9832:, p. 59.
9831:
9826:
9819:
9814:
9808:, p. 16.
9807:
9802:
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9771:
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9709:9780230502093
9705:
9701:
9697:
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9688:
9680:
9676:
9674:9781850657163
9670:
9666:
9665:
9657:
9650:
9645:
9638:
9633:
9627:, p. 46.
9626:
9621:
9606:
9602:
9598:
9594:
9587:
9580:
9575:
9568:
9563:
9556:
9552:
9547:
9540:
9539:Ahmida (1994)
9535:
9533:
9525:
9524:Kallis (2000)
9520:
9513:
9508:
9506:
9504:
9496:
9495:Berben (1975)
9491:
9484:
9479:
9472:
9467:
9460:
9455:
9448:
9443:
9436:
9431:
9424:
9419:
9412:
9407:
9400:
9395:
9393:
9385:
9380:
9378:
9376:
9368:
9363:
9361:
9359:
9351:
9346:
9340:, p. 90.
9339:
9338:Paxton (2005)
9334:
9332:
9325:, p. 88.
9324:
9323:Paxton (2005)
9319:
9312:
9307:
9301:, p. 87.
9300:
9299:Paxton (2005)
9295:
9293:
9291:
9289:
9287:
9279:
9274:
9268:, p. 76.
9267:
9262:
9256:, p. 72.
9255:
9250:
9244:, p. 22.
9243:
9238:
9231:
9226:
9220:, p. 14.
9219:
9214:
9207:
9202:
9195:
9190:
9188:
9181:, p. 75.
9180:
9175:
9169:, p. 73.
9168:
9163:
9156:
9151:
9149:
9141:
9136:
9129:
9124:
9118:, p. 70.
9117:
9112:
9105:
9100:
9094:, p. 69.
9093:
9088:
9081:
9076:
9070:, p. 73.
9069:
9068:Elazar (2001)
9064:
9057:
9052:
9046:, p. 36.
9045:
9040:
9033:
9032:Wistrich 1976
9028:
9021:
9016:
9014:
9012:
9010:
9001:
8995:
8991:
8984:
8976:
8970:
8966:
8958:
8951:
8946:
8939:
8934:
8928:, p. 92.
8927:
8922:
8920:
8918:
8910:
8905:
8903:
8901:
8893:
8892:Gregor (1979)
8888:
8882:, p. 41.
8881:
8876:
8874:
8867:, p. 52.
8866:
8861:
8854:
8849:
8842:
8837:
8835:
8827:
8822:
8816:, p. 14.
8815:
8810:
8808:
8800:
8799:Hewitt (1993)
8795:
8788:
8783:
8777:, p. 32.
8776:
8771:
8764:
8759:
8753:, p. 12.
8752:
8747:
8745:
8737:
8732:
8730:
8723:, p. 60.
8722:
8721:Holmes (2000)
8717:
8711:, p. 82.
8710:
8705:
8699:, p. 78.
8698:
8693:
8691:
8684:, p. 82.
8683:
8678:
8672:, p. 77.
8671:
8666:
8660:, p. 81.
8659:
8654:
8647:
8642:
8636:, p. 92.
8635:
8630:
8628:
8626:
8624:
8617:, p. 12.
8616:
8611:
8609:
8601:
8597:
8592:
8586:, p. 25.
8585:
8580:
8573:
8568:
8562:, p. 29.
8561:
8556:
8549:
8544:
8542:
8540:
8538:
8531:, p. 24.
8530:
8525:
8518:
8513:
8511:
8509:
8507:
8499:
8495:
8490:
8482:
8478:
8474:
8470:
8466:
8462:
8455:
8447:
8445:9780521859202
8441:
8437:
8433:
8429:
8425:
8418:
8412:, p. 54.
8411:
8406:
8399:
8394:
8388:, p. 97.
8387:
8386:Shirer (1960)
8382:
8375:
8370:
8364:, p. 28.
8363:
8358:
8352:, p. 20.
8351:
8346:
8344:
8336:
8331:
8324:
8318:
8303:
8299:
8292:
8290:
8282:
8277:
8270:
8269:Hoover (1947)
8265:
8258:
8253:
8246:
8241:
8234:
8229:
8223:, p. 18.
8222:
8217:
8210:
8205:
8198:
8197:Orwell (1946)
8193:
8186:
8185:Orwell (2019)
8181:
8174:
8173:Gregor (2005)
8169:
8163:, p. 54.
8162:
8157:
8150:
8145:
8143:
8141:
8139:
8131:
8130:
8123:
8121:
8113:
8108:
8102:, p. 205
8101:
8095:
8089:, p. 26.
8088:
8084:
8079:
8072:
8067:
8061:, p. 76.
8060:
8056:
8051:
8044:
8043:Gregor (2009)
8039:
8032:
8027:
8020:
8015:
8008:
8004:
7999:
7991:
7987:
7981:
7974:
7973:
7966:
7959:
7954:
7948:, p. 31.
7947:
7942:
7936:, p. 73.
7935:
7930:
7914:
7910:
7906:
7902:
7901:
7896:
7890:
7882:
7878:
7872:
7868:
7864:
7863:
7855:
7849:, p. 96.
7848:
7843:
7837:, p. 24.
7836:
7831:
7824:
7823:Paxton (2004)
7819:
7812:
7807:
7799:
7795:
7791:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7773:
7769:
7765:
7758:
7751:
7746:
7739:
7734:
7727:
7722:
7715:
7710:
7708:
7700:
7695:
7688:
7683:
7668:
7662:
7658:
7654:
7650:
7644:
7638:, p. 26.
7637:
7632:
7630:
7613:
7609:
7605:
7598:
7591:
7590:Lukacs (1998)
7586:
7575:
7571:
7567:
7566:
7558:
7554:
7548:
7546:
7539:, p. 21.
7538:
7537:Renton (1999)
7534:
7530:
7527:, p. 9;
7526:
7521:
7514:
7509:
7507:
7498:
7496:9781315500058
7492:
7488:
7484:
7480:
7475:
7474:
7465:
7457:
7451:
7447:
7443:
7439:
7434:
7433:
7427:
7421:
7413:
7411:9780191521089
7407:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7391:
7385:
7377:
7373:
7369:
7363:
7359:
7355:
7351:
7346:
7345:
7339:
7333:
7325:
7323:9781315003627
7319:
7314:
7309:
7305:
7301:
7297:
7291:
7283:
7279:
7275:
7269:
7262:
7258:
7254:
7250:
7245:
7238:
7235:, p. 7;
7234:
7229:
7222:
7217:
7210:
7204:
7197:
7192:
7185:
7173:
7169:
7163:
7147:
7143:
7139:
7135:
7128:
7112:
7108:
7104:
7097:
7091:, p. 95.
7090:
7085:
7078:
7073:
7058:
7054:
7050:
7049:
7044:
7037:
7030:
7029:
7022:
7015:
7011:
7010:Paxton (1998)
7007:
7006:Kallis (2011)
7002:
6995:
6990:
6983:. p. 93.
6982:
6978:
6974:
6968:
6962:, p. 40.
6961:
6956:
6954:
6946:
6941:
6939:
6931:
6926:
6924:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6899:
6893:, p. 65.
6892:
6888:
6883:
6881:
6879:
6877:
6869:
6868:
6861:
6859:
6851:
6846:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6828:
6824:
6820:
6816:
6812:
6811:Copsey (2008)
6808:
6804:
6800:
6796:
6792:
6787:
6785:
6778:
6774:
6769:
6767:
6765:
6763:
6761:
6759:
6743:
6742:
6737:
6731:
6729:
6727:
6719:
6714:
6698:
6694:
6693:
6688:
6682:
6680:
6678:
6669:
6664:
6663:
6656:
6654:
6646:
6642:
6641:Paxton (2004)
6638:
6634:
6633:Turner (1975)
6629:
6625:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6608:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6591:Proto-fascism
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6571:Islamofascism
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6539:
6537:
6534:
6533:
6528:
6517:
6514:
6508:
6503:
6496:
6493:
6489:
6485:
6481:
6477:
6473:
6468:
6465:
6460:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6427:Fascist Italy
6423:
6421:
6417:
6411:
6410:
6404:
6400:
6389:
6387:
6381:
6375:
6371:
6365:
6361:
6356:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6330:
6326:
6316:
6314:
6306:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6282:
6279:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6263:
6259:
6255:
6245:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6222:
6218:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6195:
6185:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6169:
6164:
6162:
6157:
6153:
6151:
6146:
6144:
6140:
6136:
6135:
6129:
6127:
6123:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6102:
6094:
6090:
6076:
6072:
6070:
6069:Wyndham Lewis
6066:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6020:
6018:
6014:
6008:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5981:
5978:
5973:
5969:
5967:
5962:
5958:
5957:homosexuality
5954:
5950:
5949:birth control
5946:
5942:
5937:
5934:
5930:
5929:
5924:
5916:
5911:
5903:
5897:
5888:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5869:direct action
5863:Direct action
5860:
5858:
5854:
5850:
5844:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5830:
5825:
5823:
5822:profit motive
5818:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5801:
5798:
5791:
5788:
5784:
5779:
5771:
5767:
5766:
5761:
5756:
5752:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5729:
5726:
5722:
5718:
5714:
5708:
5698:
5695:
5691:
5686:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5649:
5647:
5643:
5638:
5637:
5631:
5627:
5622:
5618:
5612:
5610:
5597:
5592:
5590:
5585:
5583:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5558:
5557:
5556:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5537:
5534:
5533:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5505:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5409:Ethnocentrism
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5350:
5349:
5344:
5339:Organizations
5336:
5335:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5312:Technological
5310:
5308:
5305:
5301:
5300:Ethnocacerism
5298:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5263:Revolutionary
5261:
5259:
5256:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5235:
5232:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5210:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5143:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5107:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5050:
5047:
5043:
5040:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5011:
5006:
5005:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4968:
4967:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4881:
4877:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4865:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4846:
4841:
4834:
4825:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4752:Roger Griffin
4749:
4745:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4712:
4705:
4702:
4698:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4674:According to
4672:
4669:
4665:
4660:
4656:
4646:
4643:
4639:
4635:
4631:
4622:
4617:
4606:
4602:
4598:
4588:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4536:
4531:
4527:
4522:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4504:
4498:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4478:
4474:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4454:
4449:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4420:
4417:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4395:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4336:
4335:
4334:Schutzstaffel
4329:
4324:
4323:
4316:
4315:
4308:
4302:
4293:
4291:
4290:protectionist
4285:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4261:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4235:
4231:
4227:
4219:
4215:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4162:come to power
4159:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4130:
4128:
4123:
4119:
4115:
4110:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4053:
4048:
4039:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4011:
4009:
4004:
4003:Confindustria
4000:
3990:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3952:
3950:
3946:
3934:
3929:
3924:Fascist Italy
3921:
3919:
3918:March on Rome
3915:
3911:
3903:
3899:
3896:, Mussolini,
3895:
3891:
3890:March on Rome
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3858:
3855:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3836:
3833:
3828:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3812:republicanism
3808:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3799:Biennio Rosso
3788:
3786:
3782:
3781:productionism
3778:
3774:
3770:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3747:Residents of
3745:
3741:
3739:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3705:
3700:
3699:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3575:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3551:
3549:
3548:mass politics
3544:
3534:
3533:
3526:
3517:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3499:
3498:Johann Plenge
3491:
3487:
3486:Johann Plenge
3482:
3478:
3474:
3472:
3467:
3466:
3460:
3456:
3455:
3450:
3442:
3437:
3436:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3413:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3353:conservatives
3349:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3293:
3292:Georges Sorel
3290:
3284:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3253:
3252:Gaetano Mosca
3249:
3239:
3238:Georges Sorel
3233:
3225:
3219:
3210:
3207:
3201:
3200:fin-de-siĂšcle
3196:
3195:will to power
3191:
3190:
3184:
3181:, and modern
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3163:Henri Bergson
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3138:
3132:
3127:
3126:fin-de-siĂšcle
3121:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3106:irrationalism
3103:
3098:
3097:fin-de-siĂšcle
3093:
3090:society, and
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3072:
3071:
3070:fin de siĂšcle
3065:
3059:
3050:
3049:Fin de siĂšcle
3044:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3033:Marcus Garvey
3030:
3028:
3024:
3021:, to Hitler;
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2999:David Thomson
2996:
2992:
2991:Irene Collins
2987:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2976:mass ideology
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2908:
2898:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2875:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2807:
2799:
2795:
2794:George Orwell
2791:
2787:
2781:
2773:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2741:Alfredo Rocco
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2657:authoritarian
2654:
2650:
2646:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2625:
2616:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2587:
2582:
2579:
2573:
2571:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2553:revolutionary
2548:
2546:
2541:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2522:Roger Eatwell
2518:
2513:
2511:
2510:Robert Paxton
2507:
2504:
2500:
2498:
2497:proto-fascist
2494:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2447:Roger Griffin
2444:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2427:
2425:
2424:Jason Stanley
2421:
2420:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2400:Fascist Italy
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2380:
2373:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2326:Roger Griffin
2323:
2318:
2315:
2309:
2299:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2284:ancient Roman
2280:
2279:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2243:
2237:
2232:
2226:
2218:
2217:Fascist Italy
2213:
2204:
2202:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2118:racial purity
2115:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2100:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1985:authoritarian
1982:
1978:
1977:
1968:
1938:
1927:
1922:
1920:
1915:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1858:Proto-fascism
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1795:
1789:
1788:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1768:South America
1766:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1756:North America
1754:
1750:
1747:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1707:
1705:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1502:
1499:
1495:
1492:
1491:
1490:
1487:
1485:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1427:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1268:Anti-fascists
1266:
1265:
1257:
1256:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1221:The Holocaust
1219:
1218:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1211:Peasant March
1209:
1207:
1206:Pact of Steel
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1196:Kristallnacht
1194:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1107:March on Rome
1105:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
981:
978:
977:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
959:
956:
955:
954:
951:
949:
946:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
918:
917:
914:
910:
907:
905:
902:
901:
900:
897:
896:
893:Organizations
890:
889:
879:
878:
874:
869:
868:
864:
859:
858:
854:
848:
844:
839:
838:
834:
829:
828:
824:
819:
818:
814:
809:
808:
804:
798:
794:
793:
787:
786:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
764:
761:
759:
756:
754:
751:
749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
714:
711:
709:
706:
704:
701:
699:
696:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
610:
607:Intellectuals
604:
603:
596:
593:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
521:
518:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
397:
391:
390:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
359:
353:
352:
345:
342:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
295:
292:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
279:Perpetual war
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
249:
248:
245:
243:
240:
238:
235:
233:
230:
228:
227:
223:
221:
220:Irrationalism
218:
214:
211:
209:
206:
205:
204:
201:
199:
196:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
163:Direct action
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
123:Anti-pacifism
121:
119:
116:
114:
111:
109:
106:
104:
101:
99:
96:
95:
89:
88:
84:
80:
79:
76:
73:
72:
68:
64:
63:
57:
53:
49:
48:Fascist Italy
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
28733:Dictatorship
28263:
28227:
28141:Majoritarian
28114:Police state
28082:Totalitarian
28047:
28033:Dictatorship
27988:totalitarian
27926:
27825:Elite theory
27773:
27763:
27753:
27743:
27733:
27723:
27713:
27703:
27693:
27683:
27673:
27663:
27653:
27643:
27633:
27623:
27613:
27603:
27593:
27583:
27573:
27563:
26862:Guicciardini
26818:Early modern
26641:Philosophers
26591:Open society
26527:Body politic
26406:
26397:Distributism
26387:Conservatism
26382:Confucianism
26301:Gerontocracy
26291:Dictatorship
26245:Sovereigntyâ
26235:Ruling class
26125:Emancipation
26110:Citizenshipâ
25927:Collectivism
25787:
25766:Distributism
25751:Conservatism
25746:Confucianism
25666:Centre-right
25485:Architecture
25433:SS personnel
25381:
25367:SUMKA (Iran)
24993:Social order
24918:Antisemitism
24871:Palingenetic
24762:Dictatorship
24731:Conspiracism
24655:Labour camps
24625:Deportations
24612:
24584:World War II
24529:Kirchenkampf
24517:Nazi Germany
24398:Hitler Youth
24362:Organisation
24214:Roman salute
24194:Post-fascism
24184:Neosocialism
24174:Japanization
24110:Berlusconism
24105:Anti-fascism
24054:Maurrassisme
24004:SS personnel
23994:Nazi leaders
23917:Tokyo Trials
23907:End in Italy
23887:World War II
23836:Enabling Act
23580:Rusich Group
23575:Wagner Group
23380:Hlinka Guard
23355:Hitler Youth
23350:Hilfspolizei
23243:Black Legion
23218:Azov Brigade
23191:Paramilitary
23171:UstaĆĄe Youth
23052:Hitler Youth
22779:Hindutva pop
22551:Le Pays RĂ©el
22401:The European
22165:1776 Returns
21801:Arana Osorio
21438:Klyachkivsky
21357:Bilbao EguĂa
21326:StojadinoviÄ
20684:Papadopoulos
20433:Falkenhausen
20149:van de Wiele
19934:Nacionalismo
19814:Lads Society
19809:Centre Party
19463:Steel Shield
19248:German Party
18824:Nazi Germany
18633:
18611:
18587:Rexist Party
18579:
18574:PÄrkonkrusts
18572:
18515:
18501:
18339:
18332:
18325:
18318:
18299:Jeune Nation
18226:
18179:
18097:
18090:
18083:
18051:Tsagaan Khas
18027:Durga Vahini
18000:Seva Bharati
17768:Kataeb Party
17400:Intransigent
17337:Jeune Nation
17255:Nacionalismo
17149:Social order
17087:Palingenetic
17054:
17000:Dictatorship
16985:Conspiracism
16908:
16852:(in English)
16846:
16829:
16808:
16777:
16773:Riley, Dylan
16738:
16732:
16720:
16710:
16699:
16689:
16663:
16652:
16641:
16633:
16629:
16614:
16604:
16580:
16574:
16564:. New York:
16561:
16547:
16516:
16481:
16446:. Retrieved
16437:
16421:
16406:. Retrieved
16397:
16383:
16340:
16321:
16298:
16283:
16275:Google Books
16273:– via
16267:. Retrieved
16252:
16228:
16191:
16185:
16172:
16160:
16152:Google Books
16150:– via
16144:. Retrieved
16125:
16103:
16082:
16072:Google Books
16070:– via
16056:
16052:Weber, Eugen
16043:
16035:Google Books
16033:– via
16015:
15995:
15979:
15944:
15925:
15903:
15883:
15863:
15859:
15851:Google Books
15849:– via
15831:
15817:
15804:
15796:Google Books
15792:the original
15785:
15759:
15747:
15728:
15716:
15700:
15676:
15666:. New York:
15663:
15634:
15630:
15607:
15585:
15581:
15572:
15541:
15537:
15520:
15492:
15472:
15459:
15436:
15425:Google Books
15423:– via
15417:. Retrieved
15402:
15393:Google Books
15391:– via
15373:
15364:Google Books
15359:
15354:
15316:
15301:
15293:Google Books
15291:– via
15273:
15246:
15236:another copy
15212:
15186:
15163:Random House
15158:
15134:
15098:
15094:
15082:
15074:Google Books
15072:– via
15054:
15030:
15011:
14980:
14949:
14941:Google Books
14939:– via
14921:
14911:
14908:Nolte, Ernst
14895:
14882:
14872:
14849:
14838:Google Books
14836:– via
14818:
14809:Google Books
14807:– via
14789:
14771:
14762:
14739:
14726:
14713:
14704:
14692:
14669:
14661:Google Books
14659:– via
14641:
14617:
14609:Google Books
14607:– via
14589:
14580:Google Books
14578:– via
14560:
14534:
14528:
14515:
14499:
14486:
14467:
14463:
14441:
14437:
14424:
14416:Google Books
14414:– via
14396:
14372:. New York:
14369:
14366:Kershaw, Ian
14357:
14334:
14318:
14293:
14289:
14278:Google Books
14276:– via
14258:
14245:
14233:
14210:
14197:
14184:
14161:
14148:
14125:
14099:
14086:– via
14072:
14063:Google Books
14061:– via
14043:
14008:
13990:
13970:
13950:
13932:the original
13923:
13918:
13901:
13885:
13874:Google Books
13872:– via
13854:
13841:
13818:
13795:
13786:
13778:Google Books
13776:– via
13762:
13748:
13725:
13709:
13696:
13683:
13664:
13648:
13622:
13609:
13574:
13555:
13551:
13528:
13519:
13493:
13477:
13456:
13445:. Routledge.
13442:
13418:
13404:
13395:
13382:
13373:
13365:Google Books
13363:– via
13349:
13321:
13309:Google Books
13307:– via
13293:
13283:
13275:Google Books
13273:– via
13259:
13249:
13226:
13213:
13194:
13186:Google Books
13184:– via
13166:
13152:
13144:Google Books
13142:– via
13136:. Retrieved
13117:
13106:. New York:
13103:
13080:
13064:
13041:
13021:
13013:Google Books
13011:– via
12993:
12966:
12932:
12917:Google Books
12915:– via
12897:
12888:Google Books
12886:– via
12868:
12852:
12839:
12826:
12817:
12809:Google Books
12807:– via
12789:
12772:
12764:Google Books
12762:– via
12756:. Retrieved
12737:
12728:Google Books
12726:– via
12708:
12682:
12678:
12650:. New York:
12647:
12634:
12601:
12597:
12584:
12561:
12549:. Retrieved
12520:
12516:
12504:
12496:
12479:
12469:
12453:
12431:
12419:
12396:
12365:
12352:
12339:
12331:the original
12313:
12309:
12295:
12281:
12272:
12259:
12236:
12220:Bibliography
12205:
12193:
12181:
12169:
12136:
12120:
12115:, p. 3.
12108:
12096:
12067:
12055:
12043:. Retrieved
12034:The Guardian
12032:
12022:
12010:
11998:
11986:
11974:
11954:
11942:
11929:
11923:
11914:
11908:
11883:
11877:
11871:
11846:
11842:
11836:
11814:(1): 59â78.
11811:
11807:
11801:
11776:Google Books
11774:– via
11756:
11746:
11736:
11733:
11715:
11706:
11683:
11677:
11652:
11646:
11639:Welge (2007)
11622:Welge (2007)
11617:
11610:Welge (2007)
11605:
11593:
11581:
11569:
11557:
11530:. Retrieved
11512:
11505:Evans (2005)
11500:
11484:
11472:
11456:
11444:
11432:
11372:
11368:
11358:
11351:Evans (2005)
11346:
11334:
11322:
11310:
11298:
11291:Quine (1996)
11267:
11260:Quine (1996)
11255:
11228:
11221:Payne (1995)
11216:
11190:Payne (1995)
11185:
11178:Evans (2005)
11173:
11166:Evans (2005)
11151:Evans (2005)
11146:
11139:Evans (2005)
11134:
11127:Evans (2005)
11122:
11115:Evans (2005)
11110:
11098:
11081:
11069:
11057:
11045:
11033:
11021:
11009:
10961:
10949:
10937:
10925:
10913:
10897:
10881:
10869:
10857:. Retrieved
10843:
10831:
10819:
10812:Payne (1995)
10803:
10791:
10779:
10767:
10760:Payne (1995)
10738:
10726:
10714:
10702:
10690:
10663:
10654:
10643:
10633:
10622:
10612:
10600:. Retrieved
10596:the original
10542:
10536:
10512:the original
10498:
10487:
10474:
10444:(1): 25â36.
10441:
10437:
10424:
10414:– via
10408:. Retrieved
10381:
10374:
10362:. Retrieved
10344:
10332:. Retrieved
10321:
10311:
10299:. Retrieved
10280:
10270:28 September
10268:. Retrieved
10250:
10227:
10223:
10217:
10196:
10192:
10182:
10165:
10161:
10155:
10146:
10142:
10136:
10113:
10107:
10080:. Retrieved
10076:Esquerda.net
10075:
10066:
10054:
10038:
10026:
10014:
10005:
9999:
9990:
9984:
9975:
9969:
9960:
9951:
9942:
9933:
9906:
9896:15 September
9894:. Retrieved
9890:the original
9876:
9864:
9837:
9825:
9813:
9806:Overy (1994)
9801:
9770:
9763:Payne (1995)
9758:
9746:
9739:Payne (1995)
9734:
9727:Woolf (1983)
9722:
9714:Google Books
9712:– via
9694:
9687:
9679:Google Books
9677:– via
9663:
9656:
9649:Payne (1995)
9644:
9637:Payne (1995)
9632:
9625:Chomsky 2003
9620:
9608:. Retrieved
9597:The Guardian
9596:
9586:
9574:
9562:
9546:
9519:
9490:
9483:Evans (2005)
9478:
9466:
9454:
9442:
9430:
9423:Payne (1995)
9418:
9411:Payne (1995)
9406:
9399:Payne (1995)
9384:Payne (1995)
9367:Payne (1995)
9350:Payne (1995)
9345:
9318:
9306:
9273:
9261:
9249:
9237:
9225:
9213:
9201:
9174:
9162:
9135:
9123:
9111:
9099:
9087:
9075:
9063:
9051:
9039:
9027:
8989:
8983:
8964:
8957:
8945:
8933:
8887:
8860:
8848:
8821:
8794:
8789:, p. 6.
8782:
8770:
8758:
8716:
8704:
8677:
8665:
8653:
8641:
8602:, p. 6.
8591:
8584:Payne (1995)
8579:
8572:Payne (1995)
8567:
8560:Payne (1995)
8555:
8529:Payne (1995)
8524:
8498:Payne (1995)
8489:
8464:
8454:
8423:
8417:
8405:
8393:
8381:
8369:
8357:
8330:
8322:
8317:
8305:. Retrieved
8301:
8281:Amann (1986)
8276:
8264:
8252:
8240:
8228:
8221:Woolf (1981)
8216:
8204:
8192:
8180:
8175:, p. 4.
8168:
8156:
8149:Payne (1995)
8128:
8107:
8094:
8078:
8066:
8050:
8038:
8033:, p. 5.
8026:
8014:
7998:
7989:
7980:
7971:
7965:
7958:Grant (2003)
7953:
7941:
7929:
7917:. Retrieved
7913:the original
7898:
7889:
7881:Google Books
7879:– via
7866:
7861:
7854:
7842:
7830:
7818:
7806:
7771:
7767:
7757:
7745:
7733:
7728:, p. 5.
7721:
7701:, p. 3.
7694:
7682:
7670:. Retrieved
7656:
7643:
7616:. Retrieved
7597:
7585:
7574:the original
7563:
7553:Eco, Umberto
7520:
7515:, p. 7.
7513:Payne (1980)
7472:
7464:
7431:
7420:
7397:
7390:Rothstein, B
7384:
7343:
7332:
7299:
7290:
7268:
7261:Weber (1982)
7244:
7233:Payne (1980)
7228:
7216:
7208:
7203:
7196:Brennan 2022
7191:
7183:
7176:. Retrieved
7174:. Britannica
7171:
7162:
7150:. Retrieved
7146:the original
7137:
7127:
7115:. Retrieved
7111:the original
7096:
7084:
7072:
7060:. Retrieved
7046:
7036:
7027:
7021:
7001:
6989:
6976:
6967:
6915:Payne (1995)
6903:GrÄiÄ (2000)
6898:
6866:
6845:
6803:Reich (1970)
6745:. Retrieved
6739:
6713:
6701:. Retrieved
6690:
6661:
6645:Nolte (1965)
6628:
6605:
6536:Anti-fascism
6472:antisemitism
6469:
6424:
6395:
6366:
6343:
6339:
6334:
6322:
6310:
6274:World War II
6254:anti-fascist
6251:
6234:Aryanization
6223:
6213:
6182:
6178:
6173:
6168:Susan Sontag
6165:
6154:
6147:
6132:
6130:
6124:(1919), who
6099:
6097:
6073:
6049:Ernst JĂŒnger
6026:
6009:
5999:by amending
5982:
5974:
5970:
5961:prostitution
5938:
5936:barbarian."
5926:
5920:
5877:Brown shirts
5866:
5846:
5841:
5837:
5826:
5802:
5792:
5778:productivism
5775:
5770:Adolf Hitler
5763:
5760:people's car
5759:
5749:productivist
5730:
5710:
5687:
5682:Carl Schmitt
5677:
5670:ghostwritten
5665:
5658:totalitarian
5655:
5626:expansionist
5613:
5605:
5531:Subsidiarity
5359:Anationalism
5277:
5118:Expansionist
4982:Independence
4843:
4831:
4818:Adolf Hitler
4788:
4781:
4747:
4741:
4673:
4667:
4662:
4627:
4573:Forza Italia
4554:
4523:
4515:para-fascist
4499:
4481:
4473:World War II
4470:
4421:
4412:
4403:World War II
4398:
4341:
4286:
4262:
4240:in 1937. In
4223:
4218:Integralists
4188:para-fascist
4181:
4152:movement in
4134:Gyula Gömbös
4131:
4118:Nazi Germany
4111:
4084:
4059:Adolf Hitler
4056:
4017:
3996:
3987:
3979:
3973:
3953:
3941:
3931:
3927:
3907:
3864:
3854:centre-right
3837:
3829:
3809:
3805:
3794:
3766:
3729:minimum wage
3706:, including
3677:
3665:
3614:
3610:anti-Marxist
3594:Leon Trotsky
3579:
3574:united front
3570:Nazi Germany
3540:
3514:technocratic
3495:
3475:
3470:
3452:
3446:
3410:
3396:
3350:
3339:
3317:
3309:
3299:
3298:in his work
3286:
3257:
3247:
3246:In his work
3245:
3183:collectivism
3175:Christianity
3122:
3110:subjectivism
3102:emotionalism
3061:
3031:
3003:Risorgimento
2995:Napoleon III
2988:
2972:George Mosse
2958:
2954:Adolf Hitler
2948:
2934:
2894:
2891:Ku Klux Klan
2872:
2870:
2863:
2852:Soviet Union
2840:Fidel Castro
2827:
2817:
2810:
2797:
2785:
2783:
2771:
2753:
2709:
2702:
2696:
2669:
2642:
2601:Robert Soucy
2589:
2583:
2575:
2565:totalitarian
2561:anti-Marxist
2557:anti-liberal
2550:
2542:
2520:
2515:
2508:
2501:
2496:
2493:post-fascism
2492:
2472:
2470:
2463:
2459:
2451:palingenetic
2445:
2434:
2429:
2417:
2416:In his book
2415:
2377:
2369:dictatorship
2362:conservatism
2334:Bo Rothstein
2319:
2311:
2221:
2196:post-fascist
2195:
2188:pejoratively
2185:
2177:World War II
2169:deportations
2101:, and for a
2096:totalitarian
2085:
2053:
1936:
1935:
1878:Uyoku dantai
1853:Post-fascism
1848:Para-fascism
1803:Anti-fascism
1733:By continent
1506:Intransigent
1443:Jeune Nation
1351:Nacionalismo
1323:SS personnel
1313:Nazi leaders
1216:World War II
1137:Enabling Act
1052:Rexist Party
1017:Kataeb Party
958:UstaĆĄe Youth
926:Hitler Youth
875:
865:
855:
835:
825:
815:
805:
314:Social order
257:Palingenetic
224:
158:Dictatorship
143:Conspiracism
74:
56:Nazi Germany
54:, leader of
52:Adolf Hitler
50:(left), and
46:, leader of
36:
28728:Corporatism
28566:Switzerland
28556:South Korea
28526:North Korea
28521:New Zealand
28281:Imperialism
28247:Enlightened
28201:Pinochetism
28089:Mafia state
28060:Proletarian
28049:Dictablanda
27699:(1835â1840)
27579:(c. 350 BC)
27569:(c. 375 BC)
27186:Tocqueville
27151:Saint-Simon
27116:Montesquieu
26967:Bolingbroke
26899:Machiavelli
26779:Ibn Khaldun
26744:Alpharabius
26737:Middle Ages
26562:Natural law
26537:Common good
26462:Nationalism
26422:Imperialism
26392:Corporatism
26367:Colonialism
26347:Agrarianism
26326:Technocracy
26306:Meritocracy
26286:Bureaucracy
26276:Aristocracy
26029:Regionalism
25974:Imperialism
25937:Culturalism
25932:Colonialism
25862:Nationalism
25783:Familialism
25761:Corporatism
25731:Communalism
25711:Agrarianism
25688:Reactionary
25656:Centre-left
25545:Strasserism
25207:de Gobineau
25182:Chamberlain
25048:Politicians
25035:Volkskörper
24938:Master race
24908:Prussianism
24856:Nationalism
24811:Imperialism
24752:Corporatism
24256:Szeged Idea
24246:Sorelianism
24204:Red fascism
24061:Pinochetism
23846:July Putsch
23795:Le Faisceau
23669:Axis powers
23607:Youth Front
23445:Mano Blanca
23420:Legion Wasa
23345:Gold Shirts
23248:Blackshirts
23223:Bajrang Dal
23181:Youth Front
22884:The Britons
22858:Quadrumvirs
22667:Condottieri
22611:Der Umbruch
22601:Der StĂŒrmer
22441:Golden Dawn
22356:Der Angriff
22336:Ajan Suunta
22324:Periodicals
22091:Starhemberg
22076:Schuschnigg
21931:al-Husseini
21811:D'Aubuisson
21620:Frankhouser
21580:Auernheimer
21494:Chamberlain
21331:Zhirinovsky
20776:Teymourtash
20771:Pezeshkpour
20766:Monshizadeh
20578:Renthe-Fink
20337:La Rochelle
19602:Hammerskins
19530:Aryan Guard
19258:Golden Dawn
19160:Youth Front
18222:Le Faisceau
18175:The Britons
18022:Bajrang Dal
17738:Grey Wolves
17713:Azure Party
17608:Revisionism
17591:Nazi-Maoism
17561:Syndicalist
17530:Legionarism
17493:Strasserism
17446:LaRoucheism
17420:Restoration
17195:Definitions
17077:Nationalism
17062:Masculinity
17040:Imperialism
16990:Corporatism
16932:Core tenets
16872:Umberto Eco
16617:22 (2020).
16583:(2): 1â10.
16256:. Methuen.
16198:: 157â184.
15928:. Pelican.
15866:(1): 5â40.
15750:. Mandarin.
15548:: 307â330.
15464:Pluto Press
15101:(1): 1â23.
14520:Verso Books
13490:Eley, Geoff
12503:; link via
12316:(1): 13â20.
11327:Mann (2004)
10203:: 151â171.
9610:26 February
8826:Gori (2004)
8814:Gori (2004)
8600:Koon (1985)
7726:Ross (2017)
7618:7 September
7263:, p. 8
7062:7 September
7028:Neofascismo
6891:Mann (2004)
6831:Eley (2013)
6775:, pp.
6488:Italo Balbo
6459:Renaissance
6409:realpolitik
6403:Dino Grandi
6346:nationalism
6325:opportunism
6270:Axis powers
6108:identifies
6061:Knut Hamsun
5945:pornography
5881:Blackshirts
5721:nationalism
5630:irredentist
5617:millenarian
5502: [
5454:Irredentism
5444:Imperialism
5317:Territorial
5283:Legionarism
4971:Core values
4867:Nationalism
4634:Golden Dawn
4616:Golden Dawn
4535:Raanan Rein
4511:Estado Novo
4448:Neo-fascism
4399:Great Italy
4384:Czech Lands
4376:Sudetenland
4273:consumerism
4234:Estado Novo
4146:irredentist
3888:during the
3886:quadrumvirs
3832:reactionary
3785:South Slavs
3716:corporatist
3626:egalitarian
3457:called the
3429:World War I
3346:plutocratic
3335:Sorelianism
3333:, known as
3331:syndicalism
3322:revisionist
3289:syndicalist
3265:monarchist
3263:reactionary
3080:rationalism
3076:materialism
3027:imperialism
2887:red fascism
2881:, longtime
2854:during the
2848:Ho Chi Minh
2834:regimes in
2812:neo-fascist
2747:under King
2733:Blackshirts
2674:by Italian
2672:World War I
2635:, in 1937.
2499:movements.
2384:John Lukacs
2379:Umberto Eco
2360:, and anti-
2314:Ian Kershaw
2302:Definitions
2192:neo-fascist
2181:Axis powers
2142:homosexuals
2136:", such as
2122:master race
2088:imperialism
2060:World War I
1993:dictatorial
1873:Supremacism
1863:Red fascism
1709:Revisionism
1692:Nazi-Maoism
1662:Syndicalist
1631:Legionarism
1594:Strasserism
1552:LaRoucheism
1526:Restoration
1062:Axis powers
904:Blackshirts
728:Nihal Atsız
688:de Gobineau
623:Chamberlain
595:Van Severen
565:Starhemberg
485:Monshizadeh
394:Politicians
362:Definitions
247:Nationalism
232:Masculinity
193:Imperialism
148:Corporatism
28702:Categories
28451:Costa Rica
28319:Deep state
28179:Khomeinism
28157:Ideologies
28099:Ochlocracy
28065:Right-wing
28038:Benevolent
27992:government
27907:Separatism
27715:On Liberty
27615:The Prince
27344:Huntington
26847:Campanella
26774:al-Ghazali
26723:Thucydides
26681:Lactantius
26626:Statolatry
26452:Monarchism
26432:Liberalism
26357:Capitalism
26340:Ideologies
26321:Plutocracy
26269:Government
26225:Revolution
26210:Propaganda
26160:Legitimacy
26135:Government
26044:Syncretism
26034:Separatism
25994:Militarism
25964:Federalism
25850:Monarchism
25830:Liberalism
25721:Capitalism
25671:Right-wing
25253:Atrocities
25168:Ideologues
25003:Syncretism
24928:Aryan race
24903:Propaganda
24851:Militarism
24832:Lebensraum
24795:Geopolitik
24721:Chauvinism
24609:Neo-Nazism
24447:Nazi Party
24251:Synarchism
24047:Khomeinism
23775:Acerbo Law
23555:Volkssport
23535:Third Klan
23365:Greyshirts
23037:Al-Futuwwa
22974:Right Club
22934:Mladorossi
22536:Panchjanya
22506:Neues Volk
22476:Masada2000
22421:Fritt Folk
22346:El AlcĂĄzar
22260:Mein Kampf
22158:Literature
21926:al-Husayni
21891:al-Gaylani
21780:Vonsyatsky
21499:Chesterton
21458:Shukhevych
21321:Rodzaevsky
21210:Manoilescu
20918:Bastianini
20893:D'Annunzio
20852:Natan-Zada
20664:Kasidiaris
20583:Ribbentrop
20538:Ludendorff
20342:Lagardelle
20302:Brasillach
19724:Wotansvolk
19714:Volksfront
19699:Third Klan
19677:Proud Boys
19582:Creativity
19273:Iron Guard
18814:Nazi Party
18181:La Cagoule
18115:Blueshirts
17773:Kenkokukai
17703:Aria Party
17660:Greyshirts
17517:Pan-Turkic
17481:Neo-Nazism
17251:Argentine
17169:Syncretism
17159:Statolatry
17124:Propaganda
17067:Militarism
16975:Chauvinism
16448:31 October
16116:B0014D2EN8
15462:. London:
14846:Mudde, Cas
14776:Bloomsbury
14321:. London:
14262:. London:
14236:. Berlin:
13904:. London:
12297:Mein Kampf
12045:14 October
11686:. London:
11491:, p.
11463:, p.
11423:, p.
11090:bolshevism
10410:15 January
10334:27 January
10045:, p.
8465:Transition
7302:. London:
6620:References
6607:Squadrismo
6576:Neo-Nazism
6561:Ecofascism
6380:ĂŒbermensch
6289:See also:
6238:surrealism
6084:Aesthetics
6065:Ezra Pound
5928:Giovinezza
5885:degenerate
5829:capitalism
5765:Volkswagen
5725:solidarity
5694:propaganda
5636:Hispanidad
5548:Xenophobia
5516:Revanchism
5469:Militarism
5128:Indigenism
5123:Homosexual
5091:Ecological
4997:Solidarity
4987:Patriotism
4977:Allegiance
4806:committing
4794:Oleg Orlov
4765:Nicholas I
4595:See also:
4530:Juan PerĂłn
4457:Juan PerĂłn
4436:war crimes
4330:, and the
4314:Lebensraum
4150:Iron Guard
4091:scapegoats
4063:Nazi Party
3956:Acerbo Law
3558:See also:
3206:Ă©lan vital
3189:Ăbermensch
3151:psychology
3084:positivism
3056:See also:
3017:, through
2790:pejorative
2684:right-wing
2543:Historian
2324:, such as
2312:Historian
2288:magistrate
2256:syndicates
2157:immigrants
2153:minorities
2076:revolution
2037:liberalism
2001:militarism
1618:Pan-Turkic
1582:Neo-Nazism
1347:Argentine
965:Blueshirts
948:Iron Guard
916:Nazi Party
909:Squadrismo
807:Mein Kampf
790:Literature
643:De Benoist
633:D'Annunzio
628:Chesterton
540:Rodzaevsky
480:von Marées
415:Böszörmény
334:Syncretism
324:Statolatry
294:Propaganda
237:Militarism
133:Chauvinism
92:Principles
28411:Australia
28406:Argentina
28349:Strongman
28242:Despotism
28218:Stalinism
28174:Francoism
28169:Chiangism
28124:Theocracy
28109:Oligarchy
28011:Autocracy
27990:forms of
27625:Leviathan
27605:Monarchia
27599:(c. 1274)
27434:Oakeshott
27379:Mansfield
27374:Luxemburg
27359:Kropotkin
27254:Bernstein
27207:centuries
27121:Nietzsche
27064:Jefferson
26992:Condorcet
26940:centuries
26919:Pufendorf
26784:Marsilius
26671:Confucius
26656:Aristotle
26649:Antiquity
26577:Noble lie
26497:Third Way
26492:Socialism
26417:Feudalism
26372:Communism
26352:Anarchism
26331:Theocracy
26316:Oligarchy
26296:Democracy
26281:Autocracy
26195:Pluralism
26180:Obedience
26145:Hierarchy
26105:Authority
26024:Reformism
26009:Pluralism
25969:Globalism
25959:Extremism
25894:Third Way
25889:Socialism
25872:Classical
25845:Masculism
25736:Communism
25716:Anarchism
25676:Far-right
25651:Left-wing
25262:Action T4
25232:Rosenberg
25212:Haushofer
25157:Streicher
24943:Nordicism
24888:New Order
24577:Anschluss
24373:Ahnenerbe
24234:Nordicism
24145:Garveyism
24078:Alt-right
24042:Francoism
24037:Chiangism
23570:Waffen-SS
23475:Rodobrana
23465:The Order
23460:New Guard
23395:Iron Wolf
23340:Frontbann
23263:Column 88
23195:terrorist
22828:Ahnenerbe
22596:Spearhead
22591:Siniristi
22566:Das Reich
22556:Der Pimpf
22541:PanzerbÀr
22531:Organiser
22521:Novopress
22486:Nash Put'
22126:Weinstein
21941:Linderman
21881:ÄurÄanskĂœ
21685:MacDonald
21680:Lindbergh
21554:Wellesley
21544:Southgate
21529:Pankhurst
21468:Tyahnybok
21352:Bau Nolla
21316:Prokhanov
21301:Milchakov
21281:Kuryokhin
21256:Borovikov
21251:Barkashov
21246:AstroĆski
21180:Bacaloglu
21175:Antonescu
21124:Hashimoto
21028:Mussolini
21013:Marinetti
21008:Malaparte
20963:Corradini
20827:Greenberg
20817:Goldstein
20730:Mukherjee
20715:Golwalkar
20659:Dragoumis
20623:Streicher
20593:Rosenberg
20523:Klintzsch
20403:Berchtold
20322:DĂ©roulĂšde
20256:Somersalo
20180:Kvaternik
20175:KraljeviÄ
20170:FrancetiÄ
20046:Australia
19667:The Order
18841:New Order
18635:Verdinaso
18467:New Party
17893:Sakurakai
17858:Patrol 36
17638:Movements
17598:Uruguayan
17526:Romanian
17476:Hitlerism
17406:Japanese
17363:Hungarism
17351:Valoisism
17329:PĂ©tainism
17324:Doriotism
17314:Falangism
17287:Christian
17277:Brazilian
17272:Banderism
17215:Symbolism
17200:Economics
17010:Dirigisme
16757:195842347
16597:213889043
16521:Routledge
16513:"Fascism"
16380:"Fascism"
16303:Routledge
16233:Routledge
16220:140420352
16054:(1982) .
16021:Routledge
15837:Routledge
15809:Routledge
15727:(2009) .
15564:2211-6257
15379:Routledge
15306:Routledge
15123:143862302
14900:Routledge
14896:Mussolini
14824:Routledge
14705:Mussolini
14339:Routledge
14323:Routledge
14310:159641856
14264:Routledge
14130:Routledge
14104:Routledge
14049:Routledge
14031:226357121
13995:Routledge
13906:Routledge
13753:Routledge
13730:Routledge
13701:Routledge
13614:Routledge
13498:Routledge
13424:MIT Press
13409:Routledge
13231:Routledge
13218:Routledge
12971:Routledge
12903:Routledge
12874:Routledge
12758:7 October
12699:155046186
12670:249726924
12652:Routledge
12618:0018-2745
12390:(2002) .
12364:(2006) .
11863:192025081
11828:147023860
11714:(1994) .
11405:142085835
11389:1043-4070
10559:250566287
10458:0967-067X
10364:7 October
10209:0213-2087
10174:1667-1635
9605:0261-3077
8473:0041-1191
7909:0028-6583
7798:244746966
7790:2213-0624
7672:7 October
7479:Routledge
7376:266074243
7304:Routledge
7057:0362-4331
6736:"Fascism"
6703:22 August
6687:"fascism"
6431:Nordicism
6399:hyperbole
6262:left wing
6248:Criticism
6029:modernism
6013:scientism
5941:sexuality
5811:over the
5713:socialism
5429:Globalism
5414:Francoism
5217:Christian
5212:Religious
5138:Left-wing
5081:Corporate
5071:Communist
5032:Bourgeois
5022:Anarchist
4814:Joe Biden
4597:Alt-right
4487:Falangist
4428:Nuremberg
4269:decadence
4260:of 1938.
4196:Lithuania
4103:bolshevik
3902:de Vecchi
3849:socialism
3690:created "
3678:In 1919,
3624:) and an
3612:agendas.
3586:Bolshevik
3543:total war
3537:movement.
3357:bourgeois
3179:democracy
3133:biology,
3131:Darwinian
3092:democracy
3088:bourgeois
2784:The term
2680:left-wing
2645:far right
2629:Salamanca
2586:Holocaust
2532:", while
2530:Third Way
2503:Cas Mudde
2392:communism
2207:Etymology
2175:. During
2173:genocides
2161:massacres
2103:dirigiste
2080:total war
2041:socialism
2029:pluralism
2025:democracy
2021:anarchism
1997:autocracy
1981:far-right
1798:Alt-right
1699:Uruguayan
1627:Romanian
1577:Hitlerism
1512:Japanese
1469:Hungarism
1457:Valoisism
1435:PĂ©tainism
1430:Doriotism
1420:Francoism
1415:Falangism
1388:Christian
1383:Chiangism
1373:Brazilian
1368:Banderism
758:Rosenberg
718:Marinetti
693:Haushofer
495:Mussolini
382:Symbolism
367:Economics
168:Dirigisme
28768:Populism
28667:Americas
28551:Slovenia
28531:Pakistan
28511:Malaysia
28446:Colombia
28426:Bulgaria
28307:See also
28184:Putinism
28055:Military
27880:Centrism
27575:Politics
27565:Republic
27534:Voegelin
27514:Spengler
27499:Shariati
27474:Rothbard
27429:Nussbaum
27329:Habermas
27304:Fukuyama
27294:Foucault
27219:Ambedkar
27196:Voltaire
27166:de Staël
27141:Rousseau
27022:Franklin
26997:Constant
26957:Beccaria
26789:Muhammad
26769:Gelasius
26754:Averroes
26728:Xenophon
26708:Polybius
26661:Chanakya
26506:Concepts
26472:Populism
26442:Localism
26427:Islamism
26412:Feminism
26311:Monarchy
26215:Property
26205:Progress
26170:Monopoly
26140:Hegemony
26014:Populism
26004:Pacifism
25999:Nihilism
25989:Localism
25908:See also
25855:Royalism
25825:Islamism
25820:Hindutva
25805:Feminism
25661:Centrism
25646:Far-left
25636:Moderate
25631:Hardline
25568:Category
25507:Glossary
25222:von List
25177:Baeumler
25112:Goebbels
25097:Heydrich
25077:Eichmann
24933:Aryanism
24898:Populism
24788:Eugenics
24677:Ideology
24640:Genocide
24288:Category
24261:Trumpism
24229:Aryanism
24179:Morenazi
24093:Alt-tech
24083:Alt-lite
24066:Putinism
23674:NSDAP/AO
23440:Makapili
23415:LÄncieri
23370:Heimwehr
23228:The Base
22929:The Link
22867:Activist
22677:Erbkrank
22431:GĂąndirea
22411:Fashizmi
22180:Defiance
22116:Vikernes
22036:Quisling
22021:Planetta
22006:Piasecki
21971:MartĂnez
21906:Gustloff
21886:Frashëri
21871:Dollfuss
21861:Coughlin
21836:Carrasco
21745:Rockwell
21725:Patsalos
21675:LaRouche
21650:Invictus
21640:Heimbach
21473:Vitrenko
21423:Biletsky
21311:Prilepin
21276:Kaminski
21185:Codreanu
21159:Sasakawa
21144:Matsuoka
21078:Sarfatti
21063:Ridruejo
21048:Pavolini
21038:Panunzio
21033:Olivetti
21023:Morgagni
20998:Graziani
20983:Giuriati
20903:Badoglio
20822:Gopstein
20802:Ben-Gvir
20756:Forouhar
20740:Vajpayee
20735:Savarkar
20720:Hedgewar
20628:Terboven
20608:Skorzeny
20553:Niekisch
20508:Heydrich
20468:Goebbels
20398:Baeumler
20287:BardĂšche
20266:Varjonen
20251:Simojoki
20205:Servatzy
20119:Eriksson
20104:Degrelle
20099:Declercq
20063:Cottrell
19233:Format18
18846:Nipsters
18607:Stormers
18472:Nipsters
17620:UstaĆĄism
17471:Esoteric
17466:Austrian
17456:Mystical
17434:Kahanism
17373:Ilminism
17358:Hindutva
17299:Clerical
17267:Austrian
17237:Variants
17114:Populism
17082:Integral
17056:Machismo
17020:Eugenics
16775:(2010).
16662:(1973).
16560:(2018).
16480:(eds.).
16442:Archived
16438:Treccani
16426:Archived
16424:. 2019.
16408:5 August
16402:Archived
16345:Palgrave
16171:(2015).
16146:12 April
16131:Springer
15994:(1975).
15971:38504469
15924:(1966).
15758:(1978).
15715:(1935).
15699:(1995).
15612:AK Press
15606:(2017).
15512:52849131
15435:(1970).
15345:20760638
15271:(1987).
15245:(2003).
15211:(1995).
15185:(1980).
15157:(2005).
15133:(2004).
14910:(1965).
14740:Fascists
14703:(1983).
14551:72839243
14514:(1977).
14462:(2005).
14394:(2014).
14368:(2016).
14333:(2011).
14256:(2000).
14098:(2004).
13884:(1995).
13724:(2011).
13663:(2005).
13647:(2003).
13601:60191622
13518:(2005).
13492:(2013).
13453:(1996).
13347:(1976).
13319:(1977).
13108:Springer
13079:(1997).
13063:(1994).
12965:(1993).
12857:ABC-CLIO
12844:ABC-CLIO
12787:(1983).
12551:5 August
12515:(1971).
12452:(1939).
12430:(1998).
12418:(1935).
12350:(1968).
12325:(1947).
12294:(1925).
12257:(1932).
12235:(2001).
12039:Archived
11754:(1996).
11526:Archived
10853:Archived
10563:Archived
10466:48610431
10358:Archived
10354:BBC News
10328:Archived
10295:Archived
10264:Archived
10260:BBC News
10082:1 August
9993:: 19â44.
9700:Springer
8307:15 April
8302:Academia
7651:(1996).
7612:Archived
7428:(2010).
7396:(eds.).
7340:(2006).
7298:(1993).
7278:Archived
7178:17 April
7168:"Fasces"
7152:28 April
7117:28 April
6975:(2016).
6747:7 August
6697:Archived
6566:Hindutva
6499:See also
6439:Lombards
6386:nihilism
6170:writes:
6137:(1981),
6118:Futurist
6104:(1935),
6017:sexology
5997:abortion
5989:eugenics
5873:militias
5776:Because
5692:through
5543:Trumpism
5484:Nativism
5464:Localism
5459:Jingoism
5307:Romantic
5258:Resource
5239:Hindutva
5227:Clerical
5222:Catholic
5183:Japanese
5142:populism
5133:Integral
5113:European
5096:Economic
5054:American
5037:Business
4959:Treasure
4934:Language
4929:Identity
4859:a series
4857:Part of
4798:Memorial
4724:swastika
4659:Putinism
4526:Peronism
4380:Slovakia
4183:en masse
4158:Ion Duca
3684:futurist
3654:Marxists
3398:Futurism
3369:pacifism
3250:(1896),
3114:vitalism
3019:Bismarck
2964:Faisceau
2945:Lycurgus
2930:Metaxism
2655:and its
2592:Genocide
2526:holistic
2481:Cold War
2439:and the
2422:(2018),
2396:populism
2322:scholars
2225:fascismo
1833:Futurism
1749:Bulgaria
1721:UstaĆĄism
1572:Esoteric
1567:Austrian
1557:Mystical
1540:Kahanism
1479:Ilminism
1464:Hindutva
1400:Clerical
1363:Austrian
1337:Variants
980:Stewards
743:Panunzio
738:Olivetti
713:von List
618:BardĂšche
613:Baeumler
570:Strasser
510:Quisling
450:Degrelle
435:Codreanu
284:Populism
252:Integral
226:Machismo
208:Economic
173:Eugenics
67:a series
65:Part of
28708:Fascism
28677:Oceania
28591:Uruguay
28576:Ukraine
28506:Lebanon
28471:Finland
28466:Ecuador
28456:Croatia
28416:Bolivia
28344:Statism
28264:Fascism
28136:Tyranny
28016:Tsarist
27917:Statism
27830:Elitism
27788:Related
27589:(51 BC)
27519:Strauss
27494:Scruton
27489:Schmitt
27479:Russell
27399:Michels
27394:Maurras
27389:Marcuse
27349:Kautsky
27319:Gramsci
27314:Gentile
27284:Dworkin
27274:Du Bois
27269:Dmowski
27264:Chomsky
27259:Burnham
27244:Benoist
27214:Agamben
27181:Thoreau
27171:Stirner
27161:Spencer
27106:Mazzini
27096:Maistre
27091:Madison
27086:Le Play
27017:Fourier
26982:Carlyle
26962:Bentham
26952:Bastiat
26947:Bakunin
26924:Spinoza
26914:MĂŒntzer
26884:Leibniz
26857:Grotius
26837:Bossuet
26804:Plethon
26749:Aquinas
26718:Sun Tzu
26686:Mencius
26676:Han Fei
26447:Marxism
26407:Fascism
26240:Society
26165:Liberty
26150:Justice
26130:Freedom
26039:Statism
25899:Zionism
25840:Marxism
25788:Fascism
25683:Radical
25502:Economy
25469:Related
25461:Economy
25297:Germany
25295:Outside
25237:Schmitt
25122:Lammers
25102:Himmler
25072:Drexler
25062:Daluege
25057:Bormann
24883:New Man
24660:Pogroms
24645:Ghettos
24479:History
23966: (
23701:History
23616:Student
23592:Werwolf
23505:Sicarii
23435:Levente
23094:Levente
22662:Bengasi
22471:Limonka
22461:Kangura
22426:Fronten
22406:Fashist
22270:My Life
22111:Tsankov
22096:SzĂĄlasi
22066:Salgado
22041:RamĂrez
22001:Pfrimer
21996:Noreika
21976:McInnes
21951:Lugones
21916:Hamidov
21876:O'Duffy
21856:Clausen
21846:CelmiĆĆĄ
21831:Caetano
21826:Bushati
21816:Bahçeli
21760:Spencer
21720:Nordean
21715:Mullins
21710:Minadeo
21695:Metzger
21665:Kessler
21625:Fuentes
21605:Dilling
21600:Collins
21570:Abascal
21549:Tyndall
21534:Pearson
21504:Griffin
21489:Beckett
21463:Stetsko
21453:Samchuk
21433:Gubarev
21428:Dontsov
21418:Bandera
21411:Ukraine
21291:Limonov
21220:Ogoranu
21200:Gigurtu
21190:Crainic
21168:Romania
21088:Spirito
21083:Soffici
21073:Rossoni
21018:Michels
20978:Gentile
20938:Boselli
20923:Bianchi
20883:Alfieri
20832:Ha'ivri
20812:Eliyahu
20797:Ben-Ari
20792:Ahimeir
20761:Kashani
20669:Koryzis
20638:Krosigk
20633:Thadden
20603:Schreck
20598:Schmitt
20568:Reitsch
20543:Maurice
20513:Himmler
20488:GĂŒnther
20483:Greiser
20458:Franz V
20448:Forster
20418:Brunner
20381:Germany
20357:Rebatet
20226:Isotalo
20221:Helanen
20214:Finland
20195:PaviÄiÄ
20190:PaveliÄ
20185:LuburiÄ
20158:Croatia
20139:Severen
20124:Hermans
20087:Belgium
19771:Oceania
19468:Svoboda
19228:Falanga
18966:Falange
18046:TĆhĆkai
17603:Marzism
17549:Russian
17510:Finnish
17498:Swedish
17486:Russian
17451:Latvian
17415:Statism
17395:Italian
17383:Islamic
17282:British
17099:New Man
17035:Heroism
16909:Fascism
16839:at the
16828:at the
16826:Fascism
16765:2773217
16664:Fascism
15902:(ed.).
15664:Fascism
15662:(ed.).
15651:1866167
15538:Fascism
15419:8 March
15234:; also
14883:Fascism
13886:Fascism
12498:Horizon
12483:. 1968.
12471:Tribune
12394:(ed.).
12353:My Life
11900:2096085
11669:1354116
11397:3704551
10859:28 July
10624:Reuters
8481:3137450
7919:13 July
6867:Fascism
6662:Fascism
6492:Ferrara
6351:Ansaldo
6313:tyranny
6210:in 1937
6161:new man
6079:Culture
6037:Fordism
5966:puberty
5805:private
5743:versus
5701:Economy
5278:Fascism
5205:Zionism
5148:Musical
5042:Welfare
5017:African
4899:Colours
4878:forming
4738:, 2014)
4690:Statism
4655:Rashism
4559:led by
4503:Salazar
4397:Map of
4364:Austria
4281:autarky
4228:led by
4154:Romania
4138:Hungary
4099:Masonic
4036:Bedouin
3894:de Bono
3868:Bolzano
3516:state.
3465:Avanti!
3373:heroism
3361:Marxism
2982:of the
2968:Jacobin
2901:History
2895:fascist
2844:Vietnam
2828:fascist
2798:as used
2786:fascist
2772:Fascist
2762:leader
2647:of the
2296:Falange
2292:lictors
2114:autarky
2106:economy
2068:Germany
2062:before
2058:during
2045:Marxism
1979:) is a
1937:Fascism
1818:F-scale
1778:Uruguay
1704:Marzism
1650:Russian
1611:Finnish
1599:Swedish
1587:Russian
1521:Statism
1501:Italian
1489:Islamic
1378:British
1285: (
1101:History
1042:Ratniks
921:Gestapo
768:Spirito
763:Schmitt
723:Michels
678:Gentile
575:SzĂĄlasi
560:Starace
550:Salgado
515:PaveliÄ
505:O'Duffy
440:Darnand
269:New Man
188:Heroism
75:Fascism
28657:Europe
28643:Africa
28546:Russia
28541:Poland
28516:Mexico
28491:Israel
28476:France
28431:Canada
28421:Brazil
28286:Nazism
28223:Maoism
28189:Ziaism
27779:(1992)
27769:(1971)
27759:(1951)
27749:(1945)
27739:(1944)
27729:(1929)
27719:(1859)
27709:(1848)
27689:(1820)
27679:(1791)
27669:(1790)
27659:(1762)
27649:(1748)
27639:(1689)
27629:(1651)
27619:(1532)
27609:(1313)
27539:Walzer
27529:Taylor
27484:Sartre
27449:Popper
27444:Pareto
27439:Ortega
27424:Nozick
27414:Mouffe
27364:Laclau
27324:Guénon
27309:Gandhi
27249:Berlin
27239:Bauman
27234:Badiou
27224:Arendt
27191:Tucker
27081:Le Bon
27042:Herder
27032:Haller
27027:Godwin
27012:Fichte
27007:Engels
27002:Cortés
26972:Bonald
26929:SuĂĄrez
26904:Milton
26894:Luther
26867:Hobbes
26852:Filmer
26842:Calvin
26827:Boétie
26820:period
26799:Ockham
26666:Cicero
26467:Nazism
26255:Utopia
26230:Rights
26220:Regime
26190:People
26175:Nation
25877:Modern
25793:Nazism
25490:Cinema
25471:topics
25456:Cinema
25227:MĂŒller
25197:Eckart
25117:Göring
25107:Hitler
25067:Dönitz
24913:Racism
24866:Racial
24804:Heimat
24413:NSDStB
24355:Nazism
24071:Ziaism
23739:Fascio
23734:Arditi
23679:ODESSA
23425:Lehava
23375:Hirden
22894:DeVlag
22743:Allach
22621:Vlajka
22616:Vairas
22586:Signal
22491:NĂĄstup
22446:Hamaas
22361:Arriba
22341:L'Alba
22331:Action
22280:OPROP!
22220:Hunter
22081:Ć eĆĄelj
22071:Sayigh
22061:Saadeh
22056:Rupnik
21991:Mohler
21986:Miklas
21966:Madero
21946:LjotiÄ
21921:Hlinka
21901:Gömbös
21896:Genoud
21821:Blythe
21806:Arcand
21785:Yockey
21770:Tarrio
21735:Pierce
21730:Pelley
21700:Miller
21635:Graves
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