628:, and director of the science history research group, chief editor of the USTC academic journal, chair of the Chinese society of gravity and relativistic astrophysics. In 1984, Fang was appointed as the vice president of the USTC under president Guan Weiyan. Fang was very active in this role; for example he helped to set up the telex service for USTC. He was very popular among the students. Fang also begin to write essays for publication in popular magazines, and give lectures on a variety of topics in universities, though usually not in USTC. Many such essays and lectures expressed his liberal view on politics, reflections on history, and criticisms on
55:
601:
classic by many teachers and students, although few students are aware of it in recent years. Fang was also the first scientist in China to write popular accounts of contemporary astrophysical developments, such as cosmology and black holes. Fang's book, "Creation of the
Universe" (Yuzhou de chuangsheng in Chinese) which was published in 1987, introduced basic cosmological ideas, and influenced a large number of physics and astronomy students growing up in the 1980s in China.
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866:
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their friend confessed to writing it; Li also confessed her doubts about the party. Li was expelled from the CCP, and sentenced to hard labour in
Zhaitang, a town near Beijing. Fang was not immediately expelled from the party, because he played a lesser role in writing the letter, and also because he had left Peking University, where the punishment was particularly severe. However, he was removed from the nuclear program and sent to do hard labour in
372:, people were strongly encouraged by the CCP to openly express their opinions and criticisms. As party members, Li, Fang and another person in the physics department planned to write a letter to the party to offer their suggestions on education. This letter was still unfinished by the time the Hundred Flowers Campaign abruptly came to an end and the
746:, used very strong language to order the embassy to reverse their decision. That night, Fang and his family were smuggled into the embassy in the back of a van. The Chinese government put Fang and Li at the top of the "wanted" list of the people involved in the protest. During his time in the U.S. embassy, Fang wrote an essay titled
600:
Fang also trained many younger colleagues and students in the field of astrophysics and cosmology; he was considered an excellent teacher. Fang and Li coauthored "Introduction to
Mechanics", an introductory book on Newtonian mechanics and special theory of relativity. This book has been considered a
458:
Province, where it remains to this day. Upon arriving in Hefei in 1969, Fang, along with other "problematic members" of the faculty, were sent to do hard labour for "re-education by the worker class" in a coal mine. Fang secretly brought with him one physics book, the "Classical Theory of Fields" by
496:
and the Theory of
Relativity in Beijing and Shanghai. Once Fang published his theory, some of the critics of the Theory of Relativity, especially a group based in Shanghai, prepared to attack Fang politically. However, by this time the "leftist" line was declining in the Chinese academia. Professor
476:
In 1972, the worst chaos of the
Cultural Revolution was over and scientific research resumed. Fang found an opportunity to read some recent astrophysics papers in western journals, and soon wrote his first paper on cosmology, "A Cosmological Solution in Scalar-tensor Theory with Mass and Blackbody
376:
started. The opinions and criticisms solicited during the earlier campaign were then interpreted as "attacks on the party", and those who had expressed such opinions were labelled "rightist" and persecuted. Although no one knew about the unfinished letter, out of loyalty to the party, Fang, Li and
431:. By 1965, he had published 13 research papers and was considered one of the most productive physics researchers in China. That year, as part of the effort of cleansing Beijing of "undesirable elements", Fang was to be removed from the faculty of USTC and sent to work in an electronics factory in
761:
Fang and his wife remained in the US Embassy until 25 June 1990, when they were allowed by
Chinese authorities to leave the embassy and board a U.S. Air Force C-135 transport plane to Britain. This resolution partly came about after confidential negotiations between
550:. He soon gained international recognition, and as China began to open up in the late 1970s, he was invited to international conferences outside the country. In 1985, together with H. Sato of Kyoto University, Japan, Fang won the first prize of the
671:
Fang was again expelled from
Chinese Communist Party in January 1987, and removed from his position as the vice president of the university. He was moved to Beijing as a research scientist at the Beijing Astronomical Observatory, now a part of the
643:
In
December 1986, college students demonstrated in over a dozen Chinese cities in demanding greater economic and political freedoms. Fang was against the student demonstration, believing it would be suppressed by the CCP; he tried to persuade the
419:. Since Li's group was at a different institute, this arrangement took advantage of a loophole in management rules, allowing him to publish papers under his own name. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Fang conducted research in
467:
by reading this book in the evening. Later, in 1971, along with a number of other faculty members, he was assigned to do labour work in a brick factory, which produced the bricks for constructing the new USTC campus buildings.
501:, also supported Fang. Many of the members of the "Theory of Relativity Criticism Group" changed to study the theory and conduct research in it. Subsequently, Fang was regarded as the father of cosmological research in China.
667:
to expel them from the Party, but Hu refused. Because of his refusal, Hu
Yaobang was dismissed from his position as General Secretary in January 1987, effectively ending his period of influence within the Chinese government.
385:
from
December 1957 to August 1958. Out of political pressure, Li and Fang put their relationship on hold until early 1959, when Fang was also expelled from the CCP. In August 1958, Fang was reassigned to the faculty of the
390:(USTC), which was located in Beijing at the time. In 1961 he married Li, who remained a faculty member of Peking University. In spite of his experience in the anti-Rightist campaign, Fang published an article in the
2097:
832:
Fang continued to do research in astrophysics and cosmology. He published research papers even during his stay in the US Embassy in Beijing. His later research includes the study of non-Gaussianity in the
481:(Physics), Vol. 1, 163 (1972). This was the first modern cosmological research paper in mainland China. Fang assembled a group of young faculty members of USTC around him to conduct astrophysics research.
2179:
680:. He gained fame and notoriety after his essays were collected by the Chinese Communist Party and distributed to many of its regional offices, with the directive to its members to criticize the essays.
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1805:
484:
At the time, conducting research on relativity theory and cosmology in China was very risky politically, because these theories were considered to be "idealistic" theories in contradiction with
2093:
446:
broke out in 1966. In 1969, along with other universities and research institutes, USTC was ordered to be evacuated out of Beijing, ostensibly in anticipation of an impending invasion by the
361:). Both Fang and Li were among the top students in their class. After graduating, he joined the CCP, started working at the Institute of Modern Physics and became involved in China's secret
624:
after the reform of China in late 1970s, and resumed his party membership. During this time, he held many academic positions, including the director of the astrophysics research group of
857:. He continued to train students and younger scientists who visited him from China and was very active in research to the end of his life, publishing multiple research papers each year.
754:'s repression of human rights and the outside world's turning a blind eye to it. Fang's continued presence in the US Embassy following the protests became, according to U.S. Ambassador
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intervened on Fang's behalf; he pleaded the case to the party secretary of USTC at the time, Liu Da, who cancelled the cleansing order for Fang and other faculty members of USTC.
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students not to go off-campus. After two straight weeks of student demonstrations, believing that the student movement was a result of "bourgeois liberalization",
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essay competition by proposing that the periodic distribution of quasars observed can be explained if the Universe is multiply-connected, i.e. has a non-trivial
785:. In 1991, he gave a conference on the issue of Tibet in New York, one of the first open dialogues between Chinese and Tibetans. He also was an advisor for the
488:, a central component of the Communist Party's ideology. According to the dialectical materialism philosophy, both time and space must be infinite, while the
2214:
873:
He died in his home in Tucson on April 6, 2012, aged 76, from undisclosed causes. He was buried at East Lawn Palms Mortuary & Cemetery on April 14.
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where Peking University is located. Fang and his wife had exchanged ideas about Chinese politics with some students of Peking University, including
661:
2159:
1764:
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Fang published a large number of papers on astrophysics and cosmology. In the late 1970s, he and his group used the luminosity of selected radio
2209:
715:'s February 1989 visit to China, the U.S. embassy invited Fang to a banquet that Bush was hosting at the Sheraton Great Wall Hotel in honor of
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645:
625:
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297:
640:, wrote letters to a number of well-known "Rightists" from the 1957 Anti-Rightist campaign, suggesting a meeting in memory of that event.
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By the time Fang entered High School No. 4, the best in Beijing, he had become even more interested in what lay behind how things work.
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1547:
739:
1610:
2164:
778:, and an offer from the Japanese government to resume loans to the PRC in return for the resolution of "the Fang Lizhi problem."
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theory allows the possibility of the finiteness of space and time. During the Cultural Revolution, campaigns were waged against
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920:
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727:
719:. Deng had a negative view of Fang. Public Security stopped Fang on his way to the banquet and prevented him from attending.
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1814:
1735:
869:
The tombstone of Fang, Lizhi, located at East Lawn Palms Mortuary & Cemetery, Tucson, Arizona. Photographed in Jan 2017
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for his "reactionary activities", viz. publishing an article critical of the government's policies on science education.
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1981:
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On 5 June 1989, the day after the government cracked down on the Tiananmen Square protests, Fang and Li sought
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333:
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Dai Wensai, the most well-known Chinese astronomer at the time and chair of the Astronomy Department of
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562:
345:
407:, since as a rightist he was not entitled to publish research papers. Later, on the recommendation of
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1839:
1685:
337:
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dogma. He also emphasized social responsibility of intellectuals. In late 1986, Fang, together with
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article noted that it obtained similar results to, but appeared earlier than, the paper by Davidsen
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369:
112:
985:
2017:
2005:
1957:
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In February 1989, Fang mobilized a number of well known intellectuals to write an open letter to
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341:
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who was then in prison. His wife, Li, was elected to become the people's representative of the
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373:
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822:
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2129:
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8:
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1947:
1326:
Hu, Danian (2004). "Organized criticism of Einstein and relativity in China, 1949–1989".
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443:
424:
1929:
1713:
2047:
1933:
1899:
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1343:
838:
589:; at the time, there were no diplomatic relations between China and Israel. He invited
512:, and with data available at the time, suggested that the universe may be closed (Fang
498:
464:
1993:
1987:
1915:
1770:
Collection of Articles by Li-Zhi Fang (Fang Lizhi), maintained by his former students
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1589:
1553:
1487:
1041:
916:
891:
767:
712:
677:
573:, he organized the first major international scientific conference in China: the 3rd
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352:
249:
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1939:
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1335:
825:. He also served as a board member and co-chair of the New York-based organization
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2011:
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31:
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1963:
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1045:
909:
The Most Wanted Man in China: My Journey from Scientist to Enemy of the State
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689:
649:
535:
428:
569:. He helped promote international academic exchange in China. Together with
1999:
1887:
1855:
1849:
1831:
1690:, Fang Lizhi, translated by Perry Link. The New York Review of Books, 2011.
946:
854:
814:
755:
657:
633:
570:
447:
408:
340:, he joined an underground youth organization that was associated with the
293:
227:
130:
22:
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program, while Li stayed at Peking University as a junior faculty member.
2041:
2035:
1975:
1969:
1909:
1859:
1094:
708:, though Fang and Li did not actively participate in the protest itself.
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and Liu Gang. Some of those students became student leaders during the
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17, 134 (1977)). This work was noticed by researchers outside China; a
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412:
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301:
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conference IAU-124 on "Observational Cosmology" in Beijing in 1986.
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269, 203 (1977). Fang also carried out research on topics including
2180:
Academic staff of the University of Science and Technology of China
1825:
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by Fang, an attempted intervention by US National Security Adviser
758:, "a living symbol of our conflict with China over human rights."
555:
489:
436:
432:
378:
1813:
966:
Profile: Fang Lizhi – Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Physics
842:
505:
329:
78:
1176:
1549:
Pioneers of Modern China: Understanding the Inscrutable Chinese
582:
332:. His father worked on the railway. In 1948, a year before the
316:
in 1989, given each year. He was elected an academician of the
283:
1769:
399:
Fang published his first research paper on nuclear physics in
1552:. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing. 2005. pp.313-314;
1040:(2). New York, NY: Times Mirror Magazines/Bonnier Corp.: 62.
455:
451:
1668:
Lilley, James. China Hands. New York: Public Affairs, 2004.
411:, he became an associated member of a research group led by
312:
in January 1987. For his work, Fang was a recipient of the
1765:
Scientific Articles of Li-Zhi Fang (Fang Lizhi) Since 1989
1328:
Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences
652:
named three Communist Party members to be expelled: Fang,
676:, and reunited with his wife, Li Shuxian, a professor at
471:
565:
in 1980. His membership was, however, revoked after the
1714:"Professor Fang Lizhi died in the US at the age of 76"
1582:
Living U.S.-China Relations: From Cold War to Cold War
1246:
1244:
246:
232:
2175:
University of Science and Technology of China alumni
683:
396:, encouraging the independent thinking of students.
308:. Because of his activism, he was expelled from the
300:, and activist whose liberal ideas inspired the pro-
813:. In campus speeches, Fang spoke on topics such as
292:; February 12, 1936 – April 6, 2012) was a Chinese
1241:
692:, requesting amnesty for the human right activist
351:In 1952, he enrolled in the Physics Department at
320:in 1980, but his position was revoked after 1989.
2098:Angry Tias & Abuelas of the Rio Grande Valley
809:, where he worked as Professor of Physics at the
2121:
1481:
348:was assembling radio receivers from used parts.
2205:Expelled members of the Chinese Communist Party
477:Radiation", which was published on the journal
2220:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates
1815:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award laureates
734:. Fang and Li were initially turned away, but
442:Academic activities were interrupted when the
435:province. Learning about this, vice president
304:student movement of 1986–87 and, finally, the
1799:
561:He was elected as the youngest member of the
388:University of Science and Technology of China
356:
298:University of Science and Technology of China
202:
188:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1167:
1165:
355:, where he met his future wife, Li Shuxian (
323:
2215:Members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
1806:
1792:
1701:Fang Lizhi was right about Tibet and China
1679:
1658:, The New York Review of Books, June 2011.
674:National Astronomical Observatory of China
593:to visit China in 1985, and organized the
53:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1470:
1162:
864:
403:, p. 57 (1961) under the pseudonym
336:took over the city, as a student of the
1628:
1611:"June 4, 1989: A personal recollection"
1576:
792:
740:Office of Chinese and Mongolian Affairs
581:and T.G. Horowitz became the first two
2160:Chinese emigrants to the United States
2122:
2084:International Indigenous Youth Council
1642:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1027:
577:meeting in 1982. During this meeting,
472:Research in astrophysics and cosmology
248:
16:Political Dissident and astrophysicist
2210:Victims of the Anti-Rightist Campaign
2094:Detained Migrant Solidarity Committee
1787:
1608:
604:
328:Fang was born on 12 February 1936 in
2190:20th-century Chinese science writers
905:
883:
783:Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award
1563:
1011:"Robert F Kennedy Center Laureates"
781:In 1989, he was a recipient of the
766:, acting on behalf of US President
314:Robert F Kennedy Human Rights Award
13:
1609:Bader, Jeffrey A. (May 29, 2019).
1325:
876:
14:
2231:
1753:
1639:, New York Review of Books, 1990.
1461:
849:in intergalactic medium, and the
770:, and Deng. Other factors were a
706:Tiananmen Square protests of 1989
684:1989 democracy movement and exile
306:Tiananmen Square protests of 1989
1716:. The China Times. April 7, 2012
1531:
787:International Campaign for Tibet
595:International Astronomical Union
567:Tiananmen Square protest of 1989
1728:
1706:
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1525:
1500:
1455:
1430:
1405:
1380:
1354:
1319:
1294:
1269:
1216:
1191:
730:, accompanied by U.S. academic
159:
2165:Chinese human rights activists
1982:Coalition of Immokalee Workers
1137:
1112:
1087:
1062:
1028:Fisher, Arthur (August 1996).
1021:
1003:
978:
958:
738:, then acting director of the
288:
279:
247:
233:
203:
189:
1:
2145:University of Arizona faculty
1486:. United States: Allen Lane.
1362:"Gravity Research Foundation"
1173:"64memo - 方勵之夫婦訪談錄 by 方勵之李淑嫻"
952:
613:, Fang was expelled from the
415:at the Institute of Physics,
1775:Works by or about Fang Lizhi
990:The New York Review of Books
887:Bringing down the Great Wall
7:
2170:Chinese democracy activists
935:
835:cosmic microwave background
552:Gravity Research Foundation
417:Chinese Academy of Sciences
318:Chinese Academy of Sciences
141:1986 Student Demonstrations
10:
2236:
2102:La Unión del Pueblo Entero
1348:10.1525/hsps.2004.34.2.311
1340:10.1525/hsps.2004.34.2.311
942:List of Chinese dissidents
587:People's Republic of China
563:Chinese Academy of Science
463:and learned the theory of
346:extracurricular activities
20:
1821:
1484:Henry Kissinger: On China
1482:Kissinger, Henry (2011).
1224:"22 - 十一月 - 2011 - 方励之文集"
357:
338:Beijing No. 4 High School
265:
261:
240:
226:
219:
214:
210:
196:
182:
177:
173:
169:
146:
136:
126:
105:
86:
64:
52:
47:
40:
1586:Rowman & Littlefield
1508:"17 - 三月 - 2008 - 方励之文集"
1438:"27 - 一月 - 2010 - 方励之文集"
1413:"02 - 十月 - 2008 - 方励之文集"
1388:"31 - 三月 - 2008 - 方励之文集"
1302:"06 - 一月 - 2006 - 方励之文集"
1277:"09 - 四月 - 2006 - 方励之文集"
1252:"08 - 一月 - 2008 - 方励之文集"
1199:"06 - 一月 - 1992 - 方励之文集"
1145:"18 - 三月 - 2011 - 方励之文集"
1120:"13 - 二月 - 2006 - 方励之文集"
1095:"27 - 二月 - 2012 - 方励之文集"
1070:"02 - 十月 - 2009 - 方励之文集"
860:
585:scientists to enter the
370:Hundred Flowers Campaign
334:People's Liberation Army
324:Life and career in China
296:, vice-president of the
184:Traditional Chinese
113:Beijing No.4 High School
2200:Physicists from Beijing
2150:Chinese astrophysicists
2006:Mohammed Ahmed Abdallah
1958:Michael Kpakala Francis
1030:"Man Without a Country"
752:Chinese Communist Party
728:U.S. embassy in Beijing
615:Chinese Communist Party
518:Acta Astronomica Sinica
486:dialectical materialism
342:Chinese Communist Party
310:Chinese Communist Party
198:Simplified Chinese
2195:Educators from Beijing
2024:Abel Barrera Hernández
890:. W.W. Norton and Co.
870:
805:, Fang later moved to
711:During U.S. President
611:Anti-Rightist Campaign
401:Acta Physica Sinica 17
374:Anti-Rightist Campaign
1878:Amílcar Méndez Urízar
1699:Bhuchung K. Tsering,
1368:on September 29, 2007
1179:on September 27, 2007
868:
827:Human Rights in China
823:social responsibility
811:University of Arizona
662:CCP General Secretary
660:. Deng directed then-
2185:Writers from Beijing
2155:Relativity theorists
1738:. BBC. April 7, 2012
1654:Spence, Jonathan D.
906:Fang, Lizhi (2016).
884:Fang, Lizhi (1991).
799:Cambridge University
793:Later life in the US
450:. USTC was moved to
368:In 1957, during the
2080:March for Our Lives
1948:Jaime Prieto Mendez
1656:Kissinger and China
1636:The Chinese Amnesia
1512:fang-lizhi.hxwk.org
1442:fang-lizhi.hxwk.org
1417:fang-lizhi.hxwk.org
1392:fang-lizhi.hxwk.org
1306:fang-lizhi.hxwk.org
1281:fang-lizhi.hxwk.org
1256:fang-lizhi.hxwk.org
1228:fang-lizhi.hxwk.org
1203:fang-lizhi.hxwk.org
1149:fang-lizhi.hxwk.org
1124:fang-lizhi.hxwk.org
1099:fang-lizhi.hxwk.org
1074:fang-lizhi.hxwk.org
970:Scientific American
797:After some time at
748:The Chinese Amnesia
444:Cultural Revolution
425:solid state physics
2140:Chinese dissidents
2048:Adilur Rahman Khan
1900:Bambang Widjojanto
1866:Gibson Kamau Kuria
1534:"关于许良英刘宾雁和我联署的那封信"
914:Henry Holt and Co.
871:
839:Lyman alpha forest
750:, criticizing the
605:Political activism
499:Nanjing University
465:general relativity
344:(CCP). One of his
59:Fang Lizhi in 2010
2117:
2116:
1994:Stephen Bradberry
1988:Delphine Djiraibe
1916:Kailash Satyarthi
1760:Personal Homepage
1736:"中国著名天体物理学家方励之去世"
1595:978-1-5381-8725-8
1578:Lampton, David M.
1546:Lee, Khoon Choy.
1493:978-1-84614-346-5
1464:"向守平：深切缅怀恩师方励之先生"
1462:Xiang, Shouping.
1017:on April 7, 2014.
922:978-1-62779-499-2
897:978-0-394-58493-5
841:, application of
768:George H. W. Bush
678:Peking University
548:quantum cosmology
454:, the capital of
353:Peking University
269:
268:
257:
256:
221:Standard Mandarin
118:Peking University
2227:
2108:Alessandra Korap
1940:Berenice Celeita
1930:Sezgin Tanrıkulu
1894:Chakufwa Chihana
1808:
1801:
1794:
1785:
1784:
1779:Internet Archive
1748:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1732:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1710:
1704:
1697:
1691:
1687:"My "Confession"
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1364:. Archived from
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1312:
1298:
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1248:
1239:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1175:. Archived from
1169:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1116:
1110:
1109:
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1091:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1025:
1019:
1018:
1013:. Archived from
1007:
1001:
1000:
998:
996:
982:
976:
962:
927:, translated by
926:
901:
772:false confession
744:State Department
736:Jeffrey A. Bader
713:George H.W. Bush
698:Haidian District
575:Marcel Grossmann
421:particle physics
360:
359:
290:
281:
253:
252:
251:
236:
235:
212:
211:
206:
205:
192:
191:
163:
161:
93:
75:12 February 1936
74:
72:
57:
38:
37:
2235:
2234:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2088:Color of Change
2076:United We Dream
2064:Glenn E. Martin
2060:Andrea C. James
2054:Natalia Taubina
2012:Aminatou Haidar
1884:Avigdor Feldman
1817:
1812:
1756:
1751:
1741:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1719:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1698:
1694:
1684:
1680:
1667:
1663:
1652:
1643:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1607:
1603:
1596:
1575:
1564:
1545:
1541:
1530:
1526:
1516:
1514:
1506:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1480:
1471:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1436:
1435:
1431:
1421:
1419:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1396:
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1371:
1369:
1360:
1359:
1355:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1308:
1300:
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1295:
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1275:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1250:
1249:
1242:
1232:
1230:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1205:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1171:
1170:
1163:
1153:
1151:
1143:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1103:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1078:
1076:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1050:
1048:
1034:Popular Science
1026:
1022:
1009:
1008:
1004:
994:
992:
984:
983:
979:
964:Yam, P. (1994)
963:
959:
955:
938:
923:
898:
879:
877:Further reading
863:
807:Tucson, Arizona
795:
776:Brent Scowcroft
764:Henry Kissinger
686:
607:
591:Stephen Hawking
508:to measure the
494:Albert Einstein
474:
393:Guangming Daily
326:
165:
162: 1961)
157:
153:
122:
106:Alma mater
101:
98:Tucson, Arizona
95:
91:
82:
76:
70:
68:
60:
43:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2233:
2223:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2105:
2091:
2073:
2070:Alfredo Romero
2067:
2057:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
2000:Solange Pierre
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1937:
1927:
1924:Nguyễn Đan Quế
1920:Đoàn Viết Hoạt
1913:
1903:
1897:
1891:
1881:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1853:
1846:Zbigniew Bujak
1843:
1840:Winnie Mandela
1829:
1822:
1819:
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1811:
1810:
1803:
1796:
1788:
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1755:
1754:External links
1752:
1750:
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1727:
1705:
1703:, 9 April 2012
1692:
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1584:. Lanham, MD:
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1334:(2): 311–338.
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851:21cm radiation
845:in cosmology,
821:as matters of
794:
791:
685:
682:
606:
603:
510:Hubble diagram
473:
470:
383:Hebei province
325:
322:
294:astrophysicist
267:
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137:Known for
134:
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131:Astrophysicist
128:
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109:
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96:
94:(aged 76)
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84:
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2030:Frank Mugisha
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1964:Martin Macwan
1962:
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1952:Mario Calixto
1949:
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1944:Gloria Florez
1941:
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1934:Şenal Sarıhan
1931:
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769:
765:
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749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
720:
718:
717:Deng Xiaoping
714:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
694:Wei Jingsheng
691:
690:Deng Xiaoping
681:
679:
675:
669:
666:
663:
659:
655:
651:
650:Deng Xiaoping
647:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
622:rehabilitated
618:
616:
612:
602:
598:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
536:neutron stars
533:
529:
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524:
519:
515:
511:
507:
502:
500:
495:
491:
487:
482:
480:
469:
466:
462:
457:
453:
449:
445:
440:
438:
434:
430:
429:laser physics
426:
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418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
397:
395:
394:
389:
384:
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375:
371:
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264:
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245:
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187:
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119:
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104:
99:
89:
85:
80:
67:
63:
56:
51:
46:
39:
34:
33:
28:
24:
19:
1888:Raji Sourani
1871:
1856:Kim Geun-tae
1850:Adam Michnik
1836:Beyers Naudé
1832:Allan Boesak
1740:. Retrieved
1730:
1718:. Retrieved
1708:
1695:
1686:
1681:
1664:
1655:
1635:
1630:
1620:February 19,
1618:. Retrieved
1614:
1604:
1581:
1548:
1542:
1527:
1515:. Retrieved
1511:
1502:
1483:
1457:
1445:. Retrieved
1441:
1432:
1420:. Retrieved
1416:
1407:
1395:. Retrieved
1391:
1382:
1370:. Retrieved
1366:the original
1356:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1309:. Retrieved
1305:
1296:
1284:. Retrieved
1280:
1271:
1259:. Retrieved
1255:
1231:. Retrieved
1227:
1218:
1206:. Retrieved
1202:
1193:
1181:. Retrieved
1177:the original
1152:. Retrieved
1148:
1139:
1127:. Retrieved
1123:
1114:
1102:. Retrieved
1098:
1089:
1077:. Retrieved
1073:
1064:
1056:
1049:. Retrieved
1037:
1033:
1023:
1015:the original
1005:
993:. Retrieved
989:
980:
972:
965:
960:
947:Richard Baum
908:
888:
885:
872:
855:Reionization
837:anisotropy,
831:
815:human rights
796:
780:
760:
756:James Lilley
747:
721:
710:
687:
670:
658:Wang Ruowang
642:
634:Xu Liangying
619:
608:
599:
571:Remo Ruffini
560:
531:
527:
521:
517:
513:
503:
483:
478:
475:
448:Soviet Union
441:
409:Qian Linzhao
404:
400:
398:
391:
367:
350:
327:
287:
271:
270:
228:Hanyu Pinyin
178:Chinese name
92:(2012-04-06)
90:6 April 2012
30:
23:Chinese name
18:
2135:2012 deaths
2130:1936 births
2042:Ragia Omran
2036:Librada Paz
1976:Loune Viaud
1970:Darci Frigo
1910:Ren Wanding
1860:In Jae-keun
975:(5), 39-40.
853:during the
609:During the
540:black holes
405:Wang Yunran
363:atomic bomb
27:family name
2124:Categories
1872:Fang Lizhi
953:References
929:Perry Link
847:turbulence
732:Perry Link
665:Hu Yaobang
654:Liu Binyan
638:Liu Binyan
579:Tsvi Piran
461:Lev Landau
413:Li Yinyuan
289:Fāng Lìzhī
272:Fang Lizhi
234:Fāng Lìzhī
152:Li Shuxian
127:Occupation
71:1936-02-12
42:Fang Lizhi
1615:Brookings
1517:April 14,
1447:April 14,
1422:April 14,
1397:April 14,
1372:April 14,
1311:April 14,
1286:April 14,
1261:April 14,
1233:April 14,
1208:April 14,
1183:April 14,
1154:April 14,
1129:April 14,
1104:April 14,
1079:April 14,
1046:0161-7370
995:April 14,
819:democracy
803:Princeton
544:inflation
302:democracy
1826:CoMadres
1742:April 7,
1720:April 7,
1580:(2024).
1051:July 16,
936:See also
904:Memoir:
882:Essays:
702:Wang Dan
556:topology
490:Big Bang
437:Yan Jici
433:Liaoning
379:Zanhuang
21:In this
1777:at the
843:wavelet
742:at the
726:at the
620:He was
583:Israeli
506:quasars
330:Beijing
276:Chinese
164:
156:
81:, China
79:Beijing
2110:(2020)
2104:(2019)
2090:(2018)
2072:(2017)
2066:(2016)
2056:(2015)
2050:(2014)
2044:(2013)
2038:(2012)
2032:(2011)
2026:(2010)
2020:(2009)
2014:(2008)
2008:(2007)
2002:(2006)
1996:(2005)
1990:(2004)
1984:(2003)
1978:(2002)
1972:(2001)
1966:(2000)
1960:(1999)
1954:(1998)
1936:(1997)
1926:(1995)
1912:(1994)
1902:(1993)
1896:(1992)
1890:(1991)
1880:(1990)
1874:(1989)
1868:(1988)
1862:(1987)
1852:(1986)
1842:(1985)
1828:(1984)
1672:
1592:
1556:
1490:
1346:
1044:
986:"Home"
919:
894:
724:asylum
532:Nature
528:et al.
523:Nature
514:et al.
286::
284:pinyin
278::
147:Spouse
100:, U.S.
25:, the
1344:JSTOR
861:Death
479:Wu Li
456:Anhui
452:Hefei
158:(
154:
2018:WOZA
1744:2012
1722:2012
1670:ISBN
1622:2023
1590:ISBN
1554:ISBN
1519:2016
1488:ISBN
1449:2016
1424:2016
1399:2016
1374:2016
1313:2016
1288:2016
1263:2016
1235:2016
1210:2016
1185:2016
1156:2016
1131:2016
1106:2016
1081:2016
1053:2011
1042:ISSN
997:2016
917:ISBN
892:ISBN
817:and
801:and
656:and
646:USTC
636:and
626:USTC
546:and
427:and
87:Died
65:Born
32:Fang
1336:doi
1038:249
973:270
630:CCP
358:李淑娴
280:方励之
242:IPA
204:方励之
190:方勵之
48:方励之
29:is
2126::
2100:,
2096:,
2086:,
2082:,
2078:,
2062:,
1950:,
1946:,
1942:,
1932:,
1922:,
1918:,
1908:,
1886:,
1858:,
1848:,
1838:,
1834:,
1644:^
1613:.
1588:.
1565:^
1510:.
1472:^
1440:.
1415:.
1390:.
1342:.
1332:34
1330:.
1304:.
1279:.
1254:.
1243:^
1226:.
1201:.
1164:^
1147:.
1122:.
1097:.
1072:.
1055:.
1036:.
1032:.
988:.
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912:.
829:.
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530:,
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160:m.
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1800:t
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1724:.
1676:.
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1560:.
1536:.
1521:.
1496:.
1466:.
1451:.
1426:.
1401:.
1376:.
1350:.
1338::
1315:.
1290:.
1265:.
1237:.
1212:.
1187:.
1158:.
1133:.
1108:.
1083:.
999:.
931:.
925:.
900:.
274:(
73:)
69:(
35:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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