2503:
other forms of violence against women should operate. It also provided a definition of violence against women, and gave a list of non-exhaustive examples, including marital rape (see section "Definition" para 1). Although the approach on the issue of violence against women has varied significantly among
European countries, the traditional view that acts of violence against a woman are crimes against honor and morality, and not against the self-determination of the woman, was still prevalent in the 1990s in many countries. The above recommendation stated that member states must "ensure that criminal law provides that any act of violence against a person, in particular physical or sexual violence, constitutes a violation of that person's physical, psychological and/or sexual freedom and integrity, and not solely a violation of morality, honour or decency" (para 34). The approach regarding sexual and other forms of violence against women in specific European countries did not necessarily mirror women's rights in other areas of life (such as public or political life) in those countries: in fact some countries otherwise known for advanced women's rights, such as
3057:"The majority of us ... believe that rape cannot be considered in the abstract as merely 'sexual intercourse without consent'. The circumstances of rape may be peculiarly grave. This feature is not present in the case of a husband and wife cohabiting with each other when an act of sexual intercourse occurs without the wife's consent. They may well have had sexual intercourse regularly before the act in question and, because a sexual relationship may involve a degree of compromise, she may sometimes have agreed only with some reluctance to such intercourse. Should he go further and force her to have sexual intercourse without her consent, this may evidence a failure of the marital relationship. But it is far from being the 'unique' and 'grave' offence described earlier. Where the husband goes so far as to cause injury, there are available a number of offences against the person with which he may be charged, but the gravamen of the husband's conduct is the injury he has caused not the sexual intercourse he has forced."
4068:
is to maintain family harmony and happiness. In
Guatemala, violence within marriage is so normalized that wives come to believe that this is 'the way things are' and it is simply their role as a wife to endure the violence. This "normalization of violence rests on a continuum of coercive power that makes possible the mistreatment of women not only in their homes but also in the community, neighborhood, and society at large". Further, because many of these women believe giving sex is their duty, they do not characterize their experience as marital rape. However, "women who have experienced forced sex in marriage understand this experience as an abuse or violation", they just may not characterize it as marital rape. Violence is so entrenched in many cultures it simply becomes a way of life, and wives are left to believe they must learn to endure it.
4096:
impede women in those particular cultural contexts from aspiring to a good human life." An aspect of this violation is the notion that the victim has not given their consent, however, historically and presently, consent is not always connected to marital sex. In the United States, a woman's personhood, and therefore her consent, only began with the suffragist movement that sought women's access to equal citizenship. Globally, many cultures do not require a woman's consent in marriage because procreation is at the root of such an alliance. Further, some women are forced into marriage where her consent is not considered or required. Despite this cultural variance, "women across many cultures do experience the violation of rape in marriage—even if the way that such violations are experienced and understood differs from culture to culture".
3606:, California (50% non-response rate, non-English speaking Asian women were specifically excluded as non-reliable respondents), of whom 644 were married, divorced, or who self-identified as having a husband although not married. Six of these women (1%) self-assessed that they had been raped by their husbands, ex-husband, or de facto husbands. The survey interviewers, however, classified 74 (12%) of these women as having been raped. Of the 286 non-married women in the sample, 228 (80%) were classified by the survey interviewers as having been raped. Russell found that when repeated instances of rape as classified by the survey interviewers, by husbands or ex-husbands, over the entire course of the marriage are included, these account for 38% of all rape instances, in comparison to the remaining 62% occurring in non-marital instances.
3824:, for example, according to statistics from 2005, 45% of women then aged between 25 and 29 had been married by the age of 15), and depend on their husbands for their entire life. This situation leaves women with very little sexual autonomy. The notion that women are sexually autonomous and therefore have the ability to give or retract consent is not universally understood. Gabriella Torres writes, "The degree to which women and men view themselves as unique social beings with a full ability to make choices and suffer consequences varies by culture." As a result, in cultures where women are not considered autonomous, they are not in a position to refuse sex: they have to choose between unwanted sex and being subjected to violence; or between unwanted sex and being abandoned by their husbands and ending up living in abject poverty.
2515:, described Danish laws on sexual violence as "inconsistent with international human rights standards", which has led to Denmark eventually reforming its sexual offenses legislation in 2013. (Until 2013, in Denmark "the Penal Code reduce the level of penalty or provide for exclusion of punishment altogether for rape and sexual violence within marriage in certain instances and if the perpetrator enter into or continu a marriage with his victim the punishment for rape c be reduced or remitted"). Cultural and religious values which support female subordination and inequality are considered important in dealing with the issue of sexual violence against women; but there have been calls for analyses of cultural gender norms which tolerate violence against women to not be based on stereotypes;
3884:, because the family which has prearranged the marriage risks disgrace if the marriage does not proceed. Although laws that prohibiting dowries exist in many countries, men continue to demand a dowry in exchange for marriage, especially in rural areas where law enforcement is weak. In Bangladesh, dowry demand at marriage is linked to increased sexual violence. A woman attempting to obtain a divorce or separation without the consent of the husband/extended family can also be a trigger for honor killings. In cultures where marriages are arranged and goods are often exchanged between families, a woman's desire to seek a divorce is often viewed as an insult to the men who negotiated the deal.
3635:
years old or older. The survey had a 50% response rate. Of the 1,108 respondents, the 506 men were excluded from any inquiry into unwanted sexual experiences, leaving 602 (54%) women respondents for the study. 398 (66%) women indicated no unwanted sexual relations (their marital status is not given), and 204 (34%) women responded as having engaged in unwanted sex after being subject to some level of sexual coercion; types of sexual coercion included receiving 'a gift', 'a nice dinner', 'a back rub', 'kissing', etc. through threatened harm and physical coercion. Of this group, a sub-sample of 120 (59%) were married, of which 9% responded as having been subject to physical force.
3791:, stated in April 2015, "The concept of marital rape, as understood internationally, cannot be suitably applied in the Indian context due to various factors, including levels of education, illiteracy, poverty, myriad social customs and values, religious beliefs, the mindset of the society to treat the marriage as sacrament". For many other countries, the concept of marital rape is itself an oxymoron. Women in these cultures largely "share the cultural logic that marital rape is a contradiction in terms" while men simultaneously "see women's sexual consent in marriage as taken for granted" and therefore "reject the very concept of marital rape".
5863:
offence punishable by 2 to 7 year in prison; it is not dealt by normal rape laws which stipulate the possibility of a death sentence. According to the
Protection of Women From Domestic Violence Act (2005), other married women subject to "sexual nature that abuses, humiliates, degrades or otherwise violates the dignity of woman” by their husband may demand for financial compensation including regular allowances and child custody. They also have the right to continue to live in their marital household if they wish, or may approach shelter or aid homes. However, marital rape is still not a criminal offence in this case and is only a misdemeanour.
2555:"A large number of the offences established in accordance with this Convention are offences typically committed by family members, intimate partners or others in the immediate social environment of the victim. There are many examples from past practice in Council of Europe member states that show that exceptions to the prosecution of such cases were made, either in law or in practice, if victim and perpetrator were, for example, married to each other or had been in a relationship. The most prominent example is rape within marriage, which for a long time had not been recognised as rape because of the relationship between victim and perpetrator."
4155:
husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife under certain circumstances is, for example, 87% in Mali, 86% in Guinea, 80% in
Central African Republic, 79% in South Sudan. Although more countries in Africa are now enacting laws against domestic violence, social norms make it difficult to enforce these laws; and many women are not aware of their rights: for instance in Ethiopia in a survey only 49% of women knew that wife-beating is illegal (it was made illegal under the 2004 Criminal Code). The lack of legal and social recognition of marital rape in Africa has been cited as making the fight against HIV harder.
7506:
5018:
6671:
7443:
4933:
1272:
2392:"Violations of women's human rights are often linked to their sexuality and reproductive role. (...) In many countries, married women may not refuse to have sexual relations with their husbands, and often have no say in whether they use contraception. (...) Ensuring that women have full autonomy over their bodies is the first crucial step towards achieving substantive equality between women and men. Personal issues—such as when, how and with whom they choose to have sex, and when, how and with whom they choose to have children—are at the heart of living a life in dignity."
4870:
4076:
masculinity is correlated with aggression in such a way that scholars argue violence is a way for men to show their masculine identity. Another expectation of masculinity is that men are not to show their emotion. Instead, as Robert
Connell argues, the "masculine prototype" is a strong and stoic man who appears to remain in control of the situation and his emotions. This sense of control in Western masculinity has direct implications for domestic violence. Scholars argue that some men use violence to regain this sense of control when it is lost.
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3766:). As these laws exemplify, marital rape is seen as somehow less reprehensible than rape outside of marriage. Even when marital rape is prosecuted successfully, courts often pass shorter sentences – even if the law itself does not stipulate this – based on the view that sexual violation is less serious if it occurs within marriage. Following this same understanding, British courts often pass lower sentences to marital rape than to other cases of rape because it is believed that it causes less harm to the victim
8218:
3509:. A forced marriage is a marriage where one or both participants are married without their freely given consent; while a child marriage is a marriage where one or both parties are younger than 18. These types of marriages are associated with a higher rate of domestic violence, including marital rape. These forms of marriage are most common in traditional societies which have no laws against sexual violence in marriage, and where it is also very difficult to leave a marriage. Incidents taking place in some of these countries (such as
3535:
disobeying their parents or not resisting their abductor strong enough. This notion of blaming the woman also occurs in reference to rapto in rural Mexico. Silvie
Bovarnick writes, "In many cases, men and women alike look for the fault of responsibility in women's behavior due to traditional conceptualisations of women as 'pillars of honour.'" Abduction and rape compromises a woman's moral integrity, and therefore her honor. Many of these women, who were given little choice in their marriage, are left to live with their abusers.
5214:
4634:
2192:. While a physical assault against a spouse may be charged, such is distinct from the delegitimization of conjugal union itself as rape. Marriage then should not be defined as an "exemption" to rape but as "contradictory" to it. Marriage created conjugal rights between spouses, and marriage could not be annulled except by a private Act of Parliament—it therefore follows that a spouse could not revoke conjugal rights from the marriage, and therefore there could be no rape between spouses. The principle was repeated in East's
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3313:. Their case was not successful, with their arguments being rejected by the European Court of Human Rights, which ruled that the criminalization of marital rape had become a reasonably foreseeable development of the criminal law in the light of the evolution of social norms; and that the Article 7 does not prohibit the gradual judicial evolution of the interpretation of an offense, provided the result is consistent with the essence of the offense and that it could be reasonably foreseen.
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2107:, "Women shall be especially protected against any attack on their honour, in particular against rape, enforced prostitution, or any form of indecent assault". It was not until the 1990s that the International Criminal Court statute recognized crimes of sexual violence as violent crimes against the person; "Not until the last half century was rape understood to be an offense against the woman, against her dignity, instead of against her family's or her husband's honor".
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3328:, the court ruled: "It should not be thought a different and lower scale automatically attaches to the rape of a wife by her husband. All will depend upon the circumstances of the case. Where the parties are cohabiting and the husband insisted upon intercourse against his wife's will but without violence or threats this may reduce sentence. Where the conduct is gross and involves threats or violence the relationship will be of little significance."
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2417:"Marital rape may be prosecuted in at least 104 States. Of these, 32 have made marital rape a specific criminal offence, while the remaining 74 do not exempt marital rape from general rape provisions. Marital rape is not a prosecutable offence in at least 53 States. Four States criminalize marital rape only when the spouses are judicially separated. Four States are considering legislation that would allow marital rape to be prosecuted."
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for raping his own wife because she was his possession. However, if another man raped someone's wife, this was essentially stealing property (a women's sexuality). In
English customs, "bride capture" (a man claiming a woman through rape) was thought to be stealing a father's property by raping his daughter. Therefore, rape laws were created to "protect the property interests men had in their women, not to protect women themselves".
2000:
decisions, explicit legislative reference in statutory law preventing the use of marriage as a defence, or creation of a specific offense of marital rape, albeit at a lower level of punishment. In many countries, it is still unclear whether marital rape is covered by the ordinary rape laws, but in some countries non-consensual sexual relations involving coercion may be prosecuted under general statutes prohibiting violence, such as
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2410:(that is, they do not address the issue one way or another)—in such cases, in order to determine whether marital rape is covered by the ordinary rape laws it must be analyzed whether there are judicial decisions in this respect; and former definitions of the law are also important (for instance whether there was previously a statutory exemption that was removed by legislators for the purpose of implicitly including marital rape).
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better laws, and the right to vote, will yet be swallowed up, in the real question, viz, has woman, as wife, a right to herself? It is very little to me to have the right to vote, to own property &c. if I may not keep my body, and its uses, in my absolute right. Not one wife in a thousand can do that now, & so long as she suffers this bondage, all other rights will not help her to her true position.
3486:
hard to obtain and/or is stigmatized. Cross-culturally, one of the barriers that keep victims within their marriages is the shame and guilt they feel surrounding marital rape, or general taboos around sexuality. Lastly, some victims do not categorize their abuse as marital rape in order to minimize the violence they endure. This is used as a defense mechanism so they can continue to endure their abuse.
3673:. Trauma from the rape adds to the effect of other abusive acts or abusive and demeaning talk. Furthermore, marital rape is rarely a one-time event, but a repeated if not frequent occurrence. Whether it takes place once or is part of an established pattern of domestic violence, trauma from rape has serious long-term consequences for victims regardless of whether the assault is prosecuted or not.
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3835:" ideologies have aggravated the problem of male sexual entitlement, leading to women submitting to unwanted sex not only due to physical force or illegal threat, but due to societal pressure: "The force which has operated on them all their lives and continues to operate on them within marriages and relationships remains largely invisible. Such forces include the massive industry of
1976:. It exists in a complex web of state governments, cultural practices, and societal ideologies which combine to influence each distinct instance and situation in varying ways. The reluctance to define non-consensual sex between married couples as a crime and to prosecute has been attributed to traditional views of marriage, interpretations of religious doctrines, ideas about
3412:(SA) read: "No person shall, by reason only of the fact that he is married to some other person, be presumed to have consented to sexual intercourse with that other person". Nevertheless, the laws did not go as far as equating marital with non-marital rape; the law required violence or other aggravating circumstances, in order for an act of marital intercourse to be rape.
4135:
concerning marriage may be deeply rooted in the conscience of the population. Substantial segments of the population may therefore not conceptualize that in any modern views of sexuality, it is wroth to force a spouse to have sex is wrong, much less illegal. For instance, a report by
Amnesty International showed that although marital rape is illegal in
3669:, it is typically a one-time event and is clearly understood as rape. In the case of rape by a spouse or long term sexual partner, the history of the relationship affects the victim's reactions. There is research showing that marital rape can be more emotionally and physically damaging than rape by a stranger. Marital rape may occur as part of an
3397:, without her consent, or with her consent, if the consent is obtained by force, or by means of threats or intimidation of any kind, or by fear of bodily harm, or by means of false and fraudulent representations as to the nature of the act, or, in the case of a married woman, by personating her husband, is guilty of a crime, which is called rape."
24050:
2070:, "In some cultures, consent is not even something that an individual wife can give. The families that arranged the marriage guarantee her permanent consent." Control over a wife's sexuality was only a part of the greater control that men had in all other areas concerning her. A husband's control over his wife's body could also be seen in the way
2543:, the first legally binding instrument in Europe in the field of violence against women, are bound by its provisions to ensure that non-consensual sexual acts committed against a spouse or partner are illegal. The convention came into force in August 2014. In its explanatory report (para 219) it acknowledges the long tradition of toleration,
2038:(usually either a husband or father). In this case, property damage meant that the crime was not legally recognized as damage against the victim, but instead to her father or husband's property. Therefore, by definition a husband could not rape his wife. The view that a husband cannot be charged with the rape of his wife was described by
2643:, the Supreme Court ruled in 1992 that sex within marriage must be consensual and that sexuality in marriage must be understood in light of the principle of the freedom to make one's own decisions with respect to sexual activity; in doing so it upheld the conviction of a man who had been found guilty of raping his wife by a lower court.
2531:, one at least ought to consider the possibility that fresh ways of grouping states would further the study of gender politics." The causes of the toleration – in law or in practice – of sexual violence inside marriage are complex; lack of understanding of the concept of consent and coercion due to lack of
3595:
3,709 reported calls dealing with rape and attempted rape received by the 16 centers, 12 calls dealt with marital rape (0.3%). Because rape-crisis centers did not always record the relationships of the callers, whether the 12 reported calls fully represent the number of married relationships cannot be certainly known.
2789:('carnal violence', as it was termed) did not contain a statutory exemption, but was, as elsewhere, understood as inapplicable in the context of marriage. Although Italy has a reputation of a male dominated traditional society, it was quite early to accept that the rape law covers forced sex in marriage too: in 1976 in
3012:
have continued to change and evolve, with most states reforming their legislation in the 21st century, in order to bring marital rape laws in line with non-marital rape, but even today there remain differences in some states. With the removal, in 2005, of the requirement of a higher level of violence from the law of
3521:, particularly girls, is found in many parts of the world. This practice – legal in many countries – is a form of sexual violence, since the children involved are unable to give or withhold their consent. The majority of them know little or nothing about sex before they are married."
3950:: "Persons who are self-sufficient and married ought to be judges of themselves." The canon was given ecumenical application by the Sixth Ecumenical Council in 691 A.D. Ecclesiastical canons continued to adjudicate marital issues well into the modern era until all but entirely superseded by the civil courts.
14267:
The
Krugersdorp Magistrate's Court sentenced her 48-year-old former husband to an effective 12 years in jail last week for physically abusing and repeatedly raping Kriek during their marriage. Kriek's court action became the first reported case of rape in a marriage since the Domestic Violence Act
6316:
Article 503 of the Penal Code defines rape as "forced sexual intercourse who is not his wife by violence or threat." In May 2014 the
Protection of Women and Other Family Members from Domestic Violence Law added new offences of the use of threats or violence to claim a "marital right to intercourse."
5449:
Rape (including spousal rape), domestic abuse, incest, and indecent assault were significant problems; there was a large increase in the reported number of rape cases this year, due at least in part to greater awareness that a spouse can be charged with rape of his/her partner. The law provides for a
5323:
Marital rape is not specifically addressed by statue. The World Bank's 2018 " "Women, Business and the Law" report states that the country's general rape laws apply to marital rape. The 2017 El Salvador Country Report on Human Rights Practices suggests this is only at a judge's discretion. An earlier
4134:
Other problems arise from the fact that, in some countries where marital rape is illegal, many people are not aware of the existing laws. In some parts of the world marital rape laws are new and rarely enacted, therefore, some people are not aware of their existence. Alternatively, traditional norms
4067:
Another sustaining factor is the obligatory roles placed on wives and what they come to understand as their "duty". For example, "Vietnamese women are expected to sacrifice for their families, especially for their children, which includes, for some, acceding to husbands’ sexual demands". Their "duty"
3887:
However, the fact that people in developing countries are increasingly selecting marriage partners by whether they are in love – a much more Western world view – does not necessarily improve the situation. These types of marriages, especially in southeastern Nigeria, are
3786:
For many cultures, ideas of marital rape seem often foreign imposed and contradict the belief that such matters should be dealt with privately rather than by the government. In other instances, notably in the country of India, members of the government have spoken publicly that marital rape cannot be
3676:
Unlike other forms of rape, where the victim can remove themselves from the company of the rapist and never interact with them again, in the case of marital rape the victim often has no choice but to continue living with their spouse: in many parts of the world divorce is very difficult to obtain and
3653:
Attributing the effects of marital rape in research is problematic as it is nearly impossible to find a large enough sample of spouses to study who have experienced sexual violence but have not also been physically assaulted by their spouse. Marital rape can spread sexually transmitted infections and
3649:
Rape by a spouse, partner or ex-partner is more often associated with physical violence. A nine-nation study within the European Union found that current or ex-partners were the perpetrators of around 25% of all sexual assaults, and that violence was more common in assaults by ex-partners (50% of the
3456:
In India and Pakistan there are no law provisions related to the marital rape but they are being demanded by the commission to enact laws to bring it in the criminal jurisdiction. In India, the controversies persist in the socio-legal discourse surrounding the issue of marital rape. These debates not
3023:
In most states the criminalization has occurred by the removal of the exemptions from the general rape law by legislation, or by courts striking down such exemptions as unconstitutional. Some states have created a distinct crime of spousal rape. California, for example, has separate criminal offenses
3011:
In the 1990s, most states differentiated between the way marital rape and non-marital rape were treated. These differences were visible through shorter penalties, taking into account whether or not violence was used, and allowing for shorter reporting periods. (Bergen, 1996; Russell, 1990). The laws
2708:
proceedings in being, or even, perhaps, in contemplation." The paper's call to abolish any marital exemption was "on the whole, generally welcomed, although some misgivings were expressed as to whether it might not lead to fabricated complaints and unwarranted intrusions in the marital relationship."
1999:
Most countries criminalized marital rape from the late 20th century onward — very few legal systems allowed for the prosecution of rape within marriage before the 1970s. Criminalization has occurred through various ways, including removal of statutory exemptions from the definitions of rape, judicial
8098:
Prior to June 2017, marital rape was not considered a crime. Although Article 227 of the Penal Code does not exclude marital rape from its provisions, Article 23 of the Personal Status Code mandated partners in marriage to “fulfil their conjugal duties according to practice and customs,” On June 27,
7927:
Rape is a felony, subject to punishment by at least 15 years in prison, but the government did not enforce the law. The law further stipulates that if the rapist marries the victim, the rapist receives no punishment. The victim's family sometimes agreed to this arrangement to avoid the social stigma
7840:
In February 2015, an amendment to Article 149 of the Criminal Code changed the definition of rape. Under the new definition of rape, rape victim could no longer be prosecuted for adultery. Although there is no specific prohibition of marital rape, the amendment makes it possible to prosecute marital
4154:
stated that: "With few exceptions across Africa, marital rape is not recognized as a crime, and domestic violence is seen as a right of married men." The acceptability of domestic violence in most African countries is very high: surveys showed that the percentage of women aged 15–49 who think that a
3993:
wrote that "Men rightly observe that a conjugal act imposed on one's partner without regard to his or her condition or personal and reasonable wishes in the matter, is no true act of love, and therefore offends the moral order in its particular application to the intimate relationship of husband and
3851:
writes that, "Traditionally, rape was the offense of depriving a father or husband of a valuable asset – his wife's chastity or his daughter's virginity". In many countries of the world, including Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Jordan, the severity of the legal punishment for rape depends
3722:
We may assume that the old doctrine, that a husband had a right to whip his wife, provided he used a switch no larger than his thumb, is not law in North Carolina. Indeed, the Courts have advanced from that barbarism until they have reached the position, that the husband has no right to chastise his
3690:
The historical (and present day in jurisdictions where it still applies) immunity of husbands to have sexual relations with their wives without consent was not the only marital immunity in regard to abuse; immunity from the use of violence was (and still is in some countries) common—in the form of a
3620:
In 1994, Patricia Easteal, then Senior Criminologist at the Australian Institute of Criminology, published the results of survey on sexual assault in many settings. The respondents had all been victims of numerous forms of sexual assault. Of the victim sub-sample, 10.4% had been raped by husbands or
3594:
attempting to survey marital rape was an unpublished study by Joan Seites in the spring of 1975. Seites sent questionnaires to 40 rape-crisis centers from a list compiled by the Center for Women Policy Studies (Washington, DC). 16 Centers completed questionnaire for a response rate of 40%. Of the
2849:
who voiced his opposition to the legal reforms. He also opposed the making of rape a gender neutral offense. Meenakanit claimed that allowing a husband to file a rape charge against his wife is "abnormal logic" and that wives would refuse to divorce or put their husband in jail since many Thai wives
2433:
Traditionally, rape was a criminal offense that could only be committed outside marriage, and courts did not apply the rape statutes to acts of forced sex between spouses. With changing social views, and international condemnation of sexual violence in marriage, courts have started to apply the rape
2409:
spouses (by defining rape as forced sexual intercourse outside of marriage; or forced sexual intercourse with a woman not the perpetrator's wife; or by providing in their rape provisions that marriage is a defense to a charge of rape), in many countries the ordinary rape laws are silent on the issue
4095:
Although marital rape is not always defined as such in different cultures, there is a universal understanding of the violation that comes with rape. Yllö & Torres argue that "marital rape is regularly constituted across cultures as a locally recognized social violation—one that is understood to
3769:
Police departments are another state institution that treats domestic violence differently than other forms of violence. Police often label domestic abuse calls as low priority, respond slower, and focus on what provoked the abuse rather than the violent actions of the perpetrator. Also, they often
3761:
argues that rape laws in male dominated societies exist to regulate access to women from a male perspective, not to protect women's right to freely decide whether to engage in sexual intercourse or not. Whatever the reason behind such laws, even when state laws have criminalized marital rape, state
2098:
in certain parts of Africa, forced sex in marriage was not prohibited, although some specific circumstances, such as during advanced pregnancy, immediately after childbirth, during menstruation, or during mourning for a deceased close relative, were recognized as giving the wife the right to refuse
5884:
Marital rape is not a specific criminal offense under the penal code, but it is covered under "forced sexual intercourse" in national legislation on domestic violence, and it can be punished with criminal penalties. Nevertheless, marital rape can be considered a form of domestic violence under the
4126:
Another problem results from prevailing social norms that exist. Thus, if the norms within a society do not see spousal rape as violative of social norms, marital rape laws are unlikely to produce successful prosecutions. For example, in Mali, it is considered unthinkable for a woman to refuse her
4104:
The criminalization of marital rape does not necessarily mean that these laws are enforced. A lack of public awareness, as well as reluctance or outright refusal of authorities to prosecute is common globally. For instance, in Ireland, where marital rape was made illegal in 1990, by 2016 there had
3794:
The act of imposing sexual intercourse against the will of the wife is often not identified as morally wrong, and so it is difficult to attempt to stop the practice, "Often, men who coerce a spouse into a sexual act believe their actions are legitimate because they are married to the woman." (WHO,
3634:
In 2002 Basile published research intended to address the lack of a nationally probability sample to-date that measured intimate sexual coercion faced by married women. Data were collected in a 1997 national poll by a random telephone survey of 1,108 residents in the continental U.S. of persons 18
2777:
in 1991. The legislative changes provided a new definition for rape in 1991, which removed the marital exemption, and also made the crime gender-neutral; before 1991 the legal definition of rape was a man forcing, by violence or threat of thereof, a woman to engage in sexual intercourse outside of
2720:
authorized prosecution of spouses for rape or sexual assault. In 1992 the Court convicted a man of the rape of his wife, stating that the presumption that spouses have consented to sexual acts that occur within marriage is only valid when the contrary is not proven. In 1994, Law 94-89 criminalized
2404:
the act (by stipulating in their rape laws that marriage is not a defense to a charge of rape; or by creating a specific crime of 'marital rape'; or, otherwise, by having statutory provisions that expressly state that a spouse can be charged with the rape of their other spouse) and other countries
2078:
The property to be withheld in a female was her virginity; this was the commodity. Following this line of logic, a woman was (and still is in many cultures across the globe) first the property of her father, then, upon marriage, the property of her husband. Therefore, a man could not be prosecuted
2074:
between a wife and another man was constructed; for example in 1707, English Lord Chief Justice John Holt described the act of a man having sexual relations with another man's wife as "the highest invasion of property". For this reason, in many cultures there was a conflation between the crimes of
18747:
The 'Explanation' which forms part of Article 375 of Brunei's Penal Code (rape) stipulates that 'Sexual intercourse by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under thirteen (13) years of age, is not rape.' This amounts to legalisation and legitimization of marital rape, including the rape of
11697:""There are many examples from different countries, mainly from the 1990s, but some even more recent than that, where judges handed down lenient sentences simply because the perpetrator claimed to have acted out of respect for his culture, tradition, religion or custom or to restore his so-called
6923:
The law in all parts of the kingdom criminalizes rape, including spousal rape, and domestic violence. The penalty is imprisonment not exceeding 12 years, a fine not exceeding 78 thousand euros ($ 93,600), or both. In case of violence against a spouse, the penalty for various forms of abuse can be
6858:
The law criminalizes rape of men and women, including spousal rape. By law rape is defined as the commitment of any sexual act under coercive circumstances. The courts tried numerous cases of rape during the year, and the government generally enforced court sentences providing between five and 45
5862:
The law criminalizes rape in most cases, although marital rape is not illegal when the woman is over the age of 18. However, until 2017, men married to those between 15 and 18 could not be convicted of rape. Marital rape of an adult wife, who is unofficially or officially separated, is a criminal
4075:
In the United States, masculinity is understood as a fixed entity that exists despite the changes of everyday life. It is understood as being in comparison to femininity, and more specifically, in opposition to femininity: Masculinity is to superiority as femininity is to subservience. Therefore,
3846:
The prohibition of rape serves other purposes, such as protection of the rights of male relatives or husband, enforcing of religious laws against sex outside of marriage, or preservation of a woman's respect and reputation in society. Under such ideologies it is difficult to accept the concept of
3485:
Whether women were forced to marry their rapist, or the marriage was concluded before the violence began, many victims remain in chronically violent relationships. While there are many reasons for which victims of marital rape remain in their marriages, one important reason is that divorce may be
3061:
The committee also expressed more general views on domestic violence arguing that "Violence occurs in some marriages but the wives do not always wish the marital tie to be severed" and reiterated the point that domestic incidents without physical injury would generally be outside the scope of the
3007:
in 1978. Although the husband was acquitted of raping his wife, it spurred the movement towards reform. By 1993 marital rape was a crime in all 50 states. Still, in the 1990s, most states continued to differentiate between the way marital rape and non-marital rape was viewed and treated. The laws
2502:
called for its criminalization. This was reiterated by the Recommendation Rec(2002)5 of the Committee of Ministers to member states on the protection of women against violence. (see para 35) This recommendation provided detailed guidelines on how legislation regarding domestic violence, rape, and
2359:
Under the influence of European countries in which marital rape was already illegal (Soviet Union, etc.), feminists in other countries worked systematically since the 1960s to overturn the marital rape exemption and criminalize marital rape. Increasing criminalization of spousal rape is part of a
19093:
China has no legal provisions for marital rape and the main reason for this is in deference to a prevailing cultural perception that wives are supposed to submit to their husband's wishes in matters of sexual relations and hence, there is no such concept of 'rape' within marriage or 'rape' being
3742:
husbands have a legal right to "punish" their wives. The criminal code states that there is no crime if an act is committed while exercising a legal right. Examples of legal rights include: "The punishment of a wife by her husband, the disciplining by parents and teachers of children under their
3525:
One type of forced marriages occurs in Guatemala (called robadas) and Mexico (called rapto). Robadas refers to "...abductions, in which women are 'taken' during the period of courtship, sometimes semivoluntarily but other times by force, by a suitor who wants to start a marital relationship with
10993:
Stanton: "'Woman's degradation is in man's idea of his sexual rights,' Stanton wrote to Anthony. 'How this marriage question grows on me. It lies at the very foundation of all progress.'" Stone: "It is clear to me, that question underlies, this whole movement and all our little skirmishing for
8012:
Rape is illegal, although the government did not always enforce the law effectively. The law permits authorities to prosecute spousal rape, and prosecutions occurred. The law specifies penalties for conviction of rape or forcible sexual assault ranging from four years’ imprisonment to the death
7098:
and rape was now defined in Section 375 of the Penal Code. The new definition did not include a reference to marriage. It was argued that the intent was to include marital rape in the offence. However, as of February 2015, there were no reports of a case being brought before a superior court to
3979:
Further, Pentecostal Christianity prescribes gender expectations for married individuals that "…reestablish a patriarchal bargain…" in which "…women acquiesce to men's authority in return for certain kinds of support". Husbands are expected to provide for the family, and in return, wives are to
3352:
Until 28 July 2003, rape in Northern Ireland remained solely an offense at common law that could only be committed by a man against a woman only as vaginal intercourse. Between 28 July 2003 and 2 February 2009 rape was defined by the Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 2003 as "any act of
2672:
husband did have a 'right' to sex with his wife, he could not use violence to claim it, as Belgian laws did not allow people to obtain their rights by violence. In 1989 laws were amended, the definition of rape was broadened, and marital rape began to be treated the same as other forms of rape.
2671:
was early to criminalize marital rape. In 1979, the Brussels Court of Appeal recognized marital rape and found that a husband who used serious violence to coerce his wife into having sex against her wishes was guilty of the criminal offense of rape. The logic of the court was that, although the
6641:
Amendments to the Protection from Domestic Violence Act (PDVA) came into force in September 2016. The amendments redefine the term "spouse" to include unmarried couples of the opposite sex; redefine "domestic violence" to include verbal, psychological, economic, and sexual abuses. Although the
3773:
While government institutional influences are vast, marital rape is often sustained by cultural ideologies. According to Catharine MacKinnon and Andrea Dworkin, the issue of sexual violence, including within marriage, has not been a political spectrum issue – that is a left wing
3551:
The prevalence of marital rape is difficult to assess, especially outside the Western World. Discussing sexual matters in many cultures is taboo. One problem with studies on marital rape is that the Western concept of consent is not understood in many parts of the world. Because many societies
3534:
writes, "...unions that start out from the violent act of a robada can continue to breed violence, abuse, and mistreatment in the union." In addition, women victims of robadas often face embarrassment and blame, despite the act usually being initiated by male perpetrators. Women are blamed for
7691:
Rape, including spousal rape and domestic violence, is illegal. Sexual violence is a criminal offense carrying a penalty from six months’ to eight years’ imprisonment. The penalty for rape is one to 10 years in prison. Police actively investigated accusations of rape and prosecuted offenders.
4079:
However, not all men who subscribe to masculinity expectations are violent. In fact, most men, in general, are not violent. For those who are violent, ideals of masculinity seem to play some causal role in their violence. Research shows that "violence is more likely among men who experience a
4071:
On the other hand, husbands are influenced by the expectations of their masculinity. In Africa, these expectations include being a husband, father, and head of the household which requires men to provide food, shelter and protection. Along with this "obligation of being the provider comes the
2879:(Minister for Women and Child Development) told parliament that “The Government of India has initiated the process for comprehensive amendments to criminal laws in consultation" in response to questions on marital rape, which assures some provisions will be made on criminalizing marital rape.
8034:
The law criminalizes rape, but if reported, the law was often not enforced effectively by authorities. The law provides for five to 10 years’ imprisonment for conviction of rape and a fine of two million to 10 million CFA francs. Conviction of spousal rape is punishable by up to 720 hours of
5493:
The law criminalizes rape, including spousal rape, and domestic violence, and the government generally enforced the law effectively. The penalty for rape is 15 years’ imprisonment, which may be increased. The government and NGOs provided shelters, counseling, and hotlines for rape survivors.
3529:
In these types of forced marriages, the marital union begins with the man's intense sense of control over the woman, combined with the understanding that the wife is the possession of her husband. This foundation of marriage had direct implications for sexual violence within the marriage. In
2664:
attitudes are much more common in Finland than in other countries: 74% of Finns blamed "the provocative behaviour of women" for violence against women, much higher than in other countries (for instance many countries that are popularly believed to be among the most patriarchal of Europe were
13107:
6210:
There is no specific statute in South Korean law that defines spousal rape as illegal. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court acknowledged marital rape as illegal. The penalty for rape ranges from a minimum of three years’ to life imprisonment although it depends on various specific circumstances.
3263:(1990) it was alleged that the husband had raped his wife in 1989. Despite the fact that the wife had obtained a family protection order before the alleged rape, the judge refused to accept that rape could legally occur, concluding that the family protection order had not removed the wife's
8253:
The law criminalizes rape, spousal rape, and domestic violence. The maximum legal penalty for rape is life imprisonment. The law also provides for injunctive relief, personal protection orders, and protective exclusion orders (similar to restraining orders) for female victims of violence.
3941:
The wife does not have authority over her own body, but the husband does. And likewise the husband does not have authority over his own body, but the wife does. Do not deprive one another except with consent for a time, that you may give yourselves to fasting and prayer; and come together
3560:, which is seen as wrong (or illicit/illegal). Issues of consent are poorly understood, especially by young wives (which are often young girls who do not have a proper understanding of sexual rights). For instance in an interview in a study for the World Health Organization, a woman from
3477:
In a variety of cultures, marriage after a rape of an unmarried woman has been treated historically as a "resolution" to the rape, that is, a "reparatory marriage". In some countries, the mere offer to marry the person one has raped is sufficient to exonerate the perpetrator from criminal
4053:, a major code of Jewish law, addresses this concept in two separate rulings: "A man is forbidden to have intercourse with his wife if he is angry with her", and "He may not have intercourse without her consent, and if she is not interested he should appease her until she is interested."
6488:
The Marriage, Divorce, and Family Relations Act enacted in 2015 explicitly introduces the concept of spousal rape, but the act does not prescribe specific penalties and applies only to legally separated spouses. Spousal rape may be prosecuted under the rape provisions of the penal code.
6510:
The concept of rape within marriage is not recognised. However, if a man "uses harm or the threat of violence to obtain sex from his wife, or any other person", he may be imprisoned up to five years if convicted according to Section 375A of the Penal Code (adopted on 7 September 2007).
14162:
reads: "Subject to clause 12 of the Constitution, in addition to liability under this Act, a respondent may also be prosecuted under other criminal laws for the time being in force for his acts if the facts disclose the commission of a separate criminal offence under those provisions.
7734:
There are no federal laws against spousal violence, including rape, although in May 2016, the Council of Ministers approved a national gender policy that gives the government the right to sue anyone convicted of committing gender-based violence, such as the killing or rape of a woman.
2048:, published posthumously in 1736, where he wrote that "The husband cannot be guilty of a rape committed by himself upon his lawful wife, for by their mutual consent and contract the wife hath given up herself in this kind unto her husband, which she cannot retract". Also, American and
5662:
The law criminalizes rape of men or women, including spousal rape, and sets penalties between five and 50 years in prison. Police had minimal training or capacity to investigate sexual crimes or assist survivors of such crimes, and the government did not enforce the law effectively.
2659:
life and participation in the public sphere (jobs, opportunities, etc.). The country has been made the object of international criticism in regard to its approach towards violence against women. A 2010 Eurobarometer survey on European attitudes on violence against women showed that
3756:
Legally, governments have direct impact on the occurrence of marital rape. The state "…engages in the definition, monitoring, and sanctioning of appropriate behavior". This can play out in criminalizing or not criminalizing marital rape and therefore deeming what is appropriate.
2434:
laws in marriage. The current applicability in many countries of rape laws to spouses is currently unclear, since in many countries the laws have not been recently tested in court. In some countries, notably jurisdictions which have inherited the 1860 Indian Penal Code (such as
6402:
Rape, including spousal rape, is a criminal offense. Penalties for rape and sexual violence vary between one and 15 years' imprisonment, depending on the degree of violence and humiliation of the victim, and between 10 years' and lifetime imprisonment if the victim is killed.
4733:
The law criminalizes rape, and authorities generally enforced its provisions when violations came to their attention. Sentences for rape convictions range up 20 years in prison. While authorities could prosecute spousal rape under the general rape statute, they rarely did so.
3762:
institutions perpetuate it. For example, although marital rape has been criminalized throughout the United States, the original laws of the 1980s and 1990s treated marital rape differently from non-marital rape, and in some states this continues to be the case even today (see
3381:, the immunity for marital rape was removed in all states and territories, either by statute or judicial decision, between late 1970s and early 1990s. Previously, the exemption of marital rape was based on the English common law offense of rape, being generally understood as "
2056:, that is, a legal doctrine under which, upon marriage, a woman's legal rights were subsumed by those of her husband. The implication was that once unified by marriage, a spouse could no longer be charged with raping one's spouse, anymore than be charged with raping oneself.
5009:
As of 2017, there were no specific provisions in the law outlawing spousal battery other than general statutes prohibiting assault. Rape is illegal, but the government did not effectively enforce the law, and women's rights groups have reported that spousal rape was common.
3706:
let the husband be permitted to exercise the right of moderate chastisement, in cases of great emergency, and use salutary restraints in every case of misbehaviour, without being subjected to vexatious prosecutions, resulting in the mutual discredit and shame of all parties
2709:
The Criminal Law (Rape) (Amendment) Act, 1990 removed the word "unlawful" from the 1981 definition of rape, and abolished "any rule of law by virtue of which a husband cannot be guilty of the rape of his wife". The first two convictions were in 2006 (upon retrial) and 2016.
12309:
96.464 Parlamentarische Initiative Gewalt gegen Frauen als Offizialdelikt: Revision von Artikel 123 StGB. 96.465 Parlamentarische Initiative: Sexuelle Gewalt in der Ehe als Offizialdelikt: Revision von Artikel 189 und 190 StGB: Bericht der Kommission fĂĽr Rechtsfragen des
3616:
area of 323 women who were either married or previously married who had a child living with them between the ages of six and fourteen. The study found that of the women who were married the instance of sexual relations through physical force or the threat thereof was 3%.
5975:
Rape, including spousal rape, is a felony punishable by 16 years in prison, or up to 20 years' imprisonment for rape under aggravated circumstances or if the perpetrator rapes or commits a sexual offense against a relative. The government effectively enforced rape laws.
4108:
There are, and have been, both contemporary and historic problems with prosecuting the perpetrators of spousal rape. One author concluded that chief amongst them has been the reluctance of the various legal systems to recognize it as a crime at all. For example, in the
6039:
The law criminalizes spousal rape only when spouses have separated or begun proceedings to dissolve the marriage; when the husband is under a court order not to molest or cohabit with his wife; or when the husband knows he suffers from a sexually transmitted infection.
6747:
The criminal code outlaws sexual intercourse through physical violence, or threat of violence, and provides for sentences of one to 20 years’ imprisonment or life imprisonment, depending on the circumstances. Under the new criminal code, spousal rape was criminalized.
2309:
defended Harman in a well-known article, "Sexual Slavery." She refused to draw any distinction between rape outside of and within marriage: "And that is rape, where a man forces himself sexually upon a woman whether he is licensed by the marriage law to do it or not."
2822:, entitled "For combating domestic violence", which punishes marital rape. It entered into force on 24 October 2006. This legislation also prohibits numerous other forms of violence within marriage and cohabiting relations, and various other forms of abuse of women.
5142:
The explicit exclusion of marital rape was removed from Czechoslovak penal code in 1950. Since then it is punishable as other cases of rape. The current law prohibits rape, including spousal rape, and provides a penalty of two to 15 years in prison for violations.
3703:
Family broils and dissentions cannot be investigated before the tribunals of the country, without casting a shade over the character of those who are unfortunately engaged in the controversy. To screen from public reproach those who may be thus unhappily situated,
2230:, "the nineteenth-century woman's rights movement fought against a husband's right to control marital intercourse in a campaign that was remarkably developed, prolific, and insistent, given nineteenth-century taboos against the public mention of sex or sexuality."
7051:
The law criminalizes rape, including spousal rape, and the government generally enforced the law. The penalty for rape is up to 21 years in prison, depending on the severity of the assault, the age of the victim, and the circumstances in which the crime occurred.
2458:
region, the laws explicitly exempt spouses from prosecution (for instance, under the 1860 Indian Penal Code, which has also been inherited by other countries in the region, the law on rape states that "Sexual intercourse by a man with his own wife is not rape").
3478:
prosecution. Although laws that exonerate the perpetrator if he marries his victim after the rape are often associated with the Middle East, such laws were very common around the world until the second half of the 20th century. For instance, as late as 1997, 14
5227:
The law criminalizes rape of men or women, including spousal rape, and other forms of violence against women, such as incest and sexual aggression. The sentences for conviction of rape range from 10 to 15 years in prison and a fine of 100,000 to 200,000 pesos.
21378:
4139:, in a public opinion poll of nearly 1,200 people in 2006, a total of 62% did not know that marital rape was a punishable crime: over 41% of men and nearly 56% of women thought it was not punishable as a crime in Hungarian law, and nearly 12% did not know. In
4105:
been only two persons convicted of marital rape. Additionally, gender norms that place wives in subservient positions to their husbands, make it more difficult for women to recognize spousal rape or feel confident that it will be addressed by law enforcement.
3712:
Although by the late 19th century courts were unanimously agreeing that husbands no longer had the right to inflict "chastisement" on their wives, the public policy was set at ignoring incidents deemed not 'serious enough' for legal intervention. In 1874, the
3308:
arguing that their convictions were a retrospective application of the law in breach of Article 7 of the European Convention on Human Rights. They claimed that at the time of the rape there was a common law exemption in force, therefore their convictions were
5471:
The law criminalizes rape, including spousal rape, and the government enforced the law effectively. Rape is punishable by up to four years’ imprisonment. If the offender used violence, the offense is considered aggravated, and the penalty may be more severe.
3803:
recommended the abolition of giving bride price, and stated that: "Legislation should State that a perpetrator of domestic violence, including marital rape, cannot use the fact that he paid bride price as a defense to a domestic violence charge. (pp. 25) "
7393:
The law criminalizes rape of men and women and spousal rape, and the government handled rape cases as a judicial priority. Penalties for conviction of spousal rape range from two months’ to life imprisonment with fines of 100,000 to 300,000 Rwandan francs.
2188:(r. 927–939) where upon the law holds that even "were the party of no chaste life, but a whore, yet there may be ravishment: but it is a good plea to say she was his concubine". A lawful marriage legitimizes the conjugal act itself, so "marital rape" is a
2149:(posthumously, 1736) where he wrote that "The husband cannot be guilty of a rape committed by himself upon his lawful wife, for by their mutual consent and contract the wife hath given up herself in this kind unto her husband, which she cannot retract."
12858:
2540:
7647:
In 2019, the Penal Code was amended under the Criminal Law Reform Act and Protection from Harassment (Amendment) Act to abolish the exemption from punishment in cases of marital rape. It went into force on January 1, 2020, criminalizing marital rape.
6901:
Section 219 (4) of the 2017 Criminal Code Bill states, "If a man rapes his wife when he is still in marital relationship with her, he shall be sentenced to up to five years in jail." Marital rape was also criminalised under the previous Criminal Code.
2703:
on the topic, the present law cannot be stated with any great degree of confidence. It would appear, however, that to the extent that the marital rape exemption exists, it is confined to circumstances where the spouses are cohabiting and there are no
13114:
2950:(1999/2013). Human rights observers have criticized a variety of countries for failing to effectively prosecute marital rape once it has been criminalized. South Africa, which criminalized in 1993, saw its first conviction for marital rape in 2012.
3778:. right wing issue – but a general ubiquitous part of the culture, "The Left and the Right have consistently had different positions on rape; but neither has acknowledged rape from the point of view of the women who experienced it."
2996:
criminalized marital rape in 1975, making it the first U.S. state to do so. Two years later, however, the South Dakota legislature decriminalized marital rape. After this change, marital rape would not be recriminalized in South Dakota until 1990.
4373:
In 1990, the Criminal Law Act was amended to abolish the exemption from punishment in cases where a husband raped his wife. The government enforced the law effectively. The laws of individual states and territories provide the penalties for rape.
7669:
The explicit exclusion of marital rape was removed from Czechoslovak penal code in 1950. Since then it is punishable as other cases of rape. The current law prohibits rape and sexual violence, which carry a penalty of five to 25 years in prison.
4840:
Spousal rape is not specifically mentioned in the penal code, but the underlying conduct can be prosecuted as “rape,” “causing injury,” or “indecent assault.” Charges for spousal rape under the penal code and the domestic violence law were rare.
6815:
The law criminalizes rape, including spousal rape, and domestic violence. Penalties for conviction range from two to eight years’ imprisonment if the victim is 12 years of age or older and 20 to 24 years’ imprisonment if the victim is under 12.
8349:
The law does not specifically criminalize spousal rape, but it can be prosecuted under related statutes that cover assault and domestic violence. Police, however, were frequently reluctant to intervene in what they considered domestic matters.
8231:
The penal code does not address spousal rape. In October the Dubai Court of First Instance sentenced a policeman to six months in jail for raping his fiancée. The defendant argued that he considered the two married at the time of the offense.
5910:
Rape is illegal and subject to strict penalties, including death, but it remained a problem. The law considers sex within marriage consensual by definition and, therefore, does not address spousal rape, including in cases of forced marriage.
2245:
Nineteenth century feminist demands centered on the right of women to control their bodies and fertility, positioned consent in marital sexual relations as an alternative to contraception and abortion (which many opposed), and also embraced
8124:
The law prohibits sexual assault, including rape and spousal rape, with penalties of two to 10 years’ imprisonment for conviction of attempted sexual violation and at least 12 years’ imprisonment for conviction of rape or sexual violation.
2736:), "Insult" (Section 185 of the German Criminal Code) and "Using threats or force to cause a person to do, suffer or omit an act" (Nötigung, Section 240 of the German Criminal Code) which carried lower sentences and were rarely prosecuted.
4080:
disconnection between their personal circumstances and their emotions". Evidently, there seems to be some connection between the masculine expectation of suppressing or disconnecting from one's emotions, and one's tendency to be violent.
3743:
authority within certain limits prescribed by law or by custom". In 2010, the United Arab Emirates's Supreme Court ruled that a man has the right to physically discipline his wife and children as long as he does not leave physical marks.
6104:
The law criminalizes rape. The punishment for rape, including spousal rape, ranges from three to 15 years’ imprisonment. There were reports of police and judicial reluctance to act on reports of rape, particularly in spousal rape cases.
6061:
The law criminalizes all forms of rape involving force against women. The law does not deny spousal rape, but no court has ever ruled on such a case, except in situations of marital breakdown (i.e., formal or informal separation, etc.).
4029:
govern religious and social life. In the case of spousal rape, the law is derived in part from Proverbs 19:2, "Also, it is not good for the soul to be without knowledge , and he that hastens with his feet sins". This was stated by Rabbi
14123:"The Criminal Offences (Amendment) Act 1999 reads at section 5 "Section 118 of the Principal Act is amended by deleting sub-section (2) and renumbering the subsequent sub-sections accordingly" (removed the exemption from the rape law)"
5094:
The law specifically criminalizes rape of women, including spousal rape, and separately criminalizes “lascivious abuse” against both genders. The government enforced both laws. Penalties for rape are at least four years’ imprisonment.
8306:
The law criminalizes rape of men or women, including spousal rape, and domestic violence. The law allows for sentences of two to 12 years' imprisonment for a person found guilty of rape, and authorities effectively enforced the law.
2494:
where 'Marital rape' is defined by Article 199 which reads: "A defendant shall be guilty of marital rape, if the defendant engages in sexual intercourse with one's own spouse without consent or against the will of the other spouse".
5116:
The law criminalizes rape, including spousal rape, with a maximum sentence of life in prison for violations. The government enforced the law effectively. Spousal rape is also criminalzed in the area administered by Turkish Cypriots
1969:, or is illegal but widely tolerated. Laws are rarely enforced, due to factors ranging from reluctance of authorities to pursue the crime, to lack of public knowledge that sexual intercourse in marriage without consent is illegal.
13193:
4776:
The law prohibits rape, including spousal rape, with penalties of up to 30 years’ imprisonment. The government did not enforce the law uniformly, and rape and other domestic and sexual violence continued to be serious problems.
3259:, as the court ruled that his wife's "implied consent" by virtue of marriage extended only to vaginal intercourse, not to other acts such as fellatio. (At that time the offense of 'rape' dealt only with vaginal intercourse.) In
3888:
putting women in more difficult positions: if one chooses to marry based on love against their family's wishes, admitting violence in the relationship is a disgrace because it means admitting that one made the wrong judgement.
3815:
it is believed – by both men and women – that a husband is entitled to sex any time he demands it, and that if his wife refuses him, he has the right to use force. These women, most of them either
2732:". In 1997 there were changes to the rape law, broadening the definition, making it gender-neutral, and removing the marital exemption. Before, marital rape could only be prosecuted as "Causing bodily harm" (Section 223 of the
7625:
The law criminalizes rape for which conviction is punishable by between five and 15 years’ imprisonment. Rape was common and viewed more as a societal norm than a criminal problem. The law specifically prohibits spousal rape.
7603:
Rape, spousal rape, and domestic abuse are criminal offenses for which conviction is punishable by a maximum of 20 years’ imprisonment. Nevertheless, rape was a problem, and the government did not enforce the law effectively.
4048:
wrote that while a man's wife is "permitted to him at all times", a "husband may not force himself sexually on his wife, if she does not consent. Rather should be with the consent and happiness of both husband and wife." The
3089:
ruled the same, ruling that if the common law exemption had ever been part of the Australian law, it no longer was (by that time most Australian states and territories had already abolished their exemptions by statutory law).
3062:
law: "Some of us consider that the criminal law should keep out of marital relationships between cohabiting partners—especially the marriage bed—except where injury arises, when there are other offences which can be charged."
8209:
The law prohibits rape of men or women but does not explicitly address spousal rape or domestic violence. The courts may use a law against "forced sex with a materially dependent person" as grounds to prosecute spousal rape.
6424:
Rape and domestic violence are criminal offenses, and although no law specifically criminalises spousal rape, a wife can file a complaint against her husband for rape or sexual assault under Article 149 of the Criminal Code.
3008:
have continued to change and evolve, with most states reforming their laws in the 21st century. But there are still states, like South Carolina, where marital and non-marital rape are treated quite differently under the law.
2486: – The Combating of Rape Act (No. 8 of 2000) states that: "No marriage or other relationship shall constitute a defence to a charge of rape under this Act". An example of a jurisdiction where marital rape is a
4204:
The EVAW law criminalizes 22 acts of violence against women, including rape, battery, or beating; forced marriage; humiliation; intimidation; and deprivation of inheritance. Under the law rape does not include spousal rape.
2654:
outlawed marital rape in 1994. The case of domestic violence in Finland has been the subject of interest and discussion, because Finland is otherwise considered a country where women have very advanced rights in regard to
2360:
worldwide reclassification of sexual crimes "from offenses against morality, the family, good customs, honor, or chastity ... to offenses against liberty, self-determination, or physical integrity." In December 1993, the
555:
3447:
ruled that "if it was ever the common law that by marriage a wife gave irrevocable consent to sexual intercourse by her husband, it is no longer the common law." The case led to South Australia changing its law in 1992.
2474:, whether by the use of violence or grave intimidation, or after having rendered her unconscious or incapable of resistance, is punishable with rigorous imprisonment from five years to fifteen years". Another example is
3000:
The earlier laws of the 1970s often required the husband and wife to no longer be living together for marital rape charges to be brought. The case in the United States that first challenged this cohabitation clause was
2745:
Whoever coerces a female not his wife into sexual intercourse by force or threat of imminent attack upon her life or body or the life or body of a person close to her, shall be sentenced to a prison term of one to ten
4127:
husband's sexual demands; far from being seen as an act of abuse of a wife, marital rape is seen as an incident provoked by the wife who refused to perform her duty: for instance one survey found that 74% of women in
2102:
Rape has been, until recent decades, understood as a crime against honor and reputation – not only in domestic legislation, but also in international law; for example according to the Article 27 of the
1828:
3457:
only ignore the pain, trauma and suffering women face because of sexual violence within an unequal marriage relationship but also overlook the fact that women are powerless and vulnerable in such a patriarchal setup
3145:. He stated that the contortions being performed in the lower courts in order to avoid applying the marital rights exemption were indicative of the absurdity of the rule, and held, agreeing with earlier judgments in
2075:
rape and adultery, since both were seen and understood as a violation of the rights of the husband. Spousal rape was considered a property crime against a husband, not against a woman's right to self-determination.
4647:
The maximum penalty for rape, regardless of gender, including spousal rape, is 15 years in prison. The failure of police to treat spousal rape as a serious offense inhibited the effective enforcement of the law.
3324:, including oral sex. The law on rape does not—and did not ever since the removal of the marital exemption in 1991—provide for any different punishment based on the relation between parties. However, in 1993, in
16227:
3917:
So God created man in His own image; in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them. Therefore, a man shall leave his father and mother and be joined to his wife, and they shall become one
3291:
case was welcomed. But, while the removal of the exemption itself was not controversial, the way through which this was done was; since the change was not made through usual statutory modification. The cases of
12869:
7183:
Rape, including spousal rape, is a crime punishable by imprisonment ranging from 15 years to life. The legal system allows village chiefs to negotiate the payment of compensation in lieu of trials for rapists.
6642:
amendments do not mention spousal rape, section 2.d. stipulates that a spouse cannot force or threaten the other partner into a sexual act "from which the spouse or the other person has the right to abstain."
2323:(1929) deplored the situation of married women. He wrote "Marriage is for woman the commonest mode of livelihood, and the total amount of undesired sex endured by women is probably greater in marriage than in
7905:
Rape, including spousal rape, and domestic violence, are statutory offenses for which penalties range from one to 10 years in prison. The government effectively prosecuted individuals accused of such crimes.
1984:, and to cultural expectations of subordination of a wife to her husband — views which continue to be common in many parts of the world. These views of marriage and sexuality started to be challenged in most
7862:
The law criminalizes rape of women, including spousal rape, and prescribes penalties for rape or forcible sexual assault of between 12 and 15 years’ imprisonment, and fines up to 100,000 Surinamese dollars.
5932:
The law criminalizes rape (but not spousal rape) and permits a maximum sentence of life imprisonment if the victim dies. The law allows authorities to drop a rape case if the perpetrator marries the victim.
2730:
Whoever compels a woman to have extramarital intercourse with him, or with a third person, by force or the threat of present danger to life or limb, shall be punished by not less than two years’ imprisonment
25193:
3691:
husband's right to use "moderate chastisement" against a 'disobedient' wife. In the US, many states, especially Southern ones, maintained this immunity until the mid-19th century. For instance, in 1824, in
3344:
was a crime at common law. Northern Ireland common law is similar to that of England and Wales, and partially derives from the same sources; so any (alleged) exemption from its rape law was also removed by
15651:"Reproductive Health - Full text - Intimate partner violence against women in western Ethiopia: a qualitative study on attitudes, woman's response, and suggested measures as perceived by community members"
10780:"Treaties, States parties, and Commentaries – Geneva Convention (IV) on Civilians, 1949 - - Section I : Provisions common to the territories of the parties to the conflict and to occupied territories"
6966:
The law criminalizes all forms of rape of men or women, regardless of the relationship between the victim and the accused. Sentences for those convicted of rape range from eight to 12 years’ imprisonment.
4711:
The law does not criminalize spousal rape and explicitly states that sexual intercourse by a man with his wife is not rape, as long as she is not younger than 14 years (15 years if she is ethnic Chinese).
2727:
outlawed spousal rape in 1997, which is later than other developed countries. Female ministers and women's rights activists lobbied for this law for over 25 years. Before 1997, the definition of rape was:
2535:
and public discussion about sexuality are often cited as causes of sexual abuse in general; but there has been criticism towards the idea that sex education about consent, in and of itself, is sufficient.
2335:
The marital rape exemption or defence became more widely viewed as inconsistent with the developing concepts of human rights and equality. The first country which criminalized the marital rape in 1922 was
6380:
The law criminalizes rape but does not address spousal rape. By law a convicted rapist may avoid a 25-year prison sentence by marrying the survivor, regardless of her wishes—provided her family consents.
3729:
If no permanent injury has been inflicted, nor malice, cruelty nor dangerous violence shown by the husband, it is better to draw the curtain, shut out the public gaze, and leave the parties to forget and
17821:
15765:
Seites, J. Marital rape: Dispelling the myth. Unpublished manuscript, 1975. Cited in Gelles, Richard J. “Power, Sex, and Violence, The Family Coordinator, National Council on Family Relations, 1977. p.
25180:
Rape, including spousal rape, is illegal in Turkmenistan and punishable by sentences ranging from 3 to 25 years in prison, depending on the extent of the violence. The government generally applies this
20826:
Any person who by using force or threat of force forces a woman to have sexual intercourse with him out of marriage, shall, being guilty of rape, shall be punished with a maximum imprisonment of twelve
20720:
19122:
In China, it is difficult to punish an offender for marital rape because the law does not define this behaviour as a crime. ... there are no explicit articles in Chinese law that relate to marital rape.
2867:(IPC) considers the forced sex in marriages as a crime only when the wife is below age 15. Thus, marital rape is not a criminal offense under the IPC. Marital rape victims have to take recourse to the
5768:
The law criminalizes all forms of rape of men or women, including spousal rape, but unlike other rapes is not a "public crime" and thereby requires the survivors to complain for prosecution to occur.
5052:
The law criminalizes rape of men or women, including spousal rape and domestic violence, and provides penalties from 10 to 18 years in prison for rape. The judicial branch generally enforced the law.
21698:
11557:
5291:
The law prohibits rape, prescribing criminal penalties of 15 to 25 years’ imprisonment, or life imprisonment for cases of rape involving armed abduction. Spousal rape is not illegal, based on a 1928
4025:. Rabbinic Jewish law is generally based on rabbinic extrapolation from the Torah, and debate by generations of sages around various moral, ethical, and practical topics. The laws derived from these
1803:
4042:
wrote (Ketubot 51b): "'Any woman against whom assault began under compulsion, even if it terminated with her consent,' is not considered to have committed adultery, but rather to have been raped."
13992:
7330:
The law criminalizes rape. Spousal rape is not explicitly criminalized, but a woman may file a complaint. The penalty for rape is life imprisonment, regardless of the age or gender of the victim.
8455:
While the law criminalizes sexual offenses, including rape and spousal rape, these crimes remained widespread problems. Spousal rape received less attention than physical violence against women.
6663:
Federal law criminalizes rape of men or women, including spousal rape, and conviction carries penalties of up to 20 years’ imprisonment. Twenty-four states have laws criminalizing spousal rape.
6253:
Rape, including spousal rape, is illegal, but the government failed to enforce the law effectively. Police generally regarded spousal rape as an administrative, rather than a criminal, offense.
12376:
4437:
Rape of men or women is illegal, but the law does not protect against spousal rape, except if the couple is separated or in the process of divorce, or if there is a restraining order in place.
2635:
in 1989 (and in 2004 it became a state offense meaning it can be prosecuted by the state even in the absence of a complaint from the spouse, with procedures being similar to stranger rape). In
550:
17882:"Analytical study of the results of the 4th round of monitoring the implementation of Recommendation Rec(2002)5 on the protection of women against violence in Council of Europe member states"
3389:, of a female against her will. The common law definition of rape continued to apply in some states, while others codified the definition, which in each case included a marital exemption. In
24072:
3811:
explained in surveys that even if they felt discomfort and did not want to have sex, they accepted their husbands' wishes and submitted, fearing that otherwise they would be beaten. In many
2721:
marital rape; a second law, passed 4 April 2006, makes rape by a partner (including in unmarried relationships, marriages, and civil unions) an aggravating circumstance in prosecuting rape.
15903:
Bernice, et al., The Relative Effects of Intimate Partner Physical and Sexual Violence on Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptomatology, Violence and Victims, 2003 February; 18 vol 1, p. 87
13554:
12950:
3568:." Research has, nevertheless, associated specific regions with a very high level of violence, including sexual violence, against women by husbands/partners. An example of such a place is
5164:
The law criminalizes rape against women or men (the statute is gender neutral), including spousal rape, and domestic violence. Penalties for rape include imprisonment for up to 12 years.
13204:
11888:
Delivery at the Conference Toward a Comparative Politics of Gender: Advancing the Discipline Along Interdisciplinary Boundaries, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, October
11493:
8103:
unanimously passed a comprehensive law addressing all forms of gender-based violence, including physical, economic, and social violence. The provisions of this law include marital rape.
3141:
as far as the House of Lords, and it followed the trio of cases since 1988 where the marital rights exemption was held to exist. The leading judgment, unanimously approved, was given by
4563:
The criminal code criminalizes rape of men or women, including spousal rape. The code states that a person convicted of rape shall be sentenced to imprisonment for eight years to life.
14122:
14020:
13966:
13229:
4150:
Although in recent years some countries in Africa have enacted laws against marital rape, in most parts of the continent forced marital sex is not a criminal offense. A 2003 report by
13324:
13272:
13030:
11782:"DENMARK : Human rights violations and concerns in the context of counter-terrorism, immigration-detention, forcible return of rejected asylum-seekers and violence against women"
2059:
Many jurisdictions, including all fifty U.S. states, had criminalized marital rape by the 1990s. English common law also had a great impact on many legal systems of the world through
13940:
12250:
11696:
5387:
The law criminalizes rape, including spousal rape, and physical abuse, including domestic violence. The penalty for rape, including spousal rape, is imprisonment for up to 15 years.
2679:, the Criminal Law (Rape) Act, 1981 defined rape as "unlawful sexual intercourse" without consent; an attempt to explicitly include spouses within the definition was rejected by the
3435:
in 1987. Discussions of criminalization of marital rape were already taking place in Queensland in the late 1970s, but it was not until 1989 that the exemption was removed and the
1859:
19076:
17296:"Ministry of Finance and Economic Development and UNICEF in Ethiopia : PROGRESS IN ABANDONING FEMALE GENITAL MULTILATION / CUTTING AND CHILD MARRIAGE IN SELF-DECLARED WOREDAS"
20721:"Marital Rape: Married, Married But Separated, & Unmarried-Classifying Rape Victims Is Unconstitutional: Petitioners Submit Before Delhi HC [Read Written Submissions]"
15013:
7498:
Rape, including spousal rape, is a criminal offense, and the government effectively prosecuted persons accused of such crimes. The penalty for rape is two to six years in prison.
5249:
Although rape, including marital rape, is a crime punishable by up to 20 years in prison, failures to investigate or prosecute cases of alleged rape and sexual abuse were common.
14280:
14157:
11809:
6705:
The law criminalizes rape or forcible sexual assault and establishes penalties for violations ranging from three years to life in prison. The law also criminalizes spousal rape.
4147:, (where marital rape was made illegal in 1993), showed that only 55% of respondents agreed with the affirmation "I think it is possible for a woman to be raped by her husband".
3045:(see above section 'Feminist critique in the 19th century'), it was not until the 1970s that this issue was raised at a political level. The late 1970s also saw the enactment of
2478:, where the law states: "Sexual intercourse by a married couple is not rape, within the meaning of this section". (Art 247). Conversely, an example of country where the rape law
26163:
17760:
13350:
5705:
The law prohibits rape, including spousal rape, and provides penalties for conviction of two to 12 years in prison; however, the government did not effectively enforce the law.
3795:
pp. 149). This idea that sexual intercourse in marriage is 'legitimate' and so it cannot be illegal even when forced, is in some parts of the world fueled by the custom of
1854:
5206:
The Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2016 repealed the previous "marital exclusions" of the rape law and introduced a specific marital rape section to the Sexual Offences Act.
11385:
1798:
24511:
15597:
14529:
7094:
The Offence of Zina (Enforcement of Hudood) Ordinance, 1979 included in its definition of rape "to whom he or she is not validly married". This ordinance was repealed by the
3946:
On the standing of each party to determine how this biblical principle—denial of conjugal relations—was to be effected was codified as an ecclesiastical canon in 280 A.D. by
3856:. Rhonda Copleon writes that, "Where rape is treated as a crime against honor, the honor of women is called into question and virginity or chastity is often a precondition."
1946:. Although, historically, sexual intercourse within marriage was regarded as a right of spouses, engaging in the act without the spouse's consent is now widely classified as
13639:
11725:
3583:, surveying 900 women above the age of 14 in three districts of the country and found that 47% of married women reported having been forced to have sex by their husband. In
11908:
2090:). Following this logic, if consent is not part of marriage, then it is not necessary for intercourse. The autonomy of the wife is also often compromised in cultures where
16597:
20465:
In May 2010, the Sexual Offenses Act was signed into law, which makes rape gender-neutral and expands its definition to include spousal rape and coercion and child abuse.
6083:
The law stipulates a sentence of at least 10 years of imprisonment with hard labor for the rape of a girl or woman 15 years of age or older. Spousal rape is not illegal.
21795:
20811:
16799:
3369:
document that: "The Policy applies to all types of rape, including marital and relationship rape, acquaintance and stranger rape, both against male and female victims".
1217:
16238:
6620:
Rape, including spousal rape, is illegal. Rapists who are single men face penalties of forced labor and whipping, and married rapists are subject to the death penalty.
3526:
them". Rapto refers to "...an abduction for sexual or erotic purposes or marriage". Following the abduction, marriage is often encouraged to maintain the family honor.
16466:
11522:
8392:
The Law criminalizes rape, including spousal rape, for men and women. The law subjects rapists to two to seven years’ imprisonment, or up to 15 years in severe cases.
7456:
Rape, including spousal rape, is illegal, and the government generally enforced the law when victims came forward. Sentences for rape begin at 10 years' imprisonment.
6880:
Rape is a crime and carries a maximum penalty of 25 years’ imprisonment. The 2016 Crimes Act specifically applies penalties for rape of married and de facto partners.
6446:
The law prohibits rape, including spousal rape, and the government enforced the law effectively. Penalties for violations range from five to 10 years’ imprisonment.
1496:
276:
23443:
14559:
15623:
14069:
12483:
6769:
In most cases the penalty provided by law for rape, including spousal rape, is one to 10 years in prison. In practice, the average conviction resulted in 3 years.
6338:
The law criminalizes the rape of women or men, including spousal rape, and domestic violence. Rape convictions carry a minimum sentence of 10 years’ imprisonment.
3880:. In such situations, marriages are pre-arranged as an affair between families and clans. In some cultures, refusal of an arranged marriage is often a cause of an
2369:
1972:
Marital rape is more widely experienced by women, though not exclusively. Marital rape is often a chronic form of violence for the victim which takes place within
1813:
24218:
12822:
7884:
Rape, including spousal rape and domestic violence, are illegal, and the government enforced the law effectively. Penalties range from two to 10 years in prison.
7756:
Rape, including spousal rape, is illegal and remained a serious and pervasive problem. The minimum sentence for rape is 10 years in prison for the first offense.
4038:: "It is prohibited for a man to force his wife in the conjugal mitzvah, as it is stated: “And he who hastens with his feet sins” (Proverbs 19:2). " Separately,
3980:
submit to their husband's authority. Ultimately, this "…strengthens some of the gender dynamics that make intimate partner violence possible in the first place".
20745:
11589:
8077:
Rape of men or women, including spousal rape, is illegal and punishable by up to life imprisonment, but the courts often imposed considerably shorter sentences.
7351:
Rape, including spousal rape, is illegal. The law provides for three to 10 years' imprisonment for rape and two to seven years' imprisonment for sexual assault.
352:
18097:
17825:
18576:
7247:
Rape, including spousal rape, is illegal, with penalties ranging from 12 to 40 years' imprisonment. An anti-rape law covering marital rape was passed in 1997.
3999:
3726:
But from motives of public policy, – in order to preserve the sanctity of the domestic circle, the Courts will not listen to trivial complaints.
11564:
7798:
The law prohibits rape, including spousal rape, and the government generally enforced the law effectively. The penalty for rape is six to 12 years in prison.
5954:
The law criminalizes rape, including spousal rape, and the government enforced the law. Most persons convicted received prison sentences of five to 12 years.
3161:
has no useful purpose to serve today in the law of rape" and that the marital rights exemption was a "common law fiction" which had never been a true rule of
3020:
remains the only US state with a law requiring excessive force/violence (the force or violence used or threatened must be of a "high and aggravated nature").
4072:
privilege and authority of patriarchy". As a result, it is often the man's perception that his wife has challenged his authority that leads to the violence.
6232:
Rape carries a maximum penalty of death, which the courts occasionally imposed for the crime; spousal rape and domestic violence are not considered crimes.
4626:
In 2013 the government passed the Law Guaranteeing Women a Life Free from Violence, it included the repeal of the marital rape exemption in the Penal Code.
15437:
12130:
2793:, the Supreme Court ruled that "the spouse who compels the other spouse to carnal knowledge by violence or threats commits the crime of carnal violence" ("
1965:, have come to growing international attention from the second half of the 20th century. Still, in many countries, marital rape either remains outside the
14946:
14203:
3738:
Today, husbands continue to be immune from prosecution in case of certain forms of physical abuse against their wives in some countries. For instance, in
3353:
non-consensual intercourse by a man with a person", but the common law offense continued to exist, and oral sex remained excluded. On 2 February 2009 the
25481:
24410:
21569:"Lao People's Democratic Republic boasts new legislation, machinery to improve women's lot, but expert committee faults rape, domestic violence policies"
16709:"THE 85 CANONS OF THE HOLY AND RENOWNED APOSTLES TOGETHER WITH AN INTERPRETATION OF THEM IN THE COMMON DIALECT OF MODERN GREEK (TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH)"
15834:
Basile, Kathleen C. (October 2002). "Prevalence of Wife Rape and Other Intimate Partner Sexual Coercion in a Nationally Representative Sample of Women".
9852:
7120:
Rape, including spousal rape, is a crime punishable by a maximum 25 years' imprisonment, a fine of $ 50,000 (national currency is U.S. dollar), or both.
2868:
1461:
16747:
8167:
Rape is a crime punishable by a minimum sentence of five years’ imprisonment, but spousal rape is not included in the legal definition of this offense.
5270:
The law criminalizes rape of men or women, including spousal rape and domestic violence. Rape is punishable with penalties of up to 22 years in prison.
2845:
outlawed marital rape in 2007. The new reforms were enacted amid strong controversy and were opposed by many. One opponent of the law was legal scholar
15041:
13480:
10685:
Bergen, Raquel Kennedy (2016). "An Overview of Marital Rape Research in the United States: Limitations and Implications for Cross-Cultural Research.".
7540:
Rape is a criminal offense under sharia with a wide range of penalties from flogging to execution. The law does not recognize spousal rape as a crime.
6532:
The Sexual Offences Act (Act 17/2014) excludes marital rape, except in very narrow circumstances such as the couple are legally separated or one has a
542:
21440:
18647:
15994:"Source: Reports Of Cases Adjudged In The Supreme Court Of Mississippi : Written: 1834 : Recorded: 1818 : CALVIN BRADLEY vs. THE STATE"
13922:
13826:
12380:
4542:
Marital rape was criminalised by court decision in 1979. The criminal code was amended in 1989 to treat marital rape the same as other forms of rape.
3513:) have received international attention. The World Health Organization states, under the rubric "Customary forms of sexual violence", (pp. 156):
25099:
13863:
11746:
8413:
The law criminalizes rape, but it does not criminalize spousal rape because the law states a woman may not refuse sexual relations with her husband.
4458:
Rape is illegal, although the criminal code allows an alleged rapist to marry his victim to avoid punishment. The law does not address spousal rape.
4352:
Rape is a criminal offense, and conviction carries a maximum sentence of 15 years; general rape statutes applied to the prosecution of spousal rape.
3973:. This concept of 'conjugal sexual rights' has the purpose to prevent sin (in the form of adultery and temptation) as well as to enable procreation.
16777:
3681:"When a woman is raped by a stranger, she has to live with a frightening memory. When she is raped by her husband, she has to live with the rapist".
24076:
22127:
17340:
3053:
in their 1984 Report on Sexual Offences rejected the idea that the offense of rape should be extended to marital relations; writing the following:
1910:
301:
25014:
22968:
22495:
22428:
22199:
21901:
21635:
19241:
19049:
18961:
18712:
18163:
18007:
17908:
17848:
14801:
13564:
7205:
The law criminalizes rape of men or women, including spousal rape, and provides penalties of up to 10 years in prison for rape or sexual assault.
3976:
The above is interpreted by some religious figures as to render marital rape an impossibility. However, not all religious figures hold this view.
26185:
16052:
12958:
11497:
9363:
8495:
3362:
14509:
13404:
12651:
6726:
Rape, including spousal rape, is a criminal offense with penalties of five, 10, and up to 20 years in prison, depending on the type of offense.
4584:
The law explicitly prohibits spousal rape and provides the maximum penalty of 5 years imprisonment for conviction of raping a domestic partner.
22059:
13774:
13233:
4862:
Spousal rape is implicitly covered by the 2001 gender-based violence law; penalties for conviction range from one to five years’ imprisonment.
4143:, in 2003, 16 months after the criminalization of marital rape, a survey showed that 40% of women did not know it was illegal. A 2010 study in
3612:
and Kersti Yllö published a study in 1985 on marital rape that drew on a scientifically selected area probability sample from the metropolitan
25073:
14223:
13697:
13276:
11350:
Frank, David John; Bayliss J. Camp; Steven A. Boutcher (1 December 2010). "Worldwide Trends in the Criminal Regulation of Sex, 1945 to 2005".
6599:
The law criminalizes rape, including spousal rape, and establishes penalties of up to 25 years’ imprisonment for first-degree sexual assault.
4500:
There are legal protections against spousal rape for women holding a court-issued divorce decree, separation order, or non-molestation order.
26158:
17295:
16850:
14129:
14024:
13970:
8100:
3658:, adversely affecting a victim's physical and psychological health. In sub-Saharan countries with very high prevalence rates of HIV, such as
3354:
25563:
Rape is punishable by law in Uzbekistan and spousal rape is specifically prohibited, but no man has ever been convicted for raping his wife.
20839:
19999:
16266:
14695:
384, (1991) 93 Cr App R 1, (1991) 155 JP 373, Crim LR 475, (1991) 155 JPN 236, (1991) 141 NLJ 383, (1991) The Times, 15 March 1991, (1991)
13354:
13328:
13034:
12433:
12190:
8328:
Rape, including marital rape, is prohibited, however the courts did not try any rape cases as of 2017, according to human rights activists.
3267:, ruling that: "it cannot be inferred that by obtaining the order in these terms the wife had withdrawn her consent to sexual intercourse".
14894:
13944:
12254:
11707:
11621:
9616:
9486:
2086:
for the purpose of creating access to procreation. In these situations, the parties do not necessarily consent to marriage (in the case of
1253:
1033:
6274:
Domestic violence is illegal, but there is no law against marital rape, and domestic violence often went unreported due to social stigma.
19080:
19022:
17204:
14587:
13849:"Report of the Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, Its Causes and Consequences, Yakin ErtĂĽrk : addendum: mission to Ghana"
8877:
8542:
7435:
The law criminalizes spousal rape only when a couple is divorced or separated or when there is a protection order from the Family Court.
517:
492:
468:
18997:
16868:
13643:
12545:
12222:
25765:
25695:
25655:
25615:
25575:
25507:
25441:
25401:
25284:
25244:
25124:
25032:
24973:
24933:
24853:
24696:
24656:
24616:
24576:
24536:
24431:
24370:
24178:
24138:
24098:
23918:
23878:
23798:
23758:
23718:
23638:
23598:
23502:
23462:
23402:
23362:
23322:
23282:
23242:
23155:
23034:
22994:
22927:
22887:
22825:
22759:
22653:
22521:
22454:
22387:
22347:
22225:
21953:
21860:
21820:
21725:
21594:
21527:
21487:
21400:
21315:
21235:
21195:
21155:
21115:
21075:
21035:
20995:
20955:
20894:
20771:
20651:
20611:
20546:
20506:
20409:
20329:
20260:
20220:
20180:
20100:
20060:
20020:
19955:
19925:
19805:
19765:
19725:
19685:
19620:
19580:
19550:
19510:
19470:
19404:
19364:
19174:
19134:
18920:
18880:
18800:
18760:
18601:
18535:
18495:
18415:
18375:
18309:
18269:
18229:
18189:
18122:
18033:
17781:
17715:
16720:... this course ought to be adopted by agreement between both parties—that is to say by both the husband and the wife agreeing thereto.
14287:
14177:
11813:
9723:
8857:
4819:
The law criminalizes rape of men or women, including spousal rape, as sexual assault, and the government enforces the law effectively.
3317:
1864:
1808:
1789:
25866:
25805:
24893:
24813:
24471:
24330:
24290:
24250:
23998:
23958:
23838:
23678:
22693:
22613:
22307:
22266:
22158:
21993:
21755:
21275:
20707:
Exception 2. Sexual intercourse or sexual acts by a man with his own wife, the wife not being under fifteen years of age, is not rape.
20691:
20369:
20140:
19324:
18840:
18671:
18455:
13613:
6578:
Rape, including, spousal rape, carries a sentence of up to nine years in prison with increased penalties in aggravated circumstances.
4479:
The law prohibits rape of a female by a male and physical spousal abuse, but the law excludes marital rape if the female is above 13.
3843:, sex advice literature, all of which make women feel guilty and inadequate for any unwillingness to fulfill a man's sexual desires."
21568:
15718:
13108:"An overview of the legal and cultural issues for migrant Muslim women of the European union: A focus on domestic violence and Italy"
11457:
9991:
3128:
2340:(i. e. the penal code made no longer the distinction between violent sex within marriage and outside the marriage), one decade later
1314:
829:
497:
23574:"Refworld - Peru: Domestic violence, including legislation; state protection and services available to victims (2011-February 2014)"
16945:
15744:
15601:
12741:
11396:
11109:
Palczewski, Catherine Helen (1 October 1995). "Voltairine de Cleyre: Sexual Slavery and Sexual Pleasure in the Nineteenth Century".
3770:
act as mediators in the situation because they may feel that domestic violence is a family matter and therefore not their business.
3176:(1949). Rather than try to argue directly against Hale's logic, the court held that consent in this instance had been revoked by an
25912:
24787:
15945:
15348:
MenjĂvar, Cecilia (2016). "Normalizing Suffering, Robadas, Coercive Power, and Marital Unions Among Ladinas in Eastern Guatemala".
14533:
14205:
Women 2000: An Investigation into the Status of Women's Rights in Central and South-Eastern Europe and the Newly Independent States
10523:"Universal Human Rights and Non-Western Normative Systems: A Comparative Analysis of Violence against Women in Mexico and Pakistan"
8908:
6557:
No law specifically prohibits spousal rape, but law enforcement officials stated criminal laws against rape apply to spousal rape.
4114:
976:
26333:
26300:
15240:
Kwiatkowski, Lynn (2016). "Marital Sexual Violence, Structural Vulnerability, and Misplaced Responsibility in Northern Việt Nam".
3199:
There are at least four recorded instances of a husband successfully relying on the exemption in England and Wales. The first was
3180:
for non-cohabitation. It was the first of a number of cases in which the courts found reasons not to apply the exemption, notably
1938:. The lack of consent is the essential element and doesn't always involve physical violence. Marital rape is considered a form of
16994:
15205:
14385:
10873:
9169:
7991:
The law provides for life imprisonment for persons convicted of rape, including spousal rape during periods of legal separation.
4925:
The law criminalises rape of men or women, including spousal rape. Penalties for rape range from five to 15 years’ imprisonment.
1780:
527:
26060:
16605:
15463:
12276:
11980:
3104:
1950:
by many societies around the world, and increasingly criminalized. However it is repudiated by some more conservative cultures.
15464:"I have a right to...: Article 16: Right to marriage and family and to equal rights of men and women during and after marriage"
13668:
10293:
9996:
9685:
9174:
8968:
8371:
The law criminalizes rape of men or women, including spousal rape, making it punishable by a prison term of eight to 14 years.
6147:
Rape, including spousal rape, is a crime, with a maximum penalty of life in prison, but sentences typically were much shorter.
3037:
Although the issue of marital rape was highlighted by feminists in the 19th century, and was also deplored by thinkers such as
2795:
commette il delitto di violenza carnale il coniuge che costringa con violenza o minaccia l’altro coniuge a congiunzione carnale
2305:
for publishing articles (by a woman who was victimized and a doctor who treated marital rape survivors) decrying marital rape.
2177:
1531:
785:
651:
502:
20934:
20818:
17689:
15488:
5858:
3357:
came into force, abolishing the common law offense of rape, and providing a definition of rape that is similar to that of the
2684:
26282:
26144:
25556:
25333:
25173:
24745:
20878:
20595:
20458:
19854:
19115:
16211:
15791:
15367:
15315:
15259:
14347:
13079:
13014:
12690:
12010:
11267:
11175:
11054:
10704:
10619:
10592:
10494:
7582:
Rape, including spousal rape, is punishable by up to 40 years in prison. The government did not enforce the law effectively.
3602:, a feminist writer and activist, conducted the seminal study on marital rape. Her study surveyed a total of 930 women from
1844:
460:
412:
23104:
18350:"Barbados: Domestic violence, including legislation; recourse and support services available to victims (2015-January 2017)"
16477:
14091:
11529:
23542:
19444:
16022:
14477:
9114:
8698:
8645:
8500:
5536:
Spousal rape is not illegal and was widespread;, police generally considered it a domestic issue outside its jurisdiction.
3677:
is also highly stigmatized. The researchers Finkelhor and Yllö remarked in their 1985 metropolitan Boston area study that:
3046:
1903:
842:
477:
473:
102:
19895:
17974:
2759:
in 2002; before that date rape was legally defined as forced sexual intercourse outside of marriage. The same was true in
22799:
17269:
15627:
15116:
9755:
8625:
5118:
3203:(1954), where it was held that the wife had not legally revoked her consent despite having presented a divorce petition.
464:
387:
74:
25998:
25735:
21379:"Concluding observations on the combined second to fourth periodic reports of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea"
17116:
16084:
14981:
14417:
12490:
26363:
24761:
24225:
17756:
15890:
13800:
12833:
10841:
10449:
9621:
9190:
8948:
8483:
3930:, but with the added conclusion "so then they are no longer two, but one flesh." The same doctrine is continued in the
3287:
that was published in 1992; and international moves in this direction were by now common. Therefore, the result of the
2364:
876:
856:
20749:
11596:
26202:
19454:
18659:
In the sexual offences legislation of Namibia, Lesotho, Swaziland, and South Africa, rape within marriage is illegal.
17944:
16337:
16144:
14871:
12114:
11434:
10809:
10433:
9965:
9857:
9564:
9139:
9134:
8780:
8595:
3349:. In March 2000, a Belfast man was convicted for raping his wife, in the first case of its kind in Northern Ireland.
2959:
2044:
1583:
537:
435:
121:
19660:
16692:
15179:
13893:
13533:"Refworld | Namibia: Domestic violence, including state protection, services and recourse available to victims"
8635:
81:
20300:
16919:
15411:
14171:, other sexual offences, murder and manslaughter and sexual exploitation through people trafficking and smuggling""
9944:
9585:
9144:
9074:
8277:
7448:
7226:
The law criminalizes rape of men or women, including spousal rape, with penalties of six to eight years in prison.
5023:
3763:
2470:; its rape law states: "Article 620 – Rape: Whoever compels a woman to submit to sexual intercourse
1419:
1205:
838:
532:
512:
482:
316:
24:
4331:
Rape of men and women, including spousal rape, can be punished by imprisonment from six months to up to 20 years.
26154:
25485:
15441:
14250:
12358:
11781:
11045:
Zakaras, Alex; Maria Morales (2007). "Rational freedom in John Stuart Mill's feminism". In Nadia Urbinati (ed.).
10049:
9626:
9149:
9004:
8958:
8842:
8673:
8535:
6794:, criminalising violence against women has come into force in September 2018 but failed to address marital rape.
3714:
3050:
2696:
2616:
in 1981, followed by all other states from 1985 to 1992. Several formerly British-ruled countries followed suit:
2380:
The importance of the right to self sexual determination of women is increasingly being recognized as crucial to
1896:
1699:
1694:
1331:
522:
402:
185:
24762:"Human Rights Council adopts outcomes of Universal Periodic Review of Papua New Guinea, Tajikistan and Tanzania"
16525:
14827:
14363:
12515:
12142:
11674:
3049:, which provided the first statutory definition of rape (prior to this rape was defined by the common law). The
26253:
23216:
22587:
19446:
Cuba Business and Investment Opportunities Yearbook Volume 1 Strategic, Practical Information and Opportunities
17241:"Policy Paralysis: A Call for Action on HIV/AIDS-Related Human Rights Abuses Against Women and Girls in Africa"
16026:
15818:
14953:
14209:
12037:
9975:
9847:
9129:
9069:
8999:
8984:
6676:
6533:
4310:
The Sexual Offences Act, 1995, includes in the definition of rape: "with a female person who is not his wife".
3575:
The prevalence of marital rape depends on the particularly legal, national, and cultural context. In 1999, the
3305:
2688:
2593:
2135:, where the very concept of marital rape was treated as an impossibility. This was illustrated most vividly by
852:
173:
59:
26317:
25375:
25349:
14828:"Matrimonial Rape - Exemption from Prosecution for Husband - State of the Law in England, Scotland, and India"
13140:"Quality in Gender+ Equality Policies : European Commission Sixth Framework Programme Integrated Project"
12895:"Quality in Gender+ Equality Policies : European Commission Sixth Framework Programme Integrated Project"
11884:"When and Why do Governments Promote Women's Rights? Toward a Comparative Politics of States and Sex Equality"
10810:"One Small Step for Women: Female-Friendly Provisions in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court"
10729:"Domestic Violence and the State: Response to and Rationales for Spousal Battering, Marital Rape and Stalking"
5620:
Rape, including spousal rape, is a crime punishable by penalties ranging from five to 20 years’ imprisonment.
1610:
443:
88:
24046:
16755:
16304:
14099:
12922:
11284:
10323:
10074:
9919:
9154:
9104:
9094:
9029:
8918:
8898:
8837:
8760:
3937:
It is further explicated by the Apostle Paul, who asserts that neither spouse should deny their partner sex:
3788:
3644:
2226:, activists challenged the presumed right of men to engage in forced or coerced sex with their wives. In the
1818:
1491:
1307:
1055:
972:
271:
55:
22865:
21690:
18086:
15052:
13748:
13298:
11494:"Domestic Criminal Laws that Conflict with International Law - Burma's Abortion and Rape Laws: a Case Study"
7511:
7073:
The law criminalizes rape with penalties of up to 15 years in prison but does not criminalize spousal rape.
2141:
15915:"'But He is My Husband! How Can That be Rape?': Exploring Silences around Date and Marital Rape in Lesotho"
15569:
13926:
13834:
10373:
9578:
9119:
9084:
9034:
9009:
8994:
8882:
8565:
8467:
4164:
3947:
3428:
3320:, providing a broader definition that included anal sex; and an even broader definition was created by the
2397:
1884:
1758:
1689:
1454:
1067:
575:
26306:
19216:"Refworld | Honduras: Domestic violence; legislation and protection available to victims (2007-2009)"
16390:
14167:: For example, (without limitation), assault, offences endangering life and health, grievous bodily harm,
13432:
13167:
11753:
7162:
The law criminalizes rape of men or women, including spousal rape, with prison terms of five to 10 years.
6126:
The law criminalizes rape, defilement, sexual violence within marriage, but enforcement remained limited.
26214:"Sexual coercion in gay male and lesbian relationships: Predictors and implications for support services"
20478:
17332:
13871:
13848:
11421:
11229:
9718:
9536:
9195:
9164:
9159:
9124:
9099:
9089:
9079:
9059:
9044:
9014:
8785:
6790:
Spousal rape is not a crime. "Hakkaoui Law" (named after Minister for Family Affairs and Women's Issues,
5450:
maximum punishment of life imprisonment for rape. The law recognizes spousal rape as a specific offense.
3552:
operate on social norms which create a dual system of sexual morality—one for sexual intercourse that is
3547:
According to a study cited by Gary F. Kelly (2011), 9% of female rape victims were raped by their spouse.
2717:
1102:
507:
487:
210:
70:
22733:
22135:
22033:
20840:"Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 23 of Year 2004 Regarding Elimination of Violence in Household"
16970:
13488:
12062:
Geis, Gilbert (1977). "Rape-in-marriage: Law and law reform in England, the United States, and Sweden".
12045:
7289:
The law makes rape, including spousal rape, illegal, with a penalty of three to 10 years’ imprisonment.
20310:. OAS - Organization of American States: Democracy for peace, security, and development. 15 August 2015
17177:
16192:
Smith, Daniel Jordan (2016). "Modern Marriage, Masculinity, and Intimate Partner Violence in Nigeria".
14805:
12619:
12571:
12484:"Legislation Dans Les Etats Membres du Conseil de L'Europe en Matiere de Violence A L'Egard des Femmes"
12033:
10338:
9884:
9678:
9550:
9402:
9314:
9064:
9049:
9039:
9024:
9019:
8872:
8528:
7095:
5578:
The law criminalizes rape, including spousal rape, and provides penalties of up to 15 years in prison.
3517:"Marriage is often used to legitimize a range of forms of sexual violence against women. The custom of
2680:
2413:
In 2006, the UN Secretary-General's in-depth study on all forms of violence against women stated that:
1424:
937:
897:
778:
636:
362:
23078:
16681:
16666:
16059:
2262:
attacked marital rape as a gross double standard in law and as central to the subordination of women.
17051:"Relationship Dynamics, Emotion State, and Domestic Violence: A Stress and Masculinities Perspective"
16107:"When rape isn't rape: court of appeal sentencing practice in cases of marital and relationship rape"
14503:
11934:
10343:
10283:
9914:
9451:
9370:
9349:
9109:
9054:
8989:
8928:
8852:
8765:
8575:
3696:
3576:
2665:
significantly less likely to agree with that assertion: 33% in Spain, 46% in Ireland, 47% in Italy).
2541:
Council of Europe Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence
1996:
of all matters relating to her body, and the withdrawal of the exemption or defence of marital rape.
1743:
1636:
1414:
1077:
892:
417:
296:
17117:"Rape myth acceptance, victim blame attribution and Just World Beliefs: A rapid evidence assessment"
16655:
16651:
15143:"The Social and Legal Paradox Relating to Marital Rape in India: Addressing Structural Inequalities"
12168:
2400:. Determining the criminal status of marital rape may be challenging, because, while some countries
26019:
21927:
19551:"Cyprus - the Area Administered by Turkish Cypriots 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
17182:
16670:
16502:
15515:
15383:
14227:
14224:"Marital Rape in South Africa – Enough is Enough | Open Society Initiative of Southern Africa"
13704:
10358:
10104:
9557:
9543:
9430:
8688:
4875:
3358:
3321:
3070:
2871:(PWDVA). The PWDVA, which came into force in 2006, outlaws marital rape. However, it offers only a
2770:
confirmed the applicability of the provisions of the Criminal Code regarding rape to marital rape.
2189:
2104:
1738:
1383:
1300:
1124:
1109:
590:
26274:
26136:
25846:"Pambazuka - Southern Africa: Justice for survivors of marital rape, how far has SADC come ?"
17306:
16203:
15993:
15940:
15887:
Different systems, similar outcomes? Tracking attrition in reported rape cases in eleven countries
15359:
15307:
15251:
14070:"New Law Mandates Harsh Penalties and Broad Services to Address Violence Against Woman in Bolivia"
13586:
13376:
12774:
12223:"Legislation in the member States of the Council of Europe in the field of violence against women"
12017:...although the Tsarist law explicitly excluded marital rape, the Soviet law code of 1922 did not.
11182:...although the Tsarist law explicitly excluded marital rape, the Soviet law code of 1922 did not.
10696:
10584:
10486:
6945:
The law criminalizes rape, including spousal rape. The maximum penalty is 20 years’ imprisonment.
4416:
Spousal rape is illegal, but observers stated police did not effectively investigate such claims.
3799:: its paying is seen as earning the man the right to sexual and reproductive control of his wife.
19269:"Estimates and Determinants of Sexual Violence Against Women in the Democratic Republic of Congo"
16279:
14920:
14664:
14660:
12984:"Hungary - Cries unheard, The failure to protect women from rape and sexual violence in the home"
12402:
12197:
9889:
9652:
9647:
9518:
9472:
9395:
3733:
No general rule can be applied, but each case must depend upon the circumstances surrounding it.
3444:
3086:
2132:
1595:
1561:
1028:
426:
392:
311:
48:
26213:
21463:
14898:
13729:
13405:"Concluding comments of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women: Chile"
11632:
7713:
The law criminalizes rape, including spousal rape, with a maximum penalty of life imprisonment.
2604:
Supreme Court affirmed that marital rape is a crime in a 1980 decision, citing law based on the
2429:"By April 2011, at least 52 States had explicitly outlawed marital rape in their criminal code".
2242:"singled out a woman's right to control marital intercourse as the core component of equality."
2200:
in 1822. The principle was framed as an exemption to the law of rape in an English courtroom in
2184:(c. 1210 – c. 1268) support of this rule, said to have derived from laws of King
21664:
21441:"Marital Rape – Ruling Seen as Move to Protect Spousal Right to Sex – Korea « womensphere"
20847:
11196:
9504:
9479:
9416:
8580:
4639:
4084:
2872:
2740:
2455:
2235:
1962:
1879:
1339:
1276:
968:
927:
646:
25549:
Atlas of Gender and Development: How Social Norms Affect Gender Equality in non-OECD Countries
25326:
Atlas of Gender and Development: How Social Norms Affect Gender Equality in non-OECD Countries
25166:
Atlas of Gender and Development: How Social Norms Affect Gender Equality in non-OECD Countries
24738:
Atlas of Gender and Development: How Social Norms Affect Gender Equality in non-OECD Countries
23441:
23130:
20588:
Atlas of Gender and Development: How Social Norms Affect Gender Equality in non-OECD Countries
17757:"Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women considers the report of Albania"
17215:
16327:
15808:
15158:
15142:
14606:
14339:
14333:
5324:(2011) report, the "UN Womens Justice Report" states there are no laws covering marital rape.
5292:
3304:; in which the applicants (convicted of rape and attempted rape of the wives) appealed to the
26373:
26358:
25219:
23445:
Reclaiming & Redefining Rights: Thematic Studies Series 1: Sexuality & Rights in Asia
19135:"China (includes Tibet, Hong Kong, and Macau) 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
17240:
16532:
16526:"Culture of Honor, Culture of Change - A Feminist Analysis of Honor Killings in Rural Turkey"
15783:
15777:
12795:
11835:
10328:
10143:
10079:
9770:
9671:
8640:
8490:
8472:
8146:
Marital rape is illegal and punishable by sentences ranging from 3 to 25 years imprisonment.
7407:
5747:
While the law prohibits rape of men or women, it does not recognize spousal rape as a crime.
5001:
3466:
3117:
2512:
1753:
1605:
1573:
1248:
872:
824:
771:
733:
605:
580:
158:
20:
26264:
26126:
25773:
25703:
25663:
25623:
25583:
25515:
25449:
25409:
25292:
25252:
25132:
25040:
24981:
24941:
24861:
24704:
24664:
24624:
24584:
24544:
24439:
24378:
24186:
24146:
24106:
23926:
23886:
23806:
23766:
23726:
23646:
23606:
23510:
23470:
23410:
23370:
23330:
23290:
23250:
23195:
23163:
23042:
23002:
22935:
22895:
22833:
22767:
22661:
22529:
22462:
22395:
22355:
22233:
21961:
21868:
21828:
21733:
21602:
21535:
21495:
21408:
21356:
21323:
21243:
21203:
21163:
21123:
21083:
21043:
21003:
20963:
20902:
20779:
20659:
20619:
20554:
20514:
20417:
20337:
20268:
20228:
20188:
20108:
20068:
20028:
19963:
19933:
19813:
19773:
19733:
19693:
19628:
19588:
19558:
19518:
19478:
19412:
19372:
19182:
19142:
18928:
18888:
18808:
18768:
18609:
18543:
18503:
18423:
18383:
18317:
18277:
18237:
18197:
18130:
18041:
17789:
17754:
17723:
16193:
15349:
15297:
15296:
Torres, M. Gabriela (2016). "Reconciling Cultural Difference in the Study of Marital Rape".
15241:
13056:
11861:
11657:
10686:
10476:
4289:
Rape, including spousal rape, is illegal and punishable by up to eight years’ imprisonment.
3393:, for example, the provision read: "Any person who has carnal knowledge of a woman or girl,
3016:, which now allows for marital rape in Tennessee to be treated like any other type of rape,
2511:, have received strong criticism for their policies in this area. A 2008 report produced by
25874:
25813:
25742:. The OECD Development Centre’s Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI). Archived from
24901:
24821:
24479:
24338:
24298:
24258:
24006:
23966:
23846:
23686:
22701:
22621:
22315:
22274:
22166:
22001:
21763:
21566:
21283:
20377:
20148:
19332:
19023:"Gender Equality in Central African Republic - Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI)"
18848:
18679:
18463:
17088:
Martin, Elaine K.; Taft, Casey T.; Resick, Patricia A. (2007). "A review of marital rape".
14895:"S1 Rape:Sexual offences: Sentencing Manual: Legal Guidance: The Crown Prosecution Service"
10751:
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Rape, including spousal rape, is illegal and punishable by two to 12 years' imprisonment.
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The penalties for rape, including spousal rape, range from one to 15 years’ imprisonment.
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Conviction of rape, including spousal rape, is punishable by up to 15 years imprisonment.
3283:
of 1990 was already supporting the abolition of the exemption, a view reiterated in their
2116:
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26368:
25100:"Now Is the time to criminalize marital rape in the Arab Region - Opinion - Ahram Online"
18739:"Brunei Darussalam: Amnesty International submission to the UN Universal Periodic Review"
18648:
A Brief Overview of Recent Developments in Sexual Offences Legislation in Southern Africa
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15540:
13510:
12706:
Bensussan, P. (2009). "Marital rape according to French law: Desire, need and consent".
12593:
11144:
8056:
Rape is punishable by a maximum of 15 years in prison. The law recognizes spousal rape.
5997:
The prescribed penalty for rape, including spousal rape, is five to 12 years in prison.
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A new definition of the offense of 'rape' was created in 1994 by the section 142 of the
26341:
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Naved, Ruchira Tabassum (2013). "Sexual Violence Towards Married Women in Bangladesh".
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said that a husband is justified to beat his wife if she refuses to have sex with him.
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time) and partners (40%) than in assaults by strangers or recent acquaintances (25%).
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19896:"B. The State's Response to Sexual Violence | Egyptian Initiative for Personal Rights"
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Although prohibited by law, rape, including spousal rape, remained a serious problem.
3165:. R's appeal was accordingly dismissed, and he was convicted of the rape of his wife.
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By 1986, in Europe, there was international pressure to criminalize marital rape: the
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Despite these trends and international moves, criminalization has not occurred in all
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14208:. International Helsinki Federation for Human Rights. 9 November 2000. Archived from
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Rape, including spousal rape, is illegal and punishable by up to 12 years in prison.
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24073:"Penal Code changes to protect vulnerable victims, minors to kick in on Jan 1, 2020"
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Concluding observations on the combined fourth and fifth periodic reports of Lebanon
20451:
Freedom in the World 2011: The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties
16582:
16368:
15492:
14631:
13640:"Contradictions and confusion cloud rape laws. The result is miscarriage of justice"
12894:
12105:
Temkin, Jennifer (2002). "Defining and redefining rape". In Temkin, Jennifer (ed.).
4087:
or is perpetrated by women in heterosexual relationships is even less well studied.
3662:, instances of multiple partnerships and marital rape exacerbate the spread of HIV.
3231:
but before the decision of the House of Lords that was to abolish the exemption. In
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21381:. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 17 November 2017
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Sexual subordination and state intervention: comparing Sweden and the United States
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countries had such laws, although most of these countries have now abolished them.
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countries are quicker to adopt policies addressing violence against women than the
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4002:
to condemn "intra-marital rape", and the use of force in marriage more generally.
3365:
has the same policy for marital rape as for other forms of rape; it states in its
26153:
26035:
24512:"Sudan's new law on rape and sexual harassment One step forward, two steps back?"
23759:"Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
20007:
Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights – Women's Rights and Gender Unit
18745:. Sixth session of the UPR Working Group, November–December 2009. 13 April 2009.
17049:
Umberson, Debra; Anderson, Kristin L.; Williams, Kristi; Chen, Meichu D. (2003).
16835:
15649:
Abeya, Sileshi Garoma; Afework, Mesganaw Fantahun; Yalew, Alemayeh Worku (2012).
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The first Australian jurisdiction to completely remove the marital exemption was
3401:
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in 1991, where it was described as an anachronistic and offensive legal fiction.
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22588:"Marital Rape Is Still Legal in Morocco Despite Brand New Domestic Violence Law"
18655:
Expert Group Meeting on good practices in legislation on violence against women.
15967:
15847:
15700:
14481:
14459:
14314:
The Gradual Fall of the Marital Rape Exemption: The Curious Case of South Dakota
12719:
10874:"Rape in Marriage: Law and Law Reform in England, the United States, and Sweden"
2972:", making it clear that the statutes did not apply to married couples. The 1962
26263:
Yllö, Kersti (2016). "Prologue: Understanding Marital Rape in Global Context".
26237:
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23573:
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18349:
17981:
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13532:
11386:"UNIVERSITY OF PRETORIA - CENTRE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS : Helen Kanzira Lecture"
11198:
RozporzÄ…dzenie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej z dnia 11 lipca 1932 r. Kodeks karny
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3192:(1976) (an undertaking by the husband to the court not to molest the wife) and
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25920:
Applied Research Forum, National Electronic Network on Violence Against Women
25893:
25873:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
25832:
25812:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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25772:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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25702:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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25662:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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25622:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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25291:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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25131:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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24940:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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24900:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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24860:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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24820:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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24703:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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24663:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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24623:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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24583:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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24543:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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24478:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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24438:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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24377:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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24337:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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24297:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
24277:
24257:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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24185:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
24165:
24145:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
24125:
24105:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
24025:
24005:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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23965:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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23925:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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23885:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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23845:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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23805:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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23765:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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23725:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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23685:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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23645:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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23605:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
23529:
23509:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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23469:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
23429:
23409:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
23389:
23369:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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23289:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
23269:
23249:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
23182:
23162:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
23061:
23041:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
23021:
23001:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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22934:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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22852:
22832:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
22786:
22766:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
22720:
22700:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
22680:
22660:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
22640:
22620:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
22548:
22528:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
22481:
22461:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
22414:
22394:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
22374:
22354:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
22334:
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22252:
22232:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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22000:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
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21960:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
21887:
21867:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
21847:
21827:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
21782:
21762:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
21732:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
21621:
21601:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
21554:
21534:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
21514:
21494:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
21427:
21407:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
21342:
21322:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
21302:
21282:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
21262:
21242:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
21222:
21202:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
21182:
21162:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
21142:
21122:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
21102:
21082:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
21062:
21042:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
21022:
21002:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
20982:
20962:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
20921:
20901:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
20798:
20778:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
20678:
20658:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
20638:
20618:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
20573:
20553:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
20533:
20513:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
20494:
The penal code includes penalties for rape but does not address marital rape.
20436:
20416:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
20396:
20376:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
20356:
20336:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
20287:
20267:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
20247:
20227:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
20207:
20187:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
20167:
20147:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
20127:
20107:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
20087:
20067:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
20047:
20027:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
19982:
19962:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
19932:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
19832:
19812:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
19792:
19772:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
19752:
19732:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
19712:
19692:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
19647:
19627:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
19607:
19587:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
19557:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
19537:
19517:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
19497:
19477:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
19431:
19411:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
19391:
19371:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
19351:
19331:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
19325:"Democratic Republic of Congo 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
19292:
19284:
19201:
19181:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
19161:
19141:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
18947:
18927:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
18907:
18887:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
18867:
18847:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
18827:
18807:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
18787:
18767:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
18698:
18678:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
18628:
18608:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
18562:
18542:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
18522:
18502:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
18482:
18462:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
18442:
18422:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
18402:
18382:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
18336:
18316:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
18296:
18276:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
18256:
18236:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
18216:
18196:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
18149:
18129:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
18060:
18040:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
17808:
17788:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
17742:
17722:. Bureau Of Democracy, Human Rights, And Labor. 20 April 2018. Archived from
15855:
14988:
14839:
14602:
13941:"Rwanda: Final steps towards the adoption of a law to combat gender violence"
13827:"Rape and the Sexual Offences Bill: Beyond the illogical, punitive attitude…"
13256:
Social Change, Gender and Violence: Post-Communist and War Affected Societies
12727:
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2965:
2825:
2716:, in 1990, following a case where a man had tortured and raped his wife, the
2639:
marital rape became a crime in 1992 (and became a state offense in 2004). In
2524:
2302:
2227:
2128:
2095:
1363:
1353:
1210:
1021:
922:
917:
902:
698:
661:
453:
377:
357:
347:
230:
144:
25957:
25482:"EXTINCTION OF CERTAIN CRIMES BY MARRIAGE OF THE OFFENDER WITH THE OFFENDER"
23550:
23543:"Gender Equality in Peru | Social Institutions and Gender Index (SIGI)"
21567:
UN Committee on Elimination of Discrimination against Women (24 July 2009).
17755:
Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women (8 July 2016).
17154:
16122:
12362:
11723:
10837:
10453:
6295:
Spousal rape is explicitly considered rape with “aggravated circumstances.”
4226:
The Criminal Code was amended in 2012 and 2013 to criminalise marital rape.
3787:
recognized in their culture. The Indian Minister of State for Home Affairs,
25981:
22966:
22493:
22426:
22305:
22264:
22197:
22156:
21899:
21633:
19310:
19239:
19047:
18959:
18710:
18161:
18005:
17906:
17846:
16574:
16267:"FORCED SEXUAL RELATIONS among married young women in developing countries"
15863:
15686:
15667:
13260:
12344:
11909:"Second Opinion: School-based consent education won't stop sexual violence"
11662:
10318:
10250:
10230:
10220:
10210:
10180:
9934:
9817:
9694:
9248:
8953:
8832:
8805:
8755:
8617:
8138:
7748:
7617:
7532:
4747:
4144:
4062:
4039:
3995:
3984:
3137:, which was the first occasion where the marital rights exemption had been
2993:
2931:
2876:
2565:
2374:
2345:
2337:
2324:
2298:
2278:
1966:
1943:
1679:
1653:
1646:
1173:
1153:
1114:
982:
964:
693:
448:
321:
235:
26326:"Real Rape, Real Pain: Help for Women Sexually Assaulted by Male Partners"
21699:
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women
21357:"Mapping support services for victims of violence against women in Kosovo"
20935:"Iraqi law would legalize marital rape, child marriage for country's Shia"
16734:
Consent and Coercion to Sex and Marriage in Ancient and Medieval Societies
16436:
7949:
The law criminalizes rape, including spousal rape, and domestic violence.
7819:
The law only prohibits spousal rape if the spouses are legally separated.
4669:
The law criminalizes rape but does not recognize spousal rape as a crime.
3564:
who described being hit by her husband and forced to have sex said that: "
2185:
19:
This article is about rape within marriage. For rape before marriage, see
26238:
Multi-country Study of Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women
26116:
23571:
19213:
16391:"Doctors and Sheikhs: "Truths" in Virginity Discourse in Jordanian Media"
16145:"Surfacing Gender: Re-Engraving Crimes Against Women in Humanitarian Law"
15150:
14047:"Top court recognizes marital rape as crime for first time - YONHAP NEWS"
10393:
10368:
10190:
10165:
10155:
10138:
10089:
9790:
9606:
9309:
9304:
8903:
8847:
8750:
8735:
8678:
8663:
8510:
7897:
7769:
7427:
7239:
6937:
6915:
6202:
6181:
6010:
5315:
4429:
4196:
3958:
3873:
3840:
3796:
3405:
3224:
3185:
3177:
3169:
3162:
3081:(see below). Very soon after this, in Australia, at the end of 1991, in
2935:
2774:
2636:
2621:
2475:
2385:
2231:
2091:
2060:
2049:
1874:
1713:
1674:
1626:
1551:
1536:
1358:
1087:
932:
907:
860:
848:
708:
220:
20000:"Project on a Mechanism to Address Laws that Discriminate Against Women"
16106:
15926:
15914:
10546:
10522:
5641:
Marital rape was criminalized in a 2012 amendment to the Criminal Code.
4946:
The law does not safeguard same-sex couples or victims of marital rape.
3587:
35.6% of women have experienced marital rape sometimes and 16.3% often.
2425:
report Progress of the World's Women:In Pursuit of Justice stated that:
26245:
23442:
Asian-Pacific Resource & Research Centre for Women (ARROW) (2011).
18602:"Bosnia and Herzegovina 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
17074:
17050:
16444:
16420:
11336:
11204:(in Polish). Prezydent Rzeczypospolitej. 11 July 1932. pp. 107–109
11130:
11095:
11031:
10988:
10949:
10660:
10636:
10348:
10170:
10160:
10016:
9909:
9294:
9284:
8770:
8320:
7962:
7595:
7490:
6807:
6761:
6612:
6459:
6438:
6245:
6096:
5528:
5241:
5044:
4854:
4471:
4408:
4045:
3821:
3817:
3808:
3580:
3561:
3390:
2767:
2739:
Before a new Criminal Code came into force in 2003, the law on rape in
2597:
2443:
2251:
2239:
2124:
1393:
1288:
1200:
834:
759:
225:
26240:(Report). Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization (WHO). 2005.
23839:"Sao Tome and Principe 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
22734:"Nauru legalizes homosexuality, criminalizes marital rape and slavery"
12109:(2nd ed.). Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. p. 86.
11726:"Committee of Ministers - on the protection of women against violence"
11349:
6837:
Spousal rape is not a crime unless the wife is younger than 13 years.
2695:
charges might be prosecuted in others. A 1987 discussion paper by the
26092:"When rape becomes politics: Negotiating Islamic law reform in Sudan"
25402:"United Arab Emirates 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
13730:"Anti-Discrimination Committee Takes Up Situation of Women in Turkey"
9780:
9775:
8363:
8282:
7811:
7639:
6958:
6633:
6416:
5876:
5781:
5654:
4365:
4323:
4140:
3378:
3013:
2927:
2903:
2609:
2516:
2447:
2435:
2306:
2293:, joined a critique of marital rape to advocate women's autonomy and
2173:
2152:
2053:
1501:
1486:
1398:
1378:
1232:
1097:
1040:
809:
678:
205:
195:
190:
26325:
24974:"Trinidad and Tobago 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
14663:
481, (1991) 135 SJLB 181, 1 FZR 217, (1991) 155 JP 989, (1992) 94
14364:"The National Center for Victims of Crime - Library/Document Viewer"
11862:"Straffeloven - Bekendtgørelse af straffeloven - retsinformation.dk"
11328:
11087:
11023:
10980:
10941:
10652:
10011:
8520:
2803:
criminalized marital rape in 1994. Marital rape was made illegal in
1283:
754:
37:
26128:
Marital Rape: Consent, Marriage and Social Change in Global Context
22037:
19686:"Dominican Republic 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
19266:
18577:"Bolivia: Home to Latin America's Highest Rates of Sexual Violence"
14460:"Code of Laws - Title 16 - Chapter 3 - Offenses Against The Person"
13825:
Collen, Lindsey; Kistnasamy, Kisna; Lallah, Rajni (23 April 2007).
13698:"CRIMINAL LAW (CODIFICATION AND REFORM) ACT [CHAPTER 9:23]"
12403:"Microsoft Word - Report5811JLSdomesticviolenceEN_Word_finalRV.doc"
11883:
10576:
Marital Rape: Consent, Marriage and Social Change in Global Context
10235:
10084:
9929:
9924:
8867:
8862:
8800:
8716:
8447:
8434:
The 2010 Anti-Gender-based Violence Act criminalizes spousal rape.
8035:
community service and a fine of 200,000 to one million CFA francs.
8004:
7983:
7854:
7683:
7661:
7281:
7197:
7086:
6739:
6524:
6502:
6139:
5760:
5420:
5400:
5198:
5177:
4959:
4832:
4790:
4725:
4690:
The law criminalizes rape of men or women, including spousal rape.
4661:
4492:
4035:
3962:
3931:
3836:
3800:
3655:
3569:
3432:
3408:, which in 1976 partially removed the exemption. Section 73 of the
3252:
3146:
3066:
2923:
2915:
2911:
2891:
2883:
2842:
2832:
2749:
2589:
2564:
Countries which were early to criminalize marital rape include the
2467:
2422:
2247:
2071:
2035:
1954:
1368:
1016:
600:
26324:
Easteal, Patricia L.; McOrmond-Plummer, Louise (30 October 2010).
18748:
children, in flagrant violation of international human rights law.
15891:
Child and Woman Abuse Studies Unit, London Metropolitan University
14557:
13749:
Concluding observations of the Committee against Torture: Cambodia
13746:
11523:"THE CRIMINAL CODE OF THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA"
7777:
The law defines sexual intercourse within marriage as “not rape.”
2500:
European Parliament's Resolution on Violence Against Women of 1986
16:
Non-consensual sex in which the perpetrator is the victim's spouse
25892:
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25831:
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23283:"Papua New Guinea 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
23268:
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22226:"Marshall Islands 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
22184:
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22019:
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20206:
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20126:
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20046:
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19831:
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19791:
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19751:
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19711:
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19606:
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19536:
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19496:
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19430:
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19390:
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19350:
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19160:
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18946:
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18866:
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18826:
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18786:
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18697:
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18627:
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18561:
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18481:
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18441:
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18401:
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18335:
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18295:
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18255:
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18215:
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18148:
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18059:
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17945:"A Postcolonial Theory of Spousal Rape: The Carribean and Beyond"
17807:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
17741:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
16627:
14952:. Public Prosecution Service for Northern Ireland. Archived from
13302:
12951:"The War At Home : Gender Based Violence Indicators Project"
10185:
8775:
8384:
8341:
8298:
8201:
8090:
7726:
7553:
7343:
7001:
6850:
6829:
6782:
6697:
6351:
6330:
6308:
6031:
5823:
5802:
5633:
5570:
5463:
5379:
5358:
5262:
5156:
5065:
4980:
4768:
4618:
4534:
4513:
4450:
4387:
4344:
4260:
4239:
4218:
4136:
4022:
3994:
wife." This teaching, which has been reaffirmed more recently by
3566:
I thought this is only natural. This is the way a husband behaves
3501:
are prevalent in many parts of the world, especially in parts of
3244:
2992:
began in the mid-1970s with the criminalization of marital rape.
2939:
2895:
2857:
2808:
2760:
2724:
2692:
2668:
2651:
2632:
2508:
2504:
2483:
2181:
2001:
1935:
1723:
1168:
26320:: Partner Rape Facts, Survivor Support and Educational Resources
24179:"Solomon Islands 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
21528:"Kyrgyz Republic 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
17881:
16778:"Marital rape ban 'tragically wrong' says the Christian Council"
15489:"Early and forced marriage - facts, figures and what you can do"
15077:
12859:"Criminal Code of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina 2003"
8487:, court case having to do with the withdrawing of sexual consent
5887:
Law Regarding the Elimination of Violence in the Household, 2004
2766:
In 1994, in Judgment no. 223/94 V, 1994, the Court of Appeal of
26164:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
25442:"United Kingdom 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
19847:
Law in the service of legitimacy: Gender and politics in Jordan
19581:"Czech Republic 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
17761:
Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
17155:"Bioline International Official Site (site up-dated regularly)"
16085:"Court in UAE says beating wife, child OK if no marks are left"
15014:"An Act to amend the Criminal Law Consolidation Act, 1935-1975"
14673:
207, (1991) 155 JPN 752, (1991) 141 NLJ 1481, UKHL 12, (1991)
14635:
13801:"Taboos Undercut Nepal's Marital Rape Law | Women's eNews"
13555:"Criminal recognition to marital rape in India is long overdue"
10303:
9812:
9663:
8426:
8180:
8159:
8116:
7941:
7876:
7574:
7385:
7364:
7260:
7154:
7043:
6718:
6655:
6480:
6287:
6224:
6160:
6075:
5967:
5726:
Marital rape was criminalised by the Sexual Offenses Act 2010.
5718:
5676:
5612:
5485:
5298:
5108:
4811:
4703:
4682:
4597:
4555:
4281:
4026:
3923:
3868:
for the purpose of procreation, property, and consolidation of
3853:
3613:
3584:
3506:
3251:
case involved, among other acts, an instance of non-consensual
3138:
3112:
poster against sexual violence, stating marriage is 'no excuse'
2919:
2887:
2815:
2800:
2756:
2713:
2647:
2617:
2605:
2601:
2585:
2581:
2569:
2491:
2341:
1958:
1764:
21861:"Liechtenstein 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
20370:"Guinea-Bissau 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
16748:"Valley paper criticized over pastor's column on spousal rape"
16736:. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. p. 183.
15042:"Patterns of rape : a preliminary Queensland perspective"
3685:
3489:
25951:(2nd ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
24291:"South Africa 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
23999:"Sierra Leone 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
23879:"Saudi Arabia 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
20868:
19105:
16421:"Surfacing Children: Limitations of Genocidal Rape Discourse"
11935:"The Convention of Belem do Para and the Istanbul Convention"
11747:"CASE CLOSED - RAPE AND HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE NORDIC COUNTRIES"
11558:"Government of the Republic of South Sudan - Official Portal"
10058:
8721:
8570:
8405:
8048:
7919:
7832:
7790:
7469:
7322:
7112:
6980:
6893:
6872:
6570:
6372:
6118:
6053:
5989:
5844:
5739:
5591:
5507:
5283:
4938:
4917:
4576:
4395:
Spousal rape can be punished by up to 15 years imprisonment.
4268:
Spousal rape can be punished by up to 15 years imprisonment.
4247:
The law criminalizes rape but does not address spousal rape.
4119:
3927:
3877:
3510:
3133:
2947:
2943:
2907:
2899:
2836:
2782:
2640:
2451:
2439:
2210:
2031:
2023:
24617:"Switzerland 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
24517:. African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies. 8 March 2016
24331:"South Sudan 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
23719:"Saint Lucia 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
23403:"Philippines 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
22888:"New Zealand 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
22826:"Netherlands 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
22060:"Marital rape will remain non-crime, law minister announces"
21401:"South Korea 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
19926:"El Salvador 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
19726:"Timor-Leste 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
19267:
Peterman, Amber; Tia Palermo; Caryn Bredenkamp (June 2011).
18230:"The Bahamas 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
17716:"Afghanistan 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
17048:
16718:. Orthodox Christian Educational Society. pp. 720–721.
14021:"The Secretary General's database on violence against women"
13967:"The Secretary General's database on violence against women"
13779:
Perspectives on Global Issues; NYU Center for Global Affairs
13351:"The Secretary General's database on violence against women"
13325:"The Secretary General's database on violence against women"
13031:"The Secretary General's database on violence against women"
12251:"The Secretary General's database on violence against women"
10475:
Anderson, Michelle J. (2016). "Marital Rape Laws Globally".
5031:
The legal definition of rape does not include spousal rape.
3820:
or very poorly educated, are married at very young ages (in
3116:
The marital rape exemption was first referred to in 1736 in
2176:
for it, though it relied on earlier standards. In a case of
26212:
Waterman, Caroline; Dawson, Lori; Bologna, Michael (1989).
25576:"Uzbekistan 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
25074:"New Tunisian law takes long stride toward gender equality"
23959:"Seychelles 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
23799:"San Marino 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
22614:"Mozambique 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
21954:"Luxembourg 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
21236:"Kazakhstan 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
19365:"Costa Rica 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
18310:"Bangladesh 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
18190:"Azerbaijan 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
17205:"The War At Home: Gender Based Violence Indicators Project"
15412:"Q & A: Child Marriage and Violations of Girls' Rights"
14439:"LexisNexis® Custom Solution: Tennessee Code Research Tool"
13969:. Sgdatabase.unwomen.org. 25 September 2009. Archived from
13943:. Africa4womensrights.org. 13 February 2009. Archived from
12546:"Criminal Law (Rape) Bill, 1980: Committee Stage (Resumed)"
10611:
Judging Evil: Rethinking the Law of Murder and Manslaughter
9765:
8026:
7302:
7218:
7065:
6549:
6266:
5924:
5902:
5441:
5086:
4896:
4128:
3970:
3966:
3739:
3556:
which is seen as an obligation that cannot be refused, and
3502:
3077:, 1989. The same happened in England and Wales in 1991, in
3024:
for rape (Article 261) and for spousal rape (Article 262).
2523:
write "gender policy is not one issue but many" and "When
2115:
Historically, many cultures have had a concept of spouses'
2027:
1947:
1466:
137:
26159:"Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women"
25656:"Venezuela 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
25376:"World Report 2018: Rights Trends in United Arab Emirates"
25013:
Khouili, Ramy; Levine-Spound, Daniel (29 September 2017).
24432:"Sri Lanka 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
22928:"Nicaragua 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
20772:"Indonesia 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
20746:"The Protection of Women From Domestic Violence Act, 2005"
20330:"Guatemala 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
19849:. Farnham, Surrey, England; Burlington, Vt.: Ashgate Pub.
18123:"Australia 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
16800:"priest signs online petition to criminalize marital rape"
16305:"Child Marriage Factsheet: State of World Population 2005"
13353:. Sgdatabase.unwomen.org. 13 December 2000. Archived from
11047:
J.S. Mill's political thought: A bicentennial reassessment
10752:"The Treatment of Consent in Sexual Assault Law in Malawi"
7928:
attached to rape. There are no laws against spousal rape.
5810:
Rape of men or women, including spousal rape, is illegal.
3627:
husbands, with a further 2.3% raped by estranged husbands/
2968:
is the forced sexual intercourse by a male with a "female
25955:
25867:"Zimbabwe 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
25200:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
25015:"Anti-violence law is another victory for Tunisian women"
24854:"Thailand 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
24814:"Tanzania 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
24537:"Suriname 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
24139:"Slovenia 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
24099:"Slovakia 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
23503:"Portugal 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
23323:"Paraguay 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
22455:"Mongolia 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
21316:"Kiribati 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
20547:"Honduras 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
19175:"Colombia 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
19077:"China: MDG 3: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Woman"
18921:"Cambodia 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
18801:"Bulgaria 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
18672:"Botswana 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
18376:"Barbados 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
17822:"Women's Rights in the Middle East and North Africa 2010"
17044:
17042:
17040:
17038:
17036:
17034:
17032:
15745:"Amnesty International: Report on Violence Against Women"
15514:
Jamjoom, Mohammed; Almasmari, Hakim (15 September 2013).
13327:. Sgdatabase.unwomen.org. 24 October 2006. Archived from
11517:
11515:
10333:
4605:
Spousal rape is illegal and prosecuted as a misdemeanor.
3400:
The first Australian state to deal with marital rape was
3196:(1986) (the existence of a formal separation agreement).
2330:
25956:
Bennice, Jennifer A.; Patricia A. Resick (1 July 2003).
25696:"Vietnam 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
25616:"Vanuatu 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
25508:"Uruguay 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
25285:"Ukraine 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
25033:"Tunisia 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
24251:"Somalia 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
23639:"Romania 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
22694:"Namibia 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
22522:"Morocco 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
22388:"Moldova 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
21756:"Lesotho 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
21726:"Lebanon 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
21116:"Jamaica 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
20996:"Ireland 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
20869:
Westmarland, Nicole; Geetanjali Gangoli (6 April 2011).
20612:"Hungary 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
20261:"Grenada 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
20181:"Germany 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
20061:"Finland 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
19956:"Estonia 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
19766:"Ecuador 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
19621:"Denmark 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
19405:"Croatia 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
18841:"Burundi 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
18536:"Bolivia 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
18270:"Bahrain 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
18034:"Armenia 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
17782:"Algeria 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
14023:. Sgdatabase.unwomen.org. 28 August 2012. Archived from
10750:
Kamyongolo, Ngeyi Ruth; Malunga, Bernadette (May 2011).
10027:
2370:
Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women
2217:
26323:
25806:"Zambia 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
25245:"Tuvalu 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
25125:"Turkey 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
24697:"Taiwan 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
24577:"Sweden 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
23919:"Serbia 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
23679:"Rwanda 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
23463:"Poland 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
23243:"Panama 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
22995:"Norway 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
22348:"Mexico 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
21994:"Malawi 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
21488:"Kuwait 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
21196:"Jordan 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
21036:"Israel 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
20410:"Guyana 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
20221:"Greece 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
20141:"Gambia 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
20101:"France 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
19511:"Cyprus 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
18881:"Canada 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
18761:"Brunei 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
18496:"Bhutan 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
18416:"Belize 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
15884:
13455:"Asia-Pacific | Thailand passes marital rape bill"
12652:"Marital rape remains extremely difficult to prosecute"
7096:
Protection of Women (Criminal Laws Amendment) Act, 2006
4099:
3073:
took a different view, abolishing marital immunity, in
2022:
Historically, in much of the world, rape was seen as a
1992:, leading to an acknowledgment of the woman's right to
25766:"Yemen 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
24934:"Tonga 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
24657:"Syria 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
24472:"Sudan 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
24371:"Spain 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
23599:"Qatar 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
23156:"Palau 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
22760:"Nauru 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
22654:"Burma 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
21821:"Libya 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
21276:"Kenya 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
21156:"Japan 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
21076:"Italy 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
20652:"India 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
20507:"Haiti 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
19806:"Egypt 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
19106:
Westmarland, Nicole; Geetanjali Gangoli (April 2012).
18456:"Benin 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
17029:
15117:"Why India's law still allows men to rape their wives"
14507:
64 N.Y.2d 152, 474 N.E.2d 567, 485 N.Y.S.2d 207 (1984)
14327:
14325:
14323:
13824:
13747:
UN Committee Against Torture (CAT) (20 January 2011).
12131:"Criminal Law (Rape) (Amendment) Act, 1990, section 5"
12020:
Marital rape was explicitly included in the 1960 code.
11512:
11313:"Contest and Consent: A Legal History of Marital Rape"
11234:. Ministry of Interior. 18 July 1950. pp. 248–249
11185:
Marital rape was explicitly included in the 1960 code.
11072:"Contest and Consent: A Legal History of Marital Rape"
11008:"Contest and Consent: A Legal History of Marital Rape"
10965:"Contest and Consent: A Legal History of Marital Rape"
10926:"Contest and Consent: A Legal History of Marital Rape"
10637:"Contest and Consent: A Legal History of Marital Rape"
7970:
Marital rape is not recognised as a criminal offence.
26211:
24894:"Togo 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
24075:. Channel News Asia. 27 December 2019. Archived from
23363:"Peru 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
23035:"Oman 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
21595:"Laos 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
20956:"Iraq 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
20895:"Iran 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
20021:"Fiji 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
19471:"Cuba 2017 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices"
18087:
In-depth study on all forms of violence against women
17684:
17682:
17680:
17678:
17676:
17674:
17672:
17670:
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17666:
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17560:
17558:
16369:"Algeria - Amnesty International Taunton Local Group"
15235:
15233:
15231:
15229:
15081:
HCA 48; 174 CLR, per Mason C.J., Deane and Toohey JJ.
12574:. Dublin: Law Reform Commission. 1 December 1987. §21
12377:"Helsingin Sanomat - International Edition - Foreign"
11049:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 52.
8722:
Deny, attack, and reverse victim and offender (DARVO)
3699:
uphold this right of the husband; ruling as follows:
2882:
Recent countries to criminalize marital rape include
25012:
22967:
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (2017).
22494:
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (2017).
22427:
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (2017).
22306:
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (2017).
22265:
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (2017).
22198:
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (2017).
22157:
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (2017).
21900:
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (2017).
21796:"Country Policy and Information Note - Libya: Women"
21634:
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (2017).
19240:
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (2017).
19075:
Asian-Pacific Resource and Research Centre (ARROW).
19048:
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (2017).
18960:
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (2017).
18711:
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (2017).
18162:
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (2017).
18006:
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (2017).
17907:
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (2017).
17876:
17874:
17872:
17870:
17847:
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (2017).
17556:
17554:
17552:
17550:
17548:
17546:
17544:
17542:
17540:
17538:
17536:
17534:
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17508:
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17408:
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17394:
17392:
17390:
17388:
17386:
17384:
17382:
17380:
17378:
16228:"Handbook for Legislation on Violence Against Women"
15516:"Yemen minister on child marriage: Enough is enough"
14560:"Lacey, Wells and Quick Reconstructing Criminal Law"
12540:
12538:
11044:
3638:
2752:
also, before 1982, there was a statutory exemption.
2157:
22800:"New law sets five-year jail term for marital rape"
17376:
17374:
17372:
17370:
17368:
17366:
17364:
17362:
17360:
17358:
16524:Sev'er, Aysan; Yurdakul, Gökçe (9 September 2001).
15782:(New ed.). Indiana University Press. pp.
15206:"Justice in Peru: Victim Gets Rapist for a Husband"
14976:
14974:
14689:, affirming 2 WLR 1065, 2 All ER 257, (1991) 135
14558:Celia Wells, University of Bristol (28 June 2010).
14320:
14152:
14150:
12036:each republic adopted their own Criminal Act, with
11701:" (explanations regarding the Istanbul Convention)"
11423:
Ending Violence Against Women: From Words to Action
5859:
Violence against women in India § Marital rape
2869:
Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005
2052:subscribed until the 20th century to the system of
1462:
Post-assault treatment of victims of sexual assault
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
25194:"Women's property and use rights in personal laws"
25071:
22973:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2017
22500:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2017
22433:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2017
22312:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2017
22271:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2017
22204:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2017
22163:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2017
21906:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2017
21640:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2017
19246:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2017
19094:considered a form of violence within the marriage.
19054:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2017
18991:
18989:
18987:
18985:
18983:
18966:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2017
18717:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2017
18168:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2017
18012:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2017
17980:. Parliament of Antigua ad Barbuda. Archived from
17913:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2017
17853:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2017
17115:Russell, Kirsten J.; Hand, Christopher J. (2017).
16523:
16261:
16259:
15226:
14588:"Acting Like a Man: Seduction and Rape in the Law"
13194:"Intercultural Dialogue on Violence against Women"
13058:A Comparative Perspective on Major Social Problems
13007:A comparative perspective on major social problems
12775:"Kunarac, Vukovic and Kovac - Judgement - Part IV"
12683:A comparative perspective on major social problems
12552:. Oireachtas. 25 February 1981. Vol.327 cc.296–341
11724:Council of Europe Committee of Ministers Plenary.
2180:(1593–1631), for instance, Hale cite's the jurist
2153:Formalization of the marital rape exemption in law
1953:The issues of sexual and domestic violence within
22034:"AWAM : All Women's Action Society Malaysia"
17867:
16920:"Actually, Dr. Ruth, the Talmud Does Not OK Rape"
15912:
15648:
15541:"Yemeni minister seeks law to end child marriage"
14553:
14551:
14338:. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. pp.
13818:
12535:
10911:"R. v R [1991] UKHL 12 (23 October 1991)"
10749:
3909:. The paradisaical narrative of man and woman in
3859:
3410:Criminal Law Consolidation Act Amendment Act 1976
2743:also contained a statutory exemption, and read: "
26350:
26197:(first ed.). Delhi: Shandilya Publication.
26125:Yllö, Kersti; Torres, M. Gabriela, eds. (2016).
23451:. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: ARROW. pp. 22–23.
18657:(Report). UN. p. 4. EGM/GPLVAW/2008/EP.04.
17938:
17936:
17934:
17932:
17930:
17355:
17087:
16943:
16388:
15813:. North Melbourne: Spinifex Press. p. 224.
15513:
14971:
14147:
13855:
12978:
12976:
12923:"Microsoft Word - 4_1-Manual Capitulo II_01.doc"
11253:
11251:
11249:
11223:
11221:
11219:
10573:Yllö, Kersti; Torres, M. Gabriela, eds. (2016).
302:Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims
26299:For a brief overview view of partner rape, see
26195:Marital Rape: The Indian and Global Perspective
24224:. Federal Government of Somalia. Archived from
23572:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
23105:"Marital rape: Is it criminalized in Pakistan?"
21659:
21657:
19214:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
18980:
18356:. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees
18081:
18079:
18077:
18075:
18073:
18071:
18069:
16256:
15291:
14418:"Tennessee General Assembly » Legislation"
13917:
13915:
12334:
9364:Power and Control: Domestic Violence in America
8496:National Clearinghouse on Marital and Date Rape
3579:conducted a study on violence against women in
3404:, under the progressive initiatives of Premier
3363:Public Prosecution Service for Northern Ireland
2976:repeated the marital rape exemption, stating:
23:. For overlapping (non-marital) phenomena, see
19875:National Sexual Rights Law and Policy Database
18995:
17333:"The costs of marital rape in Southern Africa"
16598:"Thousands of Women Killed for Family 'Honor'"
16142:
15289:
15287:
15285:
15283:
15281:
15279:
15277:
15275:
15273:
15271:
14548:
13637:
13511:"Child Rights Information Network - Resources"
12600:. Dublin: Law Reform Commission. May 1988. §18
11658:The Routledge Handbook of European Criminology
10807:
9572:Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society
2384:. In 2012, High Commissioner for Human Rights
2250:concerns about excessive procreation. British
2204:, but it was not overturned until 1991 by the
2068:Understanding Marital Rape In a Global Context
26307:"Marital and Intimate Partner Sexual Assault"
23217:"Palestine: 'Marry-Your-Rapist' Law Repealed"
22562:"Morocco bans forced marriage and harassment"
22081:"Remove exception to marital rape in the law"
21928:"Lithuania, § Protecting women from violence"
21801:. UK Home Office. January 2018. p. 7.3.2
21443:. Womensphere.wordpress.com. 24 February 2009
20479:"A chance for Congress to help Haitian women"
20448:
18641:
18639:
18637:
17927:
16855:- To which less consideration has been given"
16187:
16185:
16183:
16181:
16179:
16177:
16175:
16173:
16171:
16169:
14331:
13740:
13692:
13690:
13614:"India outlaws wife-beating and marital rape"
12973:
12457:Corps de femmes: sexualité et contrôle social
11675:"On The Protection Of Women Against Violence"
11246:
11216:
10043:
9679:
8536:
4113:, rape by one's spouse was recognized by the
4090:
3355:Sexual Offences (Northern Ireland) Order 2008
3275:By 1991, when the exemption was removed, the
2123:with each other. This can be seen in English
1904:
1308:
779:
22128:"Cleric apologises for marital rape comment"
21654:
19242:"Congo, Republic of the, Section 6. § Women"
18066:
15343:
15341:
15339:
15337:
15335:
15333:
15331:
15329:
15327:
15172:
13912:
13886:
13663:
13661:
13611:
12676:
12674:
11776:
11774:
11188:
10680:
10678:
10676:
10674:
10672:
10670:
9617:National Coalition Against Domestic Violence
3781:
1254:Sex offender registries in the United States
26184:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
25350:"Factbox: Women's rights in the Arab world"
17824:. Freedom House. March 2010. Archived from
17114:
16944:Touger, Eliyahu; ben Maimon, Moshe (2007).
15564:
15562:
15406:
15404:
15268:
15239:
14582:
14580:
13933:
13766:
12769:
12767:
12620:"Criminal Law (Rape) (Amendment) Act, 1990"
12359:"Ministry of Justice, Finland - Entry page"
12100:
12098:
12096:
12094:
12092:
12074:
12028:
12026:
12005:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 160.
11282:
11276:
11228:"Chapter 7, Section 2, § 238. ZnásilnÄ›nĂ".
11170:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 160.
10516:
10514:
10512:
10510:
10508:
10506:
3686:Relation to other forms of marital violence
3622:
3490:In the context of forced and child marriage
2462:An example of a country where the rape law
26192:
26124:
25072:McCormick-Cavanagh, Conor (28 July 2017).
23435:
22868:. New Zealand Legislation. 7 November 2015
22314:. U.S. Department of State. Archived from
22273:. U.S. Department of State. Archived from
22165:. U.S. Department of State. Archived from
21465:World Report 2018: Rights Trends in Kuwait
19993:
19991:
18634:
16917:
16894:"Eruvin 100b, The William Davidson Talmud"
16702:
16700:
16166:
16104:
15919:Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity
13841:
13687:
12628:. Section 21 and Schedule, No.5, Section 5
12478:
12476:
12474:
12428:
12426:
12080:
12044:; (any) rape is not gender specific since
11108:
10803:
10801:
10722:
10720:
10718:
10716:
10572:
10050:
10036:
9686:
9672:
8543:
8529:
3318:Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994
3172:of a husband for the rape of his wife was
2964:The traditional definition of rape in the
2875:remedy for the offence. In February 2022,
1961:unit, and more specifically, the issue of
1911:
1897:
1315:
1301:
786:
772:
26275:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190238360.003.0100
26137:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190238360.001.0001
26115:
26089:
25838:
24411:"Rapes surge in Sri Lanka amid weak laws"
20453:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 285.
19300:
18645:
17178:"Publicity urged for law on marital rape"
16780:. Bahamas Crisis Centre. 7 September 2009
16418:
16204:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190238360.003.0004
15946:Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network
15676:
15666:
15438:"WHO - Child marriages: 39 000 every day"
15360:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190238360.003.0006
15324:
15308:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190238360.003.0001
15252:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190238360.003.0005
14356:
13798:
13775:"Women's Transformations during Conflict"
13722:
13658:
13481:"Anger over proposed change to rape laws"
12998:
12705:
12671:
12516:"Criminal Law (Rape) Act 1981, Section 2"
12335:Spain. Tribunal, Supremo (May 1992). "".
12191:"Selected Changes in Justice Legislation"
11881:
11771:
11458:"Progress of the World's Women 2015-2016"
10697:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190238360.003.0002
10667:
10607:
10585:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190238360.001.0001
10520:
10487:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190238360.003.0012
9992:Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome
6859:years’ imprisonment for those convicted.
4158:
4021:Marital or spousal rape is prohibited by
3340:(see "England and Wales" above), rape in
3255:. For this, the husband was convicted of
3129:Appellate Committee of the House of Lords
2980:A male who has sexual intercourse with a
2600:, criminalized marital rape in 1977. The
2551:, of marital rape and domestic violence:
2539:The countries which choose to ratify the
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
23131:"Criminalising Marital Rape In Pakistan"
23072:
23070:
21433:
19838:
16706:
16395:Journal of International Women's Studies
16325:
15885:Burman, M.; J. Lovett; L. Kelly (2009).
15559:
15401:
15347:
15180:"The Middle East's "Rape-Marriage" Laws"
14577:
14478:"RCSD Sex Offender Registry Information"
14226:. OSISA. 25 October 2012. Archived from
14067:
14061:
13772:
13230:"CRIMINAL CODE OF 1996, AMENDED IN 2004"
13033:. Sgdatabase.unwomen.org. Archived from
12764:
12253:. Sgdatabase.unwomen.org. Archived from
12089:
12023:
11292:. Simon & Schuster. pp. 381–382
10726:
10503:
10474:
8909:Effects of domestic violence on children
3542:
3103:
2222:From the beginnings of the 19th century
26313:. Minnesota Advocates for Human Rights.
26050:
25941:
21932:Women, Business and the Law report 2017
20476:
19988:
19844:
18998:"UN Women justice report: get the data"
18096:(Report). 6 July 2006. A/61/122/Add.1.
17814:
16697:
16632:Honour Based Violence Awareness Network
15806:
15775:
14332:Finkelhor, David; Yllö, Kersti (1985).
14311:
13864:"Mixed reaction to marital rape reform"
12649:
12471:
12423:
11552:
11550:
10798:
10713:
10423:
3243:the husbands were instead convicted of
3093:
2835:criminalized marital rape in 1996, and
2811:marital rape was criminalized in 1998.
2466:a husband as a possible perpetrator is
2198:Pleading and Evidence in Criminal Cases
1934:with one's spouse without the spouse's
26351:
26334:"Raped by a Partner: Rape in Marriage"
26017:
25910:
25098:Chaban, Stephanie (23 December 2017).
25097:
24211:
21468:. Human Rights Watch. 20 December 2017
19900:Egyptian Initiative of Personal Rights
19661:"Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 2016"
18574:
16848:
16595:
15833:
15295:
14947:"Policy for Prosecuting Cases of Rape"
14281:"SELECTED MODEL PENAL CODE PROVISIONS"
12742:"German Law Criminalizes Marital Rape"
12104:
12055:
11590:"Combating of Rape Act, No. 8 of 2000"
11310:
11069:
11005:
10962:
10923:
10684:
10634:
10294:Complex post-traumatic stress disorder
9997:False allegation of child sexual abuse
9191:Domestic violence in Christian culture
4056:
3913:establishes a foundation of marriage:
3864:In many cultures, marriages are still
3530:reference to the practice of robadas,
3460:
2331:20th- and 21st-century criminalization
2066:Kersti Yllö states in the prologue of
25911:Bergen, Raquel Kennedy (March 1999).
23067:
19997:
16869:"Proverbs 19:2, JPS 1917 translation"
16731:
16552:
16191:
15570:"World report on violence and health"
15140:
14863:Cases & Materials on Criminal Law
14859:
13004:
12680:
12645:
12643:
12003:Russian women in politics and society
11429:. United Nations. 2006. p. 113.
11257:
11168:Russian women in politics and society
10844:from the original on 8 September 2004
10426:Family Law: A Very Short Introduction
10031:
9667:
8550:
8524:
3934:in the writings of the Apostle Paul.
3807:Young women from various settings in
3746:
3451:
2773:Marital rape was made illegal in the
2373:. This establishes marital rape as a
2218:Feminist critique in the 19th century
1988:from the 1960s and 70s especially by
1845:Prosecution of gender-targeted crimes
26262:
26055:. Macmillan Publishing Company, USA.
25546:
25323:
25163:
24735:
23128:
23076:
21354:
20718:
20585:
17942:
17690:"Women, Business and the Law - Data"
16596:Mayell, Hillary (12 February 2002).
15624:"WHO - Gender, equity, human rights"
15598:"WHO - Gender, equity, human rights"
14251:"Wife's seven-year wait for justice"
13377:"Violence Against Women in Colombia"
12061:
12000:
11547:
11165:
10871:
10635:Hasday, Jill Elaine (October 2000).
10568:
10566:
10564:
9196:Domestic violence in Islamic culture
8646:Sexual violence by intimate partners
8501:Sexual violence by intimate partners
4100:Problems in prosecuting marital rape
3953:The Christian religion teaches that
3367:Policy for Prosecuting Cases of Rape
3047:Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1976
3027:
2988:Reforms of marital rape laws in the
60:adding citations to reliable sources
31:
26157:resolution 48/104 (December 1993).
26096:Women's Studies International Forum
26020:"The Impossibility of Marital Rape"
25996:
23102:
21706:. November 2015. CEDAW/C/LBN/CO/4-5
20477:Klasing, Amanda (24 January 2012).
18103:from the original on 15 August 2011
17343:from the original on 19 August 2008
17330:
17175:
15913:Motalingoane-Khau, Mathabo (2007).
14248:
14068:Robinson, Jessica (21 March 2013).
13925:. AFP. 22 June 2007. Archived from
13894:"Malaysian jailed for marital rape"
13861:
13799:Bhattarai, Tara (18 January 2012).
13638:Kalpana Sharma (10 November 2010).
11836:"Slut med "konerabat" for voldtægt"
10608:Pillsbury, Samuel H (1 July 2000).
10424:Herring, Jonathan (February 2014).
9756:Genital modification and mutilation
8626:Genital modification and mutilation
5119:Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus
4171:Marital rape legislation by country
3665:While rape by a stranger is highly
3439:did the same in 1994. In 1991, in
3331:
2856:criminalized marital rape in 2003.
2828:made marital rape illegal in 2001.
2352:followed the Soviet example, e. g.
2139:(1609–1676), in his legal treatise
13:
26338:Women's Health Goulburn North East
26193:Dalal, Manish; Kumar, Raj (2020).
20719:jain, akanksha (17 January 2018).
20449:Freedom House (23 November 2011).
17949:Michigan Journal of Gender and Law
17888:. Gender Equality Commission (GEC)
16389:Ebtihal Mahadeen (December 2013).
16352:
15941:"Intimate Partner Sexual Violence"
13487:. 28 February 2007. Archived from
12640:
12594:"Report: Rape and Allied Offences"
12361:. 17 February 2013. Archived from
11677:. Council of Europe. 30 April 2002
10862:Historia Placitorum Coronæ page629
9622:National Domestic Violence Hotline
8484:Maouloud Baby v. State of Maryland
8281:Marital rape is illegal in all 50
2576:(1950), some other members of the
2365:High Commissioner for Human Rights
2194:Treatise of the Pleas of the Crown
14:
26385:
26293:
22134:. 23 January 2018. Archived from
19273:American Journal of Public Health
16947:Mishneh Torah, Human Dispositions
16918:Ruttenberg, Danya (3 June 2015).
15719:"Women, Violence, and Tajikistan"
15701:"Ethiopian women are most abused"
13862:Kok, Teresa (15 September 2007).
13563:. 4 December 2012. Archived from
12823:"Microsoft Word - 1Deckblatt.doc"
10561:
9966:Laws regarding child sexual abuse
9853:in education in the United States
9565:Journal of Interpersonal Violence
5855:Rape in India § Marital rape
3969:, while sex within marriage is a
3922:This doctrine is repeated in the
3639:Physical and psychological damage
3123:(see above). It was abolished in
3121:History of the Pleas of the Crown
2960:Marital rape in the United States
2850:are dependent on their husbands.
2755:Marital rape was criminalized in
2699:stated, "In the absence of Irish
2631:Marital rape was criminalized in
2170:History of the Pleas of the Crown
2158:Common law and the United Kingdom
2147:History of the Pleas of the Crown
2045:History of the Pleas of the Crown
25887:
25859:
25826:
25798:
25786:
25758:
25728:
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25688:
25676:
25648:
25636:
25608:
25596:
25568:
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25500:
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25462:
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25342:
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22908:
22880:
22858:
22846:
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22792:
22780:
22752:
22726:
22714:
22686:
22674:
22646:
22634:
22606:
22580:
22554:
22542:
22514:
22496:"Montenegro, Section 6. § Women"
22487:
22475:
22447:
22420:
22408:
22380:
22368:
22340:
22328:
22299:
22287:
22267:"Mauritania, Section 6. § Women"
22258:
22246:
22218:
22191:
22179:
22150:
22120:
22095:
22073:
22052:
22026:
22014:
21986:
21974:
21946:
21920:
21893:
21881:
21853:
21841:
21813:
21788:
21776:
21748:
21718:
21683:
21627:
21615:
21587:
21560:
21548:
21520:
21508:
21480:
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21421:
21393:
21371:
21348:
21336:
21308:
21296:
21268:
21256:
21228:
21216:
21188:
21176:
21148:
21136:
21108:
21096:
21068:
21056:
21028:
21016:
20988:
20976:
20948:
20927:
20915:
20887:
20871:International Approaches to Rape
20862:
20832:
20804:
20792:
20764:
20738:
20712:
20684:
20672:
20644:
20632:
20604:
20590:. OECD Publishing. p. 119.
20579:
20567:
20539:
20527:
20499:
20470:
20442:
20430:
20402:
20390:
20362:
20350:
20322:
20293:
20281:
20253:
20241:
20213:
20201:
20173:
20161:
20133:
20121:
20093:
20081:
20053:
20041:
20013:
19976:
19948:
19918:
19888:
19863:
19826:
19798:
19786:
19758:
19746:
19718:
19706:
19678:
19653:
19641:
19613:
19601:
19573:
19543:
19531:
19503:
19491:
19463:
19437:
19425:
19397:
19385:
19357:
19345:
19317:
19260:
19233:
19207:
19195:
19167:
19155:
19127:
19110:. The Policy Press. p. 69.
19108:International Approaches to Rape
19099:
19068:
19041:
19015:
18962:"Cabo Verde, Section 6. § Women"
18953:
18941:
18913:
18901:
18873:
18861:
18833:
18821:
18793:
18781:
18753:
18731:
18704:
18692:
18664:
18646:Stefiszyn, Karen (12 May 2008).
18622:
18594:
18568:
18556:
18528:
18516:
18488:
18476:
18448:
18436:
18408:
18396:
18368:
18342:
18330:
18302:
18290:
18262:
18250:
18222:
18210:
18182:
18155:
18143:
18115:
18054:
18026:
17999:
17967:
17900:
17840:
17802:
17774:
17748:
17736:
17708:
17324:
17288:
17262:
17233:
17197:
17169:
17147:
17108:
17081:
17067:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2003.00233.x
17020:
17011:
16992:
16986:
16968:
16962:
16937:
16911:
16886:
16861:
16842:
16827:
16814:
16792:
16770:
16740:
16732:Laiou, Angelike E., ed. (1993).
16725:
16686:
16675:
16660:
16645:
16620:
16589:
16546:
16517:
16495:
16459:
16412:
16382:
16361:
16346:
16319:
16297:
16220:
16136:
16098:
16077:
16053:"THE PENAL-CODE WITH AMENDMENTS"
16045:
16015:
15986:
15960:
15933:
15906:
15897:
15878:
15827:
15800:
15769:
15759:
15737:
15711:
15693:
15642:
15616:
15590:
15533:
15507:
15481:
15456:
15430:
15376:
15198:
15134:
15109:
15084:
15070:
15034:
15006:
14939:
14921:"Husband jailed for raping wife"
14913:
14887:
14853:
14820:
14794:
14782:
14770:
14758:
14746:
14734:
14722:
14710:
14649:
14624:
14522:
14496:
14470:
14452:
14431:
14410:
14378:
14305:
14273:
14242:
14216:
14195:
14115:
14084:
14039:
14013:
13985:
13959:
13792:
13631:
13612:Peter Foster (27 October 2006).
13605:
13579:
13547:
13525:
13503:
13473:
13447:
13425:
13397:
13369:
13343:
13317:
13291:
12040:introducing rape of wife in its
10010:
9945:Sociobiological theories of rape
9693:
8440:
8419:
8398:
8377:
8356:
8334:
8313:
8291:
8278:Marital rape (United States law)
8260:
8238:
8216:
8194:
8173:
8152:
8131:
8109:
8083:
8062:
8041:
8019:
7997:
7976:
7955:
7934:
7912:
7890:
7869:
7847:
7825:
7804:
7783:
7762:
7741:
7719:
7698:
7676:
7654:
7632:
7610:
7588:
7567:
7546:
7525:
7504:
7483:
7462:
7449:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
7441:
7420:
7400:
7378:
7357:
7336:
7315:
7295:
7274:
7253:
7232:
7211:
7190:
7168:
7147:
7126:
7105:
7079:
7058:
7036:
7015:
6994:
6973:
6951:
6930:
6908:
6886:
6865:
6843:
6822:
6800:
6775:
6754:
6732:
6711:
6690:
6669:
6648:
6626:
6605:
6584:
6563:
6542:
6517:
6495:
6473:
6452:
6431:
6409:
6387:
6365:
6344:
6323:
6301:
6280:
6259:
6238:
6217:
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6174:
6153:
6132:
6111:
6089:
6068:
6046:
6024:
6003:
5982:
5960:
5939:
5917:
5895:
5869:
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5816:
5795:
5774:
5753:
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5711:
5690:
5669:
5647:
5626:
5605:
5584:
5563:
5542:
5521:
5500:
5478:
5456:
5434:
5413:
5393:
5372:
5351:
5330:
5308:
5276:
5255:
5234:
5212:
5191:
5170:
5149:
5127:
5101:
5079:
5058:
5037:
5016:
4994:
4973:
4952:
4931:
4910:
4889:
4868:
4847:
4825:
4804:
4783:
4761:
4740:
4718:
4696:
4675:
4654:
4632:
4611:
4590:
4569:
4548:
4527:
4506:
4485:
4464:
4443:
4422:
4401:
4380:
4358:
4337:
4316:
4295:
4274:
4253:
4232:
4211:
4189:
3905:has been strongly influenced by
3764:Marital rape (United States law)
2953:
2559:
2168:Sir Matthew Hale's statement in
1282:
1270:
808:
753:
353:Democratic Republic of the Congo
36:
25:intimate partner sexual violence
26155:United Nations General Assembly
26061:"Facts about Women and the Law"
25903:
25551:. OECD Publishing. p. 91.
25328:. OECD Publishing. p. 89.
25168:. OECD Publishing. p. 87.
24740:. OECD Publishing. p. 85.
23129:Khan, Usman (23 October 2019).
23077:Khan, Myra (20 February 2015).
22969:"Macedonia, Section 6. § Women"
22308:"Mauritius, Section 6. § Women"
21902:"Lithuania, Section 6. § Women"
18008:"Argentina, Section 6. § Women"
17176:Moy, Patsy (23 November 2003).
17121:Aggression and Violent Behavior
17090:Aggression and Violent Behavior
16332:. Spinifex Press. p. 262.
16111:Oxford Journal of Legal Studies
15096:www.lawcommissionofindia.nic.in
13923:"Thailand outlaws marital rape"
13433:"Thailand outlaws marital rape"
13265:
13248:
13222:
13186:
13160:
13132:
13100:
13072:
13049:
13023:
13009:. Lexington Books. p. 25.
12943:
12915:
12887:
12851:
12815:
12788:
12734:
12699:
12685:. Lexington Books. p. 20.
12650:Holland, Kitty (26 July 2016).
12612:
12586:
12564:
12508:
12448:
12395:
12369:
12351:
12328:
12301:
12277:"Rape: Still a forgotten issue"
12269:
12243:
12215:
12183:
12171:. Statcan.gc.ca. 18 August 2010
12161:
11994:
11973:
11955:
11927:
11901:
11875:
11854:
11828:
11802:
11739:
11717:
11689:
11667:
11650:
11614:
11582:
11486:
11450:
11414:
11378:
11343:
11304:
11159:
11137:
11102:
11063:
11038:
10999:
10956:
10917:
10903:
10891:
10865:
10856:
10830:
10772:
10743:
10527:Review of International Studies
8959:Management of domestic violence
8843:Domestic violence and pregnancy
8674:Domestic violence and pregnancy
3896:
3715:Supreme Court of North Carolina
3051:Criminal Law Revision Committee
2860:outlawed marital rape in 2000.
2313:British philosopher and writer
2110:
47:needs additional citations for
19998:Banda, Fareda (6 March 2008).
19449:. Lulu.com. 2016. p. 55.
18996:Claire Provost (6 July 2011).
18575:Wright, Emily (26 June 2017).
17055:Journal of Marriage and Family
16027:University of Colorado Boulder
14519: (archived August 7, 2015)
13435:. The China Post. 22 June 2007
13273:"AMENDMENT TO PENAL CODE 1998"
13005:Simon, Rita James (May 2001).
12748:. 16 June 1997. Archived from
12681:Simon, Rita James (May 2001).
12038:Socialist Republic of Slovenia
11262:. Berghahn Books. p. 90.
10628:
10601:
10468:
10442:
10417:
9976:Sexually violent predator laws
6677:Federated States of Micronesia
3998:, and has been interpreted by
3987:in his 1968 encyclical letter
3860:The way marriages are arranged
3723:wife, under any circumstances.
3326:R v W 1993 14 Cr App R (S) 256
3306:European Court of Human Rights
2606:Talmud (at least 6th century).
2082:In some cultures, marriage is
1:
25962:Trauma, Violence, & Abuse
25224:UN Women Asia and the Pacific
23103:Rao, Hamza (31 August 2017).
18164:"Austria, Section 6. § Women"
17849:"Andorra, Section 6. § Women"
16419:Carpenter, R. Charli (2000).
15776:Russell, Diana E. H. (1990).
14100:Legislative Assembly of Samoa
13669:"Marital Rape: OK or not ok?"
13080:"Nothing But The Legal Truth"
12196:. 17 May 2010. Archived from
11882:Mala Htun (25 October 2007).
10405:
10075:Adverse childhood experiences
9920:Effects and aftermath of rape
9579:Trauma, Violence, & Abuse
9487:What's Love Got to Do with It
8919:Parental bullying of children
8899:Adverse childhood experiences
8838:Domestic violence against men
3872:relations, often including a
3789:Haribhai Parthibhai Chaudhary
3645:Effects and aftermath of rape
3538:
3032:
1790:International legal framework
26051:Russell, Diana E.H. (1990).
26036:10.1080/08164649.2014.958124
22429:"Monaco, Section 6. § Women"
21636:"Latvia, Section 6. § Women"
21355:Krol, Paula (10 June 2017).
19845:Warrick, Catherine. (2009).
18713:"Brazil, Section 6. § Women"
17909:"Angola, Section 6. § Women"
17331:Ali, Nada (18 August 2008).
17017:R. W. Connell (1995), p. 45.
16972:Shulchan Arukh, Orach Chayim
16149:Hastings Women's Law Journal
15384:"What is a forced marriage?"
15141:Nigam, Shalu (3 June 2015).
14849:– via Goforthelaw.com.
14832:Criminal Law Journal, Nagpur
14072:. Andean Information Network
11622:"PENAL CODE OF BHUTAN, 2004"
11467:. p. 17. Archived from
11352:American Sociological Review
11311:Hasday, Jill Elaine (2000).
11195:"Chapter XXXII., Art. 204".
11070:Hasday, Jill Elaine (2000).
11006:Hasday, Jill Elaine (2000).
10963:Hasday, Jill Elaine (2000).
10924:Hasday, Jill Elaine (2000).
10410:
8883:Social emotional development
8468:Outline of domestic violence
5024:Democratic Republic of Congo
4165:Marital rape laws by country
4083:Marital rape that occurs in
3852:on whether the victim was a
3372:
3270:
2454:) and some countries in the
1885:Violence against LGBT people
1759:Online gender-based violence
1455:Violence against prostitutes
1068:Criminal transmission of HIV
576:Marital rape laws by country
7:
26311:Stop Violence Against Women
26301:STAR Library - Marital Rape
26131:. Oxford University Press.
26024:Australian Feminist Studies
25974:10.1177/1524838003004003003
24047:Attorney-General's Chambers
22200:"Malta, Section 6. § Women"
21665:"Lebanon: Reform Rape Laws"
19050:"Chile, Section 6. § Women"
16996:Shulchan Arukh, Even HaEzer
15848:10.1891/vivi.17.5.511.33717
15747:. Religiousconsultation.org
14982:"Reform of the Law of Rape"
14312:Johnson, Mollie C. (2018).
14000:Legislacion.asamblea.gob.ni
13168:"Sesso, matrimonio e legge"
12720:10.1016/j.sexol.2009.04.001
12083:Introduction to Criminology
11283:Brownmiller, Susan (1975).
10579:. Oxford University Press.
9537:Contemporary Family Therapy
8786:Passive-aggressive behavior
8699:Situational couple violence
8461:
3948:St. Dionysian of Alexandria
3891:
3693:Calvin Bradley v. the State
3519:marrying off young children
543:Russian invasion of Ukraine
10:
26390:
26108:10.1016/j.wsif.2013.12.003
26018:Mandal, Saptarshi (2014).
25997:Gan, K. (September 2004).
24768:. OHCHR. 22 September 2016
24219:"Provisional Constitution"
22975:. U.S. Department of State
22502:. U.S. Department of State
22435:. U.S. Department of State
22206:. U.S. Department of State
22159:"Mali, Section 6. § Women"
21908:. U.S. Department of State
21642:. U.S. Department of State
21571:. WOM/1743. Archived from
21462:"Kuwait: Events of 2017".
20858:– via wcwonline.org.
19666:. Commonwealth of Dominica
19248:. U.S. Department of State
19056:. U.S. Department of State
18968:. U.S. Department of State
18719:. U.S. Department of State
18170:. U.S. Department of State
18014:. U.S. Department of State
17975:"Sexual Offences Act 1995"
17915:. U.S. Department of State
17855:. U.S. Department of State
16467:"Honor Violence FACTSHEET"
14860:Molan, Michael T. (2005).
14681:, 24 October 1991, (1991)
14677:, 24 October 1991, (1991)
14620:– via commonlii.org.
14564:Cambridge University Press
14316:(Thesis). Yale University.
14160:Family Protection Act 2013
12572:"Consultation Paper: Rape"
12107:Rape and the legal process
12081:Kauzlarich, David (2008).
12034:1974 Yugoslav Constitution
10817:Digitalcommons.law.byu.edu
10521:Bovarnick, Silvie (2007).
10428:. OUP Oxford. p. 35.
8949:Domestic violence hotlines
8873:Parental abuse by children
8275:
8013:penalty as well as fines.
5852:
4162:
4091:Universal lived experience
4060:
4016:
4009:
3642:
3590:The earliest study in the
3470:
3464:
3431:did the same in 1985; and
3361:of England and Wales. The
3097:
2984:is guilty of rape if: ....
2957:
2791:Sentenza n. 12857 del 1976
2196:in 1803 and in Archbold's
2161:
2142:Historia Placitorum Coronæ
2015:
2011:
1425:Sexual violence statistics
1277:Human sexuality portal
898:Deviant sexual intercourse
637:Sexual violence statistics
18:
26364:Intimate partner violence
26230:10.1080/00224498909551495
25547:OECD (22 February 2010).
25324:OECD (22 February 2010).
25164:OECD (22 February 2010).
24736:OECD (22 February 2010).
20586:OECD (22 February 2010).
17133:10.1016/j.avb.2017.10.008
17102:10.1016/j.avb.2006.10.003
16567:10.1007/s10508-012-0045-1
16326:Jeffreys, Sheila (1997).
16023:"STATE v. RICHARD OLIVER"
15092:"LAW COMMISSION OF INDIA"
14779:(1988) 86 Cr. App. R. 339
14707:, affirming 1 All ER 747
13642:. Tehelka. Archived from
11145:"Bertrand Russell Quotes"
10539:10.1017/S0260210507007309
10284:Abusive power and control
10266:
10065:
10057:
10005:
9984:
9958:
9915:Causes of sexual violence
9900:
9701:
9640:
9599:
9528:
9496:
9387:
9350:The Conspiracy of Silence
9334:
9327:
9267:
9211:
9204:
9183:
8977:
8941:
8929:Stress in early childhood
8891:
8853:Intimate partner violence
8825:
8818:
8766:Major depressive disorder
8707:
8654:
8616:
8609:
8576:Abusive power and control
8558:
3831:, in Western countries, "
3782:Culturally unrecognizable
3697:Mississippi Supreme Court
3577:World Health Organization
3184:(1974) (the obtaining of
2839:criminalized it in 1999.
1744:Intimate partner violence
1637:Female genital mutilation
1415:Causes of sexual violence
1241:Sex offender registration
1078:Female genital mutilation
498:Bangladesh Liberation War
26068:American Bar Association
25871:U.S. Department of State
25810:U.S. Department of State
25770:U.S. Department of State
25700:U.S. Department of State
25660:U.S. Department of State
25620:U.S. Department of State
25580:U.S. Department of State
25512:U.S. Department of State
25446:U.S. Department of State
25406:U.S. Department of State
25289:U.S. Department of State
25249:U.S. Department of State
25129:U.S. Department of State
25037:U.S. Department of State
24978:U.S. Department of State
24938:U.S. Department of State
24898:U.S. Department of State
24858:U.S. Department of State
24818:U.S. Department of State
24701:U.S. Department of State
24661:U.S. Department of State
24621:U.S. Department of State
24581:U.S. Department of State
24541:U.S. Department of State
24476:U.S. Department of State
24436:U.S. Department of State
24375:U.S. Department of State
24335:U.S. Department of State
24295:U.S. Department of State
24255:U.S. Department of State
24183:U.S. Department of State
24143:U.S. Department of State
24103:U.S. Department of State
24003:U.S. Department of State
23963:U.S. Department of State
23923:U.S. Department of State
23883:U.S. Department of State
23843:U.S. Department of State
23803:U.S. Department of State
23763:U.S. Department of State
23723:U.S. Department of State
23683:U.S. Department of State
23643:U.S. Department of State
23603:U.S. Department of State
23507:U.S. Department of State
23467:U.S. Department of State
23407:U.S. Department of State
23367:U.S. Department of State
23327:U.S. Department of State
23287:U.S. Department of State
23247:U.S. Department of State
23160:U.S. Department of State
23039:U.S. Department of State
22999:U.S. Department of State
22932:U.S. Department of State
22892:U.S. Department of State
22830:U.S. Department of State
22764:U.S. Department of State
22698:U.S. Department of State
22658:U.S. Department of State
22618:U.S. Department of State
22526:U.S. Department of State
22459:U.S. Department of State
22392:U.S. Department of State
22352:U.S. Department of State
22230:U.S. Department of State
22107:sexualrightsdatabase.org
21998:U.S. Department of State
21958:U.S. Department of State
21865:U.S. Department of State
21825:U.S. Department of State
21760:U.S. Department of State
21730:U.S. Department of State
21599:U.S. Department of State
21532:U.S. Department of State
21492:U.S. Department of State
21405:U.S. Department of State
21320:U.S. Department of State
21280:U.S. Department of State
21240:U.S. Department of State
21200:U.S. Department of State
21160:U.S. Department of State
21120:U.S. Department of State
21080:U.S. Department of State
21040:U.S. Department of State
21000:U.S. Department of State
20960:U.S. Department of State
20899:U.S. Department of State
20776:U.S. Department of State
20656:U.S. Department of State
20616:U.S. Department of State
20551:U.S. Department of State
20511:U.S. Department of State
20414:U.S. Department of State
20374:U.S. Department of State
20334:U.S. Department of State
20265:U.S. Department of State
20225:U.S. Department of State
20185:U.S. Department of State
20145:U.S. Department of State
20105:U.S. Department of State
20065:U.S. Department of State
20025:U.S. Department of State
19960:U.S. Department of State
19930:U.S. Department of State
19810:U.S. Department of State
19770:U.S. Department of State
19730:U.S. Department of State
19690:U.S. Department of State
19625:U.S. Department of State
19585:U.S. Department of State
19555:U.S. Department of State
19515:U.S. Department of State
19475:U.S. Department of State
19409:U.S. Department of State
19369:U.S. Department of State
19329:U.S. Department of State
19285:10.2105/AJPH.2010.300070
19179:U.S. Department of State
19139:U.S. Department of State
18925:U.S. Department of State
18885:U.S. Department of State
18845:U.S. Department of State
18805:U.S. Department of State
18765:U.S. Department of State
18676:U.S. Department of State
18606:U.S. Department of State
18540:U.S. Department of State
18500:U.S. Department of State
18460:U.S. Department of State
18420:U.S. Department of State
18380:U.S. Department of State
18314:U.S. Department of State
18274:U.S. Department of State
18234:U.S. Department of State
18194:U.S. Department of State
18127:U.S. Department of State
18038:U.S. Department of State
17943:Elvy, Stacy-Ann (2015).
17786:U.S. Department of State
17720:U.S. Department of State
17183:South China Morning Post
16329:The Idea of Prostitution
14699:, 15 March 1991, (1991)
14530:"CA Codes (pen:261-269)"
13754:(Report). CAT/C/KHM/CO/2
12169:"Legislative Influences"
11364:10.1177/0003122410388493
11319:(Submitted manuscript).
11078:(Submitted manuscript).
11014:(Submitted manuscript).
10971:(Submitted manuscript).
10932:(Submitted manuscript).
10359:Psychological projection
10221:Referee and umpire abuse
9558:Journal of Family Issues
8689:Murder of pregnant women
6924:increased by one-third.
4876:Central African Republic
4005:
3751:
3359:Sexual Offences Act 2003
3322:Sexual Offences Act 2003
3071:High Court of Justiciary
2612:began with the state of
2105:Fourth Geneva Convention
591:False accusation of rape
317:Sociobiological theories
26218:Journal of Sex Research
26090:Tønnessen, Liv (2014).
23196:"The Cutting Edge News"
23079:"Rape Laws in Pakistan"
16503:"Ethics: Honour crimes"
16143:Rhonda Copleon (1994).
15810:Voices of the Survivors
14510:New York, in 1984, in
14268:was introduced in 1996.
13587:"An offence, of course"
13087:Legalresearchnetwork.eu
12436:. Lawschool.cornell.edu
12379:. Hs.fi. Archived from
12052:is from 2008 (Art. 170)
10727:Schelong, K.M. (1994).
9653:Domestic violence court
9473:Sleeping with the Enemy
3445:High Court of Australia
3207:(1988) was followed by
3157:, that "the fiction of
3087:High Court of Australia
2480:explicitly criminalizes
1596:Secondary victimisation
1420:Child sexual initiation
1407:Sexual assault and rape
312:Secondary victimisation
264:Effects and motivations
26340:. 2008. Archived from
25999:"Sex a conjugal right"
25942:Connell, R.W. (2005).
20848:President of Indonesia
16849:de Margery, Bertrand.
16425:Human Rights Quarterly
16001:Files.usgwarchives.net
15668:10.1186/1742-4755-9-14
14743:(1976) 65 Cr.App.R. 22
13734:UN Information Service
13201:Retepariopportunita.it
12796:"German Criminal Code"
10872:Geis, Gilbert (1978).
10838:"Sex a conjugal right"
9648:Battered woman defense
9586:Violence Against Women
8969:Prevention initiatives
8878:Same-sex relationships
8636:Birth control sabotage
8581:Conflict tactics scale
4640:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4159:Legislation by country
4085:same-sex relationships
3944:
3920:
3736:
3710:
3623:
3548:
3113:
2741:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2681:Fianna Fáil government
2456:Commonwealth Caribbean
2402:explicitly criminalize
2348:, many members of the
2236:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
2190:contradiction in terms
1963:violence against women
1880:Violence against women
1340:Violence against women
1006:varies by jurisdiction
689:Rape and revenge films
647:Military sexual trauma
503:Sierra Leone Civil War
23109:Daily Pakistan Global
18743:Amnesty International
17026:R. W. Connell (1995).
16707:Cummings, D. (1957).
16533:University of Toronto
16505:. BBC. 1 January 1970
16437:10.1353/hrq.2000.0020
16123:10.1093/ojls/19.2.243
15021:legislation.sa.gov.au
13929:on 30 September 2007.
13898:Sydney Morning Herald
13837:on 27 September 2007.
12337:Actual Jurid Aranzadi
12050:current Criminal Code
11713:on 24 September 2015.
11317:California Law Review
11258:Elman, R Amy (1996).
11076:California Law Review
11012:California Law Review
10969:California Law Review
10930:California Law Review
10759:Theequalityeffect.org
10641:California Law Review
10329:Just-world hypothesis
10080:Anti-social behaviour
8641:Reproductive coercion
8491:Marital rape in India
8473:Criticism of marriage
7512:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
7408:Saint Kitts and Nevis
5002:Republic of the Congo
4061:Further information:
4010:Further information:
3939:
3915:
3719:
3701:
3546:
3467:Marry-your-rapist law
3300:arose in response to
3107:
3065:Five years later, in
2697:Law Reform Commission
2513:Amnesty International
2172:did not cite a legal
2016:Further information:
1754:Marry-your-rapist law
1749:Marriage by abduction
1606:Virgin cleansing myth
1249:Sex offender registry
734:Sexual trauma therapy
606:Sexual consent in law
581:Marry-your-rapist law
461:Occupation of Germany
272:Effects and aftermath
186:Drug-facilitated rape
21:Marry-your-rapist law
26344:on 23 February 2011.
25104:english.ahram.org.eg
20873:. The Policy Press.
20824:on 13 October 2017.
19029:on 25 September 2015
17987:on 21 September 2018
16950:. Moznaim Publishing
16833:Pope Francis, 2016,
16752:Alaska Dispatch News
16693:1 Corinthians 7:4–5a
16033:on 16 September 2013
15836:Violence and Victims
15807:Easteal, P. (1994).
15151:10.2139/ssrn.2613447
14866:. Psychology Press.
14667:216, Fam Law 108,
14464:www.scstatehouse.gov
14230:on 15 September 2013
13485:Nationmultimedia.com
12550:Dáil Éireann debates
12365:on 17 February 2013.
12316:(Report) (in German)
12001:Rule, Wilma (1996).
11570:on 12 September 2013
11166:Rule, Wilma (1996).
11147:. Notable-quotes.com
10840:. 6 September 2004.
10808:Rana Lehr-Lehnardt.
10733:Marquette Law Review
10481:. pp. 177–186.
10364:Psychological trauma
9940:Rape trauma syndrome
9746:Cybersex trafficking
9445:Looking for Angelina
8224:United Arab Emirates
5401:Eswatini (Swaziland)
4034:said in the name of
4000:Bertrand de Margerie
3965:, both of which are
3813:developing countries
3671:abusive relationship
3168:The first attempted
3143:Lord Keith of Kinkel
3110:West Midlands Police
3094:Ending the exemption
2847:Taweekiet Meenakanit
2734:German Criminal Code
2689:Minister for Justice
2490:criminal offense is
2275:Voltairine de Cleyre
2133:British Commonwealth
1990:second-wave feminism
1739:Forced sterilisation
1435:Cybersex trafficking
1218:UK Section 63 (2008)
1073:Cybersex trafficking
547:Israeli–Palestinian
493:Sri Lankan Civil War
474:Liberation of France
292:Rape trauma syndrome
287:Rape crisis movement
181:Cybersex trafficking
56:improve this article
25740:www.genderindex.org
24231:on 28 December 2013
24043:statutes.agc.gov.sg
22804:The Himalayan Times
22568:. 12 September 2018
21575:on 27 November 2009
21359:. Council of Europe
20692:"Section 375: Rape"
19083:on 27 December 2010
17270:"Unicef Statistics"
16602:National Geographic
16353:Posner, Richard A.
16105:PNS Rumney (1999).
15655:Reproductive Health
15547:. 13 September 2013
14808:on 7 September 2014
14802:"Domestic Violence"
14685:, 30 October 1991,
14612:on 25 February 2021
14595:Griffith Law Review
14249:Chelemu, Khethiwe.
14183:on 10 February 2016
14158:"Section 29 of the
14092:"Crimes Act – 2013"
13567:on 11 November 2013
13305:on 5 September 2015
12752:on 24 February 2012
12496:on 20 December 2009
12135:irishstatutebook.ie
12064:Adelaide Law Review
11602:on 22 February 2014
11535:on 22 February 2014
10881:Adelaide Law Review
10274:Abusive supervision
10201:Psychological abuse
10176:Institutional abuse
9971:Laws regarding rape
9751:Forced prostitution
9357:Defending Our Lives
9244:Nicola Graham-Kevan
8914:Narcissistic parent
8741:Emotional blackmail
8101:Tunisian Parliament
8070:Trinidad and Tobago
4303:Antigua and Barbuda
4173:
4123:(1991), A.C. 599.
4057:Gender expectations
4012:Rape in Islamic law
3759:Catharine MacKinnon
3600:Diana E. H. Russell
3461:Marriage after rape
3387:outside of marriage
3100:Rape in English law
3075:S. v. H.M. Advocate
2982:female not his wife
2863:Section 375 of the
2608:Criminalization in
2464:explicitly excludes
2320:Marriage and Morals
2164:Rape in English law
1430:Forced prostitution
955:Reproductive rights
830:Reproductive rights
652:Preventive measures
282:Pregnancy from rape
251:Unacknowledged rape
211:Live streaming rape
26077:on 12 October 2006
26005:on 12 October 2004
25746:on 17 October 2018
25382:. 20 December 2017
25380:Human Rights Watch
25356:. 12 November 2013
24792:Human Rights Watch
23221:Human Rights Watch
22138:on 17 October 2018
21934:. World Bank. 2017
21671:. 19 December 2016
21669:Human Rights Watch
20483:Human Rights Watch
17337:Human Rights Watch
17248:Human Rights Watch
16758:on 29 October 2013
16285:on 6 December 2010
16275:Population Council
16198:. pp. 41–54.
16065:on 21 October 2012
16003:. pp. 156–157
15707:. 11 October 2006.
15630:on 26 January 2009
15604:on 12 October 2006
15416:Human Rights Watch
15354:. pp. 75–86.
15246:. pp. 55–74.
15058:on 20 October 2016
14994:on 27 January 2014
14340:204–205, Table A–2
14293:on 29 October 2013
13973:on 11 January 2014
13874:on 8 December 2022
13736:. 21 January 2005.
13646:on 3 February 2013
13560:The Times of India
13279:on 4 November 2013
13236:on 4 November 2013
12839:on 20 October 2013
12625:Irish Statute Book
12521:Irish Statute Book
12139:Irish Statute Book
12046:1995 Criminal Code
11759:on 20 October 2013
10691:. pp. 19–28.
10354:Playing the victim
10246:Surveillance abuse
10196:Professional abuse
10117:Cruelty to animals
9734:Child prostitution
9724:Child exploitation
9612:ManKind Initiative
9459:One Minute to Nine
9452:Once Were Warriors
9219:Jacquelyn Campbell
8791:Setting up to fail
8781:Narcissistic abuse
8516:Women Against Rape
6891:
5293:Court of Cassation
5220:Dominican Republic
4169:
4152:Human Rights Watch
3747:Sustaining factors
3549:
3452:India and Pakistan
3437:Northern Territory
3178:order of the court
3114:
2831:In South America,
2718:Court of Cassation
2287:Thomas Low Nichols
2269:, including early
2267:Free Love Movement
2121:sexual intercourse
1994:self-determination
1932:sexual intercourse
1670:Narcissistic abuse
1063:Child prostitution
1029:Anti-miscegenation
960:Right to sexuality
950:Red-light district
893:Pedophile advocacy
853:Conversion therapy
843:Capital punishment
674:Rape crisis centre
622:Anti-rape movement
596:Rape investigation
164:Child sexual abuse
26318:Aphrodite Wounded
26284:978-0-19-023836-0
26146:978-0-19-023836-0
25929:on 6 October 2011
25558:978-92-64-07747-8
25488:on 14 August 2011
25335:978-92-64-07747-8
25175:978-92-64-07747-8
24794:. 29 October 2014
24747:978-92-64-07747-8
24079:on 1 January 2020
24039:"Sexual offences"
22806:. 29 October 2017
20880:978-1-84742-620-8
20696:Indian Penal Code
20597:978-92-64-07747-8
20460:978-1-4422-0994-7
20009:. pp. 85–87.
19906:on 9 January 2016
19856:978-0-7546-7587-7
19117:978-1-84742-621-5
17886:Council of Europe
16213:978-0-19-023836-0
15793:978-0-253-35055-8
15577:Whqlibdoc.who.int
15468:BBC World Service
15369:978-0-19-023836-0
15317:978-0-19-023836-0
15302:. pp. 9–18.
15261:978-0-19-023836-0
14959:on 7 October 2018
14901:on 8 October 2008
14834:: 357–368. 2005.
14703:, 15 March 1991,
14536:on 8 January 2016
14512:People v. Liberta
14505:People v. Liberta
14349:978-0-03-059474-8
13773:O'Reilly, Devon.
13710:on 24 August 2012
13593:. 15 January 2011
13174:. 8 December 2011
13016:978-0-7391-0248-0
12692:978-0-7391-0248-0
12434:"Country Details"
12383:on 29 August 2006
12289:on 21 August 2004
12042:1977 Criminal Act
12012:978-0-313-29363-4
11500:on 9 January 2014
11269:978-1-57181-071-7
11177:978-0-313-29363-4
11056:978-0-521-86020-8
10706:978-0-19-023836-0
10621:978-0-8147-6680-4
10594:978-0-19-023836-0
10496:978-0-19-023836-0
10456:on 5 October 2008
10402:
10401:
10379:Traumatic bonding
10025:
10024:
9865:Sexual misconduct
9843:Sexual harassment
9739:Child sex tourism
9729:Child pornography
9661:
9660:
9595:
9594:
9323:
9322:
8937:
8936:
8814:
8813:
8601:Traumatic bonding
8591:Cycle of violence
8552:Domestic violence
8459:
8458:
7099:clarify the law.
5338:Equatorial Guinea
3849:Richard A. Posner
3833:sexual liberation
3421:Western Australia
3131:, in the case of
3125:England and Wales
3028:England and Wales
3004:Oregon v. Rideout
2865:Indian Penal Code
2785:the law on rape,
2407:explicitly exempt
2291:Mary Gove Nichols
2283:Victoria Woodhull
2271:anarcha-feminists
2265:Advocates of the
2224:feminist movement
1986:Western countries
1974:abusive relations
1940:domestic violence
1921:
1920:
1776:Toxic masculinity
1708:Droit du seigneur
1685:Domestic violence
1440:Human trafficking
1325:
1324:
1191:Sexual harassment
1083:Forcible touching
1051:Child pornography
1001:Specific offences
973:Decriminalization
865:Same-sex marriage
857:Decriminalization
796:
795:
724:Sexual harassment
436:Armenian genocide
256:Rape by deception
154:Acquaintance rape
132:
131:
124:
106:
26381:
26345:
26329:
26314:
26288:
26269:. pp. 1–6.
26259:
26233:
26208:
26189:
26183:
26175:
26173:
26171:
26150:
26121:
26119:
26086:
26084:
26082:
26076:
26070:. Archived from
26065:
26056:
26053:Rape in Marriage
26047:
26014:
26012:
26010:
26001:. Archived from
25993:
25952:
25950:
25938:
25936:
25934:
25928:
25922:. Archived from
25917:
25897:
25891:
25890:
25886:
25884:
25882:
25877:on 22 April 2018
25863:
25857:
25856:
25854:
25852:
25842:
25836:
25830:
25829:
25825:
25823:
25821:
25816:on 22 April 2018
25802:
25796:
25790:
25789:
25785:
25783:
25781:
25776:on 22 April 2018
25762:
25756:
25755:
25753:
25751:
25732:
25726:
25720:
25719:
25715:
25713:
25711:
25706:on 22 April 2018
25692:
25686:
25680:
25679:
25675:
25673:
25671:
25666:on 22 April 2018
25652:
25646:
25640:
25639:
25635:
25633:
25631:
25626:on 22 April 2018
25612:
25606:
25600:
25599:
25595:
25593:
25591:
25586:on 22 April 2018
25572:
25566:
25565:
25544:
25538:
25532:
25531:
25527:
25525:
25523:
25518:on 22 April 2018
25504:
25498:
25497:
25495:
25493:
25484:. Archived from
25478:
25472:
25466:
25465:
25461:
25459:
25457:
25452:on 22 April 2018
25438:
25432:
25426:
25425:
25421:
25419:
25417:
25412:on 22 April 2018
25398:
25392:
25391:
25389:
25387:
25372:
25366:
25365:
25363:
25361:
25346:
25340:
25339:
25321:
25315:
25309:
25308:
25304:
25302:
25300:
25295:on 22 April 2018
25281:
25275:
25269:
25268:
25264:
25262:
25260:
25255:on 22 April 2018
25241:
25235:
25234:
25232:
25230:
25216:
25210:
25209:
25207:
25205:
25190:
25184:
25183:
25161:
25155:
25149:
25148:
25144:
25142:
25140:
25135:on 22 April 2018
25121:
25115:
25114:
25112:
25110:
25095:
25089:
25088:
25086:
25084:
25069:
25063:
25057:
25056:
25052:
25050:
25048:
25043:on 22 April 2018
25029:
25023:
25022:
25010:
25004:
24998:
24997:
24993:
24991:
24989:
24984:on 22 April 2018
24970:
24964:
24958:
24957:
24953:
24951:
24949:
24944:on 22 April 2018
24930:
24924:
24918:
24917:
24913:
24911:
24909:
24904:on 22 April 2018
24890:
24884:
24878:
24877:
24873:
24871:
24869:
24864:on 22 April 2018
24850:
24844:
24838:
24837:
24833:
24831:
24829:
24824:on 22 April 2018
24810:
24804:
24803:
24801:
24799:
24784:
24778:
24777:
24775:
24773:
24758:
24752:
24751:
24733:
24727:
24721:
24720:
24716:
24714:
24712:
24707:on 22 April 2018
24693:
24687:
24681:
24680:
24676:
24674:
24672:
24667:on 22 April 2018
24653:
24647:
24641:
24640:
24636:
24634:
24632:
24627:on 22 April 2018
24613:
24607:
24601:
24600:
24596:
24594:
24592:
24587:on 22 April 2018
24573:
24567:
24561:
24560:
24556:
24554:
24552:
24547:on 22 April 2018
24533:
24527:
24526:
24524:
24522:
24516:
24508:
24502:
24496:
24495:
24491:
24489:
24487:
24482:on 22 April 2018
24468:
24462:
24456:
24455:
24451:
24449:
24447:
24442:on 21 April 2018
24428:
24422:
24421:
24419:
24417:
24407:
24401:
24395:
24394:
24390:
24388:
24386:
24381:on 22 April 2018
24367:
24361:
24355:
24354:
24350:
24348:
24346:
24341:on 22 April 2018
24327:
24321:
24315:
24314:
24310:
24308:
24306:
24301:on 22 April 2018
24287:
24281:
24275:
24274:
24270:
24268:
24266:
24261:on 22 April 2018
24247:
24241:
24240:
24238:
24236:
24230:
24223:
24215:
24209:
24203:
24202:
24198:
24196:
24194:
24189:on 22 April 2018
24175:
24169:
24163:
24162:
24158:
24156:
24154:
24149:on 22 April 2018
24135:
24129:
24123:
24122:
24118:
24116:
24114:
24109:on 22 April 2018
24095:
24089:
24088:
24086:
24084:
24069:
24063:
24062:
24060:
24058:
24049:. Archived from
24035:
24029:
24023:
24022:
24018:
24016:
24014:
24009:on 22 April 2018
23995:
23989:
23983:
23982:
23978:
23976:
23974:
23969:on 22 April 2018
23955:
23949:
23943:
23942:
23938:
23936:
23934:
23929:on 22 April 2018
23915:
23909:
23903:
23902:
23898:
23896:
23894:
23889:on 22 April 2018
23875:
23869:
23863:
23862:
23858:
23856:
23854:
23849:on 22 April 2018
23835:
23829:
23823:
23822:
23818:
23816:
23814:
23809:on 22 April 2018
23795:
23789:
23783:
23782:
23778:
23776:
23774:
23769:on 22 April 2018
23755:
23749:
23743:
23742:
23738:
23736:
23734:
23729:on 22 April 2018
23715:
23709:
23703:
23702:
23698:
23696:
23694:
23689:on 22 April 2018
23675:
23669:
23663:
23662:
23658:
23656:
23654:
23649:on 22 April 2018
23635:
23629:
23623:
23622:
23618:
23616:
23614:
23609:on 22 April 2018
23595:
23589:
23588:
23586:
23584:
23569:
23563:
23562:
23560:
23558:
23549:. Archived from
23539:
23533:
23527:
23526:
23522:
23520:
23518:
23513:on 22 April 2018
23499:
23493:
23487:
23486:
23482:
23480:
23478:
23473:on 22 April 2018
23459:
23453:
23452:
23450:
23439:
23433:
23427:
23426:
23422:
23420:
23418:
23413:on 22 April 2018
23399:
23393:
23387:
23386:
23382:
23380:
23378:
23373:on 22 April 2018
23359:
23353:
23347:
23346:
23342:
23340:
23338:
23333:on 22 April 2018
23319:
23313:
23307:
23306:
23302:
23300:
23298:
23293:on 22 April 2018
23279:
23273:
23267:
23266:
23262:
23260:
23258:
23253:on 22 April 2018
23239:
23233:
23232:
23230:
23228:
23213:
23207:
23206:
23204:
23202:
23192:
23186:
23180:
23179:
23175:
23173:
23171:
23166:on 22 April 2018
23152:
23146:
23145:
23143:
23141:
23126:
23120:
23119:
23117:
23115:
23100:
23094:
23093:
23091:
23089:
23074:
23065:
23059:
23058:
23054:
23052:
23050:
23045:on 22 April 2018
23031:
23025:
23019:
23018:
23014:
23012:
23010:
23005:on 22 April 2018
22991:
22985:
22984:
22982:
22980:
22964:
22958:
22952:
22951:
22947:
22945:
22943:
22938:on 22 April 2018
22924:
22918:
22912:
22911:
22907:
22905:
22903:
22898:on 22 April 2018
22884:
22878:
22877:
22875:
22873:
22862:
22856:
22850:
22849:
22845:
22843:
22841:
22836:on 22 April 2018
22822:
22816:
22815:
22813:
22811:
22796:
22790:
22784:
22783:
22779:
22777:
22775:
22770:on 22 April 2018
22756:
22750:
22749:
22747:
22745:
22730:
22724:
22718:
22717:
22713:
22711:
22709:
22704:on 22 April 2018
22690:
22684:
22678:
22677:
22673:
22671:
22669:
22664:on 22 April 2018
22650:
22644:
22638:
22637:
22633:
22631:
22629:
22624:on 22 April 2018
22610:
22604:
22603:
22601:
22599:
22584:
22578:
22577:
22575:
22573:
22558:
22552:
22546:
22545:
22541:
22539:
22537:
22532:on 22 April 2018
22518:
22512:
22511:
22509:
22507:
22491:
22485:
22479:
22478:
22474:
22472:
22470:
22465:on 22 April 2018
22451:
22445:
22444:
22442:
22440:
22424:
22418:
22412:
22411:
22407:
22405:
22403:
22398:on 22 April 2018
22384:
22378:
22372:
22371:
22367:
22365:
22363:
22358:on 22 April 2018
22344:
22338:
22332:
22331:
22327:
22325:
22323:
22318:on 22 April 2018
22303:
22297:
22291:
22290:
22286:
22284:
22282:
22277:on 22 April 2018
22262:
22256:
22250:
22249:
22245:
22243:
22241:
22236:on 22 April 2018
22222:
22216:
22215:
22213:
22211:
22195:
22189:
22183:
22182:
22178:
22176:
22174:
22169:on 22 April 2018
22154:
22148:
22147:
22145:
22143:
22124:
22118:
22117:
22115:
22113:
22099:
22093:
22092:
22090:
22088:
22077:
22071:
22070:
22068:
22066:
22056:
22050:
22049:
22047:
22045:
22036:. Archived from
22030:
22024:
22018:
22017:
22013:
22011:
22009:
22004:on 22 April 2018
21990:
21984:
21978:
21977:
21973:
21971:
21969:
21964:on 22 April 2018
21950:
21944:
21943:
21941:
21939:
21924:
21918:
21917:
21915:
21913:
21897:
21891:
21885:
21884:
21880:
21878:
21876:
21871:on 22 April 2018
21857:
21851:
21845:
21844:
21840:
21838:
21836:
21831:on 22 April 2018
21817:
21811:
21810:
21808:
21806:
21800:
21792:
21786:
21780:
21779:
21775:
21773:
21771:
21766:on 22 April 2018
21752:
21746:
21745:
21743:
21741:
21736:on 22 April 2018
21722:
21716:
21715:
21713:
21711:
21695:
21687:
21681:
21680:
21678:
21676:
21661:
21652:
21651:
21649:
21647:
21631:
21625:
21619:
21618:
21614:
21612:
21610:
21605:on 22 April 2018
21591:
21585:
21584:
21582:
21580:
21564:
21558:
21552:
21551:
21547:
21545:
21543:
21538:on 22 April 2018
21524:
21518:
21512:
21511:
21507:
21505:
21503:
21498:on 22 April 2018
21484:
21478:
21477:
21475:
21473:
21459:
21453:
21452:
21450:
21448:
21437:
21431:
21425:
21424:
21420:
21418:
21416:
21411:on 22 April 2018
21397:
21391:
21390:
21388:
21386:
21375:
21369:
21368:
21366:
21364:
21352:
21346:
21340:
21339:
21335:
21333:
21331:
21326:on 22 April 2018
21312:
21306:
21300:
21299:
21295:
21293:
21291:
21286:on 22 April 2018
21272:
21266:
21260:
21259:
21255:
21253:
21251:
21246:on 22 April 2018
21232:
21226:
21220:
21219:
21215:
21213:
21211:
21206:on 22 April 2018
21192:
21186:
21180:
21179:
21175:
21173:
21171:
21166:on 22 April 2018
21152:
21146:
21140:
21139:
21135:
21133:
21131:
21126:on 22 April 2018
21112:
21106:
21100:
21099:
21095:
21093:
21091:
21086:on 22 April 2018
21072:
21066:
21060:
21059:
21055:
21053:
21051:
21046:on 22 April 2018
21032:
21026:
21020:
21019:
21015:
21013:
21011:
21006:on 22 April 2018
20992:
20986:
20980:
20979:
20975:
20973:
20971:
20966:on 22 April 2018
20952:
20946:
20945:
20943:
20941:
20931:
20925:
20919:
20918:
20914:
20912:
20910:
20905:on 22 April 2018
20891:
20885:
20884:
20866:
20860:
20859:
20857:
20855:
20844:
20836:
20830:
20829:
20823:
20817:. Archived from
20816:
20808:
20802:
20796:
20795:
20791:
20789:
20787:
20782:on 22 April 2018
20768:
20762:
20761:
20759:
20757:
20752:on 23 March 2019
20748:. Archived from
20742:
20736:
20735:
20733:
20731:
20716:
20710:
20709:
20704:
20702:
20688:
20682:
20676:
20675:
20671:
20669:
20667:
20662:on 22 April 2018
20648:
20642:
20636:
20635:
20631:
20629:
20627:
20622:on 22 April 2018
20608:
20602:
20601:
20583:
20577:
20571:
20570:
20566:
20564:
20562:
20557:on 22 April 2018
20543:
20537:
20531:
20530:
20526:
20524:
20522:
20517:on 22 April 2018
20503:
20497:
20496:
20491:
20489:
20474:
20468:
20467:
20446:
20440:
20434:
20433:
20429:
20427:
20425:
20420:on 22 April 2018
20406:
20400:
20394:
20393:
20389:
20387:
20385:
20380:on 22 April 2018
20366:
20360:
20354:
20353:
20349:
20347:
20345:
20340:on 22 April 2018
20326:
20320:
20319:
20317:
20315:
20305:
20297:
20291:
20285:
20284:
20280:
20278:
20276:
20271:on 22 April 2018
20257:
20251:
20245:
20244:
20240:
20238:
20236:
20231:on 22 April 2018
20217:
20211:
20205:
20204:
20200:
20198:
20196:
20191:on 22 April 2018
20177:
20171:
20165:
20164:
20160:
20158:
20156:
20151:on 22 April 2018
20137:
20131:
20125:
20124:
20120:
20118:
20116:
20111:on 22 April 2018
20097:
20091:
20085:
20084:
20080:
20078:
20076:
20071:on 22 April 2018
20057:
20051:
20045:
20044:
20040:
20038:
20036:
20031:on 22 April 2018
20017:
20011:
20010:
20004:
19995:
19986:
19980:
19979:
19975:
19973:
19971:
19966:on 22 April 2018
19952:
19946:
19945:
19943:
19941:
19936:on 22 April 2018
19922:
19916:
19915:
19913:
19911:
19902:. Archived from
19892:
19886:
19885:
19883:
19881:
19867:
19861:
19860:
19842:
19836:
19830:
19829:
19825:
19823:
19821:
19816:on 22 April 2018
19802:
19796:
19790:
19789:
19785:
19783:
19781:
19776:on 22 April 2018
19762:
19756:
19750:
19749:
19745:
19743:
19741:
19736:on 22 April 2018
19722:
19716:
19710:
19709:
19705:
19703:
19701:
19696:on 22 April 2018
19682:
19676:
19675:
19673:
19671:
19665:
19657:
19651:
19645:
19644:
19640:
19638:
19636:
19631:on 22 April 2018
19617:
19611:
19605:
19604:
19600:
19598:
19596:
19591:on 22 April 2018
19577:
19571:
19570:
19568:
19566:
19561:on 21 April 2018
19547:
19541:
19535:
19534:
19530:
19528:
19526:
19521:on 22 April 2018
19507:
19501:
19495:
19494:
19490:
19488:
19486:
19481:on 22 April 2018
19467:
19461:
19460:
19441:
19435:
19429:
19428:
19424:
19422:
19420:
19415:on 22 April 2018
19401:
19395:
19389:
19388:
19384:
19382:
19380:
19375:on 22 April 2018
19361:
19355:
19349:
19348:
19344:
19342:
19340:
19335:on 22 April 2018
19321:
19315:
19314:
19304:
19279:(6): 1060–1067.
19264:
19258:
19257:
19255:
19253:
19237:
19231:
19230:
19228:
19226:
19211:
19205:
19199:
19198:
19194:
19192:
19190:
19185:on 22 April 2018
19171:
19165:
19159:
19158:
19154:
19152:
19150:
19145:on 22 April 2018
19131:
19125:
19124:
19103:
19097:
19096:
19090:
19088:
19079:. Archived from
19072:
19066:
19065:
19063:
19061:
19045:
19039:
19038:
19036:
19034:
19025:. Archived from
19019:
19013:
19012:
19010:
19008:
18993:
18978:
18977:
18975:
18973:
18957:
18951:
18945:
18944:
18940:
18938:
18936:
18931:on 22 April 2018
18917:
18911:
18905:
18904:
18900:
18898:
18896:
18891:on 22 April 2018
18877:
18871:
18865:
18864:
18860:
18858:
18856:
18851:on 22 April 2018
18837:
18831:
18825:
18824:
18820:
18818:
18816:
18811:on 22 April 2018
18797:
18791:
18785:
18784:
18780:
18778:
18776:
18771:on 22 April 2018
18757:
18751:
18750:
18735:
18729:
18728:
18726:
18724:
18708:
18702:
18696:
18695:
18691:
18689:
18687:
18682:on 22 April 2018
18668:
18662:
18661:
18652:
18643:
18632:
18626:
18625:
18621:
18619:
18617:
18612:on 22 April 2018
18598:
18592:
18591:
18589:
18587:
18572:
18566:
18560:
18559:
18555:
18553:
18551:
18546:on 22 April 2018
18532:
18526:
18520:
18519:
18515:
18513:
18511:
18506:on 22 April 2018
18492:
18486:
18480:
18479:
18475:
18473:
18471:
18466:on 22 April 2018
18452:
18446:
18440:
18439:
18435:
18433:
18431:
18426:on 22 April 2018
18412:
18406:
18400:
18399:
18395:
18393:
18391:
18386:on 22 April 2018
18372:
18366:
18365:
18363:
18361:
18346:
18340:
18334:
18333:
18329:
18327:
18325:
18320:on 22 April 2018
18306:
18300:
18294:
18293:
18289:
18287:
18285:
18280:on 22 April 2018
18266:
18260:
18254:
18253:
18249:
18247:
18245:
18240:on 22 April 2018
18226:
18220:
18214:
18213:
18209:
18207:
18205:
18200:on 22 April 2018
18186:
18180:
18179:
18177:
18175:
18159:
18153:
18147:
18146:
18142:
18140:
18138:
18133:on 22 April 2018
18119:
18113:
18112:
18110:
18108:
18102:
18091:
18083:
18064:
18058:
18057:
18053:
18051:
18049:
18044:on 22 April 2018
18030:
18024:
18023:
18021:
18019:
18003:
17997:
17996:
17994:
17992:
17986:
17979:
17971:
17965:
17964:
17962:
17960:
17940:
17925:
17924:
17922:
17920:
17904:
17898:
17897:
17895:
17893:
17878:
17865:
17864:
17862:
17860:
17844:
17838:
17837:
17835:
17833:
17818:
17812:
17806:
17805:
17801:
17799:
17797:
17792:on 22 April 2018
17778:
17772:
17771:
17769:
17767:
17752:
17746:
17740:
17739:
17735:
17733:
17731:
17726:on 22 April 2018
17712:
17706:
17705:
17703:
17701:
17686:
17353:
17352:
17350:
17348:
17328:
17322:
17321:
17319:
17317:
17312:on 3 August 2016
17311:
17305:. Archived from
17300:
17292:
17286:
17285:
17283:
17281:
17272:. Archived from
17266:
17260:
17259:
17257:
17255:
17245:
17237:
17231:
17230:
17228:
17226:
17220:
17214:. Archived from
17209:
17201:
17195:
17194:
17192:
17190:
17173:
17167:
17166:
17164:
17162:
17157:. Bioline.org.br
17151:
17145:
17144:
17112:
17106:
17105:
17085:
17079:
17078:
17046:
17027:
17024:
17018:
17015:
17009:
17008:
17006:
17004:
16990:
16984:
16983:
16981:
16979:
16966:
16960:
16959:
16957:
16955:
16941:
16935:
16934:
16932:
16930:
16915:
16909:
16908:
16906:
16904:
16890:
16884:
16883:
16881:
16879:
16865:
16859:
16858:
16846:
16840:
16831:
16825:
16818:
16812:
16811:
16809:
16807:
16796:
16790:
16789:
16787:
16785:
16774:
16768:
16767:
16765:
16763:
16754:. Archived from
16744:
16738:
16737:
16729:
16723:
16722:
16713:
16704:
16695:
16690:
16684:
16679:
16673:
16664:
16658:
16649:
16643:
16642:
16640:
16638:
16624:
16618:
16617:
16615:
16613:
16604:. Archived from
16593:
16587:
16586:
16550:
16544:
16543:
16541:
16539:
16530:
16521:
16515:
16514:
16512:
16510:
16499:
16493:
16492:
16490:
16488:
16482:
16476:. Archived from
16471:
16463:
16457:
16456:
16416:
16410:
16409:
16407:
16405:
16386:
16380:
16379:
16377:
16375:
16365:
16359:
16358:
16350:
16344:
16343:
16323:
16317:
16316:
16314:
16312:
16301:
16295:
16294:
16292:
16290:
16284:
16278:. Archived from
16271:
16263:
16254:
16253:
16251:
16249:
16243:
16237:. Archived from
16232:
16224:
16218:
16217:
16189:
16164:
16163:
16161:
16159:
16140:
16134:
16133:
16131:
16129:
16102:
16096:
16095:
16093:
16091:
16081:
16075:
16074:
16072:
16070:
16064:
16058:. Archived from
16057:
16049:
16043:
16042:
16040:
16038:
16029:. Archived from
16019:
16013:
16012:
16010:
16008:
15998:
15990:
15984:
15983:
15981:
15979:
15972:Hiddenhurt.co.uk
15964:
15958:
15957:
15955:
15953:
15937:
15931:
15930:
15910:
15904:
15901:
15895:
15894:
15882:
15876:
15875:
15831:
15825:
15824:
15804:
15798:
15797:
15779:Rape in Marriage
15773:
15767:
15763:
15757:
15756:
15754:
15752:
15741:
15735:
15734:
15732:
15730:
15721:. Archived from
15715:
15709:
15708:
15697:
15691:
15690:
15680:
15670:
15646:
15640:
15639:
15637:
15635:
15626:. Archived from
15620:
15614:
15613:
15611:
15609:
15600:. Archived from
15594:
15588:
15587:
15585:
15583:
15574:
15566:
15557:
15556:
15554:
15552:
15537:
15531:
15530:
15528:
15526:
15511:
15505:
15504:
15502:
15500:
15495:on 12 March 2014
15491:. Archived from
15485:
15479:
15478:
15476:
15474:
15460:
15454:
15453:
15451:
15449:
15444:on 14 March 2013
15440:. Archived from
15434:
15428:
15427:
15425:
15423:
15408:
15399:
15398:
15396:
15394:
15380:
15374:
15373:
15345:
15322:
15321:
15293:
15266:
15265:
15237:
15224:
15223:
15221:
15219:
15202:
15196:
15195:
15193:
15191:
15176:
15170:
15169:
15167:
15165:
15138:
15132:
15131:
15129:
15127:
15113:
15107:
15106:
15104:
15102:
15088:
15082:
15074:
15068:
15067:
15065:
15063:
15057:
15051:. Archived from
15046:
15038:
15032:
15031:
15029:
15027:
15018:
15010:
15004:
15003:
15001:
14999:
14993:
14987:. Archived from
14986:
14978:
14969:
14968:
14966:
14964:
14958:
14951:
14943:
14937:
14936:
14934:
14932:
14917:
14911:
14910:
14908:
14906:
14897:. Archived from
14891:
14885:
14884:
14882:
14880:
14857:
14851:
14850:
14848:
14846:
14824:
14818:
14817:
14815:
14813:
14804:. Archived from
14798:
14792:
14786:
14780:
14774:
14768:
14762:
14756:
14750:
14744:
14738:
14732:
14726:
14720:
14714:
14708:
14653:
14647:
14646:
14644:
14642:
14628:
14622:
14621:
14619:
14617:
14611:
14605:. Archived from
14592:
14584:
14575:
14574:
14572:
14570:
14555:
14546:
14545:
14543:
14541:
14532:. Archived from
14526:
14520:
14500:
14494:
14493:
14491:
14489:
14480:. Archived from
14474:
14468:
14467:
14456:
14450:
14449:
14447:
14445:
14435:
14429:
14428:
14426:
14424:
14414:
14408:
14407:
14405:
14403:
14397:
14391:. Archived from
14390:
14382:
14376:
14375:
14373:
14371:
14360:
14354:
14353:
14329:
14318:
14317:
14309:
14303:
14302:
14300:
14298:
14292:
14286:. Archived from
14285:
14277:
14271:
14270:
14264:
14262:
14246:
14240:
14239:
14237:
14235:
14220:
14214:
14213:
14212:on 30 July 2009.
14199:
14193:
14192:
14190:
14188:
14182:
14176:. Archived from
14175:
14154:
14145:
14144:
14142:
14140:
14134:
14128:. Archived from
14127:
14119:
14113:
14112:
14110:
14108:
14096:
14088:
14082:
14081:
14079:
14077:
14065:
14059:
14058:
14056:
14054:
14043:
14037:
14036:
14034:
14032:
14017:
14011:
14010:
14008:
14006:
13997:
13989:
13983:
13982:
13980:
13978:
13963:
13957:
13956:
13954:
13952:
13947:on 4 August 2020
13937:
13931:
13930:
13919:
13910:
13909:
13907:
13905:
13890:
13884:
13883:
13881:
13879:
13870:. Archived from
13859:
13853:
13852:
13845:
13839:
13838:
13833:. Archived from
13822:
13816:
13815:
13813:
13811:
13796:
13790:
13789:
13787:
13785:
13770:
13764:
13763:
13761:
13759:
13753:
13744:
13738:
13737:
13726:
13720:
13719:
13717:
13715:
13709:
13703:. Archived from
13702:
13694:
13685:
13684:
13682:
13680:
13673:Deccan Chronicle
13665:
13656:
13655:
13653:
13651:
13635:
13629:
13628:
13626:
13624:
13609:
13603:
13602:
13600:
13598:
13583:
13577:
13576:
13574:
13572:
13551:
13545:
13544:
13542:
13540:
13529:
13523:
13522:
13520:
13518:
13507:
13501:
13500:
13498:
13496:
13477:
13471:
13470:
13468:
13466:
13451:
13445:
13444:
13442:
13440:
13429:
13423:
13422:
13420:
13418:
13409:
13401:
13395:
13394:
13392:
13390:
13381:
13373:
13367:
13366:
13364:
13362:
13357:on 1 August 2013
13347:
13341:
13340:
13338:
13336:
13321:
13315:
13314:
13312:
13310:
13301:. Archived from
13295:
13289:
13288:
13286:
13284:
13275:. Archived from
13269:
13263:
13252:
13246:
13245:
13243:
13241:
13232:. Archived from
13226:
13220:
13219:
13217:
13215:
13209:
13203:. Archived from
13198:
13190:
13184:
13183:
13181:
13179:
13164:
13158:
13157:
13155:
13153:
13144:
13136:
13130:
13129:
13127:
13125:
13119:
13113:. Archived from
13112:
13104:
13098:
13097:
13095:
13093:
13084:
13076:
13070:
13069:
13067:
13065:
13053:
13047:
13046:
13044:
13042:
13027:
13021:
13020:
13002:
12996:
12995:
12993:
12991:
12980:
12971:
12970:
12968:
12966:
12957:. Archived from
12947:
12941:
12940:
12938:
12936:
12927:
12919:
12913:
12912:
12910:
12908:
12899:
12891:
12885:
12884:
12882:
12880:
12874:
12868:. Archived from
12863:
12855:
12849:
12848:
12846:
12844:
12838:
12832:. Archived from
12827:
12819:
12813:
12812:
12810:
12808:
12792:
12786:
12785:
12783:
12781:
12771:
12762:
12761:
12759:
12757:
12738:
12732:
12731:
12703:
12697:
12696:
12678:
12669:
12668:
12666:
12664:
12647:
12638:
12637:
12635:
12633:
12616:
12610:
12609:
12607:
12605:
12590:
12584:
12583:
12581:
12579:
12568:
12562:
12561:
12559:
12557:
12542:
12533:
12532:
12530:
12528:
12512:
12506:
12505:
12503:
12501:
12495:
12489:. Archived from
12488:
12480:
12469:
12468:
12466:
12464:
12452:
12446:
12445:
12443:
12441:
12430:
12421:
12420:
12418:
12416:
12407:
12399:
12393:
12392:
12390:
12388:
12373:
12367:
12366:
12355:
12349:
12348:
12332:
12326:
12325:
12323:
12321:
12305:
12299:
12298:
12296:
12294:
12288:
12282:. Archived from
12281:
12273:
12267:
12266:
12264:
12262:
12247:
12241:
12240:
12238:
12236:
12227:
12219:
12213:
12212:
12210:
12208:
12202:
12195:
12187:
12181:
12180:
12178:
12176:
12165:
12159:
12154:
12152:
12150:
12145:on 29 April 2017
12141:. Archived from
12120:
12102:
12087:
12086:
12078:
12072:
12071:
12059:
12053:
12030:
12021:
12019:
11998:
11992:
11991:
11989:
11987:
11981:"Liste complète"
11977:
11971:
11970:
11959:
11953:
11952:
11950:
11948:
11939:
11931:
11925:
11924:
11922:
11920:
11905:
11899:
11898:
11896:
11894:
11879:
11873:
11872:
11870:
11868:
11858:
11852:
11851:
11849:
11847:
11832:
11826:
11825:
11823:
11821:
11812:. Archived from
11806:
11800:
11799:
11797:
11795:
11786:
11778:
11769:
11768:
11766:
11764:
11758:
11752:. Archived from
11751:
11743:
11737:
11736:
11734:
11732:
11721:
11715:
11714:
11712:
11706:. Archived from
11705:
11693:
11687:
11686:
11684:
11682:
11671:
11665:
11654:
11648:
11647:
11645:
11643:
11638:on 9 August 2016
11637:
11631:. Archived from
11626:
11618:
11612:
11611:
11609:
11607:
11601:
11595:. Archived from
11594:
11586:
11580:
11579:
11577:
11575:
11569:
11563:. Archived from
11562:
11554:
11545:
11544:
11542:
11540:
11534:
11528:. Archived from
11527:
11519:
11510:
11509:
11507:
11505:
11496:. Archived from
11490:
11484:
11483:
11481:
11479:
11473:
11465:My Favorite News
11462:
11454:
11448:
11447:
11445:
11443:
11428:
11418:
11412:
11411:
11409:
11407:
11402:on 13 March 2017
11401:
11395:. Archived from
11390:
11382:
11376:
11375:
11347:
11341:
11340:
11323:(5): 1482–1505.
11308:
11302:
11301:
11299:
11297:
11291:
11286:Against Our Will
11280:
11274:
11273:
11255:
11244:
11243:
11241:
11239:
11225:
11214:
11213:
11211:
11209:
11203:
11192:
11186:
11184:
11163:
11157:
11156:
11154:
11152:
11141:
11135:
11134:
11106:
11100:
11099:
11067:
11061:
11060:
11042:
11036:
11035:
11003:
10997:
10996:
10975:(5): 1373–1505.
10960:
10954:
10953:
10936:(5): 1373–1505.
10921:
10915:
10914:
10907:
10901:
10900:(1888) 22 QBD 23
10895:
10889:
10888:
10878:
10869:
10863:
10860:
10854:
10853:
10851:
10849:
10834:
10828:
10827:
10825:
10823:
10814:
10805:
10796:
10795:
10793:
10791:
10786:. 12 August 1949
10776:
10770:
10769:
10767:
10765:
10756:
10747:
10741:
10740:
10724:
10711:
10710:
10682:
10665:
10664:
10647:(5): 1373–1505.
10632:
10626:
10625:
10605:
10599:
10598:
10570:
10559:
10558:
10518:
10501:
10500:
10472:
10466:
10465:
10463:
10461:
10452:. Archived from
10446:
10440:
10439:
10421:
10241:Structural abuse
10216:Police brutality
10122:Disability abuse
10052:
10045:
10038:
10029:
10028:
10015:
10014:
9709:Bride kidnapping
9688:
9681:
9674:
9665:
9664:
9551:Family Relations
9519:The War on Women
9396:American Tragedy
9332:
9331:
9209:
9208:
8823:
8822:
8796:Silent treatment
8746:False accusation
8614:
8613:
8545:
8538:
8531:
8522:
8521:
8446:
8444:
8443:
8425:
8423:
8422:
8404:
8402:
8401:
8383:
8381:
8380:
8362:
8360:
8359:
8340:
8338:
8337:
8319:
8317:
8316:
8297:
8295:
8294:
8266:
8264:
8263:
8244:
8242:
8241:
8222:
8220:
8219:
8200:
8198:
8197:
8179:
8177:
8176:
8158:
8156:
8155:
8137:
8135:
8134:
8115:
8113:
8112:
8089:
8087:
8086:
8068:
8066:
8065:
8047:
8045:
8044:
8025:
8023:
8022:
8003:
8001:
8000:
7982:
7980:
7979:
7961:
7959:
7958:
7940:
7938:
7937:
7918:
7916:
7915:
7896:
7894:
7893:
7875:
7873:
7872:
7853:
7851:
7850:
7831:
7829:
7828:
7810:
7808:
7807:
7789:
7787:
7786:
7768:
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7176:Papua New Guinea
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6792:Bassima Hakkaoui
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3626:
3532:Cecilia MenjĂvar
3473:Bride kidnapping
3383:carnal knowledge
3342:Northern Ireland
3332:Northern Ireland
3257:indecent assault
3223:decision of the
3043:Bertrand Russell
3039:John Stuart Mill
2974:Model Penal Code
2854:Papua New Guinea
2787:violenza carnale
2533:sexual education
2529:Nordic countries
2521:S. Laurel Weldon
2482:marital rape is
2398:UN member States
2315:Bertrand Russell
2256:John Stuart Mill
2137:Sir Matthew Hale
2040:Sir Matthew Hale
1982:female sexuality
1913:
1906:
1899:
1734:Forced pregnancy
1327:
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1310:
1303:
1287:
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1275:
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1132:Public indecency
1009:
988:Bodily integrity
945:Prostitution law
888:Marriageable age
812:
798:
797:
788:
781:
774:
758:
757:
684:Rape pornography
669:Anti-rape device
627:Bodily integrity
614:Related articles
533:Syrian civil war
513:Rwandan genocide
483:Kashmir conflict
449:Italian campaign
427:During conflicts
388:Papua New Guinea
307:Weinstein effect
277:Factors involved
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26030:(81): 255–272.
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25019:Middle East Eye
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24053:on 29 July 2013
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23547:Genderindex.org
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23083:The Legal Brief
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19592:
19579:
19578:
19574:
19564:
19562:
19549:
19548:
19544:
19532:
19524:
19522:
19509:
19508:
19504:
19492:
19484:
19482:
19469:
19468:
19464:
19457:
19443:
19442:
19438:
19426:
19418:
19416:
19403:
19402:
19398:
19386:
19378:
19376:
19363:
19362:
19358:
19346:
19338:
19336:
19323:
19322:
19318:
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19261:
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19224:
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19212:
19208:
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19172:
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19133:
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19118:
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19057:
19046:
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19021:
19020:
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19006:
19004:
18994:
18981:
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18969:
18958:
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18919:
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18709:
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18693:
18685:
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18670:
18669:
18665:
18650:
18644:
18635:
18623:
18615:
18613:
18600:
18599:
18595:
18585:
18583:
18581:Women and Girls
18573:
18569:
18557:
18549:
18547:
18534:
18533:
18529:
18517:
18509:
18507:
18494:
18493:
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18347:
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18331:
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18308:
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18291:
18283:
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18268:
18267:
18263:
18251:
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18241:
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18188:
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18171:
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18121:
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18089:
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18055:
18047:
18045:
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18031:
18027:
18017:
18015:
18004:
18000:
17990:
17988:
17984:
17977:
17973:
17972:
17968:
17958:
17956:
17941:
17928:
17918:
17916:
17905:
17901:
17891:
17889:
17880:
17879:
17868:
17858:
17856:
17845:
17841:
17831:
17829:
17828:on 13 July 2015
17820:
17819:
17815:
17803:
17795:
17793:
17780:
17779:
17775:
17765:
17763:
17753:
17749:
17737:
17729:
17727:
17714:
17713:
17709:
17699:
17697:
17688:
17687:
17356:
17346:
17344:
17329:
17325:
17315:
17313:
17309:
17298:
17294:
17293:
17289:
17279:
17277:
17268:
17267:
17263:
17253:
17251:
17250:. December 2003
17243:
17239:
17238:
17234:
17224:
17222:
17221:on 4 March 2016
17218:
17207:
17203:
17202:
17198:
17188:
17186:
17174:
17170:
17160:
17158:
17153:
17152:
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17113:
17109:
17086:
17082:
17047:
17030:
17025:
17021:
17016:
17012:
17002:
17000:
16991:
16987:
16977:
16975:
16967:
16963:
16953:
16951:
16942:
16938:
16928:
16926:
16916:
16912:
16902:
16900:
16892:
16891:
16887:
16877:
16875:
16867:
16866:
16862:
16847:
16843:
16836:Amoris laetitia
16832:
16828:
16820:Paul VI, 1968,
16819:
16815:
16805:
16803:
16798:
16797:
16793:
16783:
16781:
16776:
16775:
16771:
16761:
16759:
16746:
16745:
16741:
16730:
16726:
16711:
16705:
16698:
16691:
16687:
16680:
16676:
16665:
16661:
16650:
16646:
16636:
16634:
16626:
16625:
16621:
16611:
16609:
16608:on 8 March 2021
16594:
16590:
16551:
16547:
16537:
16535:
16528:
16522:
16518:
16508:
16506:
16501:
16500:
16496:
16486:
16484:
16483:on 21 June 2017
16480:
16469:
16465:
16464:
16460:
16417:
16413:
16403:
16401:
16387:
16383:
16373:
16371:
16367:
16366:
16362:
16351:
16347:
16340:
16324:
16320:
16310:
16308:
16303:
16302:
16298:
16288:
16286:
16282:
16269:
16265:
16264:
16257:
16247:
16245:
16244:on 10 June 2015
16241:
16230:
16226:
16225:
16221:
16214:
16190:
16167:
16157:
16155:
16141:
16137:
16127:
16125:
16103:
16099:
16089:
16087:
16083:
16082:
16078:
16068:
16066:
16062:
16055:
16051:
16050:
16046:
16036:
16034:
16021:
16020:
16016:
16006:
16004:
15996:
15992:
15991:
15987:
15977:
15975:
15966:
15965:
15961:
15951:
15949:
15939:
15938:
15934:
15911:
15907:
15902:
15898:
15883:
15879:
15832:
15828:
15821:
15805:
15801:
15794:
15774:
15770:
15764:
15760:
15750:
15748:
15743:
15742:
15738:
15728:
15726:
15717:
15716:
15712:
15699:
15698:
15694:
15647:
15643:
15633:
15631:
15622:
15621:
15617:
15607:
15605:
15596:
15595:
15591:
15581:
15579:
15572:
15568:
15567:
15560:
15550:
15548:
15539:
15538:
15534:
15524:
15522:
15512:
15508:
15498:
15496:
15487:
15486:
15482:
15472:
15470:
15462:
15461:
15457:
15447:
15445:
15436:
15435:
15431:
15421:
15419:
15410:
15409:
15402:
15392:
15390:
15382:
15381:
15377:
15370:
15346:
15325:
15318:
15294:
15269:
15262:
15238:
15227:
15217:
15215:
15214:. 12 March 1997
15204:
15203:
15199:
15189:
15187:
15178:
15177:
15173:
15163:
15161:
15139:
15135:
15125:
15123:
15115:
15114:
15110:
15100:
15098:
15090:
15089:
15085:
15075:
15071:
15061:
15059:
15055:
15044:
15040:
15039:
15035:
15025:
15023:
15016:
15012:
15011:
15007:
14997:
14995:
14991:
14984:
14980:
14979:
14972:
14962:
14960:
14956:
14949:
14945:
14944:
14940:
14930:
14928:
14919:
14918:
14914:
14904:
14902:
14893:
14892:
14888:
14878:
14876:
14874:
14858:
14854:
14844:
14842:
14826:
14825:
14821:
14811:
14809:
14800:
14799:
14795:
14787:
14783:
14775:
14771:
14763:
14759:
14751:
14747:
14739:
14735:
14727:
14723:
14715:
14711:
14697:The Independent
14679:The Independent
14654:
14650:
14640:
14638:
14630:
14629:
14625:
14615:
14613:
14609:
14590:
14586:
14585:
14578:
14568:
14566:
14556:
14549:
14539:
14537:
14528:
14527:
14523:
14517:Wayback Machine
14501:
14497:
14487:
14485:
14476:
14475:
14471:
14458:
14457:
14453:
14443:
14441:
14437:
14436:
14432:
14422:
14420:
14416:
14415:
14411:
14401:
14399:
14398:on 24 July 2013
14395:
14388:
14384:
14383:
14379:
14369:
14367:
14362:
14361:
14357:
14350:
14335:License to Rape
14330:
14321:
14310:
14306:
14296:
14294:
14290:
14283:
14279:
14278:
14274:
14260:
14258:
14247:
14243:
14233:
14231:
14222:
14221:
14217:
14201:
14200:
14196:
14186:
14184:
14180:
14173:
14156:
14155:
14148:
14138:
14136:
14135:on 4 March 2016
14132:
14125:
14121:
14120:
14116:
14106:
14104:
14094:
14090:
14089:
14085:
14075:
14073:
14066:
14062:
14052:
14050:
14045:
14044:
14040:
14030:
14028:
14027:on 25 July 2013
14019:
14018:
14014:
14004:
14002:
13995:
13991:
13990:
13986:
13976:
13974:
13965:
13964:
13960:
13950:
13948:
13939:
13938:
13934:
13921:
13920:
13913:
13903:
13901:
13900:. 6 August 2009
13892:
13891:
13887:
13877:
13875:
13860:
13856:
13847:
13846:
13842:
13823:
13819:
13809:
13807:
13797:
13793:
13783:
13781:
13771:
13767:
13757:
13755:
13751:
13745:
13741:
13728:
13727:
13723:
13713:
13711:
13707:
13700:
13696:
13695:
13688:
13678:
13676:
13675:. 19 March 2016
13667:
13666:
13659:
13649:
13647:
13636:
13632:
13622:
13620:
13610:
13606:
13596:
13594:
13585:
13584:
13580:
13570:
13568:
13553:
13552:
13548:
13538:
13536:
13531:
13530:
13526:
13516:
13514:
13509:
13508:
13504:
13494:
13492:
13491:on 3 March 2016
13479:
13478:
13474:
13464:
13462:
13453:
13452:
13448:
13438:
13436:
13431:
13430:
13426:
13416:
13414:
13407:
13403:
13402:
13398:
13388:
13386:
13379:
13375:
13374:
13370:
13360:
13358:
13349:
13348:
13344:
13334:
13332:
13331:on 25 July 2013
13323:
13322:
13318:
13308:
13306:
13297:
13296:
13292:
13282:
13280:
13271:
13270:
13266:
13253:
13249:
13239:
13237:
13228:
13227:
13223:
13213:
13211:
13210:on 4 March 2016
13207:
13196:
13192:
13191:
13187:
13177:
13175:
13172:WOMAN's JOURNAL
13166:
13165:
13161:
13151:
13149:
13142:
13138:
13137:
13133:
13123:
13121:
13120:on 2 April 2015
13117:
13110:
13106:
13105:
13101:
13091:
13089:
13082:
13078:
13077:
13073:
13063:
13061:
13055:
13054:
13050:
13040:
13038:
13037:on 25 July 2013
13029:
13028:
13024:
13017:
13003:
12999:
12989:
12987:
12982:
12981:
12974:
12964:
12962:
12961:on 4 March 2016
12949:
12948:
12944:
12934:
12932:
12925:
12921:
12920:
12916:
12906:
12904:
12897:
12893:
12892:
12888:
12878:
12876:
12875:on 15 June 2018
12872:
12861:
12857:
12856:
12852:
12842:
12840:
12836:
12825:
12821:
12820:
12816:
12806:
12804:
12801:Strafgesetzbuch
12794:
12793:
12789:
12779:
12777:
12773:
12772:
12765:
12755:
12753:
12740:
12739:
12735:
12704:
12700:
12693:
12679:
12672:
12662:
12660:
12657:The Irish Times
12648:
12641:
12631:
12629:
12618:
12617:
12613:
12603:
12601:
12592:
12591:
12587:
12577:
12575:
12570:
12569:
12565:
12555:
12553:
12544:
12543:
12536:
12526:
12524:
12514:
12513:
12509:
12499:
12497:
12493:
12486:
12482:
12481:
12472:
12462:
12460:
12454:
12453:
12449:
12439:
12437:
12432:
12431:
12424:
12414:
12412:
12405:
12401:
12400:
12396:
12386:
12384:
12375:
12374:
12370:
12357:
12356:
12352:
12333:
12329:
12319:
12317:
12307:
12306:
12302:
12292:
12290:
12286:
12279:
12275:
12274:
12270:
12260:
12258:
12257:on 25 July 2013
12249:
12248:
12244:
12234:
12232:
12225:
12221:
12220:
12216:
12206:
12204:
12200:
12193:
12189:
12188:
12184:
12174:
12172:
12167:
12166:
12162:
12148:
12146:
12129:
12117:
12103:
12090:
12079:
12075:
12060:
12056:
12031:
12024:
12013:
11999:
11995:
11985:
11983:
11979:
11978:
11974:
11961:
11960:
11956:
11946:
11944:
11937:
11933:
11932:
11928:
11918:
11916:
11913:The Irish Times
11907:
11906:
11902:
11892:
11890:
11880:
11876:
11866:
11864:
11860:
11859:
11855:
11845:
11843:
11834:
11833:
11829:
11819:
11817:
11808:
11807:
11803:
11793:
11791:
11784:
11780:
11779:
11772:
11762:
11760:
11756:
11749:
11745:
11744:
11740:
11730:
11728:
11722:
11718:
11710:
11703:
11695:
11694:
11690:
11680:
11678:
11673:
11672:
11668:
11655:
11651:
11641:
11639:
11635:
11624:
11620:
11619:
11615:
11605:
11603:
11599:
11592:
11588:
11587:
11583:
11573:
11571:
11567:
11560:
11556:
11555:
11548:
11538:
11536:
11532:
11525:
11521:
11520:
11513:
11503:
11501:
11492:
11491:
11487:
11477:
11475:
11471:
11460:
11456:
11455:
11451:
11441:
11439:
11437:
11426:
11420:
11419:
11415:
11405:
11403:
11399:
11388:
11384:
11383:
11379:
11358:(6): 867–893 .
11348:
11344:
11329:10.2307/3481263
11309:
11305:
11295:
11293:
11289:
11281:
11277:
11270:
11256:
11247:
11237:
11235:
11227:
11226:
11217:
11207:
11205:
11201:
11194:
11193:
11189:
11178:
11164:
11160:
11150:
11148:
11143:
11142:
11138:
11107:
11103:
11088:10.2307/3481263
11068:
11064:
11057:
11043:
11039:
11024:10.2307/3481263
11004:
11000:
10981:10.2307/3481263
10961:
10957:
10942:10.2307/3481263
10922:
10918:
10909:
10908:
10904:
10896:
10892:
10876:
10870:
10866:
10861:
10857:
10847:
10845:
10836:
10835:
10831:
10821:
10819:
10812:
10806:
10799:
10789:
10787:
10778:
10777:
10773:
10763:
10761:
10754:
10748:
10744:
10725:
10714:
10707:
10683:
10668:
10653:10.2307/3481263
10633:
10629:
10622:
10606:
10602:
10595:
10571:
10562:
10519:
10504:
10497:
10473:
10469:
10459:
10457:
10448:
10447:
10443:
10436:
10422:
10418:
10413:
10408:
10403:
10398:
10374:Rationalization
10309:Destabilisation
10262:
10226:Religious abuse
10061:
10056:
10026:
10021:
10009:
10001:
9980:
9954:
9902:
9896:
9880:Sexual violence
9870:Sexual predator
9858:in the military
9838:Sexual grooming
9833:Sexual bullying
9823:Sex trafficking
9697:
9692:
9662:
9657:
9636:
9591:
9524:
9505:Life with Billy
9492:
9424:The Burning Bed
9383:
9319:
9263:
9239:David Finkelhor
9200:
9179:
8973:
8964:Women's shelter
8933:
8887:
8810:
8703:
8650:
8605:
8554:
8549:
8478:Implied consent
8464:
8441:
8439:
8420:
8418:
8399:
8397:
8378:
8376:
8357:
8355:
8335:
8333:
8314:
8312:
8292:
8290:
8280:
8261:
8259:
8239:
8237:
8217:
8215:
8195:
8193:
8174:
8172:
8153:
8151:
8132:
8130:
8110:
8108:
8084:
8082:
8063:
8061:
8042:
8040:
8020:
8018:
7998:
7996:
7977:
7975:
7956:
7954:
7935:
7933:
7913:
7911:
7891:
7889:
7870:
7868:
7848:
7846:
7826:
7824:
7805:
7803:
7784:
7782:
7763:
7761:
7742:
7740:
7720:
7718:
7706:Solomon Islands
7699:
7697:
7677:
7675:
7655:
7653:
7633:
7631:
7611:
7609:
7589:
7587:
7568:
7566:
7547:
7545:
7526:
7524:
7505:
7503:
7484:
7482:
7463:
7461:
7442:
7440:
7421:
7419:
7401:
7399:
7379:
7377:
7358:
7356:
7337:
7335:
7316:
7314:
7296:
7294:
7275:
7273:
7254:
7252:
7233:
7231:
7212:
7210:
7191:
7189:
7169:
7167:
7148:
7146:
7127:
7125:
7106:
7104:
7080:
7078:
7059:
7057:
7037:
7035:
7023:North Macedonia
7016:
7014:
6995:
6993:
6974:
6972:
6952:
6950:
6931:
6929:
6909:
6907:
6887:
6885:
6866:
6864:
6844:
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6801:
6799:
6776:
6774:
6755:
6753:
6733:
6731:
6712:
6710:
6691:
6689:
6670:
6668:
6649:
6647:
6627:
6625:
6606:
6604:
6585:
6583:
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6543:
6541:
6518:
6516:
6496:
6494:
6474:
6472:
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6432:
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6410:
6408:
6388:
6386:
6366:
6364:
6345:
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6300:
6281:
6279:
6260:
6258:
6239:
6237:
6218:
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6196:
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6133:
6131:
6112:
6110:
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6025:
6023:
6004:
6002:
5983:
5981:
5961:
5959:
5940:
5938:
5918:
5916:
5896:
5894:
5870:
5868:
5861:
5838:
5836:
5817:
5815:
5796:
5794:
5775:
5773:
5754:
5752:
5733:
5731:
5712:
5710:
5691:
5689:
5670:
5668:
5648:
5646:
5627:
5625:
5606:
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5585:
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5522:
5520:
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5499:
5479:
5477:
5457:
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5435:
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5414:
5412:
5394:
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5373:
5371:
5352:
5350:
5331:
5329:
5309:
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5277:
5275:
5256:
5254:
5235:
5233:
5213:
5211:
5192:
5190:
5171:
5169:
5150:
5148:
5128:
5126:
5102:
5100:
5080:
5078:
5059:
5057:
5038:
5036:
5017:
5015:
4995:
4993:
4974:
4972:
4953:
4951:
4932:
4930:
4911:
4909:
4890:
4888:
4869:
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4805:
4803:
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4697:
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4465:
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4444:
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4423:
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4402:
4400:
4381:
4379:
4359:
4357:
4338:
4336:
4317:
4315:
4296:
4294:
4275:
4273:
4254:
4252:
4233:
4231:
4212:
4210:
4190:
4188:
4167:
4161:
4102:
4093:
4065:
4059:
4019:
4014:
4008:
3955:pre-marital sex
3907:Christian Bible
3899:
3894:
3870:extended family
3862:
3829:Sheila Jeffreys
3784:
3754:
3749:
3735:
3732:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3724:
3688:
3647:
3641:
3610:David Finkelhor
3541:
3495:Forced marriage
3492:
3475:
3469:
3463:
3454:
3417:New South Wales
3402:South Australia
3375:
3336:At the time of
3334:
3273:
3265:implied consent
3219:made after the
3159:implied consent
3151:Court of Appeal
3127:in 1991 by the
3102:
3096:
3035:
3030:
2962:
2956:
2805:North Macedonia
2614:New South Wales
2596:within federal
2562:
2472:outside wedlock
2344:in 1932. After
2333:
2295:sexual pleasure
2220:
2208:in the case of
2166:
2160:
2155:
2117:conjugal rights
2113:
2094:is paid. Under
2088:forced marriage
2042:(1609–1676) in
2020:
2018:History of rape
2014:
1917:
1870:Sex and the law
1850:Women's shelter
1771:Sexual bullying
1729:Forced marriage
1719:Forced abortion
1642:Gishiri cutting
1611:Widow cleansing
1601:Sexual violence
1321:
1281:
1269:
1164:Sex trafficking
1003:
1002:
969:Workers' rights
928:Objectification
913:Public morality
839:Criminalization
802:Sex and the law
792:
752:
739:Sexual violence
729:Sexual predator
719:Sex trafficking
714:Sex and the law
704:Rape statistics
642:History of rape
586:Rape shield law
523:Darfur genocide
169:Corrective rape
128:
117:
111:
108:
65:
63:
53:
41:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
26387:
26377:
26376:
26371:
26366:
26361:
26347:
26346:
26330:
26321:
26315:
26303:
26295:
26294:External links
26292:
26290:
26289:
26283:
26260:
26254:
26234:
26209:
26203:
26190:
26151:
26145:
26122:
26087:
26057:
26048:
26015:
25994:
25968:(3): 228–246.
25958:"Marital Rape"
25953:
25939:
25913:"Marital Rape"
25907:
25905:
25902:
25899:
25898:
25858:
25837:
25797:
25757:
25727:
25687:
25647:
25607:
25567:
25557:
25539:
25499:
25473:
25433:
25393:
25367:
25341:
25334:
25316:
25276:
25236:
25211:
25185:
25174:
25156:
25116:
25090:
25064:
25024:
25005:
24965:
24925:
24885:
24845:
24805:
24779:
24753:
24746:
24728:
24688:
24648:
24608:
24568:
24528:
24503:
24463:
24423:
24402:
24362:
24322:
24282:
24242:
24210:
24170:
24130:
24090:
24064:
24030:
23990:
23950:
23910:
23870:
23830:
23790:
23750:
23710:
23670:
23630:
23590:
23564:
23553:on 3 June 2016
23534:
23494:
23454:
23434:
23394:
23354:
23314:
23274:
23234:
23208:
23187:
23147:
23121:
23095:
23066:
23026:
22986:
22959:
22919:
22879:
22857:
22817:
22791:
22751:
22725:
22685:
22645:
22605:
22594:. 1 March 2018
22592:Global Citizen
22579:
22553:
22513:
22486:
22446:
22419:
22379:
22339:
22298:
22257:
22217:
22190:
22149:
22132:Maldives Times
22119:
22094:
22083:. 12 June 2015
22072:
22051:
22025:
21985:
21945:
21919:
21892:
21852:
21812:
21787:
21747:
21717:
21704:United Nations
21682:
21653:
21626:
21586:
21559:
21519:
21479:
21454:
21432:
21392:
21370:
21347:
21307:
21267:
21227:
21187:
21147:
21107:
21067:
21027:
20987:
20947:
20926:
20886:
20879:
20861:
20831:
20803:
20763:
20737:
20725:www.livelaw.in
20711:
20683:
20643:
20603:
20596:
20578:
20538:
20498:
20469:
20459:
20441:
20401:
20361:
20321:
20292:
20252:
20212:
20172:
20132:
20092:
20052:
20012:
19987:
19947:
19917:
19887:
19862:
19855:
19837:
19797:
19757:
19717:
19677:
19652:
19612:
19572:
19542:
19502:
19462:
19455:
19436:
19396:
19356:
19316:
19259:
19232:
19206:
19166:
19126:
19116:
19098:
19067:
19040:
19014:
18979:
18952:
18912:
18872:
18832:
18792:
18752:
18730:
18703:
18663:
18633:
18593:
18567:
18527:
18487:
18447:
18407:
18367:
18341:
18301:
18261:
18221:
18181:
18154:
18114:
18094:United Nations
18065:
18025:
17998:
17966:
17926:
17899:
17866:
17839:
17813:
17773:
17747:
17707:
17354:
17323:
17287:
17276:on 4 July 2014
17261:
17232:
17196:
17168:
17146:
17107:
17096:(3): 329–347.
17080:
17061:(1): 233–247.
17028:
17019:
17010:
16985:
16961:
16936:
16910:
16885:
16860:
16841:
16826:
16813:
16791:
16769:
16739:
16724:
16696:
16685:
16682:Ephesians 5:31
16674:
16667:Matthew 19:4–6
16659:
16644:
16619:
16588:
16561:(4): 595–602.
16555:Arch Sex Behav
16545:
16516:
16494:
16458:
16431:(2): 428–477.
16411:
16381:
16360:
16355:Sex and Reason
16345:
16338:
16318:
16296:
16255:
16219:
16212:
16165:
16135:
16117:(2): 243–270.
16097:
16076:
16044:
16014:
15985:
15974:. 17 June 2007
15968:"Marital Rape"
15959:
15932:
15905:
15896:
15893:. p. 106.
15877:
15842:(5): 511–524.
15826:
15819:
15799:
15792:
15768:
15758:
15736:
15725:on 1 July 2001
15710:
15692:
15641:
15615:
15589:
15558:
15532:
15506:
15480:
15455:
15429:
15418:. 14 June 2013
15400:
15375:
15368:
15323:
15316:
15267:
15260:
15225:
15211:New York Times
15197:
15186:. 18 July 2012
15171:
15133:
15108:
15083:
15069:
15033:
15005:
14970:
14938:
14927:. 7 March 2000
14912:
14886:
14872:
14852:
14819:
14793:
14781:
14769:
14757:
14745:
14733:
14721:
14709:
14648:
14623:
14576:
14547:
14521:
14495:
14469:
14451:
14430:
14409:
14386:"Marital Rape"
14377:
14355:
14348:
14319:
14304:
14272:
14257:. Johannesburg
14241:
14215:
14202:"Kazakhstan".
14194:
14146:
14114:
14083:
14060:
14038:
14012:
13984:
13958:
13932:
13911:
13885:
13854:
13840:
13817:
13791:
13765:
13739:
13721:
13686:
13657:
13630:
13604:
13591:Indian Express
13578:
13546:
13524:
13502:
13472:
13461:. 21 June 2007
13446:
13424:
13396:
13368:
13342:
13316:
13290:
13264:
13247:
13221:
13185:
13159:
13131:
13099:
13071:
13048:
13022:
13015:
12997:
12972:
12942:
12914:
12886:
12850:
12814:
12787:
12763:
12746:Msmagazine.com
12733:
12714:(3): 182–185.
12698:
12691:
12670:
12639:
12611:
12585:
12563:
12534:
12507:
12470:
12447:
12422:
12394:
12368:
12350:
12327:
12300:
12268:
12242:
12214:
12203:on 6 July 2011
12182:
12160:
12158:
12157:
12156:
12155:
12115:
12088:
12073:
12054:
12022:
12011:
11993:
11972:
11954:
11926:
11915:. 7 April 2015
11900:
11874:
11853:
11827:
11816:on 2 July 2015
11801:
11770:
11738:
11716:
11688:
11666:
11649:
11613:
11581:
11546:
11511:
11485:
11474:on 7 July 2011
11449:
11435:
11413:
11377:
11342:
11303:
11275:
11268:
11245:
11215:
11187:
11176:
11158:
11136:
11101:
11082:(5): 1444–51.
11062:
11055:
11037:
11018:(5): 1435–43.
10998:
10955:
10916:
10902:
10890:
10864:
10855:
10829:
10797:
10771:
10742:
10712:
10705:
10666:
10627:
10620:
10600:
10593:
10560:
10502:
10495:
10467:
10441:
10434:
10415:
10414:
10412:
10409:
10407:
10404:
10400:
10399:
10397:
10396:
10391:
10386:
10384:Victim blaming
10381:
10376:
10371:
10366:
10361:
10356:
10351:
10346:
10341:
10336:
10331:
10326:
10321:
10316:
10314:Discrimination
10311:
10306:
10301:
10299:Dehumanization
10296:
10291:
10289:Child grooming
10286:
10281:
10279:Abuse of power
10276:
10270:
10268:
10267:Related topics
10264:
10263:
10261:
10260:
10253:
10248:
10243:
10238:
10233:
10228:
10223:
10218:
10213:
10208:
10206:Physical abuse
10203:
10198:
10193:
10188:
10183:
10178:
10173:
10168:
10163:
10158:
10153:
10152:
10151:
10146:
10136:
10134:Domestic abuse
10131:
10130:
10129:
10127:military draft
10119:
10114:
10113:
10112:
10107:
10102:
10097:
10087:
10082:
10077:
10071:
10069:
10063:
10062:
10055:
10054:
10047:
10040:
10032:
10023:
10022:
10020:
10019:
10017:Law portal
10006:
10003:
10002:
10000:
9999:
9994:
9988:
9986:
9985:Related topics
9982:
9981:
9979:
9978:
9973:
9968:
9962:
9960:
9956:
9955:
9953:
9952:
9950:Victim blaming
9947:
9942:
9937:
9932:
9927:
9922:
9917:
9912:
9906:
9904:
9898:
9897:
9895:
9894:
9893:
9892:
9887:
9877:
9875:Sexual slavery
9872:
9867:
9862:
9861:
9860:
9855:
9850:
9840:
9835:
9830:
9828:Sexual assault
9825:
9820:
9815:
9810:
9809:
9808:
9803:
9798:
9793:
9788:
9783:
9778:
9773:
9763:
9761:Money marriage
9758:
9753:
9748:
9743:
9742:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9726:
9721:
9719:Child-on-child
9711:
9705:
9703:
9699:
9698:
9691:
9690:
9683:
9676:
9668:
9659:
9658:
9656:
9655:
9650:
9644:
9642:
9638:
9637:
9635:
9634:
9629:
9624:
9619:
9614:
9609:
9603:
9601:
9597:
9596:
9593:
9592:
9590:
9589:
9582:
9575:
9568:
9561:
9554:
9547:
9544:Family Process
9540:
9532:
9530:
9526:
9525:
9523:
9522:
9515:
9512:Mommie Dearest
9508:
9500:
9498:
9494:
9493:
9491:
9490:
9483:
9476:
9469:
9462:
9455:
9448:
9441:
9434:
9427:
9420:
9413:
9406:
9403:Black and Blue
9399:
9391:
9389:
9385:
9384:
9382:
9381:
9378:Sin by Silence
9374:
9367:
9360:
9353:
9346:
9338:
9336:
9329:
9325:
9324:
9321:
9320:
9318:
9317:
9315:Deborah Tucker
9312:
9307:
9302:
9297:
9292:
9290:Elizabeth Celi
9287:
9282:
9277:
9275:Ruahine Albert
9271:
9269:
9265:
9264:
9262:
9261:
9256:
9254:Linda Saltzman
9251:
9246:
9241:
9236:
9231:
9226:
9221:
9215:
9213:
9206:
9202:
9201:
9199:
9198:
9193:
9187:
9185:
9181:
9180:
9178:
9177:
9172:
9170:United Kingdom
9167:
9162:
9157:
9152:
9147:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9117:
9112:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9017:
9012:
9007:
9002:
8997:
8992:
8987:
8981:
8979:
8975:
8974:
8972:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8956:
8951:
8945:
8943:
8939:
8938:
8935:
8934:
8932:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8911:
8906:
8901:
8895:
8893:
8889:
8888:
8886:
8885:
8880:
8875:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8829:
8827:
8820:
8816:
8815:
8812:
8811:
8809:
8808:
8803:
8798:
8793:
8788:
8783:
8778:
8773:
8768:
8763:
8758:
8753:
8748:
8743:
8738:
8729:
8727:Economic abuse
8724:
8719:
8713:
8711:
8705:
8704:
8702:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8660:
8658:
8652:
8651:
8649:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8622:
8620:
8611:
8607:
8606:
8604:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8586:Cycle of abuse
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8562:
8560:
8556:
8555:
8548:
8547:
8540:
8533:
8525:
8519:
8518:
8513:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8480:
8475:
8470:
8463:
8460:
8457:
8456:
8453:
8450:
8436:
8435:
8432:
8429:
8415:
8414:
8411:
8408:
8394:
8393:
8390:
8387:
8373:
8372:
8369:
8366:
8352:
8351:
8347:
8344:
8330:
8329:
8326:
8323:
8309:
8308:
8304:
8301:
8287:
8286:
8276:Main article:
8273:
8270:
8256:
8255:
8251:
8248:
8246:United Kingdom
8234:
8233:
8229:
8226:
8212:
8211:
8207:
8204:
8190:
8189:
8186:
8183:
8169:
8168:
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8119:
8105:
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8096:
8093:
8079:
8078:
8075:
8072:
8058:
8057:
8054:
8051:
8037:
8036:
8032:
8029:
8015:
8014:
8010:
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17023:
17014:
16998:
16997:
16993:Karo, Yosef.
16989:
16974:
16973:
16969:Karo, Yosef.
16965:
16949:
16948:
16940:
16925:
16921:
16914:
16899:
16895:
16889:
16874:
16870:
16864:
16856:
16854:
16853:Humanae vitae
16845:
16838:
16837:
16830:
16823:
16822:Humanae vitae
16817:
16802:. ucanews.com
16801:
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16779:
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16475:
16474:Honor Diaries
16468:
16462:
16454:
16450:
16446:
16442:
16438:
16434:
16430:
16426:
16422:
16415:
16400:
16396:
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16385:
16370:
16364:
16357:. p. 94.
16356:
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16339:9781876756673
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15921:(74): 58–66.
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14926:
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14916:
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14896:
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14873:9781859419359
14869:
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14698:
14694:
14693:
14688:
14684:
14680:
14676:
14672:
14671:
14666:
14662:
14658:
14655:1 AC 599, 3
14652:
14637:
14633:
14627:
14608:
14604:
14600:
14596:
14589:
14583:
14581:
14565:
14561:
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14535:
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14518:
14514:
14513:
14508:
14506:
14502:For example,
14499:
14484:on 4 May 2016
14483:
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14198:
14179:
14172:
14170:
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14153:
14151:
14131:
14124:
14118:
14102:
14101:
14093:
14087:
14071:
14064:
14049:. 15 May 2013
14048:
14042:
14026:
14022:
14016:
14001:
13994:
13993:"Ley No. 779"
13988:
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13873:
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13821:
13806:
13805:Women's eNews
13802:
13795:
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13776:
13769:
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13743:
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13725:
13706:
13699:
13693:
13691:
13674:
13670:
13664:
13662:
13645:
13641:
13634:
13619:
13618:The Telegraph
13615:
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13592:
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13582:
13566:
13562:
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13556:
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13534:
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13512:
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13456:
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13413:
13406:
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13385:
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13372:
13356:
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13346:
13330:
13326:
13320:
13304:
13300:
13294:
13278:
13274:
13268:
13262:
13258:
13257:
13251:
13235:
13231:
13225:
13206:
13202:
13195:
13189:
13173:
13169:
13163:
13148:
13141:
13135:
13116:
13109:
13103:
13088:
13081:
13075:
13060:
13059:
13052:
13036:
13032:
13026:
13018:
13012:
13008:
13001:
12986:. 10 May 2007
12985:
12979:
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12956:
12952:
12946:
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12918:
12903:
12896:
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12404:
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12382:
12378:
12372:
12364:
12360:
12354:
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12338:
12331:
12315:
12311:
12310:Nationalrates
12304:
12285:
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12246:
12231:
12224:
12218:
12199:
12192:
12186:
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12140:
12136:
12132:
12128:
12127:
12125:
12122:
12121:
12118:
12116:9780198763543
12112:
12108:
12101:
12099:
12097:
12095:
12093:
12085:. p. 79.
12084:
12077:
12069:
12065:
12058:
12051:
12047:
12043:
12039:
12035:
12032:With the new
12029:
12027:
12018:
12014:
12008:
12004:
11997:
11982:
11976:
11968:
11967:Treaty Office
11964:
11958:
11943:
11936:
11930:
11914:
11910:
11904:
11889:
11885:
11878:
11863:
11857:
11842:. 3 June 2013
11841:
11837:
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11805:
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11775:
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11748:
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11709:
11702:
11700:
11692:
11676:
11670:
11664:
11660:
11659:
11653:
11634:
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11623:
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11598:
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11566:
11559:
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11551:
11531:
11524:
11518:
11516:
11499:
11495:
11489:
11470:
11466:
11459:
11453:
11438:
11436:9789211127034
11432:
11425:
11424:
11417:
11398:
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11387:
11381:
11373:
11369:
11365:
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11326:
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11318:
11314:
11307:
11288:
11287:
11279:
11271:
11265:
11261:
11254:
11252:
11250:
11233:
11232:
11231:Trestnà zákon
11224:
11222:
11220:
11200:
11199:
11191:
11183:
11179:
11173:
11169:
11162:
11146:
11140:
11132:
11128:
11124:
11120:
11117:(3): 54–68 .
11116:
11112:
11105:
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10650:
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10642:
10638:
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10623:
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10614:. NYU Press.
10613:
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10435:9780199668526
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10389:Victimisation
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9610:
9608:
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9600:Organizations
9598:
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9398:
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9393:
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9386:
9380:
9379:
9375:
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9371:Silent Voices
9368:
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9361:
9359:
9358:
9354:
9352:
9351:
9347:
9345:
9344:
9340:
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9335:Documentaries
9333:
9330:
9326:
9316:
9313:
9311:
9308:
9306:
9303:
9301:
9300:Donna Ferrato
9298:
9296:
9293:
9291:
9288:
9286:
9283:
9281:
9280:Angela Barker
9278:
9276:
9273:
9272:
9270:
9266:
9260:
9259:Murray Straus
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9234:Mary Ellsberg
9232:
9230:
9229:Emily Douglas
9227:
9225:
9224:Kenneth Dodge
9222:
9220:
9217:
9216:
9214:
9210:
9207:
9203:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9188:
9186:
9182:
9176:
9175:United States
9173:
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9163:
9161:
9158:
9156:
9153:
9151:
9148:
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9101:
9098:
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9086:
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9061:
9058:
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9038:
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9018:
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8988:
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8976:
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8962:
8960:
8957:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8946:
8944:
8940:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8924:Sibling abuse
8922:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8907:
8905:
8902:
8900:
8897:
8896:
8894:
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8817:
8807:
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8802:
8799:
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8779:
8777:
8774:
8772:
8769:
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8762:
8759:
8757:
8754:
8752:
8749:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8733:
8732:Embarrassment
8730:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8714:
8712:
8710:
8709:Psychological
8706:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8684:Honor killing
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8669:Bride burning
8667:
8665:
8662:
8661:
8659:
8657:
8653:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
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8629:
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8619:
8615:
8612:
8608:
8602:
8599:
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8579:
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8564:
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8546:
8541:
8539:
8534:
8532:
8527:
8526:
8523:
8517:
8514:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8506:Types of rape
8504:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8486:
8485:
8481:
8479:
8476:
8474:
8471:
8469:
8466:
8465:
8454:
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8449:
8438:
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8433:
8430:
8428:
8417:
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8412:
8409:
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8332:
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8311:
8310:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8289:
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8284:
8279:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8268:United States
8258:
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8235:
8230:
8227:
8225:
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8213:
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8118:
8107:
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8102:
8097:
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8080:
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8071:
8060:
8059:
8055:
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8030:
8028:
8017:
8016:
8011:
8008:
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7990:
7987:
7985:
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7964:
7953:
7952:
7948:
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7926:
7923:
7921:
7910:
7909:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7888:
7887:
7883:
7880:
7878:
7867:
7866:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7845:
7844:
7839:
7836:
7834:
7823:
7822:
7818:
7815:
7813:
7802:
7801:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7781:
7780:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7760:
7759:
7755:
7752:
7750:
7739:
7738:
7733:
7730:
7728:
7717:
7716:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7696:
7695:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7674:
7673:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7652:
7651:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7630:
7629:
7624:
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7619:
7608:
7607:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7586:
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7515:
7513:
7502:
7501:
7497:
7494:
7492:
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7480:
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7471:
7460:
7459:
7455:
7452:
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7414:
7411:
7409:
7398:
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7392:
7389:
7387:
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7375:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7355:
7354:
7350:
7347:
7345:
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7329:
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7324:
7313:
7312:
7309:
7306:
7304:
7293:
7292:
7288:
7285:
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7267:
7264:
7262:
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7225:
7222:
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7209:
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7201:
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7188:
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7156:
7145:
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7119:
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7103:
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7097:
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7067:
7056:
7055:
7050:
7047:
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7033:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7013:
7012:
7008:
7005:
7003:
6992:
6991:
6987:
6984:
6982:
6971:
6970:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6949:
6948:
6944:
6941:
6939:
6928:
6927:
6922:
6919:
6917:
6906:
6905:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6884:
6883:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6863:
6862:
6857:
6854:
6852:
6841:
6840:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6820:
6819:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6798:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6786:
6784:
6773:
6772:
6768:
6765:
6763:
6752:
6751:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6730:
6729:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6709:
6708:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6688:
6687:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6667:
6666:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6646:
6645:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6624:
6623:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6603:
6602:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6582:
6581:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6561:
6560:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6540:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6515:
6514:
6509:
6506:
6504:
6493:
6492:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6471:
6470:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6450:
6449:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6429:
6428:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6407:
6406:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6395:Liechtenstein
6385:
6384:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6363:
6362:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6342:
6341:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6321:
6320:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6299:
6298:
6294:
6291:
6289:
6278:
6277:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6257:
6256:
6252:
6249:
6247:
6236:
6235:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6215:
6214:
6209:
6206:
6204:
6193:
6192:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6172:
6171:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6151:
6150:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6130:
6129:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6109:
6108:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6087:
6086:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6066:
6065:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6044:
6043:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6022:
6021:
6017:
6014:
6012:
6001:
6000:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5980:
5979:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5958:
5957:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5937:
5936:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5915:
5914:
5909:
5906:
5904:
5893:
5892:
5888:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5867:
5866:
5860:
5856:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5835:
5834:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5814:
5813:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5793:
5792:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5772:
5771:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5751:
5750:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5730:
5729:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5709:
5708:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5698:Guinea-Bissau
5688:
5687:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5667:
5666:
5661:
5658:
5656:
5645:
5644:
5640:
5637:
5635:
5624:
5623:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5603:
5602:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5582:
5581:
5577:
5574:
5572:
5561:
5560:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5540:
5539:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5519:
5518:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5476:
5475:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5454:
5453:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5432:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5422:
5411:
5410:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5391:
5390:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5349:
5348:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5306:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5294:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5274:
5273:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5253:
5252:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5232:
5231:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5210:
5209:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5189:
5188:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5168:
5167:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5147:
5146:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5125:
5124:
5120:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5099:
5098:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5077:
5076:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5056:
5055:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5035:
5034:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5014:
5013:
5008:
5005:
5003:
4992:
4991:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4971:
4970:
4966:
4963:
4961:
4950:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4929:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4887:
4886:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4866:
4865:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4823:
4822:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4772:
4770:
4759:
4758:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4738:
4737:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4694:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4673:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4652:
4651:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4630:
4629:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4546:
4545:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4525:
4524:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4483:
4482:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4420:
4419:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4378:
4377:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4356:
4355:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4335:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4314:
4313:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4180:Criminalised
4179:
4176:
4175:
4172:
4166:
4156:
4153:
4148:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4132:
4130:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4112:
4106:
4097:
4088:
4086:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4064:
4054:
4052:
4047:
4043:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4032:Rami bar Ḥama
4028:
4024:
4013:
4003:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3991:
3990:Humanae vitae
3986:
3983:By contrast,
3981:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3949:
3943:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3919:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3903:Western World
3889:
3885:
3883:
3882:honor killing
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3857:
3855:
3850:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3827:According to
3825:
3823:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3802:
3798:
3792:
3790:
3779:
3777:
3771:
3767:
3765:
3760:
3744:
3741:
3734:
3718:
3716:
3709:
3708:
3700:
3698:
3694:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3663:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3646:
3636:
3632:
3630:
3625:
3618:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3605:
3604:San Francisco
3601:
3596:
3593:
3592:Western World
3588:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3558:extra-marital
3555:
3545:
3536:
3533:
3527:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3487:
3483:
3481:
3474:
3468:
3458:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3370:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3281:Working Paper
3278:
3268:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3166:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3056:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3025:
3021:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3006:
3005:
2998:
2995:
2991:
2990:United States
2983:
2979:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2966:United States
2961:
2954:United States
2951:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2829:
2827:
2826:Liechtenstein
2823:
2821:
2820:Law 3500/2006
2817:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2779:
2776:
2771:
2769:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2707:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2649:
2644:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2560:Legal changes
2554:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2460:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2421:In 2011, the
2416:
2415:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2403:
2399:
2391:
2390:
2389:
2388:stated that:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2363:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2303:Comstock laws
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2281:, as well as
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2228:United States
2225:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2178:Lord Audley's
2175:
2171:
2165:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2129:Anglo America
2126:
2122:
2118:
2108:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2096:customary law
2093:
2089:
2085:
2080:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2062:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1997:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1902:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1819:Belém do Pará
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1787:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1724:Force-feeding
1722:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1700:and pregnancy
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1619:Disfigurement
1618:
1617:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1571:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1445:Fetish slaves
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1364:Honor killing
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1354:Bride burning
1352:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1260:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1211:Female sodomy
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1000:
999:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
978:
977:World Charter
974:
970:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
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26374:Rape by type
26359:Marital rape
26342:the original
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26266:Marital Rape
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24788:"No Way Out"
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14614:. Retrieved
14607:the original
14594:
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14534:the original
14524:
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14498:
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14482:the original
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14275:
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14228:the original
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14041:
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14025:the original
14015:
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13999:
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13897:
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13705:the original
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13319:
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13293:
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13277:the original
13267:
13261:Google Books
13254:
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12901:
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12870:the original
12865:
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12834:the original
12830:Jurawelt.com
12829:
12817:
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12799:
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12750:the original
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12566:
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12491:the original
12461:. Retrieved
12456:
12450:
12438:. Retrieved
12413:. Retrieved
12410:Ec.europa.eu
12409:
12397:
12385:. Retrieved
12381:the original
12371:
12363:the original
12353:
12339:(54): 1, 7.
12336:
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12134:
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12082:
12076:
12067:
12063:
12057:
12048:(Art. 180),
12016:
12002:
11996:
11984:. Retrieved
11975:
11966:
11957:
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11941:
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11917:. Retrieved
11912:
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11814:the original
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11788:
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11754:the original
11741:
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11719:
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11698:
11691:
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11669:
11663:Google Books
11656:
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11640:. Retrieved
11633:the original
11628:
11616:
11604:. Retrieved
11597:the original
11584:
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11565:the original
11537:. Retrieved
11530:the original
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11498:the original
11488:
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11464:
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11397:the original
11393:Chr.up.ac.za
11392:
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11294:. Retrieved
11285:
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11230:
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11197:
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11149:. Retrieved
11139:
11114:
11111:NWSA Journal
11110:
11104:
11079:
11075:
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11046:
11040:
11015:
11011:
11001:
10992:
10972:
10968:
10958:
10933:
10929:
10919:
10905:
10898:R v Clarence
10897:
10893:
10884:
10880:
10867:
10858:
10846:. Retrieved
10832:
10820:. Retrieved
10816:
10788:. Retrieved
10783:
10774:
10762:. Retrieved
10758:
10745:
10739:(1): 79–120.
10736:
10732:
10688:Marital Rape
10687:
10644:
10640:
10630:
10610:
10603:
10575:
10533:(1): 59–74.
10530:
10526:
10478:Marital Rape
10477:
10470:
10458:. Retrieved
10454:the original
10444:
10425:
10419:
10344:Minimisation
10339:Manipulation
10319:Exaggeration
10255:
10251:Verbal abuse
10231:Sexual abuse
10211:Social abuse
10181:Intimidation
9935:Rape culture
9901:Sociological
9848:in education
9818:Revenge porn
9785:
9695:Sexual abuse
9584:
9577:
9570:
9563:
9556:
9549:
9542:
9535:
9517:
9510:
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9485:
9478:
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9429:
9422:
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9408:
9401:
9394:
9376:
9369:
9362:
9355:
9348:
9343:A Better Man
9341:
9249:Denise Hines
9140:South Africa
9135:Saudi Arabia
8954:Duluth model
8833:Bride-buying
8806:Verbal abuse
8756:Intimidation
8631:Marital rape
8630:
8596:Epidemiology
8482:
8188:As of 2018.
8139:Turkmenistan
7895:
7749:South Africa
7618:Sierra Leone
7561:As of 2018.
7533:Saudi Arabia
7477:As of 2018.
7372:As of 2018.
7009:As of 2018.
6988:As of 2018.
6684:As of 2018.
6467:As of 2018.
6359:As of 2018.
6189:As of 2018.
6168:As of 2018.
6018:As of 2018.
5886:
5831:As of 2018.
5789:As of 2018.
5684:As of 2018.
5557:As of 2018.
5428:As of 2018.
5366:As of 2018.
5345:As of 2018.
5296:
5295:ruling that
5185:As of 2018.
4988:As of 2018.
4904:As of 2018.
4883:As of 2018.
4755:As of 2018.
4748:Burkina Faso
4521:As of 2018.
4170:
4149:
4145:South Africa
4133:
4125:
4118:
4107:
4103:
4094:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4063:Gender roles
4044:
4020:
3996:Pope Francis
3988:
3985:Pope Paul VI
3982:
3978:
3975:
3952:
3945:
3940:
3936:
3921:
3916:
3901:Most of the
3900:
3897:Christianity
3886:
3863:
3845:
3826:
3806:
3793:
3785:
3775:
3772:
3768:
3755:
3737:
3721:
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3553:
3550:
3528:
3524:
3493:
3484:
3476:
3455:
3440:
3414:
3409:
3399:
3395:not his wife
3394:
3386:
3376:
3366:
3351:
3346:
3337:
3335:
3325:
3315:
3310:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3285:Final Report
3284:
3280:
3274:
3261:R v Sharples
3260:
3249:R v Kowalski
3248:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3212:
3211:(1990), and
3209:R v Sharples
3208:
3205:R v Kowalski
3204:
3200:
3198:
3193:
3189:
3181:
3173:
3167:
3154:
3132:
3120:
3115:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3064:
3060:
3036:
3022:
3010:
3002:
2999:
2994:South Dakota
2987:
2981:
2970:not his wife
2969:
2963:
2932:Sierra Leone
2881:
2877:Smriti Irani
2862:
2852:
2841:
2830:
2824:
2819:
2813:
2807:in 1996. In
2799:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2772:
2765:
2763:until 1997.
2754:
2744:
2738:
2729:
2723:
2711:
2685:Seán Doherty
2674:
2667:
2656:
2645:
2630:
2624:(1985), and
2584:(1965), and
2566:Soviet Union
2563:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2499:
2497:
2487:
2479:
2471:
2463:
2461:
2432:
2420:
2412:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2379:
2375:human rights
2368:
2358:
2346:World War II
2338:Soviet Union
2334:
2325:prostitution
2318:
2317:in his book
2312:
2299:Moses Harman
2279:Emma Goldman
2264:
2244:
2221:
2209:
2202:R v Clarence
2201:
2197:
2193:
2169:
2167:
2146:
2140:
2114:
2111:Legal aspect
2101:
2081:
2077:
2067:
2065:
2058:
2043:
2021:
1998:
1971:
1967:criminal law
1952:
1944:sexual abuse
1928:spousal rape
1927:
1924:Marital rape
1923:
1922:
1781:Witch trials
1763:
1706:
1680:Dating abuse
1662:Other issues
1654:Foot binding
1647:Infibulation
1521:
1477:By Deception
1472:Acquaintance
1174:Sexual abuse
1154:Revenge porn
1146:
1115:Prostitution
1005:
993:Circumcision
983:Survival sex
965:Sex industry
694:Rape fantasy
551:By Palestine
476: /
467: /
463: /
403:South Africa
398:Saudi Arabia
322:Rape culture
236:Sexual abuse
216:Marital rape
215:
174:LGBT victims
118:
112:January 2021
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
26246:10665/43309
26224:: 118–124.
26170:17 February
26102:: 145–153.
25198:www.fao.org
24235:13 November
20854:18 February
20701:18 February
20308:www.oas.org
18107:17 February
17189:18 February
17127:: 153–160.
16671:Mark 10:6–8
16637:18 February
16612:18 February
16509:23 December
15184:Selfscholar
15026:18 February
14879:18 February
14791:Crim LR 198
14755:Crim LR 188
14753:R v Roberts
14729:R v O'Brien
14641:19 December
14488:9 September
14107:17 February
13904:17 February
13878:15 February
13650:28 December
13623:28 December
13597:28 December
13571:28 December
13535:. Unhcr.org
12955:Stopvaw.org
12930:Cite.gov.pt
12500:20 December
12230:Bizkaia.net
12149:21 December
11963:"Full list"
11661:, p. 1, at
10848:8 September
10394:Victimology
10369:Psychopathy
10191:Persecution
10166:Humiliation
10156:Gaslighting
10139:Elder abuse
10090:Child abuse
9607:Gulabi Gang
9529:Periodicals
9388:Other films
9310:Erin Pizzey
9305:Ellen Pence
9145:South Korea
9115:Philippines
9075:New Zealand
8904:Child abuse
8848:Elder abuse
8751:Gaslighting
8736:Humiliation
8679:Dowry death
8664:Acid attack
8511:Victimology
7898:Switzerland
7770:South Sudan
7428:Saint Lucia
7240:Philippines
7141:As of 2018
6938:New Zealand
6916:Netherlands
6203:South Korea
6182:North Korea
6011:Ivory Coast
5599:As of 2018
5515:As of 2018
5316:El Salvador
4798:As of 2018
4430:The Bahamas
4197:Afghanistan
3959:fornication
3874:bride price
3841:sex therapy
3797:bride price
3406:Don Dunstan
3225:Crown Court
3194:R v Roberts
3186:decree nisi
3182:R v O'Brien
3170:prosecution
3163:English law
3149:and in the
2936:South Korea
2775:Netherlands
2637:Switzerland
2622:New Zealand
2476:South Sudan
2386:Navi Pillay
2377:violation.
2232:Suffragists
2092:bride price
2061:colonialism
2050:English law
2034:of a man's
1875:Victimology
1855:25 November
1714:Eve teasing
1675:Gaslighting
1627:Acid attack
1374:Infanticide
1359:Dowry death
1228:Trafficking
1088:Fornication
933:Pornography
877:Transgender
861:Civil union
849:LGBT rights
709:Rape threat
508:Bosnian War
488:Vietnam War
393:Philippines
338:Afghanistan
231:Serial rape
221:Prison rape
159:Campus rape
26369:Sex crimes
26353:Categories
26255:924159358X
25933:8 February
25881:13 October
25820:12 October
25780:16 October
25750:16 October
25710:14 October
25670:18 October
25630:14 October
25590:17 October
25522:18 October
25456:15 October
25416:16 October
25386:16 October
25299:15 October
25259:14 October
25229:14 October
25204:17 October
25139:15 October
25109:16 October
25083:16 October
25078:Al-Monitor
25047:16 October
24988:18 October
24948:14 October
24908:13 October
24868:14 October
24828:13 October
24772:17 October
24711:14 October
24671:16 October
24631:15 October
24591:15 October
24551:18 October
24521:13 October
24486:13 October
24446:16 October
24385:15 October
24345:12 October
24305:13 October
24265:12 October
24193:14 October
24153:15 October
24113:15 October
24013:13 October
23973:13 October
23933:14 October
23893:16 October
23853:13 October
23813:14 October
23773:16 October
23733:16 October
23693:13 October
23653:14 October
23613:16 October
23517:14 October
23477:14 October
23417:14 October
23377:14 October
23337:18 October
23297:14 October
23257:18 October
23227:18 October
23170:14 October
23114:16 October
23088:16 October
23049:16 October
23009:14 October
22942:18 October
22902:14 October
22840:14 October
22810:16 October
22774:14 October
22744:14 October
22708:12 October
22668:14 October
22628:12 October
22598:16 October
22572:16 October
22536:16 October
22469:14 October
22402:14 October
22362:18 October
22240:14 October
22142:16 October
22112:16 October
22103:"Maldives"
22008:12 October
21968:14 October
21938:13 October
21875:14 October
21835:15 October
21805:16 October
21770:12 October
21740:15 October
21710:15 October
21702:(Report).
21675:15 October
21609:14 October
21542:16 October
21502:15 October
21472:15 October
21415:14 October
21385:14 October
21363:14 October
21330:12 October
21290:12 October
21250:12 October
21210:15 October
21170:14 October
21130:18 October
21090:14 October
21050:15 October
21010:14 October
20970:15 October
20909:15 October
20786:14 October
20666:16 October
20626:14 October
20561:18 October
20521:18 October
20424:18 October
20384:12 October
20344:18 October
20314:18 October
20275:18 October
20235:14 October
20195:14 October
20155:12 October
20115:14 October
20075:14 October
20035:14 October
19970:14 October
19940:18 October
19910:15 October
19880:15 October
19820:15 October
19780:17 October
19740:14 October
19700:17 October
19670:17 October
19635:14 October
19595:14 October
19565:14 October
19525:14 October
19485:17 October
19419:14 October
19379:17 October
19339:13 October
19252:12 October
19189:17 October
19149:14 October
19060:12 October
18972:12 October
18935:14 October
18895:17 October
18855:12 October
18815:14 October
18775:13 October
18686:12 October
18616:14 October
18586:17 October
18550:17 October
18510:16 October
18470:12 October
18430:17 October
18390:16 October
18360:17 October
18324:16 October
18284:15 October
18244:17 October
18204:14 October
18137:13 October
18048:14 October
17991:17 October
17959:17 October
17892:12 October
17796:15 October
17730:16 October
17700:12 October
17694:World Bank
17303:Unicef.org
16716:The Rudder
16128:23 October
15889:. London:
15820:1875559248
15049:Aic.gov.au
14765:R v Miller
14741:R v Steele
14717:R v Clarke
14632:" UKHL 12"
14616:15 January
14366:. Ncvc.org
14261:29 January
14187:30 October
14139:30 October
13810:31 January
13784:24 January
13714:13 January
13283:3 November
13240:3 November
12708:Sexologies
11810:"Voldtægt"
11763:3 December
11606:5 February
11539:3 December
10406:References
10349:Narcissism
10171:Incivility
10161:Harassment
9910:Aggression
9885:Statistics
9480:Submission
9417:Bordertown
9295:Anne Cools
9285:Sarah Buel
9150:Tajikistan
9005:Bangladesh
8942:Prevention
8771:Mind games
8321:Uzbekistan
8099:2017, the
7963:Tajikistan
7596:Seychelles
7491:San Marino
6808:Mozambique
6762:Montenegro
6613:Mauritania
6460:Madagascar
6439:Luxembourg
6246:Kyrgyzstan
6097:Kazakhstan
5853:See also:
5242:East Timor
5045:Costa Rica
4855:Cape Verde
4472:Bangladesh
4409:Azerbaijan
4046:Maimonides
4023:Jewish law
3822:Bangladesh
3818:illiterate
3809:South Asia
3581:Tajikistan
3562:Bangladesh
3539:Prevalence
3471:See also:
3391:Queensland
3311:post facto
3215:(1991), a
3201:R v Miller
3190:R v Steele
3174:R v Clarke
3033:Background
2778:marriage.
2768:Luxembourg
2706:separation
2598:Yugoslavia
2444:Bangladesh
2356:in 1950.
2254:feminists
2240:Lucy Stone
2234:including
2162:See also:
2125:common law
1865:By country
1860:6 February
1695:management
1584:In Service
1542:Statistics
1532:Prevention
1482:Corrective
1394:Sororicide
1041:Bestiality
835:Homophobia
538:Tigray war
518:Congo Wars
330:By country
226:Rape chant
82:newspapers
26044:141826626
25851:22 August
25492:4 January
24083:1 January
23583:22 August
23135:Naya Daur
22979:9 October
22506:9 October
22439:9 October
22322:9 October
22281:9 October
22210:9 October
22173:9 October
22087:22 August
22065:22 August
22044:22 August
21912:9 October
21646:9 October
19293:0090-0036
19220:Unhcr.org
19033:22 August
19007:22 August
18723:9 October
18174:9 October
18018:9 October
17919:9 October
17859:9 October
17832:7 October
17766:7 October
17347:22 August
17280:22 August
17212:Alnap.org
17161:17 August
17141:148973779
16999:. Sefaria
16806:22 August
16784:22 August
16762:22 August
16538:7 October
16487:7 October
16453:143933912
16374:22 August
16090:22 August
16037:7 October
15856:0886-6708
15634:22 August
15608:22 August
15551:22 August
15525:22 August
15473:22 August
15448:22 August
15422:22 August
15393:22 August
15218:10 August
14963:7 October
14931:22 August
14905:22 August
14845:22 August
14840:0011-1325
14812:22 August
14675:The Times
14603:1038-3441
14569:22 August
14540:22 August
14444:22 August
14423:22 August
14234:17 August
14031:17 August
13977:17 August
13831:l'express
13539:17 August
13517:17 August
13465:17 August
13439:17 August
13361:17 August
13335:17 August
13309:22 August
13299:"Croatia"
13178:22 August
13041:17 August
12807:22 August
12780:22 August
12728:1158-1360
12293:21 August
12261:17 August
11919:22 August
11867:22 August
11846:22 August
11820:22 August
11789:Ohchr.org
11731:22 August
11681:7 October
11629:Unodc.org
11574:22 August
11478:22 August
11123:1040-0656
10887:(2): 285.
10555:143580570
10411:Citations
10324:Isolation
10144:Financial
9801:Statutory
9431:Daughters
9268:Activists
9212:Academics
9070:Lithuania
9000:Australia
8985:Argentina
8761:Isolation
8364:Venezuela
8283:US states
7812:Sri Lanka
7640:Singapore
7134:Palestine
6959:Nicaragua
6634:Mauritius
6417:Lithuania
5877:Indonesia
5782:Hong Kong
5655:Guatemala
4366:Australia
4324:Argentina
4141:Hong Kong
3707:concerned
3667:traumatic
3629:de factos
3419:in 1981.
3379:Australia
3373:Australia
3271:Aftermath
3014:Tennessee
2928:Nicaragua
2904:Mauritius
2814:In 2006,
2701:decisions
2610:Australia
2592:, then a
2517:Mala Htun
2448:Sri Lanka
2436:Singapore
2307:De Cleyre
2186:Æthelstan
2174:precedent
2054:coverture
1547:Statutory
1527:Pregnancy
1507:Genocidal
1399:Uxoricide
1379:Matricide
1233:Voyeurism
1206:U.S. laws
1159:Seduction
1142:statutory
1125:procuring
1098:Obscenity
1034:U.S. laws
679:Rape myth
556:By Israel
206:Gray rape
196:Gang rape
191:Date rape
26180:cite web
26081:20 April
26009:20 April
25990:20370920
25982:14697124
25220:"Tuvalu"
23578:Refworld
23140:15 March
22872:15 March
22566:BBC News
20756:23 March
20730:23 March
19311:21566049
18354:Refworld
18098:Archived
17341:Archived
16583:12301979
16575:23254953
16069:31 March
15927:27739343
15864:12477095
15705:BBC News
15687:22906066
15545:BBC News
15499:12 March
15190:6 August
15121:The Week
14998:22 March
14925:BBC News
14767:2 QB 282
14665:Cr App R
14659:767, 4
14597:. 1993.
14297:5 August
14076:24 March
13868:Sassy MP
13459:BBC News
13384:Omct.org
13147:Quing.eu
13124:11 March
12990:11 March
12902:Quing.eu
12632:26 April
12604:26 April
12578:26 April
12556:26 April
12527:26 April
12345:12293730
12314:Admin.ch
11840:www.b.dk
11504:5 August
11296:14 April
11238:14 April
11208:14 April
10842:Archived
10784:Icrc.org
10547:20097950
10460:15 March
10236:Stalking
10149:Marriage
10110:marriage
10105:military
10085:Bullying
9930:Misogyny
9925:Misandry
9903:theories
9806:Of males
9796:By proxy
9466:Provoked
9184:Religion
9155:Thailand
9105:Paraguay
9095:Pakistan
9030:Colombia
8892:Children
8868:Misogyny
8863:Misandry
8801:Stalking
8717:Bullying
8656:Physical
8462:See also
8448:Zimbabwe
8005:Thailand
7984:Tanzania
7855:Suriname
7684:Slovenia
7662:Slovakia
7282:Portugal
7198:Paraguay
7087:Pakistan
6740:Mongolia
6525:Maldives
6503:Malaysia
6140:Kiribati
5761:Honduras
5421:Ethiopia
5320:Unclear
5199:Dominica
5178:Djibouti
4960:Colombia
4833:Cambodia
4791:Cameroon
4726:Bulgaria
4662:Botswana
4493:Barbados
4177:Country
4036:Rav Assi
3963:adultery
3932:Epistles
3892:Religion
3866:arranged
3837:sexology
3801:UN Women
3730:forgive.
3624:de facto
3598:In 1982
3570:Ethiopia
3433:Tasmania
3425:Victoria
3253:oral sex
3237:Kowalski
3217:judgment
3147:Scotland
3139:appealed
3067:Scotland
2946:(2013),
2942:(2013),
2938:(2013),
2934:(2012),
2930:(2012),
2926:(2009),
2924:Suriname
2922:(2009),
2918:(2007),
2916:Thailand
2914:(2007),
2912:Malaysia
2910:(2007),
2906:(2007),
2902:(2006),
2898:(2006),
2894:(2005),
2892:Cambodia
2890:(2005),
2886:(2001),
2884:Zimbabwe
2843:Thailand
2833:Colombia
2818:enacted
2750:Portugal
2628:(1990).
2620:(1983),
2594:republic
2590:Slovenia
2588:(1971).
2572:(1932),
2568:(1922),
2549:de facto
2488:distinct
2468:Ethiopia
2423:UN Women
2273:such as
2131:and the
2084:arranged
2072:adultery
2036:property
1957:and the
1955:marriage
1829:Istanbul
1369:Femicide
1332:a series
1330:Part of
1223:Violence
1103:U.S. law
1017:Adultery
873:Intersex
869:Adoption
601:Rape kit
383:Pakistan
25736:"Yemen"
25360:14 July
25354:Reuters
24798:14 July
24416:14 July
24057:12 July
23557:16 July
23201:14 July
22738:Reuters
21579:8 March
20940:14 July
19871:"Egypt"
19302:3093289
19225:16 July
19087:8 March
17955:(1): 94
17316:16 July
17254:16 July
17225:16 July
17075:3600062
17003:24 July
16978:24 July
16954:24 July
16929:24 July
16924:Forward
16903:24 July
16898:Sefaria
16878:24 July
16873:Sefaria
16839:, §154.
16445:4489285
16404:16 July
16307:. UNFPA
16289:21 June
16248:16 July
16158:16 July
16007:16 July
15678:3453497
15582:16 July
15159:2613447
15101:14 June
15062:16 July
14670:Crim LR
14515:at the
14402:8 March
14053:13 July
14005:16 July
13851:. 2008.
13758:8 March
13679:20 June
13495:16 July
13417:16 July
13389:16 July
13214:16 July
13152:16 July
13092:16 July
13064:15 June
12965:16 July
12935:16 July
12907:16 July
12879:20 June
12843:16 July
12663:26 July
12463:15 June
12440:15 June
12415:16 July
12387:15 June
12320:16 July
12235:16 July
11986:14 July
11947:16 July
11942:Oas.org
11893:14 June
11794:16 July
11642:16 July
11442:16 July
11406:16 July
11372:5216878
11337:3481263
11151:15 June
11131:4316402
11096:3481263
11032:3481263
10989:3481263
10950:3481263
10822:16 July
10790:16 July
10764:16 July
10661:3481263
10257:more...
10186:Neglect
10095:neglect
9786:Marital
9632:Respect
9410:Blinded
9205:Experts
9120:Romania
9085:Nigeria
9035:Ecuador
9010:Bolivia
8995:Albania
8990:Armenia
8978:Country
8858:Lesbian
8819:Victims
8776:Nagging
8566:Outline
8559:General
8385:Vietnam
8346:Yes/No
8342:Vanuatu
8299:Uruguay
8202:Ukraine
8091:Tunisia
7727:Somalia
7554:Senegal
7344:Romania
7002:Nigeria
6851:Namibia
6830:Myanmar
6783:Morocco
6698:Moldova
6507:Yes/No
6352:Liberia
6331:Lesotho
6313:Yes/No
6309:Lebanon
6207:Yes/No
6032:Jamaica
5947:Ireland
5824:Iceland
5803:Hungary
5634:Grenada
5571:Germany
5550:Georgia
5464:Finland
5380:Estonia
5359:Eritrea
5263:Ecuador
5157:Denmark
5066:Croatia
4981:Comoros
4769:Burundi
4619:Bolivia
4535:Belgium
4514:Belarus
4451:Bahrain
4388:Austria
4345:Armenia
4261:Andorra
4240:Algeria
4219:Albania
4137:Hungary
4027:debates
4017:Judaism
3911:Genesis
3717:ruled:
3660:Lesotho
3554:marital
3298:CR v UK
3294:SW v UK
3279:in its
3245:assault
2940:Bolivia
2896:Liberia
2858:Namibia
2809:Croatia
2761:Hungary
2725:Germany
2693:assault
2677:Ireland
2669:Belgium
2652:Finland
2633:Austria
2626:Ireland
2602:Israeli
2545:de jure
2509:Denmark
2505:Finland
2484:Namibia
2252:liberal
2248:eugenic
2182:Bracton
2012:History
2006:battery
2002:assault
1936:consent
1690:outline
1562:Wartime
1522:Marital
1512:History
1497:Factors
1492:Effects
1346:Killing
1262:Portals
1196:Slavery
1169:Sexting
1147:marital
1110:Pimping
825:Consent
749:Portals
373:Germany
363:Finland
343:Belgium
96:scholar
26281:
26252:
26201:
26143:
26042:
25988:
25980:
25555:
25332:
25172:
24744:
21447:14 May
20877:
20827:years.
20594:
20488:10 May
20457:
19853:
19453:
19309:
19299:
19291:
19114:
17696:. 2018
17139:
17073:
16824:, §13.
16581:
16573:
16451:
16443:
16336:
16311:14 May
16210:
15978:14 May
15925:
15872:626022
15870:
15862:
15854:
15817:
15790:
15751:14 May
15729:1 July
15685:
15675:
15661:: 14.
15366:
15314:
15258:
15157:
14870:
14838:
14661:All ER
14636:BAILII
14601:
14370:14 May
14346:
14103:. 2013
13951:14 May
13513:. CRIN
13412:Un.org
13013:
12756:14 May
12726:
12689:
12598:LRC 24
12343:
12207:6 July
12175:14 May
12124:Citing
12113:
12070:: 284.
12009:
11699:honour
11433:
11370:
11335:
11266:
11174:
11129:
11121:
11094:
11053:
11030:
10987:
10948:
10703:
10659:
10618:
10591:
10553:
10545:
10493:
10432:
10304:Denial
10100:sexual
9813:Raptio
9791:Prison
9771:Campus
9627:Refuge
9438:Enough
9165:Uganda
9160:Turkey
9125:Russia
9100:Panama
9090:Norway
9080:Norway
9060:Mexico
9045:Guyana
9015:Brazil
8826:Adults
8618:Sexual
8445:
8427:Zambia
8424:
8403:
8382:
8361:
8339:
8318:
8296:
8265:
8243:
8221:
8199:
8181:Uganda
8178:
8160:Tuvalu
8157:
8136:
8117:Turkey
8114:
8088:
8067:
8046:
8024:
8002:
7981:
7960:
7942:Taiwan
7939:
7917:
7877:Sweden
7874:
7852:
7841:rape.
7830:
7809:
7788:
7767:
7746:
7724:
7703:
7681:
7659:
7637:
7615:
7593:
7575:Serbia
7572:
7551:
7530:
7509:
7488:
7467:
7446:
7425:
7405:
7386:Rwanda
7383:
7365:Russia
7362:
7341:
7320:
7300:
7279:
7261:Poland
7258:
7237:
7216:
7195:
7173:
7155:Panama
7152:
7131:
7110:
7084:
7063:
7044:Norway
7041:
7020:
6999:
6978:
6956:
6935:
6913:
6870:
6848:
6827:
6805:
6780:
6759:
6737:
6719:Monaco
6716:
6695:
6674:
6656:Mexico
6653:
6631:
6610:
6589:
6568:
6547:
6522:
6500:
6481:Malawi
6478:
6457:
6436:
6414:
6392:
6370:
6349:
6328:
6306:
6288:Latvia
6285:
6264:
6243:
6225:Kuwait
6222:
6200:
6179:
6161:Kosovo
6158:
6137:
6116:
6094:
6076:Jordan
6073:
6051:
6029:
6008:
5987:
5968:Israel
5965:
5944:
5922:
5900:
5874:
5857:, and
5842:
5821:
5800:
5779:
5758:
5737:
5719:Guyana
5716:
5695:
5677:Guinea
5674:
5652:
5631:
5613:Greece
5610:
5589:
5568:
5547:
5529:Gambia
5526:
5505:
5486:France
5483:
5461:
5439:
5418:
5398:
5377:
5356:
5335:
5313:
5299:sharia
5281:
5260:
5239:
5217:
5196:
5175:
5154:
5132:
5109:Cyprus
5106:
5084:
5063:
5042:
5021:
4999:
4978:
4957:
4936:
4915:
4894:
4873:
4852:
4830:
4812:Canada
4809:
4788:
4766:
4745:
4723:
4704:Brunei
4701:
4683:Brazil
4680:
4659:
4637:
4616:
4598:Bhutan
4595:
4574:
4556:Belize
4553:
4532:
4511:
4490:
4469:
4448:
4427:
4406:
4385:
4363:
4342:
4321:
4300:
4282:Angola
4279:
4258:
4237:
4216:
4194:
4183:Notes
3942:again.
3924:Gospel
3918:flesh.
3854:virgin
3695:, the
3614:Boston
3585:Turkey
3507:Africa
3443:, the
3427:, and
3247:. The
3233:Miller
3085:, the
3069:, the
2920:Rwanda
2888:Turkey
2816:Greece
2801:Cyprus
2757:Serbia
2748:". In
2714:France
2687:, the
2657:public
2648:Europe
2618:Canada
2586:Norway
2582:Sweden
2570:Poland
2492:Bhutan
2342:Poland
2289:, and
2008:laws.
1959:family
1824:Maputo
1765:Raptio
1574:Campus
1552:Threat
1537:Prison
1201:Sodomy
1120:forced
1093:Incest
923:Ethics
478:Serbia
469:Poland
408:Sweden
368:France
297:Causes
98:
91:
84:
77:
69:
26075:(PDF)
26064:(PDF)
26040:S2CID
25986:S2CID
25949:(PDF)
25927:(PDF)
25916:(PDF)
24515:(PDF)
24229:(PDF)
24222:(PDF)
23449:(PDF)
21799:(PDF)
21694:(PDF)
20843:(PDF)
20822:(PDF)
20815:(PDF)
20304:(PDF)
20003:(PDF)
19664:(PDF)
18651:(PDF)
18101:(PDF)
18090:(PDF)
17985:(PDF)
17978:(PDF)
17310:(PDF)
17299:(PDF)
17244:(PDF)
17219:(PDF)
17208:(PDF)
17137:S2CID
17071:JSTOR
16712:(PDF)
16628:"FAQ"
16579:S2CID
16529:(PDF)
16481:(PDF)
16470:(PDF)
16449:S2CID
16441:JSTOR
16283:(PDF)
16270:(PDF)
16242:(PDF)
16231:(PDF)
16063:(PDF)
16056:(PDF)
15997:(TXT)
15952:9 May
15923:JSTOR
15868:S2CID
15573:(PDF)
15078:R v L
15056:(PDF)
15045:(PDF)
15017:(PDF)
14992:(PDF)
14985:(PDF)
14957:(PDF)
14950:(PDF)
14610:(PDF)
14591:(PDF)
14396:(PDF)
14389:(PDF)
14291:(PDF)
14284:(PDF)
14255:Times
14181:(PDF)
14174:(PDF)
14133:(PDF)
14126:(PDF)
14095:(PDF)
13996:(PDF)
13752:(PDF)
13708:(PDF)
13701:(PDF)
13408:(PDF)
13380:(PDF)
13208:(PDF)
13197:(PDF)
13143:(PDF)
13118:(PDF)
13111:(PDF)
13083:(DOC)
12926:(PDF)
12898:(PDF)
12873:(PDF)
12866:UNODC
12862:(PDF)
12837:(PDF)
12826:(PDF)
12494:(PDF)
12487:(PDF)
12406:(PDF)
12287:(PDF)
12280:(PDF)
12226:(PDF)
12201:(PDF)
12194:(PDF)
11938:(PDF)
11785:(PDF)
11757:(PDF)
11750:(PDF)
11711:(PDF)
11704:(PDF)
11636:(PDF)
11625:(PDF)
11600:(PDF)
11593:(PDF)
11568:(PDF)
11561:(PDF)
11533:(PDF)
11526:(PDF)
11472:(PDF)
11461:(PDF)
11427:(PDF)
11400:(PDF)
11389:(PDF)
11368:S2CID
11333:JSTOR
11290:(PDF)
11202:(PDF)
11127:JSTOR
11092:JSTOR
11059:. . .
11028:JSTOR
10985:JSTOR
10946:JSTOR
10877:(PDF)
10813:(PDF)
10755:(PDF)
10657:JSTOR
10551:S2CID
10543:JSTOR
10334:Lying
10067:Types
10059:Abuse
9714:Child
9702:Forms
9641:Legal
9497:Books
9328:Media
9130:Samoa
9065:Kenya
9050:India
9040:Ghana
9025:China
9020:Chile
8610:Forms
8571:Abuse
8406:Yemen
8049:Tonga
7920:Syria
7833:Sudan
7791:Spain
7470:Samoa
7323:Qatar
7113:Palau
6981:Niger
6894:Nepal
6873:Nauru
6571:Malta
6373:Libya
6119:Kenya
6054:Japan
5990:Italy
5845:India
5740:Haiti
5592:Ghana
5508:Gabon
5284:Egypt
4939:China
4918:Chile
4577:Benin
4120:R v R
4006:Islam
3928:Jesus
3878:dowry
3876:or a
3752:Legal
3511:Yemen
3441:R v L
3347:R v R
3338:R v R
3302:R v R
3289:R v R
3241:R v J
3229:R v R
3213:R v J
3155:R v R
3134:R v R
3108:2012
3083:R v L
3079:R v R
2948:Tonga
2944:Samoa
2908:Ghana
2900:Nepal
2873:civil
2837:Chile
2783:Italy
2746:years
2641:Spain
2452:Burma
2440:India
2211:R v R
2099:sex.
2032:theft
2024:crime
1814:DEVAW
1804:CEDAW
1799:DEDAW
1579:Child
1179:child
908:Norms
465:Japan
378:India
358:Egypt
348:China
145:Types
103:JSTOR
89:books
26279:ISBN
26250:ISBN
26199:ISBN
26186:link
26172:2023
26141:ISBN
26083:2005
26011:2005
25978:PMID
25935:2005
25883:2018
25853:2015
25822:2018
25782:2018
25752:2018
25712:2018
25672:2018
25632:2018
25592:2018
25553:ISBN
25524:2018
25494:2013
25458:2018
25418:2018
25388:2018
25362:2016
25330:ISBN
25301:2018
25261:2018
25231:2018
25206:2018
25181:law.
25170:ISBN
25141:2018
25111:2018
25085:2018
25049:2018
24990:2018
24950:2018
24910:2018
24870:2018
24830:2018
24800:2016
24774:2018
24742:ISBN
24713:2018
24673:2018
24633:2018
24593:2018
24553:2018
24523:2018
24488:2018
24448:2018
24418:2016
24387:2018
24347:2018
24307:2018
24267:2018
24237:2014
24195:2018
24155:2018
24115:2018
24085:2020
24059:2012
24015:2018
23975:2018
23935:2018
23895:2018
23855:2018
23815:2018
23775:2018
23735:2018
23695:2018
23655:2018
23615:2018
23585:2015
23559:2016
23519:2018
23479:2018
23419:2018
23379:2018
23339:2018
23299:2018
23259:2018
23229:2018
23203:2016
23172:2018
23142:2022
23116:2018
23090:2018
23051:2018
23011:2018
22981:2018
22944:2018
22904:2018
22874:2016
22842:2018
22812:2018
22776:2018
22746:2018
22710:2018
22670:2018
22630:2018
22600:2018
22574:2018
22538:2018
22508:2018
22471:2018
22441:2018
22404:2018
22364:2018
22324:2018
22283:2018
22242:2018
22212:2018
22175:2018
22144:2018
22114:2018
22089:2015
22067:2015
22046:2015
22010:2018
21970:2018
21940:2018
21914:2018
21877:2018
21837:2018
21807:2018
21772:2018
21742:2018
21712:2018
21677:2018
21648:2018
21611:2018
21581:2011
21544:2018
21504:2018
21474:2018
21449:2012
21417:2018
21387:2018
21365:2018
21332:2018
21292:2018
21252:2018
21212:2018
21172:2018
21132:2018
21092:2018
21052:2018
21012:2018
20972:2018
20942:2016
20911:2018
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