False accusation of rape

3543:(IACP) guidelines, a case was classified as a false report if there was evidence that a thorough investigation was pursued and that the investigation had yielded evidence that the reported sexual assault had in fact not occurred. A thorough investigation would involve, potentially, multiple interviews of the alleged perpetrator, the victim, and other witnesses, and where applicable, the collection of other forensic evidence (e.g., medical records, security camera records). For example, if key elements of a victim's account of an assault were internally inconsistent and directly contradicted by multiple witnesses and if the victim then altered those key elements of his or her account, investigators might conclude that the report was false. That conclusion would have been based not on a single interview, or on intuitions about the credibility of the victim, but on a "preponderance of evidence gathered over the course of a thorough investigation." 4179:, André De Zutter and a team described how false rape allegations often resemble stories of rape portrayed in the media, which are not typical of most true incidents of rape. False stories tend to be quick and straightforward with few details or complex interactions, and usually involve only vaginal intercourse. Some behaviors associated with lying by juries is actually typical of true rapes, including kissing or a previous relationship with the rapist. True rape reports often include many details rarely seen in media or false rape reports, for example pseudo-intimate actions, detailed verbal interactions and an otherwise wide range of behaviors besides simply face-to-face vaginal intercourse. 4289:, a group of nine African American boys and young men, of rape on a train in 1931. They had boarded a train across state lines in hopes of finding work but they were stopped by police. One of the accusers was rumored to be "a common street prostitute of the lowest type" who had been overheard asking "negro men" about the size of their "private parts". She was reputed to be a heavy drinker. The accusers may have told the police that they were raped to divert police attention from themselves, as not only were they potentially at risk of being charged with prostitution by local authorities, the fact they were crossing state lines placed them at risk of being found guilty of violating the federal 4036:. Around 75% of the 164 police files concerned rape, the rest concerned sexual assault cases without penile penetration. Jordan separated cases into four main categories. First, in 34 cases (21%), the police considered the complaint to be genuine. Second, in 62 cases (38%), the police were unsure if the complaint was true or false. Third, in 55 cases (33%), the police considered the complaint to be false. Fourth, in 13 cases (8%), the complainant stated that their allegations were false. For the cases in this fourth category, 8 of these 13 cases (62%) had another party calling the police on the complainant's behalf, or another party pressuring the complainant to contact the police. 3521:, the head of the CPS, said that the "mere fact that someone did not pursue a complaint or retracted it, is not of itself evidence that it was false" and that it is a "misplaced belief" that false accusations of rape are commonplace. He added that the report also showed that a significant number of false allegations of rape (and domestic violence) "involved young, often vulnerable people. About half of the cases involved people aged 21 years old and under, and some involved people with mental health difficulties. In some cases, the person alleged to have made the false report had undoubtedly been the victim of some kind of offence, even if not the one that he or she had reported." 4135:

police in this study. The reliability of these findings may be somewhat bolstered by the fact that the police appeared to record the details and circumstances of the fabrications." Rumney questions the reliability of Kanin's study stating that it "must be approached with caution". He argues that the study's most significant problem is Kanin's assumption "that police officers abided by departmental policy in only labeling as false those cases where the complainant admitted to fabrication. He does not consider that actual police practice, as other studies have shown, might have departed from guidelines."

3970:. (2003), HMCPSI/HMIC (2002), Harris and Grace (1999), Smith (1989), and others found that police decisions to apply the label "no-crime" were frequently dubious and based entirely on the officer's personal judgment. Rumney notes that some officers seem to "have fixed views and expectations about how genuine rape victims should react to their victimization". He adds that "qualitative research also suggests that some officers continue to exhibit an unjustified scepticism of rape complainants, while others interpret such things as lack of evidence or complaint withdrawal as 'proof' of a false allegation". 4172:

to a stranger. Sacks says, the media also normalizes sexual violence in general, often blames the person who reported the assault, and commonly expresses sympathy for the alleged perpetrators instead of the victim. Laura Niemi, a postdoctoral psychology associate at Harvard University, speculated that mythologizing of rape could contribute to the idea that "no normal person" could rape. As a result, the people commonly had a difficult time believing someone they know or like is a rapist, and this could contribute to the idea that the person who reported the rape is at fault.

4072:" (murder, aggravated assault, forcible rape, robbery, arson, burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft) tracked by the FBI is 2%. This estimate, however, does not appear in subsequent FBI reports. This estimate was criticised by academic Bruce Gross as almost meaningless as many jurisdictions from which FBI collects data use different definition of "unfounded", which, he wrote, includes cases where the victim did not physically fight off the suspect or the suspect did not use a weapon, and cases where the victim had a prior relationship to the suspect. 5477: 4228:

accusations of rape. The report did not indicate the verdicts following prosecution. Another report identified 121 charging decisions involving allegations of false accusations of rape and an additional 11 false allegations of both domestic violence and rape between January 2011 and May 2012 and found of these cases, 35 were prosecuted based upon false accusations of rape. A further 3 were prosecuted based upon charges of false accusations of both rape and domestic abuse. The report did not indicate the verdicts following prosecution.

3378: 706: 4192: 7642: 642: 8132: 4056:. The authors found 68 reports of forcible rape, of which in 22 cases (32%) the complainants admitted that their reports were false. Similar to the Kanin study, most of these false reports served as an alibi (15 out of 22, 68% of the false reports). Diverging from the Kanin study, revenge was rarely cited as a reason (1 out of 22, 5% of the false reports). The remaining cases were cited to attention-seeking (6 out of 22, 27% of false reports). 3505:(LADO), which initially collaborated in the report, concluded "the perspective, conclusions and policy recommendations are inconsistent with American constitutional principles of justice, due process protections and the ethical obligations of prosecutors." The LADO noted that Spohn et al. likely had ideological biases against the accused and "failed to develop an understanding of the criminal justice system in Los Angeles County." 1244: 3572:

victim retracted the complaint after the fact, or no evidence of bodily harm was recorded). Approximately 3% of the rape allegations were identified as malicious (determined to be intentionally false). When it came to cases with grievous bodily harm (GBH), even the broader definition (no evidence, delayed report, retraction, or intoxicated victim) accounted for only 2% of crimes.

3976:(1979) and Stewart (1981) used questionable criteria to judge an allegation to be false. MacLean deemed reports "false" if, for instance, the victim did not appear "dishevelled" and Stewart, in one instance, considered a case disproved, stating that "it was totally impossible to have removed her extremely tight undergarments from her extremely large body against her will". 3459:, 19% and 14% of sexual assault allegations were deemed unfounded in 2016 and 2017, respectively. It also declared, however, that more severe and violent cases of sexual assault were less likely to be declared unfounded than less severe ones. Cases declared to be unfounded are cases where police determined that the assault did not occur and was not attempted. 3536:, classified as demonstrably false 8 out of the 136 (5.9%) reported rapes at an American university over a ten-year period (1998 to 2007). However, a much larger number of reports (44.9%) were classified by the authors as "Case Did Not Proceed", which includes reports that could ultimately be determined to be false allegations, though how many is unknown. 4250:

competition with white-owned businesses. Subsequent analyses have confirmed Wells' argument that economic competition caused lynchings and found that lynchings increased during difficult economic times. In other cases, African American men had consensual sexual relationships with white women and were lynched after the relationships were discovered.

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inside the house and two white people were killed outside it. This event attracted additional angry mobs which razed Rosewood to the ground. Black residents fled into the forest, and escaped in cars and on a train. At a minimum, eight black people and two white people were killed, but as many as 150 black residents may have been killed.

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fraction of the reports represent credible studies and that these credible studies indicate far less variability in false reporting rates." Lisak points out that even in the original paper, Rumney concludes that many of the studies have inadequacies and should not be used to estimate the frequency of false rape reports.

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was about 4%, and wasn't higher than 9% in any country they studied. They noted that cases where the police doubt the allegation may be "hidden in the ‘no evidence of sexual assault' category" rather than listed in the "designated false" category and suggested more detailed research into explicating both categories.

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viewed as a tactic of intimidation that leads victims to avoid the justice process and which, Lisak says, is "based on the misperception that a significant percentage of sexual assault reports are false". The police department's "biases...were then echoed in Kanin's unchallenged reporting of their findings".

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The number of false rape allegations in the studied period was 45; this was 41% of the 109 total complaints filed in this period. The researchers verified, whenever possible, for all of the complainants who recanted their allegations, that their new account of the events matched the accused's version

4088:(population 70,000) between 1978 and 1987. He states that unlike in many larger jurisdictions, this police department had the resources to "seriously record and pursue to closure all rape complaints, regardless of their merits". He further states each investigation "always involves a serious offer to 3558:

A separate report by the same researchers that year which studied primary data from several countries in Europe, including Austria, Belgium, England, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Portugal, Scotland, Sweden, and Wales, found the average proportion of reports designated by police as false

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This report is the product of the first ever study, by the Crown Prosecution Service, of the number and nature of cases involving allegedly false allegations of rape or domestic violence, or both. This is in many ways a trailblazing report, the first time we have clear evidence about the prosecution

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Kanin, Lisak writes, took his data from a police department which used investigation procedures (polygraphs) that are discouraged by the U.S. Justice Department and denounced by the IACP. These procedures include the "serious offer", in this department, of polygraph testing of complainants, which is

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Exonerations of misidentified rape defendants are much less common than they used to be. There have been only two from rape convictions in the last 12 years. That's because DNA testing is now routinely used to determine the identity of rapists before trial. This technology has prevented convictions

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There are many reasons for false reports. … Despite the many case studies that can be offered, professional literature on the subject remains scarce, as there have been very few scientific studies conducted to date to ascertain false report rates or percentages. The literature that does offer rates

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of 1923 began after a white woman in nearby Sumner claimed that she had been physically assaulted by a black man from Rosewood. Rumors circulated that she was raped and robbed. An angry mob surrounded a house which was filled with black residents and a standoff ensued. The mob killed several people

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In Louisiana, rape was the second most common reason used between 1889 and 1896 to justify a lynching. In a survey done in the 1930s of a small town in Mississippi, 60 percent of respondents stated that lynching was an appropriate response to a case of rape and that it was necessary to maintain law

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says that the media perpetuates rape myths when reporting on sexual assaults. Rapes that are reported in news media are typically sensational and do not often correspond with the reality of most rapes. For example, the majority of sexual assaults are committed by someone the person knows as opposed

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in their Research Series published a report describing the analysis of 1,149 case files of violent crimes recorded April 2008 to March 2009. They noted that 12% of rape allegations fell into a broader definition of false accusations (victim was intoxicated, there was a delay in reporting the crime,

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However, estimates of false allegations are in fact estimates of proven false allegations. These are not estimates of likely, or possible, false allegations. Accordingly, estimating a false allegation rate of 5% (based on proven false allegations) does not allow an inference that 95% of allegations

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According to Lisak, Kanin's study lacked any kind of systematic methodology and did not independently define a false report, instead recording as false any report which the police department classified as false, whereas Kanin stated that the women filing the false allegations of rape had recanted.

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criticized the collection of studies used in Rumney's 2006 paper, which estimated the rate of false allegations as between 1.5 and 90%. Lisak stated that upon investigation many of the statistics are misleading and "when the sources of these estimates are examined carefully it is clear that only a

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on UK rape crime in 2005 released a study by Kelly, et al, that followed 2,643 sexual assault cases from initial reporting of a rape through to legal prosecutions. Of these cases, police classified 8% as false reports based on police judgement, and the rate was 2.5% when determined using official

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It is impossible to "discern with any degree of certainty the actual rate of false allegations" because many of the studies of false allegations have adopted unreliable or untested research methodologies. He argues, for instance, that in addition to their small sample size, the studies by Maclean

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It is difficult to assess the prevalence of false accusations. Few jurisdictions have a distinct classification of false accusation, resulting in these cases being combined with other types of cases (e.g., where the accuser did not physically resist the suspect or sustain injuries) under headings

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which documented lynchings from 1892 and their causes. Of the 241 lynchings she documented, rape and murder were the two most common justifications for lynchings. Wells found that many victims of lynching had been falsely accused of rape or some other offense because they had engaged in economic

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While also noting some of the same criticisms of Kanin, Rumney's 2006 metastudy of US and UK false rape allegation studies adds that "if, indeed, officers did abide by this policy then the 41% could, in fact, be an underestimate given the restrictive definition of false complaints offered by the

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Facilitated communication (FC) is a scientifically discredited technique that attempts to aid communication by people with autism or other communication disabilities who are non-verbal. The facilitator guides the disabled person's arm or hand and attempts to help them type on a keyboard or other

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Kanin also investigated the combined police records of two large Midwestern universities over a three-year period (1986–1988) and found that 50% of the reported forcible rapes were determined to be false accusations (32 of the total 64). No polygraphs were used, the investigations were the sole

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Individuals suspected of making a false accusation of rape may be charged with the civil crime of "wasting police time" or the criminal charge of "perverting the course of justice". Over a five-year period ending in 2014, a total of 109 women were prosecuted for crimes related to making false

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DiCanio (1993) states that while researchers and prosecutors do not agree on the exact percentage of cases in which there was sufficient evidence to conclude that allegations were false, they generally agree on a range of 2% to 10%. Due to varying definitions of a "false accusation", the true

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Another complicating factor is that data regarding false allegations generally do not come from studies designed to estimate the prevalence of false allegations; rather, they come from reviews of data regarding investigations and prosecutions within criminal justice systems. The goal of such

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responsibility of a ranking female officer, and a rape charge was only counted as false under complainant recantation. In this sample, the motivations mentioned above were roughly evenly split between alibi and revenge, with only one case characterized as attention-seeking.

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According to De Zutter et al. (2017), Kanin's list is "valid but insufficient to explain all the different motives of complainants" and presents eight categories of motives: material gain, alibi, revenge, sympathy, attention, disturbed mental state, relabeling, or regret.

4123:. He states, "Kanin's 1994 article on false allegations is a provocative opinion piece, but it is not a scientific study of the issue of false reporting of rape. It certainly should never be used to assert a scientific foundation for the frequency of false allegations." 4164:

There are studies about the extent which the media affects the public perception of false rape accusations. Incorrect assumptions about false rape allegations increases the likelihood that a person who reports rape will be blamed or disbelieved. Megan Sacks in

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Surveys of police and prosecutors find that many in law enforcement consistently over-estimate the prevalence of false accusations, leading to what some researchers have characterized as a culture of skepticism toward accusers in sexual assault cases. In 2018,

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A study of 850 rape accusations made to police in Victoria, Australia between 2000 and 2003 found that 2.1% were ultimately classified by police as false, with the complainants then charged or threatened with charges for filing a false police report.

3517:(CPS) examined rape allegations in England and Wales over a 17-month period between January 2011 and May 2012. It showed that in 35 cases authorities prosecuted a person for making a false allegation, while they brought 5,651 prosecutions for rape. 6828:"False Allegations of Rape and/or Domestic Abuse, see: Guidance for Charging Perverting the Course of Justice and Wasting Police Time in Cases involving Allegedly False Allegations of Rape and/or Domestic Abuse | The Crown Prosecution Service" 4273:

of 1921, white mobs killed between 75 and 300 people, mostly black, and injured an additional 800 people. The massacre began over a false allegation that a 19-year-old black shoeshiner had attempted to rape a white 17-year-old elevator operator.

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The department classified reports as false which the complainant later said were false, but Lisak points out that Kanin's study did not scrutinize the police's processes or employ independent checkers to protect results from bias.

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criteria for false reports. The researchers concluded that "one cannot take all police designations at face value" and that "here is an over-estimation of the scale of false allegations by both police officers and prosecutors."

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in 2016, and found the rate of false reports of sexual assault was 5.2%. The authors say that the "total false reporting rate, including both confirmed and equivocal cases, would be greater than the 5% rate found here".

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According to Hines and Douglas (2017), 73% of men who've experienced partner-initiated violence reported that their partner threatened to make false accusations. This is compared to 3% for men in the general population.

5541: 3415:. There have been a number of accusations of sexual abuse made through facilitated communication. As of 1995, there were sixty known cases, with an unknown numbers of others settled without reaching public visibility. 3436:

investigations is to determine whether or not there is sufficient evidence to prosecute, not to evaluate the cases for which there is not sufficient evidence to prosecute and classify such cases as "false" or "true".

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has occurred. Although there are widely varying estimates of the prevalence of false accusation of rape, according to a 2013 book on forensic victimology, very few reliable scientific studies have been conducted.

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device. Research indicates that the facilitator is the source of the messages obtained through FC, not the disabled person. However, the facilitator may believe they are not the source of the messages due to the

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analysed police perception of likelihood of false reporting of rape. She concluded that although police anticipated 5% to 95% of claims were likely to be false, no more than 3-4% could have been fabricated.

4103:. These motivations were assigned prevalence of roughly 50%, 30%, and 20% respectively. This categorization was supported by the details of complainant recantations and other documentation of their cases. 6045: 4857: 5611: 5572: 3502: 6835: 6640: 437: 4301:, or for any other immoral purpose"). Many white southerners felt the women's race was more important than their status as prostitutes; in the words of one contemporary account " might be a 4368:, wrongful rape convictions in the United States, especially of black men accused of raping white women, has dropped significantly, avoiding hundreds or thousands of wrongful convictions. 2174: 5123: 3312:

An accuser may have several motivations to falsely claim they have been raped. There is disagreement on how many different categories these may be put into. Kanin (1994) listed three:

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that Kanin's study is an example of the limitations of existing studies on false rape accusations. "Small sample sizes and non-representative samples preclude generalizability."

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reports from 1995, 1996, and 1997 consistently put the number of "unfounded" forcible rape accusations around 8%. In contrast, the average rate of unfounded reports for all "

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Inverarity, James M. (1976). "Populism and Lynching in Louisiana, 1889-1896: A Test of Erikson's Theory of the Relationship between Boundary Crises and Repressive Justice".

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the United States Supreme Court sent the case back to Alabama for retrial because the Alabama Supreme Court's jury pool had excluded African-Americans, a violation of the

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and percentages is often unreliable, misrepresented, or inaccurate, as can be seen with the elusive sources for the 2% false report statistic for sexual assault.

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the complainants and the suspects" and "the complainant must admit that no rape had occurred. She is the sole agent who can say that the rape charge is false".

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There are several ways in which an alleged victim can accidentally come to believe that they have been raped by the person(s) they accuse. These include:

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voted to grant posthumous pardons to all of the Scottsboro Boys who had previously not been pardoned because their convictions had not been overturned.

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Beck, E. M.; Tolnay, Stewart E. (August 1990). "The Killing Fields of the Deep South: The Market for Cotton and the Lynching of Blacks, 1882-1930".

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such as "unfounded" or "unproved". There are many reasons other than falsity that can result in a rape case being closed as unfounded or unproven.

3220: 1878: 1090: 188: 5707: 6616: 5031:"A self-report measure of legal and administrative aggression within intimate relationships: Measurement of Legal and Administrative Aggression" 7628: 6947: 6204: 4580: 1791: 4338:

the United States Supreme Court reversed the Alabama Supreme Court's decision because it found that the defendants had inadequate counsel. In

5949:"Charging perverting the course of justice and wasting police time in cases involving allegedly false rape and domestic violence allegations" 3958:

offers a review of studies of false reporting in the US, New Zealand and the UK. Rumney draws two conclusions from his review of literature:

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allow law enforcement to close cases without arriving at a conclusion and are used to describe cases without enough evidence, as opposed to

4955: 2454: 7482: 2424: 2020: 1541: 1210: 404: 379: 355: 6978: 3466:, the statistics about unfounded cases are often kept secret, providing no incentive for police forces to analyze and account for them. 1696: 904: 6641:"Resource - Challenging misconceptions about sexual offending: Creating an evidence-based resource for police and legal practitioners" 5886: 4413: 3443:

A 2009 study of rape cases across eleven countries in Europe found the proportion of cases designated as false ranged from 4% to 9%.

384: 8161: 7953: 6233: 5601:"Understanding the progression of serious cases through the Criminal Justice System: Evidence drawn from a selection of case files" 1623: 1511: 1075: 6531: 6499: 6468: 6436: 6404: 5058: 7616: 6915: 6211: 414: 4324:

The case inspired a national movement to free the defendants. Eight of them were found guilty, but the case was appealed to the

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Causes of false accusations of rape fall into two categories: deliberate deception (lies) and non-deliberate deception (such as

7948: 7405: 7019: 6767: 5855: 4575: 4305:, but by God she is a white woman." The mob that gathered to lynch the men was only dispersed by assurances of a speedy trial. 3189: 1883: 1633: 1461: 1446: 1441: 1271: 1065: 672: 538: 389: 5497:

Different systems, similar outcomes? Tracking attrition in reported rape cases in eleven countries. Country briefing: Scotland

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Lisak, David; Gardinier, Lori; Nicksa, Sarah C.; Cote, Ashley M. (2010-12-01). "False Allegations of Sexual Assualt [

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After reviewing the police files, Kanin categorized the false accusations into three broad motivations: alibis, revenge, and

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According to De Zutter et al. (2017), 20% of complainants said that they did not know why they had filed a false allegation.

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of this important issue. The report outlines the key findings of that review and the steps that we plan to take in response

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Kennedy, Daniel; Witkowski, Michael (June 2000). "False allegations of rape revisited: A replication of the Kanin study".

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Lisak, David; Gardinier, Lori; Nicksa, Sarah C.; Cote, Ashley M. (2010). "False Allegations of Sexual Assualt [

5679: 5440: 4851: 4721: 4689: 4648: 4120: 2444: 1910: 7041: 5916: 5566:"2012 Ministry of Justice report "Understanding the progression of serious cases through the Criminal Justice System"" 7918: 7554: 7508: 7130: 6972: 5381: 4021: 2084: 1915: 1382: 1360: 1056: 424: 322: 2843: 2672: 2566: 2015: 1905: 419: 399: 369: 203: 7223: 4525: 3206: 2419: 1922: 1671: 1466: 1203: 1137: 409: 289: 72: 3474:

Claire E. Ferguson and John M. Malouff conducted a meta-analysis of confirmed false rape reporting rates in the

7534: 4203: 4048:. They recorded data from the period of 1988 to 1997 in an unnamed suburb of around 100,000, situated close to 1526: 60: 6234:"False Reports: Moving Beyond the Issue to Successfully Investigate and Prosecute Non-Stranger Sexual Assault" 5833: 3356:: memories of sexual abuse "recovered" during therapy in the absence of any supporting evidence, based on the 1676: 330: 8067: 7925: 4084:

investigated the incidences of false rape allegations made to the police in one small urban community in the

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of hundreds or thousands of innocent rape suspects, mostly Black men who were accused of raping white women.

5729: 4352:. Five of the nine Scottsboro boys were ultimately found guilty and sentenced to prison. In 2013, Alabama's 7908: 7765: 7714: 2377: 2325: 1261: 1002: 956: 749: 462: 7940: 6856: 6374: 4461: 4445: 4329: 3497:

in the US from 2008, and found that false reports among rape cases was about 4.5 percent. Upon review of

3476: 3265: 3031: 2875: 2280: 1873: 1811: 724: 394: 374: 97: 8038: 5699: 4167: 4119:, an associate professor of psychology and director of the Men's Sexual Trauma Research Project at the 3272:

having greater influence in the judicial system, false accusations of rape made by white women against

3140: 1895: 1561: 1276: 1196: 1163: 1132: 895: 877: 665: 523: 249: 7816: 5790:"Assessing Police Classifications of Sexual Assault Reports: A Meta-Analysis of False Reporting Rates" 7701: 7670: 7427: 6580: 4397: 3514: 3301: 2471: 2285: 2179: 2064: 1718: 1686: 1340: 1266: 1117: 785: 304: 183: 6999:

Dorr, Linda Lindquist. "White Women, Rape, and the Power of Race in Virginia, 1900-1960". p. 1.

5476: 7913: 7821: 7600: 7260: 4614: 4085: 3353: 3281: 2737: 2625: 2466: 2235: 2164: 1992: 1947: 1801: 1681: 1661: 1591: 1521: 1397: 754: 5917:"False Rape Allegations Rare, But 'Damaging Myths' Harm Real Rape Victims, Says CPS' Keir Starmer" 7930: 7750: 7595: 7559: 7513: 7444: 6885: 5756:"Unfounded: Police dismiss 1 in 5 sexual assault claims as baseless, Globe investigation reveals" 5599:

Mandy Burton, Rosie McLeod, Vanessa de Guzmán, Roger Evans, Helen Lambert and Gemma Cass (2012).

5154: 4345: 3361: 3036: 3016: 2870: 2860: 2818: 2434: 2275: 2129: 2099: 2094: 2037: 1972: 1957: 1890: 1863: 1848: 1227: 313: 279: 198: 5257: 5249: 5186:"Facilitated Communication: The Resurgence of a Disproven Treatment for Individuals With Autism" 4945: 2074: 8082: 7873: 7842: 7360: 7246: 7084:

Belknap, Joanne (December 2010). "Rape: Too Hard to Report and Too Easy to Discredit Victims".

6674:"Rape Myths in the Media: A Content Analysis of Local Newspaper Reporting in the United States" 5250:"How Shall Facilitated Communication be Judged? Facilitated Communication and the Legal System" 3277: 3135: 3108: 3098: 2556: 2536: 2399: 2270: 2159: 2109: 2079: 2059: 1987: 1967: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1843: 1806: 1779: 1750: 1745: 1325: 1315: 533: 4681: 4677: 7993: 7795: 7724: 7585: 7439: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7209:

Who's Lying, Who's Self-Justifying? Origins of the He Said/She Said Gap in Sexual Allegations

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A selection of findings on the prevalence of false rape allegations. Data from Rumney (2006)

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Different systems, similar outcomes? Tracking attrition in reported rape cases across Europe

5331:"Unfounding Sexual Assault: Examining the Decision to Unfound and Identifying False Reports" 4673: 3261:

cases where the accuser is not credible or eventually admits that the accusation is untrue.

8156: 7837: 7663: 7580: 7539: 7459: 7305: 4950: 4619: 4569: 4340: 2974: 2486: 2360: 2069: 2027: 1977: 1952: 1760: 1723: 1456: 1310: 882: 790: 284: 178: 173: 67: 5960:

QC, Principal Legal Advisor, and the Crown Prosecution Service Equality and Diversity Unit

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Lisak, David (September–October 2007). "False allegations of rape: a critique of Kanin".

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Forensic Victimology: Examining Violent Crime Victims in Investigative and Legal Contexts

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Forensic Victimology: Examining Violent Crime Victims in Investigative and Legal Contexts

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Forensic Victimology: Examining Violent Crime Victims in Investigative and Legal Contexts

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The police continue to misapply the "no-crime" or "unfounded" criteria. Studies by Kelly

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Rates of false accusation are sometimes inflated or misrepresented due to conflation of

8135: 7622: 7487: 7169: 7109: 6693: 6608: 6524: 6492: 6461: 6429: 6397: 6338: 6298: 6273: 6186: 6131: 6093: 6037: 5825: 5306: 5030: 5006: 4981: 4916: 4820: 4812: 4774: 4600: 4477: 4429: 3463: 3388: 3373:: memory can become contaminated when co-witnesses discuss their recollection of events 3367:

The victim's confusion of the memory of the real rapist with the memory of someone else

2915: 2910: 2900: 2848: 2838: 2813: 2747: 2705: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2511: 1796: 1122: 887: 689: 560: 508: 482: 50: 6208: 5115: 7903: 7734: 7503: 7432: 7422: 7417: 7388: 7350: 7325: 7320: 7270: 7265: 7186: 7161: 7126: 7101: 7011: 6968: 6937: 6748: 6697: 6673: 6612: 6600: 6303: 6178: 6170: 6029: 5817: 5809: 5675: 5653: 5531: 5527: 5496: 5449: 5377: 5352: 5298: 5294: 5261: 5050: 5011: 4908: 4847: 4839: 4766: 4717: 4685: 4644: 4585: 4541: 4334: 4278: 4100: 4081: 3555:, researchers found that about 4% of reports were designated by police to be false. 3456: 3370: 3273: 3182: 3093: 3021: 3006: 2789: 2732: 2531: 2439: 2330: 2250: 2089: 1365: 1025: 946: 836: 739: 610: 142: 40: 7173: 7113: 6342: 6190: 6135: 6097: 6041: 5829: 5310: 4824: 7790: 7590: 7544: 7395: 7383: 7355: 7290: 7153: 7093: 6738: 6685: 6592: 6330: 6293: 6285: 6162: 6123: 6085: 6021: 5801: 5342: 5290: 5197: 5042: 5001: 4993: 4920: 4900: 4804: 4758: 4262:

There are several notable cases of violence after an accusation of rape during the

4044:

The 1994 Kanin study was replicated by Daniel Kennedy and Michael Witkowski of the

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De Zutter, André W.E.A.; Horselenberg, Robert; van Koppen, Peter J. (2017-01-01).

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happens when a person states that they or another person have been raped when no

3160: 3068: 2964: 2905: 2757: 2742: 2722: 2687: 2394: 2305: 2240: 2032: 1982: 1755: 1606: 844: 795: 734: 625: 615: 605: 600: 590: 528: 472: 259: 229: 55: 6743: 6726: 8166: 8008: 7998: 7780: 7755: 7719: 7412: 7375: 7345: 7340: 7330: 6727:"Filing false vice reports: Distinguishing true from false allegations of rape" 6289: 5226: 4493: 4293:(which prohibits interstate transport of "any woman or girl for the purpose of 4059: 3325: 3297: 3155: 3113: 3083: 3073: 2991: 2984: 2969: 2959: 2779: 2715: 2657: 2652: 2637: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2290: 2225: 1733: 1706: 1551: 1235: 1020: 543: 518: 294: 254: 132: 127: 87: 7207: 6127: 6089: 5805: 4997: 4980:

de Zutter, André; van Koppen, Peter J.; Horselenberg, Robert (February 2017).

4840:"Fact or Fiction?: Discriminating True and False Allegations of Victimization" 8171: 8150: 8113: 8023: 7863: 7760: 7157: 7097: 6752: 6604: 6334: 6174: 6166: 6025: 5957: 5813: 5730:"1 in 7 sexual assault cases in 2017 deemed 'unfounded': StatsCan | CBC News" 5356: 5202: 5185: 4941: 4770: 4365: 3357: 3321: 3167: 2774: 2710: 2695: 2551: 2516: 2496: 2367: 2310: 2245: 1628: 1531: 937: 585: 548: 340: 264: 244: 234: 117: 31: 5856:"Rape investigations 'undermined by belief that false accusations are rife'" 5459: 5442:

Study of reported rapes in Victoria 2000-2003 : summary research report

7575: 7315: 7165: 7105: 6321:

Jordan, Jan (2004). "Beyond belief? Police, rape and women's credibility".

6307: 6182: 6033: 5821: 5302: 5184:

Ganz, Jennifer B.; Katsiyannis, Antonis; Morin, Kristi L. (February 2017).

5095: 5086: 5054: 5015: 4604: 4353: 4302: 4294: 4242: 4069: 4033: 3518: 3498: 3490: 3269: 3001: 2880: 2700: 2667: 2647: 2571: 2561: 2541: 2521: 2149: 2047: 2042: 1765: 1740: 1596: 1536: 1501: 1471: 989: 858: 853: 822: 705: 580: 335: 208: 122: 102: 6925:, Tulsa, Oklahoma, p. 124, archived from the original on June 2, 2018 5146: 4912: 8018: 8003: 7800: 7785: 7770: 7365: 7215: 6229: 6001:

Lisak, David; Gardinier, Lori; Nicksa, Sarah C.; Cote, Ashley M. (2010).

5887:"False allegations of rape and domestic violence are few and far between" 5281:

Lilienfeld, SO (March 2007). "Psychological Treatments That Cause Harm".

5091:"False memories of sexual abuse lead to terrible miscarriages of justice" 4609: 4116: 4008: 3986: 3529: 3412: 2895: 2855: 2823: 2682: 2642: 2476: 2389: 2340: 2315: 2215: 1900: 1618: 1601: 1556: 1476: 1012: 980: 975: 927: 729: 595: 107: 4191: 8108: 7988: 7868: 7646: 7335: 7310: 7300: 5347: 5330: 4904: 4816: 4778: 4029: 3177: 3172: 3053: 3048: 2944: 2920: 2769: 2662: 2620: 2576: 2384: 2372: 2345: 2335: 2255: 1645: 1640: 1611: 1546: 1387: 965: 817: 646: 112: 8087: 7686: 5046: 4359: 4089: 3078: 3026: 2727: 2320: 1421: 970: 697: 565: 92: 82: 77: 7641: 7123:

TAINTED WITNESS : why we doubt what women say about their lives

7012:"Katherine Dunham on the French Stage (No Repeat of La Revue Nègre)" 5789: 5029:

Hines, Denise A.; Douglas, Emily M.; Berger, Joshua L. (July 2015).

4808: 4762: 3324:(2017) listed four: revenge, producing an alibi, personal gain, and 641: 8092: 8054: 7847: 7549: 4290: 4263: 4053: 4025: 3552: 3508: 3285: 3043: 2865: 2784: 2429: 2355: 2260: 2220: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1491: 1486: 1431: 1173: 827: 803: 487: 5448:. Office of Women's Policy, Department for Victorian Communities. 7449: 4049: 3551:

In a study of the first 100 rape reports after April 1, 2004, in

3493:, Clair White and Katharine Tellis examined data provided by the 3313: 1496: 1392: 1372: 1345: 1320: 1243: 7939: 4024:

examined police files from 1997 on rape and sexual assault from

3402:

List of abuse allegations made through facilitated communication

6857:"The Problem With Prosecuting Women for False Rape Allegations" 6724: 4979: 2481: 1481: 1377: 1355: 1350: 1300: 6672:

Sacks, Meghan; Ackerman, Alissa; Shlosberg, Amy (2017-12-04).

5650:

The encyclopedia of violence: origins, attitudes, consequences

5219:"Skeptics and Believers; The Facilitated Communication Debate" 5329:

Spohn, Cassia; White, Clair; Tellis, Katharine (2014-03-01).

5254:

Facilitated Communication: The Clinical and Social Phenomenon

4744: 4742: 4740: 4002: 3317: 2491: 1305: 7655: 4060:

U.S. Department of Justice (FBI) statistics, USA (1995–1997)

3546: 3484: 6731:

The European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context

6581:"Police officers' perceptions of false allegations of rape" 4298: 4159: 3238: 3125: 2954: 918: 24: 6265: 4737: 4182: 6376:

Crime in the United States 1996: Uniform Crime Statistics

6112:

Rumney, Philip N.S. (2006). "False Allegations of Rape".

6074:

Rumney, Philip N.S. (2006). "False Allegations of Rape".

5698:

Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (July 23, 2018).

5370:

Hazelwood, Robert R.; Burgess, Ann Wolbert, eds. (2008).

4231: 4065: 3640:

38% (viewed by police as "possibly true/possibly false")

7139: 6923:

Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921

6148: 6000: 6227: 5956:

Joint report to the Director of Public Prosecutions by

4177:

European Journal of Psychology Applied to Legal Context

3993: 6671: 5495:

Burman, Michele; Lovett, Jo; Kelly, Liz (2009-04-01).

5177: 3562: 5241: 4992:(2). International Academy of Sex Research: 457–464. 3575: 3469: 7144:]: An Analysis of Ten Years of Reported Cases". 7042:"Race and Wrongful Convictions in the United States" 6720: 6718: 6205:"A gap or a chasm? Attrition in reported rape cases" 6153:]: An Analysis of Ten Years of Reported Cases". 5788:

Ferguson, Claire E.; Malouff, John M. (2016-07-01).

5697: 5210: 5183: 5124:"Facilitated Communication Is a Cult That Won't Die" 4790: 4788: 4713:

Under sentence of death : lynching in the South

4039: 6913: 5521: 5519: 5517: 4946:"What kind of person makes false rape accusations?" 4705: 4703: 4701: 6964:The Scottsboro Boys Trial:A Primary Source Account 6007:]: An Analysis of Ten Years of Reported Cases" 5028: 4360:Present-day reduction in wrongful rape convictions 4145: 8078:Boys are stupid, throw rocks at them! controversy 7530:Race in the United States criminal justice system 7468:List of wrongful convictions in the United States 6715: 6207:. Home Office Research Study 293. (Archived from 5494: 4785: 4603:– a story of a false accusation of rape from the 3617:3% ("possible" and "probable" false allegations) 3089:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 8148: 6942:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 6355: 5514: 5369: 5328: 4698: 3509:Crown Prosecution Service report, UK (2011–2012) 189:Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims 7183:A False Report: A True Story of Rape in America 5787: 5414:"False Rape Allegations: An Assault On Justice" 5256:. San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing. pp. 4982:"Motives for Filing a False Allegation of Rape" 2733:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting) 7629:List of death row inmates in the United States 6797:"Perverting the Course of Justice, March 2013" 6378:, "Section II: Crime Index Offenses Reported." 6003:"False Allegations of Sexual Assualt [ 4846:. Nova Science Publishers Inc. pp. 1–79. 4581:Families Advocating for Campus Equality (FACE) 4236: 2209:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups 16:Reporting of a rape where no rape has occurred 7671: 7231: 5434: 5432: 4940: 4594:– a story of a false accusation of rape from 4015: 3541:International Association of Chiefs of Police 3214: 1204: 666: 6228:Lonsway, Kimberley A.; Aschambault, Joanne; 5634:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 5438: 5155:"Why debunked autism treatment fads persist" 5153:Lilienfeld; et al. (26 February 2015). 5085: 4975: 4973: 4632: 3395: 7483:Overturned convictions in the United States 7206:Dr. Carol Tavris' presentation at TAM 2014 6886:"Jim Crow Era - Timeline - Jim Crow Museum" 5754:London, Robyn Doolittle (3 February 2017). 5700:"Unfounded Sexual Assaults in Canada, 2017" 5663: 5525: 4879: 4877: 4875: 3882:3–31% (estimates given by police surgeons) 3450: 3339: 2425:List of people killed for being transgender 7678: 7664: 7245: 7238: 7224: 6525:"SECTION II Crime Index Offenses Reported" 6493:"SECTION II Crime Index Offenses Reported" 6462:"SECTION II Crime Index Offenses Reported" 6430:"SECTION II Crime Index Offenses Reported" 6398:"SECTION II Crime Index Offenses Reported" 6271: 5429: 5280: 5152: 4837: 4794: 4748: 4003:Kelly, et al, Home Office study, UK (2005) 3952:A 2006 paper by Philip N.S. Rumney in the 3426: 3221: 3207: 1211: 1197: 673: 659: 6946:) CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6914:Oklahoma Commission (February 28, 2001), 6742: 6297: 6203:Kelly. L., Lovett, J., Regan, L. (2005). 6069: 6067: 6065: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5439:Heenan, Melanie; Murray, Suellen (2006). 5363: 5346: 5201: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5005: 4970: 3547:Burman, Lovett & Kelly, Europe (2009) 3485:Los Angeles Police Department, USA (2014) 3418: 3411:, which is the same effect that guides a 6960: 6822: 6820: 6667: 6665: 6578: 5594: 5592: 5324: 5322: 5320: 5247: 5121: 4872: 4709: 4160:Possible effects of media representation 3707:U.S. Department of Justice (FBI) (1997) 3376: 1512:Social determinants of health in poverty 7617:Capital punishment in the United States 7120: 7083: 6635: 6633: 6368: 5884: 5853: 5642: 5560: 5558: 5408: 5406: 5404: 5373:Practical Aspects of Rape Investigation 4183:Legal consequences of false accusations 3697:25% (recorded by police as "no-crime") 3619:22% (recorded by police as "no-crime") 3307: 8149: 7180: 6555: 6553: 6551: 6320: 6111: 6073: 6062: 5996: 5994: 5992: 5990: 5988: 5866:from the original on February 20, 2020 5753: 5710:from the original on February 19, 2020 5669: 5483: 5134:from the original on 26 September 2018 5072: 4716:. University of North Carolina Press. 4667: 4638: 4576:False allegation of child sexual abuse 4232:Historical racism in the United States 3503:Los Angeles District Attorney's Office 7659: 7219: 7049:The University of Michigan Law School 7039: 7009: 6817: 6662: 6559: 5897:from the original on 12 February 2014 5783: 5781: 5693: 5691: 5589: 5526:Lovett, Jo; Kelly, Liz (2018-01-16). 5317: 5283:Perspectives on Psychological Science 5216: 4934: 4883: 4860:from the original on 13 December 2021 4308:A song about the case from that era: 7478:List of miscarriage of justice cases 7473:List of exonerated death row inmates 6630: 6505:from the original on 2 November 2019 6410:from the original on 7 February 2017 5555: 5401: 5122:Auerbach, David (12 November 2015). 4285:Two white women falsely accused the 4186: 4075: 3994:Police in Victoria, Australia (2006) 3524: 2231:Capital punishment for homosexuality 1517:Social determinants of mental health 7040:Gross, Samuel R. (September 2022). 6765: 6548: 6197: 5985: 5103:from the original on 14 August 2019 4710:Brundage, William Fitzhugh (1997). 4254:and order and protect white women. 3563:Ministry of Justice, UK (2008–2009) 2351:Genital modification and mutilation 13: 7077: 6768:"The Psychology of Victim-Blaming" 6358:Journal of Security Administration 5778: 5688: 4884:Kanin, Eugene J. (February 1994). 4121:University of Massachusetts Boston 4115:Critics of Kanin's report include 3576:Rumney, US, New Zealand, UK (2006) 3470:Archives of Sexual Behavior (2016) 3320:, and getting sympathy/attention. 14: 8188: 7555:Ineffective assistance of counsel 7509:National Registry of Exonerations 7200: 6442:from the original on 28 July 2019 5190:Intervention in School and Clinic 4958:from the original on 5 April 2019 4222: 4040:Kennedy and Witkowski, USA (2000) 4022:Victoria University of Wellington 3936:Philadelphia police study (1968) 3344: 8131: 8130: 7640: 6998: 6967:. Rosen Publishing. p. 10. 6645:Child Family Community Australia 5929:from the original on 24 May 2013 5885:Starmer, Keir (March 13, 2013). 5854:Bowcott, Owen (March 13, 2013). 5475: 5295:10.1111/j.1745-6916.2007.00029.x 5165:from the original on 31 May 2019 4371: 4190: 3695:10.9% ("false/malicious" claims) 2844:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 2673:Law for Protection of the Nation 2567:White genocide conspiracy theory 1242: 1138:Category:Men's organizations 704: 640: 240:Democratic Republic of the Congo 8162:False allegations of sex crimes 7058:from the original on 2024-07-06 7033: 7022:from the original on 2023-01-26 7003: 6992: 6981:from the original on 2024-07-06 6954: 6907: 6896:from the original on 2023-03-09 6878: 6867:from the original on 2015-07-07 6849: 6838:from the original on 2019-02-13 6789: 6778:from the original on 2021-12-03 6759: 6704:from the original on 2021-12-13 6619:from the original on 2021-08-27 6579:McMillan, Lesley (2018-01-02). 6572: 6537:from the original on 2021-05-02 6517: 6485: 6474:from the original on 2019-05-10 6454: 6422: 6390: 6349: 6314: 6221: 6142: 6104: 6051:from the original on 2020-11-13 5941: 5909: 5878: 5847: 5836:from the original on 2021-06-02 5766:from the original on 9 May 2019 5747: 5736:from the original on 2020-01-01 5722: 5674:. Academic Press. p. 277. 5617:from the original on 2014-12-29 5578:from the original on 2014-12-29 5544:from the original on 2021-12-13 5503:from the original on 2021-12-13 5390:from the original on 2024-07-06 5274: 5061:from the original on 2023-05-23 5022: 4643:. Academic Press. p. 277. 4146:Police handling of rape reports 3532:'s study, published in 2010 in 2678:MSM blood donation restrictions 2420:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory 7010:Fabre, Geneviève (Fall 2007). 4838:Hutcherson, Audrey N. (2011). 4831: 4661: 4110: 2691:(as religious or racial quota) 1: 8068:Domestic violence against men 7685: 7181:Miller, T. Christian (2018). 7125:. COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS. 7121:Gilmore, Leigh (2018-08-04). 6690:10.1080/01639625.2017.1410608 6597:10.1080/09589236.2016.1194260 5252:. In Shane, Howard C. (ed.). 5225:. p. W22. Archived from 5217:Spake, Amanda (31 May 1992). 4625: 3495:Los Angeles Police Department 3121:Second-generation gender bias 2829:Constitutional colorblindness 1507:Social determinants of health 7766:Paternal rights and abortion 7715:Gender marking in job titles 6274:"Sexual assault: key issues" 5962:. March 2013. Archived from 5608:Ministry of Justice Research 5412:Gross, Bruce (Spring 2009). 4797:American Sociological Review 4751:American Sociological Review 4080:In 1994, Eugene J. Kanin of 3980: 3791:Theilade and Thomsen (1986) 3440:percentage remains unknown. 1003:Paternal rights and abortion 957:Violence against LGBT people 463:Marital rape laws by country 7: 7535:Innocent prisoner's dilemma 6744:10.1016/j.ejpal.2016.02.002 5794:Archives of Sexual Behavior 5652:. New York: Facts on File. 4986:Archives of Sexual Behavior 4893:Archives of Sexual Behavior 4844:Psychology of Victimization 4672:. Academic Press. pp. 4558: 4330:United States Supreme Court 4257: 4237:Justification for lynchings 3906:New York Rape Squad (1974) 3810:Chambers and Millar (1983) 3477:Archives of Sexual Behavior 3266:racism in the United States 3032:Medical model of disability 2876:Hate speech laws by country 1133:Category:Men's movement 430:Russian invasion of Ukraine 10: 8193: 8177:Stereotypes of white women 7926:Mythopoetic men's movement 6290:10.1177/014107680710000713 5624:– via UK Government. 4138:Bruce Gross writes in the 4016:Jordan, New Zealand (2004) 3399: 3249:with designations such as 3141:Social model of disability 1562:Discrimination against men 896:Circumcision controversies 878:Discrimination against men 745:Mythopoetic men's movement 524:Sexual violence statistics 8126: 8101: 8053: 8046: 8032: 7981: 7909:Men's liberation movement 7896: 7856: 7830: 7809: 7744:Marriage and reproduction 7743: 7700: 7693: 7637: 7609: 7568: 7522: 7496: 7458: 7428:Eyewitness identification 7374: 7253: 6585:Journal of Gender Studies 6247:(1): 1–11. Archived from 6128:10.1017/s0008197306007069 6110:Stewart (1981) quoted in 6090:10.1017/S0008197306007069 5806:10.1007/s10508-015-0666-2 5670:Turvey, Brent E. (2013). 4998:10.1007/s10508-017-0951-3 4668:Turvey, Brent E. (2013). 4639:Turvey, Brent E. (2013). 3921:Hursch and Selkin (1974) 3592:False reporting rate (%) 3515:Crown Prosecution Service 3396:Facilitated communication 3302:facilitated communication 3291: 3284:acts of violence such as 2472:Opposition to immigration 1356:Race / Ethnicity 1118:Index of masculism topics 786:Sex differences in humans 750:Men's liberation movement 385:Bangladesh Liberation War 7941:Fathers' rights movement 7822:Sex differences in crime 7601:Innocence Protection Act 7261:Prosecutorial misconduct 7158:10.1177/1077801210387747 7098:10.1177/1077801210387749 6335:10.1177/1466802504042222 6272:Cybulska B (July 2007). 6167:10.1177/1077801210387747 6026:10.1177/1077801210387747 5335:Law & Society Review 5203:10.1177/1053451217692564 4886:"False Rape Allegations" 4615:Recovered memory therapy 3724:Gregory and Lees (1996) 3687:Harris and Grace (1999) 3451:Statistics Canada (2018) 3354:Recovered-memory therapy 3340:Non-deliberate deception 3235:false accusation of rape 2467:Occupational segregation 2236:Compulsory sterilization 933:False accusation of rape 725:Fathers' rights movement 478:False accusation of rape 204:Sociobiological theories 8039:International Men's Day 7931:Men Going Their Own Way 7751:Marriage of convenience 7596:Equal Protection Clause 7514:Investigating Innocence 7445:Tampering with evidence 6961:Sorenson, Lita (2004). 5248:Margolin, K.N. (1994). 4346:Equal Protection Clause 3891:Clark and Lewis (1977) 3427:Estimates of prevalence 3268:, historically, due to 3253:. Designations such as 3017:Internalized oppression 2871:Fighting Discrimination 2861:Fat acceptance movement 2819:Anti-discrimination law 2445:Native American mascots 1164:International Men's Day 199:Secondary victimisation 151:Effects and motivations 8083:Conflict tactics scale 7874:Masculine beauty ideal 7843:Testosterone poisoning 7361:Spoliation of evidence 7247:Miscarriage of justice 7146:Violence Against Women 7086:Violence Against Women 6155:Violence Against Women 6014:Violence Against Women 4319:And jail wit' no bail 3985:American psychologist 3534:Violence Against Women 3392: 3276:men often resulted in 3136:Social identity threat 3109:Reverse discrimination 3099:Racial color blindness 2557:Violence against women 2537:Sex-selective abortion 576:Rape and revenge films 534:Military sexual trauma 390:Sierra Leone Civil War 7914:Men's rights movement 7796:Tender years doctrine 7725:Hegemonic masculinity 7702:Gender discrimination 7586:Right to a fair trial 7440:Misinformation effect 7286:Selective enforcement 7281:Malicious prosecution 7276:Selective prosecution 6562:Sexual Assault Report 6115:Cambridge Law Journal 6077:Cambridge Law Journal 5425:The Forensic Examiner 4565:Burden of proof (law) 4326:Alabama Supreme Court 4086:Midwest United States 4046:University of Detroit 3955:Cambridge Law Journal 3380: 3304:, and "don't know"). 3104:Religious intolerance 3064:Political correctness 2886:Intersex human rights 2834:Cultural assimilation 2502:Religious persecution 2266:Disability hate crime 2043:Jewish / Antisemitism 809:Hegemonic masculinity 755:Men's rights movement 621:Sexual trauma therapy 493:Sexual consent in law 468:Marry-your-rapist law 348:Occupation of Germany 159:Effects and aftermath 73:Drug-facilitated rape 7838:Human male sexuality 7581:Exculpatory evidence 7560:Prosecutor's fallacy 7540:Blue wall of silence 7523:Contributing factors 7460:Wrongful convictions 7185:. Crown Publishers. 7016:sfonline.barnard.edu 5704:www150.statcan.gc.ca 5648:DiCanio, M. (1993). 5161:. Emory University. 5089:(25 November 2010). 4620:Satanic ritual abuse 4570:Centurion Ministries 4494:Sarah-Jane Parkinson 4350:Fourteenth Amendment 4341:Patterson v. Alabama 3638:41% ("false" claims) 3308:Deliberate deception 3278:wrongful convictions 2487:Political repression 1467:Anti-left handedness 1457:Anti-intellectualism 1108:Lists and categories 883:Violence against men 791:Human male sexuality 434:Israeli–Palestinian 380:Sri Lankan Civil War 361:Liberation of France 179:Rape trauma syndrome 174:Rape crisis movement 68:Cybersex trafficking 8073:Forced circumcision 7730:Occupational sexism 7306:Abuse of discretion 7296:Attorney misconduct 7254:Types of misconduct 6766:Roberts, Kayleigh. 5922:The Huffington Post 5610:. Series 11/12: V. 5223:The Washington Post 5035:Aggressive Behavior 4592:Phaedra (mythology) 4377: 4313:Messin' white women 4271:Tulsa race massacre 3671:HMCPSI/HMIC (2002) 3582: 3569:Ministry of Justice 3012:Historical eugenics 2527:Segregation academy 2507:Religious terrorism 2296:Enemy of the people 2204:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric 1702:Jehovah's Witnesses 1587:Perpetual foreigner 1128:Category:Masculists 998:Reproductive rights 910:Forced circumcision 539:Preventive measures 169:Pregnancy from rape 138:Unacknowledged rape 98:Live streaming rape 7623:Batson v. Kentucky 7569:Norms and remedies 7488:Wrongful execution 7406:Child sexual abuse 6383:2015-04-21 at the 6214:2008-03-08 at the 5760:The Globe and Mail 5419:2018-06-19 at the 5348:10.1111/lasr.12060 4905:10.1007/bf01541619 4478:Runaway bride case 4446:Eleanor de Freitas 4430:Duke lacrosse case 4376: 4364:Due to the use of 4202:. You can help by 4020:Jan Jordan of the 3580: 3464:the Globe and Mail 3393: 3389:Rembrandt van Rijn 3382:Joseph Accused by 2916:Social integration 2911:Self-determination 2901:Racial integration 2849:Diversity training 2839:Cultural pluralism 2814:Affirmative action 2706:Racial segregation 2616:Crime of apartheid 2512:Religious violence 2007:Indigenous people 1383:Sexual orientation 1123:Category:Masculism 905:Genital mutilation 888:Male expendability 561:Rape crisis centre 509:Anti-rape movement 483:Rape investigation 51:Child sexual abuse 8144: 8143: 8122: 8121: 7977: 7976: 7892: 7891: 7735:Sexual harassment 7653: 7652: 7504:Innocence Project 7433:Cross-race effect 7423:Eyewitness memory 7418:Mistaken identity 7389:Forced confession 7351:Witness tampering 7326:Legal malpractice 7321:Gaming the system 7271:Police corruption 7266:Police misconduct 7092:(12): 1335–1344. 6218:on unknown date). 6161:(12): 1318–1334. 6020:(12): 1318–1334. 5969:on 31 August 2013 5925:. 13 March 2013. 5658:978-0-8160-2332-5 5537:978-0-9544803-9-4 5455:978-0-9775335-2-7 5267:978-1-565-93341-5 4586:Innocence Project 4556: 4555: 4542:Treva Throneberry 4335:Powell v. Alabama 4317:Dat hang and burn 4279:Rosewood massacre 4266:era (1877-1964). 4220: 4219: 4140:Forensic Examiner 4101:attention-seeking 4082:Purdue University 4076:Kanin, USA (1994) 3950: 3949: 3525:Lisak, USA (2010) 3457:Statistics Canada 3371:Memory conformity 3231: 3230: 3094:Racism by country 3022:Intersectionality 3007:Heteronormativity 2790:Voter suppression 2532:Sexual harassment 2331:Forced conversion 2251:Cultural genocide 1906:African Americans 1712:post–Cold War era 1697:Eastern Orthodoxy 1452:Anti-drug addicts 1447:Anti-homelessness 1366:Scientific racism 1221: 1220: 1186: 1185: 1145: 1144: 1099: 1098: 1033: 1032: 1026:Toxic masculinity 947:Domestic violence 837:Gender neutrality 771:Topics and issues 762: 761: 683: 682: 611:Sexual harassment 323:Armenian genocide 143:Rape by deception 41:Acquaintance rape 8184: 8134: 8133: 8051: 8050: 8033:Remembrance days 7937: 7936: 7791:Stay-at-home dad 7698: 7697: 7680: 7673: 7666: 7657: 7656: 7645: 7644: 7610:Related concepts 7591:Actual innocence 7545:Racial profiling 7396:False accusation 7384:False confession 7356:Brady disclosure 7291:Abuse of process 7240: 7233: 7226: 7217: 7216: 7196: 7177: 7136: 7117: 7071: 7070: 7064: 7063: 7057: 7046: 7037: 7031: 7030: 7028: 7027: 7007: 7001: 7000: 6996: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6986: 6958: 6952: 6951: 6941: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6920: 6911: 6905: 6904: 6902: 6901: 6882: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6872: 6853: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6843: 6824: 6815: 6814: 6812: 6811: 6802:. Archived from 6801: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6783: 6763: 6757: 6756: 6746: 6722: 6713: 6712: 6710: 6709: 6684:(9): 1237–1246. 6678:Deviant Behavior 6669: 6660: 6659: 6657: 6656: 6647:. Archived from 6637: 6628: 6627: 6625: 6624: 6576: 6570: 6569: 6557: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6542: 6536: 6529: 6521: 6515: 6514: 6512: 6510: 6504: 6497: 6489: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6479: 6473: 6466: 6458: 6452: 6451: 6449: 6447: 6441: 6434: 6426: 6420: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6409: 6402: 6394: 6388: 6372: 6366: 6365: 6353: 6347: 6346: 6323:Criminal Justice 6318: 6312: 6311: 6301: 6269: 6263: 6262: 6260: 6259: 6253: 6238: 6225: 6219: 6201: 6195: 6194: 6146: 6140: 6139: 6108: 6102: 6101: 6071: 6060: 6059: 6057: 6056: 6050: 6011: 5998: 5983: 5982: 5976: 5974: 5968: 5953: 5945: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5913: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5902: 5882: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5851: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5841: 5800:(5): 1185–1193. 5785: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5751: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5741: 5726: 5720: 5719: 5717: 5715: 5695: 5686: 5685: 5667: 5661: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5633: 5625: 5623: 5622: 5616: 5605: 5596: 5587: 5586: 5584: 5583: 5577: 5570: 5562: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5549: 5523: 5512: 5511: 5509: 5508: 5492: 5481: 5480: 5479: 5473: 5471: 5470: 5464: 5458:. Archived from 5447: 5436: 5427: 5410: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5395: 5367: 5361: 5360: 5350: 5326: 5315: 5314: 5278: 5272: 5271: 5245: 5239: 5238: 5236: 5234: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5181: 5175: 5174: 5172: 5170: 5150: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5139: 5119: 5113: 5112: 5110: 5108: 5083: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5047:10.1002/ab.21540 5026: 5020: 5019: 5009: 4977: 4968: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4930:on 3 March 2016. 4929: 4923:. Archived from 4890: 4881: 4870: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4792: 4783: 4782: 4746: 4735: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4707: 4696: 4695: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4636: 4462:Eleanor Williams 4378: 4375: 4328:and then to the 4315:Snake lyin' tale 4215: 4212: 4194: 4187: 4168:Deviant Behavior 3864:218 out of 1,198 3674:164 out of 1,379 3595:Rumney considers 3583: 3579: 3513:A report by the 3409:ideomotor effect 3274:African-American 3223: 3216: 3209: 3146:Social privilege 3131:Social exclusion 3059:Police brutality 2980:Multiculturalism 2950:Amatonormativity 2765:Social exclusion 2601:Age of candidacy 2395:Homeless dumping 2301:Ethnic cleansing 1246: 1223: 1222: 1213: 1206: 1199: 1169:Minister for Men 1158: 1157: 1112: 1111: 1046: 1045: 1008:No-fault divorce 775: 774: 719: 718: 708: 685: 684: 675: 668: 661: 645: 644: 571:Rape pornography 556:Anti-rape device 514:Bodily integrity 501:Related articles 420:Syrian civil war 400:Rwandan genocide 370:Kashmir conflict 336:Italian campaign 314:During conflicts 275:Papua New Guinea 194:Weinstein effect 164:Factors involved 21: 20: 8192: 8191: 8187: 8186: 8185: 8183: 8182: 8181: 8147: 8146: 8145: 8140: 8118: 8097: 8063:Dating violence 8042: 8028: 8014:Michael Messner 7973: 7935: 7888: 7884:Human sex ratio 7852: 7826: 7805: 7776:Paternity fraud 7739: 7710:Gender equality 7689: 7684: 7654: 7649: 7639: 7633: 7605: 7564: 7518: 7492: 7454: 7370: 7249: 7244: 7203: 7193: 7152:(12): 1318–34. 7133: 7080: 7078:Further reading 7075: 7074: 7061: 7059: 7055: 7044: 7038: 7034: 7025: 7023: 7008: 7004: 6997: 6993: 6984: 6982: 6975: 6959: 6955: 6935: 6934: 6928: 6926: 6918: 6912: 6908: 6899: 6897: 6884: 6883: 6879: 6870: 6868: 6855: 6854: 6850: 6841: 6839: 6826: 6825: 6818: 6809: 6807: 6799: 6795: 6794: 6790: 6781: 6779: 6764: 6760: 6723: 6716: 6707: 6705: 6670: 6663: 6654: 6652: 6639: 6638: 6631: 6622: 6620: 6577: 6573: 6558: 6549: 6540: 6538: 6534: 6527: 6523: 6522: 6518: 6508: 6506: 6502: 6495: 6491: 6490: 6486: 6477: 6475: 6471: 6464: 6460: 6459: 6455: 6445: 6443: 6439: 6432: 6428: 6427: 6423: 6413: 6411: 6407: 6400: 6396: 6395: 6391: 6385:Wayback Machine 6373: 6369: 6354: 6350: 6319: 6315: 6270: 6266: 6257: 6255: 6251: 6236: 6226: 6222: 6216:Wayback Machine 6202: 6198: 6147: 6143: 6109: 6105: 6072: 6063: 6054: 6052: 6048: 6009: 5999: 5986: 5972: 5970: 5966: 5951: 5947: 5946: 5942: 5932: 5930: 5915: 5914: 5910: 5900: 5898: 5883: 5879: 5869: 5867: 5852: 5848: 5839: 5837: 5786: 5779: 5769: 5767: 5752: 5748: 5739: 5737: 5728: 5727: 5723: 5713: 5711: 5696: 5689: 5682: 5668: 5664: 5647: 5643: 5627: 5626: 5620: 5618: 5614: 5603: 5597: 5590: 5581: 5579: 5575: 5568: 5564: 5563: 5556: 5547: 5545: 5538: 5524: 5515: 5506: 5504: 5493: 5484: 5474: 5468: 5466: 5462: 5456: 5445: 5437: 5430: 5421:Wayback Machine 5411: 5402: 5393: 5391: 5384: 5368: 5364: 5327: 5318: 5279: 5275: 5268: 5246: 5242: 5232: 5230: 5229:on 2 April 2015 5215: 5211: 5182: 5178: 5168: 5166: 5151: 5147: 5137: 5135: 5120: 5116: 5106: 5104: 5084: 5073: 5064: 5062: 5027: 5023: 4978: 4971: 4961: 4959: 4944:(11 May 2017). 4939: 4935: 4927: 4888: 4882: 4873: 4863: 4861: 4854: 4836: 4832: 4809:10.2307/2094473 4793: 4786: 4763:10.2307/2095805 4747: 4738: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4708: 4699: 4692: 4666: 4662: 4651: 4637: 4633: 4628: 4601:Potiphar's wife 4596:Greek mythology 4561: 4510:Scottsboro Boys 4388: 4374: 4362: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4314: 4287:Scottsboro Boys 4260: 4239: 4234: 4225: 4216: 4210: 4207: 4200:needs expansion 4185: 4162: 4153:Lesley McMillan 4148: 4113: 4078: 4062: 4042: 4018: 4005: 3996: 3983: 3841:Maclean (1979) 3825:Stewart (1981) 3800: 3795: 3696: 3691: 3639: 3634: 3618: 3614:67 out of 2,643 3601: 3596: 3578: 3565: 3549: 3527: 3511: 3487: 3472: 3453: 3429: 3421: 3404: 3398: 3384:Potiphar's Wife 3347: 3342: 3316:, producing an 3310: 3294: 3264:With regard to 3227: 3198: 3197: 3196: 3195: 3194: 3069:Polyculturalism 2965:Civil liberties 2937: 2929: 2928: 2927: 2926: 2925: 2906:Reappropriation 2806: 2805:Countermeasures 2798: 2797: 2796: 2795: 2794: 2723:Racial steering 2689:Numerus clausus 2593: 2585: 2584: 2583: 2582: 2581: 2306:Ethnic conflict 2241:Corrective rape 2196: 2188: 2187: 2186: 2185: 2184: 1831: 1820: 1819: 1818: 1817: 1816: 1771:minority Muslim 1664: 1654: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1650: 1542:HIV/AIDS stigma 1414: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1402: 1351:Mental disorder 1293: 1285: 1284: 1283: 1282: 1281: 1254: 1217: 1188: 1187: 1155: 1147: 1146: 1109: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1066:Fathers' rights 1043: 1035: 1034: 1017: 986: 943: 915: 892: 864: 845:Men in feminism 841: 832: 813: 796:Gender equality 772: 764: 763: 735:HimToo movement 716: 679: 639: 626:Sexual violence 616:Sexual predator 606:Sex trafficking 601:Sex and the law 591:Rape statistics 529:History of rape 473:Rape shield law 410:Darfur genocide 56:Corrective rape 17: 12: 11: 5: 8190: 8180: 8179: 8174: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8142: 8141: 8139: 8138: 8127: 8124: 8123: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8116: 8111: 8105: 8103: 8099: 8098: 8096: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8059: 8057: 8048: 8044: 8043: 8041: 8036: 8034: 8030: 8029: 8027: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8009:Michael Kimmel 8006: 8001: 7999:Warren Farrell 7996: 7991: 7985: 7983: 7979: 7978: 7975: 7974: 7972: 7971: 7966: 7964:United Kingdom 7961: 7956: 7951: 7945: 7943: 7934: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7922: 7921: 7911: 7906: 7904:Men's movement 7900: 7898: 7894: 7893: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7860: 7858: 7854: 7853: 7851: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7834: 7832: 7828: 7827: 7825: 7824: 7819: 7813: 7811: 7807: 7806: 7804: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7781:Patrilineality 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7756:Paper abortion 7753: 7747: 7745: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7720:Gender pay gap 7717: 7712: 7706: 7704: 7695: 7691: 7690: 7683: 7682: 7675: 7668: 7660: 7651: 7650: 7647:Law portal 7638: 7635: 7634: 7632: 7631: 7626: 7619: 7613: 7611: 7607: 7606: 7604: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7572: 7570: 7566: 7565: 7563: 7562: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7526: 7524: 7520: 7519: 7517: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7500: 7498: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7464: 7462: 7456: 7455: 7453: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7436: 7435: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7413:Police perjury 7410: 7409: 7408: 7403: 7393: 7392: 7391: 7380: 7378: 7376:False evidence 7372: 7371: 7369: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7346:Jury tampering 7343: 7341:Sharp practice 7338: 7333: 7331:Kangaroo court 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7257: 7255: 7251: 7250: 7243: 7242: 7235: 7228: 7220: 7214: 7213: 7212:(online video) 7202: 7201:External links 7199: 7198: 7197: 7192:978-1524759933 7191: 7178: 7137: 7131: 7118: 7079: 7076: 7073: 7072: 7032: 7002: 6991: 6973: 6953: 6916:"Final Report" 6906: 6890:www.ferris.edu 6877: 6848: 6832:www.cps.gov.uk 6816: 6788: 6758: 6714: 6661: 6629: 6571: 6547: 6516: 6484: 6453: 6421: 6389: 6367: 6348: 6313: 6264: 6220: 6196: 6141: 6122:(1): 128–158. 6103: 6084:(1): 128–158. 6061: 5984: 5940: 5908: 5877: 5846: 5777: 5746: 5721: 5687: 5681:978-0124080843 5680: 5662: 5641: 5588: 5554: 5536: 5513: 5482: 5454: 5428: 5400: 5382: 5362: 5341:(1): 161–192. 5316: 5273: 5266: 5240: 5209: 5176: 5145: 5114: 5071: 5041:(4): 295–309. 5021: 4969: 4933: 4871: 4853:978-1614705055 4852: 4830: 4803:(2): 262–280. 4784: 4736: 4723:978-0807846360 4722: 4697: 4691:978-0124080843 4690: 4660: 4650:978-0124080843 4649: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4598: 4589: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4567: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4526:Tawana Brawley 4522: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4490: 4489: 4486: 4483: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4470: 4467: 4464: 4458: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4442: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4410: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4390: 4385: 4382: 4373: 4370: 4361: 4358: 4311: 4259: 4256: 4247:The Red Record 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4224: 4223:United Kingdom 4221: 4218: 4217: 4197: 4195: 4184: 4181: 4161: 4158: 4147: 4144: 4112: 4109: 4077: 4074: 4061: 4058: 4041: 4038: 4017: 4014: 4004: 4001: 3995: 3992: 3982: 3979: 3978: 3977: 3972: 3971: 3966:. (2005), Lea 3948: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3918: 3917: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3907: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3892: 3888: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3877: 3873: 3872: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3807: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3801:10% (maximum) 3799:1.5% (minimum) 3797: 3792: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3779: 3776: 3772: 3771: 3769: 3767: 3764: 3761: 3753: 3752: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3736: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3728: 3725: 3721: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3698: 3693: 3692:123 out of 483 3690:53 out of 483 3688: 3684: 3683: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3648: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3636: 3633:68 out of 164 3631: 3630:Jordan (2004) 3627: 3626: 3623: 3620: 3615: 3612: 3604: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3590: 3587: 3577: 3574: 3564: 3561: 3548: 3545: 3526: 3523: 3510: 3507: 3486: 3483: 3471: 3468: 3452: 3449: 3447:are truthful. 3428: 3425: 3420: 3417: 3397: 3394: 3375: 3374: 3368: 3365: 3346: 3345:False memories 3343: 3341: 3338: 3326:mental illness 3309: 3306: 3298:false memories 3293: 3290: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3225: 3218: 3211: 3203: 3200: 3199: 3193: 3192: 3187: 3186: 3185: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3164: 3163: 3158: 3153: 3143: 3138: 3133: 3128: 3123: 3118: 3117: 3116: 3114:Reverse racism 3106: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3084:Prisoner abuse 3081: 3076: 3074:Power distance 3071: 3066: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3046: 3041: 3040: 3039: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2992:Ethnic penalty 2989: 2988: 2987: 2985:Neurodiversity 2982: 2972: 2970:Dehumanization 2967: 2962: 2960:Cisnormativity 2957: 2952: 2947: 2941: 2940: 2939: 2938: 2936:Related topics 2935: 2934: 2931: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2918: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2888: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2852: 2851: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2808: 2807: 2804: 2803: 2800: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2780:State religion 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2761: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2719: 2718: 2716:Nuremberg Laws 2713: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2658:Ghetto benches 2655: 2653:Gerrymandering 2650: 2645: 2640: 2638:Gender pay gap 2635: 2634: 2633: 2628: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2597: 2596: 2595: 2594: 2591: 2590: 2587: 2586: 2580: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2463: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2415:Lavender scare 2412: 2410:Kill Haole Day 2407: 2405:Indian rolling 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2381: 2380: 2370: 2365: 2364: 2363: 2353: 2348: 2343: 2338: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2291:Eliminationism 2288: 2283: 2278: 2273: 2268: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2226:Cancel culture 2223: 2218: 2213: 2212: 2211: 2200: 2199: 2198: 2197: 2195:Manifestations 2194: 2193: 2190: 2189: 2183: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2085:Middle Eastern 2082: 2077: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2051: 2050: 2040: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2024: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1835: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1826: 1825: 1822: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1812:Zoroastrianism 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1788: 1787: 1777: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1773: 1768: 1763: 1758: 1753: 1738: 1737: 1736: 1734:Untouchability 1731: 1721: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1643: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1616: 1615: 1614: 1609: 1599: 1594: 1589: 1584: 1579: 1574: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1552:Leprosy stigma 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1524: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1504: 1499: 1494: 1489: 1484: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1459: 1454: 1449: 1444: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1418: 1417: 1416: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1408: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1363: 1353: 1348: 1343: 1338: 1333: 1328: 1323: 1318: 1313: 1308: 1303: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1290: 1287: 1286: 1280: 1279: 1274: 1269: 1264: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1239: 1238: 1236:Discrimination 1232: 1231: 1219: 1218: 1216: 1215: 1208: 1201: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1156: 1153: 1152: 1149: 1148: 1143: 1142: 1141: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1097: 1096: 1094: 1093: 1088: 1086:United Kingdom 1083: 1078: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1059: 1051: 1050: 1044: 1041: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1031: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1023: 1021:Reverse sexism 1016: 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 994: 993: 992: 985: 984: 978: 973: 968: 961: 960: 959: 954: 942: 941: 935: 930: 923: 922: 921: 914: 913: 907: 900: 899: 898: 891: 890: 885: 880: 874: 871: 870: 866: 865: 863: 862: 856: 849: 848: 847: 840: 839: 833: 831: 830: 825: 820: 814: 812: 811: 806: 800: 799: 798: 793: 788: 780: 779: 773: 770: 769: 766: 765: 760: 759: 758: 757: 752: 747: 742: 740:Men's movement 737: 732: 727: 717: 714: 713: 710: 709: 701: 700: 694: 693: 681: 680: 678: 677: 670: 663: 655: 652: 651: 650: 649: 647:Law portal 637: 631: 630: 629: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 552: 551: 544:Rape by gender 541: 536: 531: 526: 521: 519:Date rape drug 516: 511: 503: 502: 498: 497: 496: 495: 490: 485: 480: 475: 470: 465: 457: 456: 450: 449: 448: 447: 446: 445: 440: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 358: 345: 344: 343: 341:Imperial Japan 338: 333: 325: 317: 316: 310: 309: 308: 307: 302: 300:United Kingdom 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 257: 252: 247: 242: 237: 232: 227: 219: 218: 214: 213: 212: 211: 206: 201: 196: 191: 186: 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 153: 152: 148: 147: 146: 145: 140: 135: 133:Statutory rape 130: 128:Sexual assault 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 88:Genocidal rape 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 64: 63: 53: 48: 43: 35: 34: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8189: 8178: 8175: 8173: 8170: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8154: 8152: 8137: 8129: 8128: 8125: 8115: 8114:Androcentrism 8112: 8110: 8107: 8106: 8104: 8100: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8061: 8060: 8058: 8056: 8052: 8049: 8045: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8031: 8025: 8024:Bettina Arndt 8022: 8020: 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7986: 7984: 7980: 7970: 7969:United States 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7946: 7944: 7942: 7938: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7920: 7917: 7916: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7901: 7899: 7895: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7864:Herbivore men 7862: 7861: 7859: 7855: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7835: 7833: 7829: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7817:Men's shelter 7815: 7814: 7812: 7808: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7761:Paternal bond 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7748: 7746: 7742: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7707: 7705: 7703: 7699: 7696: 7692: 7688: 7681: 7676: 7674: 7669: 7667: 7662: 7661: 7658: 7648: 7643: 7636: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7624: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7608: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7573: 7571: 7567: 7561: 7558: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7527: 7525: 7521: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7501: 7499: 7495: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7465: 7463: 7461: 7457: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7434: 7431: 7430: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7398: 7397: 7394: 7390: 7387: 7386: 7385: 7382: 7381: 7379: 7377: 7373: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7258: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7241: 7236: 7234: 7229: 7227: 7222: 7221: 7218: 7211: 7210: 7205: 7204: 7194: 7188: 7184: 7179: 7175: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7138: 7134: 7132:9780231177153 7128: 7124: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7082: 7081: 7069: 7054: 7050: 7043: 7036: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7006: 6995: 6980: 6976: 6974:9780823939756 6970: 6966: 6965: 6957: 6949: 6945: 6939: 6924: 6917: 6910: 6895: 6891: 6887: 6881: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6852: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6823: 6821: 6806:on 2017-09-08 6805: 6798: 6792: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6762: 6754: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6721: 6719: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6668: 6666: 6651:on 2018-10-19 6650: 6646: 6642: 6636: 6634: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6575: 6567: 6563: 6556: 6554: 6552: 6533: 6526: 6520: 6501: 6494: 6488: 6470: 6463: 6457: 6438: 6431: 6425: 6406: 6399: 6393: 6386: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6371: 6363: 6359: 6352: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6317: 6309: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6268: 6254:on 2017-07-23 6250: 6246: 6242: 6235: 6231: 6224: 6217: 6213: 6210: 6206: 6200: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6145: 6137: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6116: 6107: 6099: 6095: 6091: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6078: 6070: 6068: 6066: 6047: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6008: 6006: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5989: 5981: 5965: 5961: 5959: 5958:Alison Levitt 5950: 5944: 5928: 5924: 5923: 5918: 5912: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5881: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5850: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5784: 5782: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5750: 5735: 5731: 5725: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5694: 5692: 5683: 5677: 5673: 5666: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5645: 5637: 5631: 5613: 5609: 5602: 5595: 5593: 5574: 5567: 5561: 5559: 5543: 5539: 5533: 5529: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5502: 5498: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5478: 5465:on 2016-04-04 5461: 5457: 5451: 5444: 5443: 5435: 5433: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5415: 5409: 5407: 5405: 5389: 5385: 5383:9781420065053 5379: 5376:. CRC Press. 5375: 5374: 5366: 5358: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5332: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5312: 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5277: 5269: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5244: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5213: 5204: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5187: 5180: 5164: 5160: 5159:Science Daily 5156: 5149: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5118: 5102: 5098: 5097: 5092: 5088: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5076: 5060: 5056: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5025: 5017: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4976: 4974: 4957: 4953: 4952: 4947: 4943: 4942:Sandra Newman 4937: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4887: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4859: 4855: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4834: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4791: 4789: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4752: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4725: 4719: 4715: 4714: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4693: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4664: 4657: 4652: 4646: 4642: 4635: 4631: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4562: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4539: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4475: 4471: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4395: 4391: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4379: 4372:Notable cases 4369: 4367: 4366:DNA profiling 4357: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4336: 4331: 4327: 4322: 4320: 4309: 4306: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4283: 4280: 4275: 4272: 4267: 4265: 4255: 4251: 4248: 4244: 4229: 4214: 4211:December 2022 4205: 4201: 4198:This section 4196: 4193: 4189: 4188: 4180: 4178: 4173: 4170: 4169: 4157: 4154: 4143: 4141: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4122: 4118: 4108: 4104: 4102: 4097: 4093: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4057: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4013: 4010: 4000: 3991: 3988: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3956: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939:74 out of 370 3938: 3935: 3934: 3931: 3929: 3926: 3924:10 out of 545 3923: 3920: 3919: 3916: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894:12 out of 116 3893: 3890: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3860: 3856: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813:44 out of 196 3812: 3809: 3808: 3805: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3790: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3778:17 out of 447 3777: 3775:Smith (1989) 3774: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3765: 3763:80 out of 335 3762: 3759: 3755: 3754: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3742:45 out of 109 3741: 3739:Kanin (1994) 3738: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727:49 out of 109 3726: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3715: 3712: 3709: 3706: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3686: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3658:42 out of 379 3657: 3654: 3650: 3649: 3645: 3642: 3637: 3635:62 out of 164 3632: 3629: 3628: 3624: 3621: 3616: 3613: 3610: 3606: 3605: 3599: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3584: 3573: 3570: 3560: 3556: 3554: 3544: 3542: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3522: 3520: 3516: 3506: 3504: 3501:'s work, the 3500: 3496: 3492: 3482: 3479: 3478: 3467: 3465: 3462:According to 3460: 3458: 3455:According to 3448: 3444: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3424: 3416: 3414: 3410: 3403: 3390: 3386: 3385: 3379: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3350: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3305: 3303: 3299: 3289: 3287: 3283: 3282:extrajudicial 3280:, and led to 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3262: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3240: 3236: 3224: 3219: 3217: 3212: 3210: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3201: 3191: 3188: 3184: 3181: 3180: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3168:Social stigma 3166: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3148: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3132: 3129: 3127: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3115: 3112: 3111: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3082: 3080: 3077: 3075: 3072: 3070: 3067: 3065: 3062: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3042: 3038: 3035: 3034: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2977: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2956: 2953: 2951: 2948: 2946: 2943: 2942: 2933: 2932: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2884: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2850: 2847: 2846: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2811: 2802: 2801: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2775:State atheism 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2740: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2717: 2714: 2712: 2711:Jim Crow laws 2709: 2708: 2707: 2704: 2702: 2699: 2697: 2696:One-drop rule 2694: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2623: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2611:Blood quantum 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2589: 2588: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2552:Victimisation 2550: 2548: 2547:Trans bashing 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2517:Religious war 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2497:Racialization 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2379: 2376: 2375: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2368:Glass ceiling 2366: 2362: 2359: 2358: 2357: 2354: 2352: 2349: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2311:Ethnic hatred 2309: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2272: 2269: 2267: 2264: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2246:Counter-jihad 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2192: 2191: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2173: 2171: 2168: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2156: 2153: 2151: 2148: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2126: 2123: 2121: 2118: 2116: 2113: 2111: 2108: 2106: 2103: 2101: 2098: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2049: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2021:United States 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1917: 1914: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1903: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1884:United States 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1871: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1836: 1830: 1824: 1823: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1797:Protestantism 1795: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1783: 1782: 1781: 1778: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1762: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1744: 1743: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1726: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1707:LDS or Mormon 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1669: 1663: 1658: 1657: 1647: 1644: 1642: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1629:Transmisogyny 1627: 1625: 1622: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1613: 1610: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1578: 1575: 1573: 1570: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1548: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1538: 1535: 1533: 1532:Gerontophobia 1530: 1528: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1518: 1515: 1513: 1510: 1508: 1505: 1503: 1500: 1498: 1495: 1493: 1490: 1488: 1485: 1483: 1480: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1462:Anti-intersex 1460: 1458: 1455: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1438: 1437:Anti-albinism 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1410: 1409: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1371: 1367: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1344: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1302: 1299: 1298: 1289: 1288: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1265: 1263: 1262:Institutional 1260: 1259: 1250: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1240: 1237: 1234: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1224: 1214: 1209: 1207: 1202: 1200: 1195: 1194: 1192: 1191: 1180: 1179:Men's studies 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1159: 1151: 1150: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1114: 1113: 1105: 1104: 1092: 1091:United States 1089: 1087: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1063: 1058: 1055: 1054: 1053: 1052: 1048: 1047: 1039: 1038: 1027: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1004: 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