Campus sexual assault

1315:

policies hold that "Silence or lack of resistance, in and of itself, does not demonstrate consent", in a shift away from "no means no" to a "yes means yes" requirement for sex to be consensual. Schools can include drug or alcohol intoxication in their considerations of whether a student granted consent under this policy such that a "drunk" student cannot give consent. These policies are challenging to students because non-verbal cues are difficult to interpret and the policies are confusing. Furthermore, researchers have found that legal definitions of affirmative consent are not aligned with student understanding and practices. There has also been push-back from the legal community. In May 2016, American Law Institute overwhelmingly rejected a proposal to endorse affirmative consent which would have otherwise required it to be included in the penal codes. A letter written to the committee by 120 members stated "By forcing the accused to prove the near-impossible – that a sexual encounter was vocally agreed upon at each stage – affirmative consent standards deny the accused due process rights." A Tennessee court also found that student expelled under an affirmative consent policy was required to prove his innocence, contrary to legal practice and due process rights.

876:

individual characteristics of hostile masculinity and impersonal sexual behavior as critical predictors of sexual aggression against women. Their psychological model states that men who display hostile masculinity traits (e.g. a desire to control/dominate women and an insecure, hypersensitive and distrustful orientation toward women) and impersonal sexual behavior (e.g. an emotionally detached, promiscuous and non-committal orientation towards sexual relations) are more likely to support the use of violence against women and engage in sexual assault. Their findings have been replicated in college student samples and non-student adult samples (Malamuth et al., 1991; Malamuth et al., 1993). Further, narcissistic entitlement and trait aggression have been identified as major individual risk factors for rape (LeBreton et al., 2013). General desire or need for sex, contrary to popular opinion, is not significantly associated with sexual assault, indicating that sexual assault is an act of dominance rather than sexual gratification (Abbey & McAuslan, 2004). In regards to victims, white women, first-year students, non-students on college campuses, prior victims, and women who are more sexually active are more vulnerable to being sexually assaulted.

1827:. reported that college student definitions of sexual harassment in Germany, Australia, Brazil, and North America vary. They found that the most frequent definitional response for North Americans, Australians, and Germans includes unwanted verbal or physical sexual overtures. The most common response for Brazilian college students was "to seduce someone, to be more intimate (sexually), to procure a romance". In addition, they found that Australians, Germans, and North Americans defined sexual harassment as an abuse of power, gender discrimination, and harmful sexual behavior. Brazilians defined sexual harassment as innocuous seductive behaviors. In this case, the certain student groups which have lower standards to the sexual assaults are easier to be assaulted. When students are unable to confirm whether the type of assault will match the country and culture's definition of sexual assault, they are at risk of exhibiting behaviors such as a loss of morale, dissatisfaction with their career goals, or perform more poorly in school. 824:

support/guidance to reach out for help, the stigma encompassing sexual assault must end. As a result of non-reporting, researchers generally rely on surveys to measure sexual assault. Research estimates that between 10% and 29% of women are a victim of rape or attempted rape since starting college. The National Crime Victimization Survey estimates that 6.1 sexual assaults occur per 1,000 students per year. However, this source is generally believed by researchers to be a significant underestimate of the number of sexual assaults. Methodological differences, such as the method of survey administration, the definition of rape or sexual assault used, the wording of questions, and the time period studied contribute to these disparities. There is currently no consensus on the best way to measure rape and sexual assault.

1449:

that the assault occurred. The letter expressly forbade the use of the stricter "clear and convincing evidence" standard used at some schools previously. In 2014, a survey of college and university assault policies conducted at the request of the U.S. Senate found that more than 40% of schools studied had not conducted a single rape or sexual assault investigation in the past five years, and more than 20% had failed to conduct investigations into assaults they had reported to the Department of Education. The "Dear Colleague" letter is credited by victim's advocates with de-stigmatizing sexual assault and encouraging victims to report. However it also created a climate where the accused rights are considered secondary. Brett Sokolow, executive director of the

1240:

reasoning that these can limit women's ability to access to education. Under Title IX, schools are required to make efforts to prevent sexual violence and harassment, and to have policies in place for investigating complaints and protecting victims. While schools are required to notify victims of sexual assault that they have a right to report their attack to the police, this reporting is voluntary. Schools are required to investigate claims and hold disciplinary procedures independently, regardless of whether a sexual assault is reported or investigated by police. An estimated 83% of officers on college campuses are male, however, research shows that more female law enforcement officers increases the number of sexual assault reports.

1319:

established the standard of consent known as "affirmative consent". This standard of consent placed the responsibility of attaining and maintaining consent to everyone involved in the sexual acts. In order to receive state funding for such matters, California campuses are responsible for collaborating with organizations both on and off campus in order to provide resources and assistance to the student body and make such services available when necessary. They must also exhibit prevention and outreach services to the campus community through programming, awareness campaigns, and education. This also includes holding awareness programming such as bystander intervention for incoming students during their orientation.

1685:

to hold live hearings with the opportunity to cross-examine the accuser. If an assault happens outside of campus grounds, they no longer fall under Title IX protections. This is regardless to the fact if any or all parties involved are students. Allegations must meet the new criteria in order to formally be investigated, otherwise schools are allowed to dismiss the case. Kathryn Nash, a higher education attorney at Lathrop GPM states, "under the new regulations, to meet the definition of sexual harassment, the conduct 'has to be so severe, pervasive and objectively offensive that it effectively denies a person equal access to the recipient's education program or activity, so that's definitely a higher burden.

1601:

sent multiple text messages indicating an intent to have sex, found and entered the accused student's bedroom under her own power, and told witnesses she was fine when they checked on her during the sex acts, her estimated level of intoxication meant she was incapacitated and did not consent. A police investigation however found that "witnesses were interviewed and agreed that the victim and suspect were both drunk that they were both willing participants exercising bad judgement." The accused student attempted to file a sexual assault claim against his accuser, but the university declined to hear his complaint because he would not meet with an investigator without an attorney present.

990:" This high rate of rape while intoxicated accounts for white women reporting a higher overall rate of sexual assault than non-white women, although further research is needed into racial differences and college party organization. Regardless of race, the majority of victims know the assailant. Black women in America are more likely to report sexual assault that has been perpetrated by a stranger. Victims of rape are mostly between 10 and 29 years old, while perpetrators are generally between 15 and 29 years old. Nearly 60% of rapes that occur on campuses happen in either the victim's dorm or apartment. These rapes occur more often off campus than on campus. 1709:, released a statement in response. In this statement, Napolitano announced their opposition with these new rules. It is believed by the UC system that along with the challenges faced by COVID-19, these new regulations will only further the barrier already in place when it comes to reporting. Their largest concern comes from the direct-examination students will be subject to if a formal complaint turns into an investigation. Lower standards from schools is also seen to "weaken fair and just policies that have taken decades to establish." However, there were aspects that the system agreed with, such as the inclusion relationship violence into the mix. 1549:

to abide, the push for stronger punishments and permanent disciplinary records on transcripts can prevent students found responsible from ever completing college or seeking graduate studies. Even for minor sexual misconduct offenses, the inconsistent and sometimes "murky" notes on transcripts can severely limit options. Mary Koss, a University of Arizona professor, co-authored a peer-reviewed paper in 2014 that argues for a "restorative justice" response – which could include counseling, close monitoring, and community service – as a better paradigm than the judicial model most campus hearing panels resemble.

1369:, and have also highlighted the difficulties that universities face in balancing the rights of the accuser and the rights of the accused when dealing with sexual assault complaints. Nearly 100 colleges and universities had a significant number of reports of rape on their main campuses in 2014, with Brown University and the University of Connecticut tied for the highest annual total — 43 each. The Sulkowicz and Sclove cases have led to further complaints of bias by the men against the universities (Title IX or civil) regarding how they handled the matters. 1807:

international students knowing that they may not fully understand or speak English. Rates of sexual assault is common within domestic students rather than international students. It is less common for international students to become a victim rather than a domestic students. However, studies show that male international students are at greater risk of becoming a victim of sexual assaults than male domestic students. For the students involved with the Asian community who are attending a university/college in the United States, studies show a 7% rate of

1008:, 24.1% of undergraduates and 15.5% of graduate/professional students reported experiencing a sexual assault involving physical force since enrolled. By comparison, 23.1% of female undergraduates and 8.8% of female graduate students reported the same type of sexual assault, along with 5.4% of male undergraduates and 2.2% of male graduate/professional students. Overall, sexual assault or misconduct was experienced at a rate of 19% among transgender and gender non-conforming students, 17% among female students, and 4.4% of male students. 815:

experienced some form of sexual assault in the preceding year, and 45% of women had experienced some form of sexual assault since entering college. A 1991 study of 347 undergraduates in New Zealand found that 25.3% had experienced rape or attempted rape, and 51.6% had experienced some form of sexual victimization. A 2011 study of students in the United Kingdom found that 25% of women had experienced some type of sexual assault while attending university and 7% of women had experienced rape or attempted rape as college students.

1077:

LGBTQ youth use alcohol to cope with depression. One study found that 28% of those interviewed had received treatment for alcohol or drug abuse. Furthermore, rates of substance use and abuse are much higher among LGBTQ college students than heterosexuals, with LGBTQ women being 10.7 times more likely to drink than heterosexual women. Unfortunately, many predators target those appearing to be vulnerable and it was found that over one half of all sexual abuse victims reported they had been drinking when they were abused.

1294: 1107:

vulnerable to sexual assault during their first semester because they do not have close friends who could intervene if they are in danger of assault, or because they are not aware of informal strategies that older students use to avoid unwanted sexual attention. Several scholars have also noted that the period between August and November typically coincides with fraternity "rush" week, when students are more likely to attend fraternity parties, which may be associated with a higher risk of sexual assault.

864:. He also said that extrapolating the number of people who said that they had reported their rape to their school in the past year resulted in 44,000 annual reports of rape, when in reality there are only 5,000 reports of sexual assault of all types (including rape) per year to universities. He also complained that the definition of sexual assault used in the surveys was broader than the one defined by the law, and that the term "sexual assault" or "rape" was not used in the survey. 1116: 27: 8123: 1848: 701: 1279:

booze-filled back-to-school parties, where freshman with little drinking experience (and few friends watching out for them) are especially vulnerable to attack." It is very likely that freshman students are not as informed when it comes to taking preventative measures to avoid such attacks. Some tips would be to be aware of surroundings, pay attention to your drinks, and pay attention to your friends and make sure they are safe.

1216:

aggression, positively correlate with the endorsement of rape tolerant or rape supportive attitudes in men. Acceptance of rape myths – prejudicial and stereotyped beliefs about rape and situations surrounding rape such as the belief that "only promiscuous women get raped" or that "women ask for it" – are correlated with self reported past sexual aggression and with self-reported willingness to commit rape in the future among men.

848:

sexual assault in their communities — has put together the fact sheet, podcast series, and other resources on this page to get the word out to student activists about how they can use Title IX as an effective tool for change." Because of this students can not be turned away from support services provided by their college or university. This allows survivors to receive the required support following their assault.

1520:

and called attention to several areas of concern they hoped to help address. While acknowledging appreciation for the complexities involved in changing campus culture, the letter offered direct advice to each party involved in campus hearings, outlining the improvements NCHERM considers necessary to continue the progress achieved since the issuance of the "Dear Colleague" letter in 2011. In early 2014, the group

1524:(Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network) wrote an open letter to the White House calling for campus hearings to be de-emphasized due to their lack of accountability for survivors and victims of sexual violence. According to RAINN, "The crime of rape does not fit the capabilities of such boards. They often offer the worst of both worlds: they lack protections for the accused while often tormenting victims." 1178:

physically. The men were asked to stop the tape at the point that they felt the man's behavior was inappropriate. "Participants who consumed alcohol allowed the man to continue for a longer period of time and rated the women's sexual arousal higher than did sober participants. The findings suggest that intoxicated men may project their own sexual arousal onto a women, missing or ignoring her active protest".

1727:

including naming and stopping situations that could lead to sexual violence before it happens, stepping in during an incident, and speaking out against ideas and behaviors that support sexual violence. A few schools that are currently promoting the program are Johnson County Community College, The University of Massachusetts, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Loyola University of Chicago.

1174:, a Duke administrator, when asked whether verbal consent need be mutual when both participants are drunk, stated, "Assuming it is a male and female, it is the responsibility in the case of the male to gain consent before proceeding with sex." Other institutions state only that a rape victim has to be "intoxicated" rather than "incapacitated" by alcohol or drugs to render consent impossible. 1472:. Shortly thereafter, the Department of Education released a list of 55 colleges and universities across the country that it was investigating for possible Title IX violations in relation to sexual assault. As of early 2015, 94 different colleges and universities were under ongoing investigations by the U.S. Department of Education for their handling of rape and sexual assault allegations. 1195: 1383:, after attending a fraternity party at Stanford. Turner was charged with five counts of sexual assault but was sentenced to only six months in prison. Throughout the trial, Miller remained anonymous through the pseudonym "Emily Doe" but stirred the public with her victim impact statement, starting a nationwide conversation. She later identified herself and published a memoir titled 787:

criminal justice outcomes that are faulty compared to other crimes. Tuerkheimer says that women face "credibility discounts" at all stages of the justice system, including from police, jurors, judges, and prosecutors. These credibility discounts are especially pronounced when the accuser is acquainted with the accused, and the vast majority of rapes fall into this category. The

1489:

is not an appropriate basis for determining guilt or innocence, and can lead to students being wrongfully expelled. Campus hearings have also been criticized for failing to provide many of the due process protections that the United States Constitution guarantees in criminal trials, such as the right to be represented by an attorney and the right to cross-examine witnesses.

1396:, has used online media tactics, including search engine advertisements, to pressure universities to be more aggressive when dealing with reports of rape. Their social media campaign uses advertisements that sometimes lead with "Which College Has The Worst Rape Problem?" and other provocative titles that appear in online search results for a targeted school's name. 1249:. The book broadened the perception of rape from a crime by strangers, to one that more often included friends and acquaintances, and raised awareness. As early as the 1980s, campus rape was considered an under-reported crime. Reasons included to the involvement of alcohol, reluctance of students to report the crime, and universities not addressing the issue. 1468:, which published a report reiterating the interpretation of Title IX in the "Dear Colleague" letter and proposing a number of other measures to prevent and respond to sexual assault on campus, such as campus climate surveys and bystander intervention programs. One example of a campus climate survey that was developed in response to this task force is the 1227:, rape-prone campus environments exist throughout several university and college campuses in North America. Kimmel defines these environments as "one in which the incidence of rape is reported by observers to be high, or rape is excused as a ceremonial expression of masculinity, or rape as an act by which men are allowed to punish or threaten women." 1836:

their visa status. Some campuses provide orientation programs to international students within a few days of their arrival, where the school laws and solutions for dangerous solutions are covered. These programs may not take into consideration if the student is familiar with the topics being discussed or potential language or cultural barriers.

1297: 1621:

to challenge the accusations and the panel relied on information deliberately withheld from the student despite repeated requests. The judge also admonished a dean who had punitively increased the student's penalty without explanation each time he appealed, while the student's counsel criticized the dean for a perceived conflict of interest.

1296: 1301: 1300: 1295: 1617:

what had happened". The suit alleges that the investigation was "grossly inadequate". When student later learned of the messages favorable to him, Amherst refused to reconsider the case. In its response to the lawsuit, the school stated the process was fair and that the student had missed the seven-day window in which to file an appeal.

1302: 956:, and have a sense of entitlement about sex". Also, males on athletic teams are more likely to commit an assault after a game. The commonality between the two instances are the involvement of alcohol. Assailants are not limited to these two situations however there can also be a connection made in regards to their status in school. 903:

practices, rules, distribution or resources, and the ideologies of the university or college can promote unhealthy beliefs about gender and can in turn contribute to campus sexual assault. Fraternities are known for hosting parties in which binge drinking and casual sex are encouraged, which increase the risk of sexual assault.

1357:, made headlines for saying that a fellow student, who reportedly sexually assaulted her, was not sufficiently punished after he received a one-year suspension. The man accused in her case has publicly disputed the report and was found not guilty by the criminal justice system. He was found responsible under the university's 1103:

study by Kimble et al. also found support for the claim that sexual assaults happened more frequently in the fall semester, but the authors cautioned that "local factors" such as the timing of semesters, the campus residential system, or the timing of major fraternity events may influence the temporal risk of sexual assault.

1299: 982:, and more sexually active women are the most vulnerable to sexual assault. Women who have been sexually assaulted prior to entering college are at a higher risk of experiencing sexual assault in college. Another study shows that white women are more likely than non-white women to experience rape while 986:, but less likely to experience other forms of rape. It has been found that "the role of party rape in the lives of white college women is substantiated by recent research that found that 'white women were more likely to have experienced rape while intoxicated and less likely to experience other rape. 1835:

Levels of sexual education can differ depending on the country, which runs a risk of a lack of understanding of the domestic definitions of sexual assault and the legal repercussions. If a student is found to have committed sexual assault this can lead to their dismissal from the college or influence

1773:

and sharing function on social media platforms helps to reach audiences and demographics that may not have seen it otherwise. Younger generations, such as college students, use social media as their primary source to gain information. Hashtags are significant when it comes to sexual assault awareness

1745:

Since media has been around, students have found ways to incorporate it into their fight against sexual assault within colleges, universities, and institutions. Social media is an important tool on college campuses that pushes the conversation further, addresses myths, and helps provide education and

1722:

has implemented. FYCARE is a new student program that each student at the university is required to take. It focuses on informing students of sexual assault on campus and how they too can get involved in the fight against sexual assault. A cheerful banner campaign at a large university found positive

1620:

In July 2015 a California court ruled that the University of California, San Diego (UCSD) acted improperly by using a deeply flawed system to adjudicate a sexual assault allegation and sanctioning the accused based on a process that violated his rights. The student was not given adequate opportunity

1600:

student filed a Title IX complaint against the school after he was expelled for an alleged sexual assault. The assault occurred after a night of heavy drinking in which both parties were reported to have been extremely impaired. The investigator hired by the school found that although the accuser had

1548:

In response to concerns, in 2014 the White House Task Force provided new regulations requiring schools to permit the accused to bring advisers and be clearer about their processes and how they determine punishments. In addition to concerns about legal due process, which colleges currently do not have

1527:

Many institutions today are facing Title IX investigations due to the alleged lack of response on their campus to sexual assault. New policies by colleges have spawned "a cottage industry" of experts to address sexual assault on their campuses. "The Federal Education Department urges colleges to make

1511:

noted that a Stanford male who alleges he was sexually assaulted in 2015 and was advised against reporting it by on-campus sexual assault services, could have been subjected to a counterclaim based on Stanford policy by his female attacker who was drunk at the time. FIRE was also critical of a poster

1314:

In an effort to police student conduct, some states such as New York, Connecticut, and California established that many schools require "affirmative consent" (commonly known as "yes means yes"). The policies require students to receive ongoing and active consent throughout any sexual encounter. The

1135:

During social interactions, alcohol consumption encourages biased appraisal of a partner's sexual motives, impairs communication about sexual intentions, and enhances misperception of sexual intent. These effects are exacerbated by peer influence about how to act when drinking. The effects of alcohol

1015:

of the crime. According to research, "myths, stereotypes, and unfounded beliefs about male sexuality, in particular male homosexuality", contribute to underreporting among males. In addition, "male sexual assault victims have fewer resources and greater stigma than do female sexual assault victims."

1684:

In May 2020, DeVos released the finalized new set of regulations under Title IX. Some of the new regulations hold that employees, such as faculty, athletic staff, and more, are no longer required to report allegation of sexual misconduct and those going through misconduct investigations are required

1616:

student who was expelled for forcing a woman to complete an oral sex act sued the college for failing to discover text messages from the accuser that suggested consent and undermined her credibility. The accuser said she described the encounter as consensual because she was not "yet ready to address

1519:

In May 2014, the National Center for Higher Education Risk Management, a law firm that advises colleges on liability issues, issued an open letter to all parties involved in the issue of rape on campus. In it, NCHERM expressed praise for Obama's initiatives to end sexual assault on college campuses,

1500:

after it held a male student responsible for a sexual assault for an incident where both parties had been drinking. FIRE said that Stanford's definition of consent, quoted as follows "A person is legally incapable of giving consent if under age 18 years; if intoxicated by drugs and/or alcohol;", was

1239:

prohibits gender-based discrimination at any school or university that receives federal funding. Since the 1980s, regulators and courts have held that preventing gender discrimination requires schools to implement policies to protect students from sexual violence or hostile educational environments,

1181:

A study conducted by Elizabeth Armstrong, Laura Hamilton and Brian Sweeney in 2006 suggests that it is the culture and gendered nature of fraternity parties that create an environment with greater likelihood of sexual assault. They state "Culture expectations that party goers drink heavily and trust

1131:

Both victims and perpetrators of sexual assault frequently report that they were consuming alcohol when the assault occurred. For instance, the 2007 Campus Sexual Assault study found that most sexual assaults occurred after women voluntarily consumed alcohol. In a 1998 study, 47% of men who admitted

1085:

Researchers have identified a variety of factors that contribute to heightened levels of sexual assault on college campuses. Individual factors (such as alcohol consumption, impersonal sexual behavior and hostile attitudes toward women), environmental and cultural factors (such as peer group support

1072:

There is research that indicates that there is an association between sexual violence and a mental-health problems. These problems vary from PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder), depression, psychosis, and substance abuse problems. The research also indicates that a high percentage of people that

823:

Research consistently shows that the majority of rape and other sexual assault victims do not report their attacks to law enforcement. The majority of women who are sexually assaulted do not report because of various reasons surrounding embarrassment and shame. In order to encourage those in need of

1753:

and media have shown a new way to ensure inclusivity to those who are a part of marginalized groups. Media has done this by providing an open platform for students and a space for people to share stories which helps victims and survivors to feel less isolated and heal from their experiences. Social

1717:

Some colleges and universities have taken additional steps to prevent sexual violence on campus. These include educational programs designed to inform students about risk factors and prevention strategies to avoid victimization, bystander education programs (which encourage students to identify and

1488:

The Department of Education's approach toward adjudicating sexual assault accusations has been criticized for failing to consider the possibility of false accusations, mistaken identity, or errors by investigators. Critics claim that the "preponderance of the evidence" standard required by Title IX

1411:

policies of 14 Canadian universities along with an action plan for student unions to support survivors of sexual assault. The action plan includes creating Our Turn committees on campus to address sexual violence through prevention, support, and advocacy work at the campus, provincial, and national

1149:

on American college campuses are to drink heavily, to act in an uninhibited manner and to engage in casual sex. However, a study on the reports of women in college shows that their substance use is not a risk factor for forced sexual assault, but is a risk factor for sexual assault while the victim

1765:

Effective media campaigns to enhance student awareness can not be created without understanding the relationship students have with media and the mindset students have regarding sexual assault. Repetitive exposure to sexual assault in the media will help students understand the topic's importance.

1448:

requires schools to investigate and adjudicate cases of sexual assault on campus. The letter also states that schools must adjudicate these cases using a "preponderance of the evidence" standard, meaning that the accused will be responsible if it is determined that there is at least a 50.1% chance

1263:

A 2000 study by the National Institute of Justice found that only about a third of U.S. schools fully complied with federal regulations for recording and reporting instances of sexual assault, and only half offered an option for anonymous reporting of sexual assault victimization. One recent study

1219:

A 2007 study found that college-aged men who reported previous sexual aggression held negative attitudes toward women and gender roles, were more acceptant of using alcohol to obtain sex, were more likely to believe that rape was justified in some circumstances, were more likely to blame women for

1177:

In one study that Antonia Abby describes in her article, a group of 160 men students listen to an audiotape recording of a date rape. In the beginning the woman agrees to kissing and touching but once the man tries to remove her clothes and she refuses the male becomes more aggressive verbally and

1076:

Incidents of sexual assault among LGBTQ students may be influenced by a variety of situational factors. Many members of the LGBTQ youth community suffer from serious depression and suicidal thoughts. The prevalence of attempted suicide among LGBTQ populations ranges from 23% to 42% for youth. Many

1063:

Within the broader category of LGBTQ students as a whole, gendered and racial trends of sexual violence mirror those of sexual violence among heterosexual college students, with sexual violence occurring at a higher rate among women and Black/African-American young adults. When LGBTQ disclose to a

810:

There is currently no evidence that women who attend college are at a higher risk of being sexually assaulted than women of the same age who do not attend college. A review of the published research in 2017 found that about 1 in 5 women was "a reasonably accurate average across women and campuses"

795:

In response to charges that schools have poorly supported women who have reported sexual assaults, in 2011 the United States Department of Education issued a "Dear Colleague" letter to universities, advising academic institutions on various methods intended to reduce incidents of sexual assault on

1318:

According to California's Yes Means Yes policy, California higher education institutes are required to enact specific protocols and policies in an attempt to combat power-based violence such as sexual assault on college campuses within the state. The state bill, as with others of the same degree,

1098:

Several studies have reported that the risk of sexual assault is higher for students in their first year or second year of college, and that sexual assaults happen more frequently in the periods between August and November when many students are first arriving on campus. This time period is often

875:

The first approach, "individual determinants", stems from the psychological perspective of rape. This approach views campus sexual assault as primarily the result of individual characteristics possessed by either the perpetrator and/or the victim. For example, Malamuth & Colleagues identified

847:

College campuses are also required to provide support to any students who have experienced sexual assault under Title IX laws. "The Women's Rights Project, in collaboration with Students Active For Ending Rape (SAFER) — a national nonprofit that empowers students to hold colleges accountable for

1730:

One study found that a large percentage of university students know victims of sexual assault, and that this personal knowledge differs among ethnic groups. These findings have implications for college programs, suggesting that prevention efforts be tailored to the group for which the program is

1652:

A former Boston College student has won more than $ 100,000 from his alma mater after a federal jury found the private nonprofit institution mishandled sexual assault allegations against him. The case is significant in that it is the first sex assault lawsuit against a university to reach a jury

1628:

who expelled a student for rape under a "yes-means-yes" policy. The student had been cleared by the school which later reversed its opinion on appeal using an affirmative consent policy. The judge found the school had no evidence the accuser did not consent, and found the school had "improperly

1106:

Researchers have posited several possible reasons for the "red zone" pattern: freshmen and sophomores are more likely to attend parties and consume alcohol more frequently compared to juniors and seniors, both of which are associated with an increased risk of sexual assault. Freshmen may be more

1102:

Although the existence of a "red zone" was initially based mostly on anecdotal evidence, several recent studies have found that the reported rate of sexual assault is highest among freshmen women, and higher among sophomore women compared to women in the third and fourth years of college. A 2008

786:

that indicates 1 in every 5 women (and 1 in 71 men) will be raped during their lifetime at some point. Despite the prevalence of rape, Tuerkheimer reported that law enforcement officers often default to disbelief about an alleged rape. This documented prejudice leads to reduced investigation and

827:

On campuses, it has been found that alcohol is a prevalent issue in regards to sexual assault. It has been estimated that 1 in 5 women experience an assault, and of those women, 50–75% have had either the attacker, the woman, or both, consume alcohol prior to the assault. Not only has it been a

1726:

The Bystander Intervention programs is a system many schools are promoting to help students to feel empowered and knowledgeable. The program provides skills to effectively assist in the prevention of sexual violence. This gives a specific to that students can use in preventing sexual violence,

1516:, which stated that sex is only consensual if both parties are completely sober and if consent is not only present, but also enthusiastic. The FIRE argued that this standard converted ordinary lawful sexual encounters into sexual assault even while drinking is very common at most institutions. 1274:

regarding the right of the survivor to choose to report the assault to police authorities versus legislation which would enforce legal action upon reporting sexual assault to a university or college. "When asked their concerns if reporting to police were mandatory, 79% said, "this could have a

1806:

often find themselves in a uncomfortable situation where these assaults take place and may not be able how respond to these situations. Women international students may experience discomfort and possibly lack knowledge on how to react when the assaults occur. Americans take advantage of women

1215:

Individual and peer group attitudes have also been identified as an important risk factor for the perpetration of sexual assault among college aged men in the United States. Both the self-reported proclivity to commit rape in a hypothetical scenario, as well as self-reported history of sexual

1046:

A direct association has been found between internalized homophobia and unwanted sexual experiences among LGBTQ college aged students, suggesting that the specific stresses of identifying as LGBTQ as a college aged student puts people more at risk for sexual violence. The obstacles that LGBTQ

1303: 1278:

About 50% of sexual assaults that happen on campus typically happen between the beginning of the fall semester to Thanksgiving break. This is usually called the "red zone". This time frame is said to be more dangerous for freshman students. Bustle explains, "These months are often full of

902:

The third approach to explaining rape identifies the contexts in which that rape and sexual assault occur. This approach suggests that, although rape culture is a factor to why sexual assault occurs, it is also the characteristics of its setting that can increase vulnerability. For instance,

814:

Studies that have examined sexual assault experiences among college students in western countries other than the U.S. have found results similar to those found by American researchers. A 1993 study of a nationally representative sample of Canadian College students found that 28% of women had

928:, 8.1% of males and 1.8% of females reported perpetrating unwanted sexual assault. According to Carol Bohmer and Andrea Parrot in "Sexual Assault on Campus" males are more likely to commit a sexual assault if they choose to live in an all-male residency when co-ed housing is available. 828:

factor in the rates of sexual assault on campus, but because of the prevalence, assaults are also being affected specifically by the inability to give consent when intoxicated and bystanders not knowing when to intervene due to their own intoxication or the intoxication of the victim.

1198: 1197: 1185:

Alcohol is a factor in many rapes and other sexual assaults. As the study by Armstrong, Hamilton, and Sweeney suggests it might be one of the reasons for the under-reporting of rape where because of having been drinking victims fear that they will be ignored or not believed.

1202: 1201: 1196: 7477:

Pryor, John B.; Desouza, Eros R.; Fitness, Julie; Hutz, Claudio; Kumpf, Martin; Lubbert, Karin; Pesonen, Outi; Erber, Maureen Wang (1 September 1997). "Gender Differences in the Interpretation of Social/Sexual Behavior: A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Sexual Harassment".

1608:

handles sexual assault cases, stemming from a lawsuit where a male student was found responsible for sexual misconduct. The accused was not permitted to see the report created by the special investigator that determined his responsibility until after a decision had been

1203: 4309:

Flack, W. F.; Caron, M. L.; Leinen, S. J.; Breitenbach, K. G.; Barber, A. M.; Brown, E. N.; Gilbert, C. T.; Harchak, T. F.; Hendricks, M. M.; Rector, C. E.; Schatten, H. T.; Stein, H. C. (2008). ""The Red Zone": Temporal Risk for Unwanted Sex Among College Students".

1532:

their students and provide them with the adequate support that is need for the student. Many campuses are facing the same challenges on how to address the problem of sexual assault and are taking measures to do so, by hiring teams for addressing Title IX complaints.

1140:

are likely to impair ability to rectify misperceptions, diminish ability to resist sexual advancements, and justifies aggressive behavior. Alcohol provides justification for engaging in behaviors that are usually considered inappropriate. The increase of assaults on

1024:

and viewing women as sexualized objects, as well as the highly masculinized environment. Although gang rape on college campuses is an issue, acquaintance, and party rape (a form of acquaintance rape where intoxicated people are targeted) are more likely to happen.

5966: 920:

found that serial rapists account for 90% of all campus rapes with an average of six rapes each. A 2015 study of male students led by Kevin Swartout at Georgia State University found that four out of five perpetrators did not fit the profile of serial predators.

1823:. (1997), the definition of sexual assault can differ depending on the countries and cultures and some students are unaware of what behaviors are considered to be sexual harassment in the country or culture where they are studying. Research conducted by Pryor 1204: 939:

In another article by Antonia Abby she found that there are certain characteristics that male perpetrators that put them at risk of committing sexual assault. As she stresses perpetrators vary "but many show a lack of concern for other people, scoring high on

831:

In 1995, the CDC replicated part of this study with 8,810 students on 138 college campuses. They examined rape only, and did not look at attempted rape. They found that 20% of women and 4% of men had experienced rape in the course of her or his lifetime.

1774:

within college campuses as they create easy access to a community of support for survivors, victims, and activists. Survivors can share their stories which could then have the potential to impact and help new and old victims who are working to heal. The

1584:

Since the issuance of the "Dear Colleague" letter, a number of lawsuits have been filed against colleges and universities by male students alleging that their universities violated their rights over the course of adjudicating sexual assault accusations.

1757:

Mainstream media is seen to primarily portray stereotypes of white women. Social media combats this by allowing activists to have a space to address the intersectionality within sexual assault in ways the mainstream media does not. Media also provides

931:

Both athletic males and fraternities have higher rates of sexual assault. Student athletes commit one-third of all campus sexual assaults at a rate six times higher than non-athletes. In a study conducted by the NASPA in 2007 and 2009 suggest, "that

6232: 4678: 1264:

indicated that universities also greatly under-report assaults as part of the Clery Act except when they are under scrutiny. When under investigation, the reported rate by institutions rises 44%, only to drop back to baseline levels afterwards.

2989:

Forbes, Gordon B.; Adams-Curtis, Leah E. (September 2001). "Experiences with sexual coercion in college males and females: Role of family conflict, sexist attitudes, acceptance of rape myths, self-esteem, and the big-five personality factors".

1200: 1540:

Faculty co-signed a letter decrying the change in the way reports of sexual harassment are being processed. The letter asserted that the new rules violate the due process rights of the responding parties. In February 2015, 16 members of the

1479:

launched the "It's on Us" campaign as part of an initiative to end sexual assault on college campuses. The campaign partnered with many organizations and college campuses to get students to take a pledge to end sexual assault on campuses.

791:

estimated from 2005 to 2007 that about 2% of victims who were raped while incapacitated (from drugs, alcohol, or other reasons) reported the rape to the police, compared to 13% of victims who experienced physically forced sexual assault.

781:

in 2017, D. Tuerkheimer reviewed the literature on rape allegations, and reported on the problems surrounding the credibility of rape victims, and how that relates to false rape accusations. She pointed to national survey data from the

767:

can be victimized. Estimates of sexual assault, which vary based on definitions and methodology, generally find that somewhere between 19–27% of college women and 6–8% of college men are sexually assaulted during their time in college.

1182:

party-mates become problematic when combined with expectations that women be nice and defer to men. Fulfilling the role of the parties produced vulnerability on the part of women, which some men exploit to extract non-consensual sex".

1019:

The Neumann study found that fraternity members are more likely than other college students to engage in rape; surveying the literature, it described numerous reasons for this, including peer acceptance, alcohol use, the acceptance of

2066: 1086:

for sexual aggression, gender role stress and skewed gender ratios), as well inadequate enforcement efforts by campus police and administrators have been offered as potential causes. In addition, general cultural notions relating to

4953:

Forbes, G. B.; Adams-Curtis, L. E. (2001). "Experiences With Sexual Coercion in College Males and Females: Role of Family Conflict, Sexist Attitudes, Acceptance of Rape Myths, Self-Esteem, and the Big-Five Personality Factors".

4609: 1454: 1298: 501: 1431:

policies regarding sexual assault cases on Princeton's campus, which made national headlines. The protests were conducted in response to a student's disciplinary sentence, which was considered retaliatory by protesters.

2039: 796:

campuses. Some legal experts have raised concerns about risks of abuses against the accused. Following changes to disciplinary processes, lawsuits have been filed by men alleging bias and/or violations of their rights.

6682: 2896: 1677:, rescinded some Obama-era campus guidelines regarding campus sexual assault. The rescinded guidelines included: having a low standard of proof to establish guilt, a 60-day investigation period, and not permitting 1064:

formal resource like a doctor or counselor they are often ill-equipped to deal with the specific vulnerabilities and stresses of LGBTQ students, leading LGBTQ students to be less likely to disclose in the future.

1648:

when it expelled a student for committing sexual assault in a dorm room then abandoning the nude victim in a dorm elevator, as well as his girlfriend, who had recorded the assault and shared the video on social

835:

If someone wanted to reach out for help privately, there are many call hotlines available to receive support anonymously and confidentially. The nation's largest anti-sexual violence organization is RAINN (the

1327:

In view of what they considered poor responses by institutions to protect women, some student and other activists groups started raising awareness of the threats and harm women experience on campus. The first

4251:

Daigle, Leah E.; Johnson, Lee M.; Napper, Sarah L.; Azimi, Andia M. (2016). "Protective behavioural strategies while drinking: do they protect against sexual victimisation and is this protection gendered?".

1718:

defuse situations that may lead to sexual assault), and social media campaigns to raise awareness about sexual assault. FYCARE is one example of an educational program designed to inform students that the

6240: 4682: 4111:

Abbey, A., Ross, L. T., & McDuffie, D. (1995). Alcohol's role in sexual assault. In R. R. Watson (Ed.), Drug and alcohol abuse reviews, Vol. 5: Addictive behaviors in women (pp. 97–123). Totowa, NJ:

1786:

As the development of the educational system around the world, more and more students have the opportunity to study abroad and gain knowledge and experiences. International students can be a victim of

1270:

Mandatory reporting of campus sexual assaults has recently been included in proposed bills. In March 2015, the National Alliance to End Sexual Violence (NAESV) conducted a survey in conjunction with

993:

A 2007 National Institute of Justice study found that, in terms of perpetrators, about 80% of survivors of physically forced or incapacitated sexual assault were assaulted by someone that they knew.

6432: 1450: 4414:

Abbey, Antonia; McAuslan, Pam; Ross, Lisa Thomson (1998). "Sexual Assault Perpetration by College Men: The Role of Alcohol, Misperception of Sexual Intent, and Sexual Beliefs and Experiences".

496: 6757: 5727: 1746:

support for survivors and allies. It is also a tool used for activism, in this case, student activism. Student activism is an organization or movement to push for systematic change on campus.

2305:

Muehlenhard, Charlene L.; Peterson, Zoe D.; Humphreys, Terry P.; Jozkowski, Kristen N. (16 May 2017). "Evaluating the One-in-Five Statistic: Women's Risk of Sexual Assault While in College".

2259:

Muehlenhard, Charlene L.; Peterson, Zoe D.; Humphreys, Terry P.; Jozkowski, Kristen N. (16 May 2017). "Evaluating the One-in-Five Statistic: Women's Risk of Sexual Assault While in College".

1267:

Numerous colleges in the United States have come under federal investigation for their handling of sexual assault cases, described by civil rights groups as discriminatory and inappropriate.

5073: 2227: 1199: 1754:

media also helps student activists connect with other student activists on other campuses, which builds a community and continues the progression of combating sexual assault in colleges.

1004:

and gender non-conforming students were more likely than their peers to experience a sexual assault involving physical force or incapacitation. Out of 1,398 students who identified as

4617: 2735:"Exploring Definitions and Prevalence of Verbal Sexual Coercion and Its Relationship to Consent to Unwanted Sex: Implications for Affirmative Consent Standards on College Campuses" 6367: 6335: 3166: 1465: 5488: 4902:

Burgess, G. H. (2007). "Assessment of Rape-Supportive Attitudes and Beliefs in College Men: Development, Reliability, and Validity of the Rape Attitudes and Beliefs Scale".

1762:, false accusations and does not always provide all the facts of a case. This can cause a culture where victims on a college campus are hesitant to report a sexual assault. 4640: 2904: 7605: 3383:. Internet Archive. New York : Lexington Books ; Toronto : Maxwell Macmillan Canada ; New York : Maxwell Macmillan International. pp. 20–22. 2200: 1938: 1123:

study ranking various drugs (legal and illegal) based on statements by drug-harm experts. This study rated alcohol the most harmful drug overall, and the only drug more

7182:; Joshi, Manisha; Sivitz, Elizabeth (1 February 2014). "Knowing a Sexual Assault Victim or Perpetrator A Stratified Random Sample of Undergraduates at One University". 1011:

Many victims completely or partially blame themselves for the assault because they are embarrassed and shamed, or fear not being believed. These elements may lead to

2698:

Pugh, Brandie; Ningard, Holly; Ven, Thomas Vander; Butler, Leah (2016). "Victim Ambiguity: Bystander Intervention and Sexual Assault in the College Drinking Scene".

1528:

sure their discipline policies do not discourage students from coming forward to report sexual assaults." Colleges need to be away of their policies in order to not

222: 7590: 2533:

Fisher, Bonnie; Daigle, Leah E.; Cullen, Frank (2010), "Being pursued: the stalking of female students", in Fisher, Bonnie; Daigle, Leah E.; Cullen, Frank (eds.),

3274: 2579:

Rennison, C. M.; Addington, L. A. (2014). "Violence Against College Women: A Review to Identify Limitations in Defining the Problem and Inform Future Research".

298: 7560:

Sexual harassment in the private sector. In Academic and workplace sexual harassment: A Handbook of Cultural, Social Science, Management and Legal Perspectives

4737: 5704: 3666: 2178: 1656:

In February 2022, The University of California agreed to pay almost $ 250m to over 200 women who were allegedly sexually assaulted by a campus gynecologist.

6945: 1633: 6034: 1166:

In those violent incidents recorded by the police in which alcohol was a factor, about 9% of the offenders and nearly 14% of the victims were under age 21

7963: 5247: 5139: 5112: 1653:

trial since 2011, when the Obama administration rewrote the rules for how college officials should investigate and arbitrate sexual violence on campuses.

1260:. The Clery Act requires that all schools in the U.S. that participate in federal student aid programs implement policies for addressing sexual assault. 969: 7685:

Armstrong, Elizabeth A.; Hamilton, Laura; Sweeney, Brian (November 2006). "Sexual assault on campus: a multilevel, integrative approach to party rape".

5936: 2941:

Armstrong, Elizabeth A.; Hamilton, Laura; Sweeney, Brian (December 1986). "Sexual assault on campus: a multilevel, integrative approach to party rape".

5676: 4542:

Demetrios, N; Anglin, Deirdre; Taliaferro, Ellen; Stone, Susan; Tubb, Toni; Linden, Judith A.; Muelleman, Robert; Barton, Erik; Kraus, Jess F. (1999).

2439: 775:

found that 19.0% of college women and 6.1% of college men experienced either sexual assault or attempted sexual assault since entering college. In the

488: 6233:"Stanford Trains Student Jurors That 'Acting Persuasive and Logical' is Sign of Guilt; Story of Student Judicial Nightmare in Today's 'New York Post'" 4679:"Stanford Trains Student Jurors That 'Acting Persuasive and Logical' is Sign of Guilt; Story of Student Judicial Nightmare in Today's 'New York Post'" 5735: 1811:

on campus. Universities/Colleges in the United States understand the effects of campus sexual assaults and find ways to bring their percentage down.

6971: 4208:

Kimbel, Matthew; Neacsiu, Andrada D.; Flack, William F.; Horner, Jessica (2008). "Risk of Unwanted Sex for College Women: Evidence for a Red Zone".

2348:

DeKeseredy, Walter; Kelly, Katharine (1993). "The incidence and prevalence of woman abuse in Canadian university and college dating relationships".

1275:

chilling effect on reporting", while 72% were concerned that "survivors would be forced to participate in the criminal justice system/go to trial".

6813: 5086: 4453: 3515:

Krebs, C.P. (2009). "The differential risk factors of physically forced and alcohol- or other drug-enabled sexual assault among university women".

2235: 1886: 1307: 247: 5368: 6879: 6135: 4287: 3640: 3083:

Humphrey, Stephen E.; Kahn, Arnold S. (December 2000). "Fraternities, athletic teams, and rape importance of identification with a risky group".

6785: 6458: 5907: 5825: 3732:; Joshi, M; Sivitz, E (2014). "Knowing a sexual assault victim or perpetrator: A stratified random sample of undergraduates at one university". 6394: 6291: 5514: 4704: 2214: 1444:

sent a letter, known as the "Dear Colleague" letter, to the presidents of all colleges and universities in the United States re-iterating that

37: 6263: 5590: 6084: 2400: 1493: 6660: 6413: 6371: 4069:

Ridner, S. L.; Frost, K.; LaJoie, A. S. (2006). "Health information and risk behaviors among lesbian, gay, and bisexual college students".

1629:

shifted the burden of proof and imposed an untenable standard upon" the student "to disprove the accusation" that he assaulted a classmate.

5846: 5624: 5342: 7751:

Giraldi, Ashley; Monk-Turner, Elizabeth (May–June 2017). "Perception of rape culture on a college campus: A look at social media posts".

6011: 2448: 2435: 463: 438: 414: 6843:

Fifth Circuit Holds that Due Process Standards May Be Lowered in the Presence of "Overwhelming" Video and Photographic Evidence of Guilt

7834: 6122: 1569: 783: 6342: 5394: 8102: 3181: 443: 7425:, 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2018. | Series: Global issues in crime and justice ; 6: Routledge, pp. 204–219, 3120:

Schwartz, Martin D.; Nogrady, Carol A. (June 1996). "Fraternity membership, rape myths, and sexual aggression on a college campus".

1016:

Hispanic and Asian students may have lower rates of knowing a victim or perpetrator due to cultural values discouraging disclosure.

5780: 1349: 837: 5985: 4583: 3200: 1399:

Our Turn, a Canadian student-driven initiative to end campus sexual violence, began in 2017. The initiative was launched by three

7628: 3357: 1047:

students face with regard to sexual assault can be attributed not only to internalized homophobia, but also to institutionalized

473: 6606: 2662: 8107: 7796: 7753: 731: 597: 448: 3914:"Intimate Partner Violence Victimization in LGBT Young Adults: Demographic Differences and Associations with Health Behaviors" 3805:

Murchison, Gabriel; et al. (2017). "Minority Stress and the Risk of Unwanted Sexual Experiences in LGBQ Undergraduates".

7573: 7438: 5758: 5006: 4808:

Koss, Mary P.; Dinero, Thomas E. (1988). "Predictors of Sexual Aggression among a National Sample of Male College Students".

3388: 2517: 2490: 1542: 1441: 1043:

or transitioning students reported an unwanted sexual encounter since beginning college as opposed to heterosexual majority.

777: 406: 358: 5316: 3404: 2293:

As discussed, evidence does not support the assumption that college students experience more sexual assault than nonstudents

1866: 1670: 1358: 1163:

In 2013, more than 14,700 students between the ages of 18 and 24 were victims of alcohol-related sexual assault in the U.S.

997: 423: 419: 7149: 5802: 1021: 7866: 6708: 1625: 1256:

in her campus dormitory. Her parents pushed for campus safety and reporting legislation which became the foundation for

788: 410: 333: 1766:

Incorporating campaigns to correct students' misconceptions about sexual assault can help reduce myths and stereotypes.

6520: 5650: 5567: 5421: 5267: 5081: 2115:

Krebs, Christopher P.; Lindquist, Christine H.; Warner, Tara D.; Fisher, Bonnie S.; Martin, Sandra L. (December 2007).

1496:(FIRE) has been critical of university definitions of consent that it considers overly broad. In 2011, FIRE criticized 8076: 7968: 6057: 5287: 3783: 3574: 3496: 3487:

Carone, Angela (2016), "Fraternities are significantly responsible for campus sexual assault", in Lasky, Jack (ed.),

3471: 3441: 3432:

Carone, Angela (2016), "Fraternities are significantly responsible for campus sexual assault", in Lasky, Jack (ed.),

3271: 3085: 3052: 2992: 2672: 2542: 805: 483: 381: 67: 6336:"An Open Letter to Higher Education about Sexual Violence from Brett A. Sokolow, Esq. and The NCHERM Group Partners" 1749:

Before social media, activism was more biased and failed to address the implicit biases of race, gender, and class.

8055: 6563: 3122: 478: 458: 428: 262: 6178: 5879: 1896: 7082: 6484: 5446:

Bergen, Raquel Kenney (19 June 2008). "Take back the night". In Renzetti, Claire M.; Edleson, Jeffrey L. (eds.).

1698: 468: 348: 131: 7245:"Sexual Assault Awareness in the #Metoo Era: Student Perceptions of Victim Believability and Cases in the Media" 6109: 6071: 3337:

Nicholson, Mary E.; Wang, Min Qi; Maney, Dolores; Yuan, Jianping; Mahoney, Beverly S.; Adame, Daniel D. (1998).

1145:

campuses can be attributed to the social expectation that students participate in alcohol consumption. The peer

8148: 8086: 7958: 7039:; Joshi, M (2016). ""Consent is good, joyous, sexy": A banner campaign to market consent to college students". 1913: 1160:

Women whose partners abuse alcohol are 3.6 times more likely than other women to be assaulted by their partners

1034: 965: 119: 5147: 3237:

Lisak, David; Miller, Paul M. (February 2002). "Repeat rape and multiple offending among undetected rapists".

1132:

to having committed a sexual assault also reported that they were drinking alcohol at the time of the attack.

389: 8030: 6842: 6731: 6313: 5925: 4123: 2977: 2506:

Alexander, Linda Lewis; LaRosa, Judith H.; Bader, Helaine; Garfield, Susan; Alexander, William James (2010).

2350: 1552:

Some critics of these policies have characterized the concerns about sexual assault on college campuses as a

1329: 772: 217: 1170:

Some have noted gender-specific and variable standards for intoxicated consent. In a recent lawsuit against

7460: 6790: 6206: 2832:"Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance: The National College Health Risk Behavior Survey -- United States, 1995" 2452: 1573: 1457:

stated, "I think probably a lot of colleges translated the 'Dear Colleague' letter as 'favor the victim'."

933: 521: 5847:"Sexual Violence on Campus: How too many institutions of higher education are failing to protect students" 4361:

Nutt DJ, King LA, Phillips LD (November 2010). "Drug harms in the UK: a multicriteria decision analysis".

2441:

Hidden Marks: A study of women student's experiences of harassment, stalking, violence, and sexual assault

2161: 1501:

so broad that sexual contact at any level of intoxication could be considered non-consensual. Writing for

7829: 1513: 453: 433: 156: 7513:

Paludi, Michele (December 2006). "International Perspectives on Sexual Harassment of College Students".

6919: 5461:

Leach, Brittany (2013). "Slutwalk and Sovereignty: Transnational Protest as Emergent Global Democracy".

1099:

referred to as the "red zone" by sexual assault researchers and in sexual assault prevention materials.

7995: 7789: 6632: 4494: 1393: 724: 582: 308: 49: 6536: 8025: 6996:

Lonsway, Kimberly A.; Kothari, Chevon (28 July 2006). "First Year Campus Acquaintance Rape Education

5252: 888: 363: 242: 7196: 5518: 4375: 2364: 2098: 6866: 2558: 1362: 860:, have argued that many of the surveys used to measure sexual assault are invalid because they are 536: 7372:"International and Domestic College Students: A Comparison of Campus Sexual Assault Victimization" 6578: 4658: 2134: 8000: 7371: 6092: 4520: 3586:

Flowers, R.B., Sex Crimes, Perpetrators, Predators, Prostitutes, and Victims, 2nd Edition, p. 28.

1220:

their victimization, and were more likely to view sexual conquest as an important status symbol.

372: 338: 257: 5048: 1905:", a now-discredited and withdrawn article on an alleged gang rape at the University of Virginia 1243:

The best known articulation that rape and sexual assault is a broader problem was the 1975 book

7565: 7558: 7191: 5853: 4610:"PA Duke senior sues the university after being expelled over allegations of sexual misconduct" 4370: 3036: 3028: 2359: 1918: 1719: 1565: 1253: 1005: 983: 592: 45: 5470: 5074:"A Deficiency in Addressing Campus Sexual Assault: The Lack of Women Law Enforcement Officers" 4026:

Clements-Nolle, K.; Marx, R.; Katz, M. (2006). "Attempted Suicide Among Transgender Persons".

3491:, (Opposing Viewpoints Series), Farmington Hills, Michigan: Greenhaven Press, pp. 21–23, 3466:, (Opposing Viewpoints Series), Farmington Hills, Michigan: Greenhaven Press, pp. 52–69, 3294:; White, Jacquelyn W.; Thompson, Martie P.; Abbey, Antonia; Bellis, Alexandra L. (July 2015). 2507: 1572:

1 in 5 statistic by claiming issues with its methodology and that it did not line up with the

7782: 6433:"Open letter from 16 Penn Law School professors about Title IX and sexual assault complaints" 5705:"Canadian university sex assault policies average C- in analysis by nationwide student group" 3548: 2201:

Backlash: College men challenge 'guilty until proven innocent' standard for sex assault cases

2085: 1803: 1739: 1637: 1288: 717: 679: 551: 526: 7642: 7623: 6946:"New Title IX regulations give expanded rights to those accused of sexual assault on campus" 6149: 5541: 5207: 3890: 3217: 2870: 1723:

results, suggesting that an upbeat campaign can engage students in productive conversation.

8050: 7856: 5399: 4817: 1933: 1923: 1861: 1705:

After the announcement of the new finalized Title IX regulations, the UC system president,

1674: 1416: 884: 343: 237: 232: 126: 3842:"Sexual Victimization and Hazardous Drinking among Heterosexual and Sexual Minority Women" 3436:, (Opposing Viewpoints Series), Farmington Hills, Michigan: Greenhaven Press, p. 21, 8: 8158: 8081: 7861: 7606:"Comment: How sexual assault on campus disproportionately affects international students" 6818: 6762: 6314:"Coastal Carolina University Thinks All Drunk Sex Is Rape: Requires Sobriety, Enthusiasm" 5826:"A Sexual Assault Survivor At Princeton Tried To Protest. Instead, She Was Fined $ 2,700" 4753:"On the Relationship Between Automatic Attitudes and Self-Reported Sexual Assault in Men" 2831: 2636: 2205: 2044: 1795: 1605: 1497: 1400: 1385: 1344: 1208: 512: 283: 227: 196: 7708: 6732:"Student Expelled for Rape Has Evidence He Was the Victim. Amherst Refuses to Review It" 5926:"The First Report of the White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault" 5489:"Exclusive: Brown University student Speaks Out on What It's Like to Be Accused of Rape" 5395:"American Law Institute rejects affirmative consent standard in defining sexual assault" 4821: 4587: 2964: 2116: 2013: 1407:

in eight Canadian provinces. In October 2017, Our Turn released a survey evaluating the

7844: 7824: 7712: 7704: 7673: 7647: 7538: 7495: 7272: 7225: 7064: 7017: 7013: 6847: 6637: 5542:"Opening New Front in Campus-Rape Debate, Brown Student Tells Education Dept. His Side" 5117: 4979: 4935: 4884: 4880: 4849: 4829: 4785: 4752: 4481: 4396: 4343: 4233: 4185: 4152: 4094: 4051: 4000: 3967: 3940: 3913: 3866: 3841: 3822: 3757: 3540: 3409: 3262: 3197: 3147: 3102: 3009: 2968: 2960: 2769: 2734: 2715: 2612: 2377: 2330: 2284: 1879: 1872: 1778:

is a pivotal point in media involvement and an example of how Hashtags have been used.

1641: 1597: 1537: 1508: 1404: 1332:" march took place in 1978 in San Francisco, and then spread to many college campuses. 925: 861: 619: 567: 541: 109: 7291: 7243:

Acquaviva, Brittany L.; O’Neal, Eryn Nicole; Clevenger, Shelly L. (27 November 2020).

6633:"Occidental Justice: The Disastrous Fallout When Drunk Sex Meets Academic Bureaucracy" 6537:"Rape Culture is a 'Panic Where Paranoia, Censorship, and False Accusations Flourish'" 5189: 5169: 4719: 4384: 2398:(June 1991). "Sexual victimization prevalence among New Zealand university students". 7975: 7953: 7849: 7839: 7651: 7569: 7530: 7499: 7454: 7434: 7399: 7391: 7352: 7313: 7276: 7264: 7217: 7209: 7107: 7056: 7021: 6579:"How 'Consensual' Sex Got A Freshman Kicked Out of College And Started A Huge Debate" 6516: 6183: 5598: 5466: 5049:"Colleges struggle to investigate sexual assaults. But why are they involved at all?" 5002: 4983: 4971: 4927: 4919: 4888: 4841: 4833: 4790: 4772: 4659:"How 'Consensual' Sex Got a Freshman Kicked Out of College and Started a Huge Debate" 4565: 4486: 4431: 4388: 4335: 4327: 4277: 4269: 4225: 4190: 4172: 4086: 4082: 4043: 4005: 3987: 3945: 3871: 3826: 3779: 3749: 3704: 3570: 3532: 3492: 3467: 3437: 3384: 3319: 3314: 3295: 3254: 3139: 3106: 3048: 3013: 2813: 2774: 2756: 2719: 2668: 2604: 2596: 2538: 2513: 2486: 2417: 2322: 2276: 1791: 1787: 1586: 1258:

The Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus Security Policy and Campus Crime Statistics Act

857: 811:

for the percentage of women who are sexually assaulted during their time in college.

669: 201: 99: 7542: 6900: 6035:"President Obama Launches the "It's on Us" Campaign to End Sexual Assault on Campus" 4939: 4853: 4347: 4237: 4055: 3544: 3378: 3151: 3029:"Factors Associated with Male Peer Support for Sexual Assault on the College Campus" 2616: 2512:(5th ed.). Sudbury, Massachusetts: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 410. 7819: 7762: 7737: 7716: 7696: 7637: 7522: 7487: 7426: 7383: 7344: 7303: 7256: 7229: 7201: 7068: 7048: 7009: 6583: 5852:. U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Financial & Contracting Oversight. Archived from 5222: 4963: 4911: 4876: 4825: 4780: 4764: 4663: 4555: 4476: 4468: 4423: 4400: 4380: 4319: 4261: 4217: 4180: 4164: 4153:"The Relationship Between Sexual Victimization and Year in School in U.S. Colleges" 4098: 4078: 4035: 3995: 3979: 3935: 3925: 3861: 3853: 3814: 3761: 3741: 3524: 3309: 3266: 3246: 3131: 3094: 3040: 3001: 2972: 2952: 2805: 2764: 2746: 2707: 2588: 2409: 2369: 2334: 2314: 2288: 2268: 2183: 1902: 1706: 1376: 1354: 1245: 1124: 634: 629: 614: 572: 328: 252: 7150:"Active Bystander: Coordinated Community Response Team: Loyola University Chicago" 7052: 6510: 4867:

Lonsway, Kimberly A.; Fitzgerald, Louise F. (June 1994). "Rape Myths: In Review".

2711: 2318: 2272: 7990: 7980: 7948: 7943: 7933: 7687: 6140: 5967:"55 colleges under Title IX inquiry for their handling of sexual violence claims" 5272: 3857: 3614: 3462:

Abby, Antonia (2016), "What's alcohol got to do with it?", in Lasky, Jack (ed.),

3300: 3278: 3222: 3204: 2943: 2482: 2040:"Survey: More than 1 in 5 female undergrads at top schools suffer sexual attacks" 1908: 1750: 1613: 1171: 1157:

At least 47% of college students' sexual assaults are associated with alcohol use

1090:

are at play as the majority of assaults are never reported due to shame or fear.

896: 684: 674: 664: 659: 649: 587: 531: 318: 288: 114: 7244: 6136:"Guilty Until Proven Innocent: The Skewed White House Crusade on Sexual Assault" 4560: 4543: 3774:

Neumann, S., "Gang Rape: Examining Peer Support and Alcohol in Fraternities" in

3565:

Furtado, C., "Perceptions of Rape: Cultural, Gender, and Ethnic Differences" in

3552: 3135: 8060: 7985: 7938: 7911: 7871: 7766: 7332: 7260: 7179: 7157: 7036: 6920:"Betsy DeVos Reverses Obama-era Policy on Campus Sexual Assault Investigations" 6758:"University unfair to student accused of sexual assault, says California judge" 6038: 6015: 5932: 5681: 4967: 4472: 4427: 3729: 3528: 3250: 3098: 3005: 2413: 1808: 1775: 1408: 1340: 1224: 1087: 1073:

use mental-health resources for help have had experience with sexual violence.

1012: 748: 602: 577: 353: 313: 191: 186: 146: 7418: 7348: 6786:"Judge rules former UTC wrestler accused of rape shouldn't have been expelled" 4768: 4221: 3983: 3818: 2897:"The latest big sexual assault survey is (like others) more hype than science" 2809: 8153: 8142: 7916: 7906: 7700: 7664: 7491: 7430: 7395: 7356: 7317: 7292:""He's an idiot!" Experiences of International Students in the United States" 7268: 7213: 7205: 5759:"Princeton Students Protest Title IX Process, Demand Firing of Administrator" 5677:"Carleton, uOttawa fare well in report on response to campus sexual violence" 5602: 5190:"Sexual Assault on Campus: What Colleges and Universities are Doing About it" 5170:"Sexual Assault on Campus: What Colleges and Universities Are Doing About It" 4975: 4923: 4915: 4837: 4776: 4435: 4331: 4323: 4273: 4176: 4168: 3991: 3745: 3692: 3618: 3339:"Alcohol related violence and unwanted sexual activity on the college campus" 3044: 2956: 2760: 2600: 2592: 1957: 1928: 1742:

shapes the perceptions and attitudes students have regarding sexual assault.

1372: 1146: 644: 607: 399: 323: 303: 293: 176: 90: 7526: 7370:

Budd, Kristen M.; Ward, Rose Marie; Barrios, Veronica R. (1 February 2023).

6368:"RAINN Urges White House Task Force to Overhaul Colleges' Treatment of Rape" 2637:"Rape and Sexual Assault Victimization Among College-Age Females, 1995–2013" 1252:

A pivotal change in how universities handle reporting stemmed from the 1986

1211:

discussion of attitudes, myths and facts surrounding (campus) sexual assault

755:, of a student while attending an institution of higher learning, such as a 8045: 7928: 7896: 7805: 7534: 7403: 7221: 7060: 6268: 4931: 4794: 4569: 4490: 4392: 4339: 4281: 4229: 4194: 4090: 4047: 4009: 3949: 3875: 3753: 3708: 3641:"Transgender students are particularly vulnerable to campus sexual assault" 3536: 3323: 3291: 3258: 3143: 2778: 2608: 2395: 2326: 2280: 1561: 1529: 1503: 1461: 1424: 1380: 1271: 1048: 975: 880: 639: 394: 267: 181: 161: 7308: 4845: 4039: 2817: 2421: 2215:"Expelled Swarthmore Student Sues College Over Sexual Assault Allegations" 2067:"Report on the AAU Climate Survey on Sexual Assault and Sexual Misconduct" 7901: 7736:(7). Sarah Fernandez (interviewee) Mark Houlemarde (interviewee): 19–20. 7387: 7333:"Welcome to America? International student perceptions of discrimination" 6880:"Jury sides with former Boston College student accused of sexual assault" 4454:"Alcohol-related sexual assault: A common problem among college students" 3338: 1814: 1666: 1557: 1553: 1469: 1366: 1120: 1115: 1052: 1040: 1001: 917: 654: 166: 7677: 6661:"Feds investigate Brandeis over treatment of sexual-assault allegations" 6607:"'Esquire' Details Egregious Failures of Occidental Sexual Assault Case" 6370:. Rape, Abuse, and Incest National Network. 6 March 2014. Archived from 5986:"Barnard College Joins List of 94 Colleges Under Title IX Investigation" 4521:"Trends in alcohol-related campus violence: Implications for prevention" 2793: 8127: 8020: 5728:"Building a student movement to end campus sexual violence | rabble.ca" 5226: 3930: 3693:"Male victims of sexual assault: phenomenology, psychology, physiology" 3027:

Schwartz, Martin D.; Dekeseredy, Walter S.; Dekeseredy, Walter (1997).

2381: 1891: 1853: 1604:

In March 2015, federal regulators (OCR) opened an investigation on how

1137: 941: 760: 705: 171: 16:

Sexual assault of a student attending an institution of higher learning

7742: 7725: 6414:"Colleges Spending Millions to Deal with Sexual Misconduct Complaints" 5248:"Feds launch investigation into Swarthmore's handling of sex assaults" 4265: 2751: 7891: 7886: 6814:"Judge rules university can't shift burden of proof onto the accused" 5268:"Annual campus crime report may not tell true story of student crime" 2661:

Kruttschnitt, Candace; Kalsbeek, William D.; House, Carol C. (2014).

2304: 2258: 1759: 1678: 1476: 1257: 1039:

10% of sexual minority men, 18% of sexual minority women, and 19% of

953: 936:

members are more likely than non-fraternity members to commit rape".

763:. The victims of such assaults are more likely to be female, but any 624: 151: 141: 136: 8122: 4124:"Sexual Assault on Campus: Why College Freshmen Face Increased Risk" 3351: 2794:"Results from the 1995 national college health risk behavior survey" 2535:

Unsafe in the ivory tower: the sexual victimization of college women

2373: 1847: 1361:

standard. Such cases have led to controversy and concerns regarding

700: 8040: 8035: 5884: 3033:

Sexual Assault on the College Campus: The Role of Male Peer Support

1983: 1645: 1445: 1428: 1333: 1236: 979: 949: 546: 7662:

Bain, Kristen (September–October 2002). "Rape culture on Campus".

6709:"Expelled under new policy, ex-Amherst College student files suit" 5651:"Activists Target The Princeton Review in Campus Rape Ad Campaign" 5022: 4288:"The 'red zone' is real: How colleges are fighting sexual assault" 7124: 1799: 1770: 1142: 945: 872:

There are three broad approaches used to explain sexual assault.

756: 2846:"RAINN | The nation's largest anti-sexual violence organization" 2135:"Incredible Women: Sexual Violence and the Credibility Discount" 7923: 7774: 6972:"UC undeterred despite harmful federal sexual harassment rules" 6292:"Ever had drunk sex? That's rape, according to this university" 6156:. Foundation for Individual Rights in Education. 30 August 2011 5908:"White House Task Force Seeks to Tackle College Sexual Assault" 4705:"Ever had drunk sex? That's rape, according to this university" 1420: 892: 764: 4541: 2476: 1466:

White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault

1403:

students, including Jade Cooligan Pang, and soon spread to 20

6012:"It's on Us, a Growing Movement to End Campus Sexual Assault" 3697:

The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law

1589:

entered into a settlement in one such lawsuit in April 2014.

1521: 36:

deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

5317:"Preventing Sexual Assault on College Campuses: What Works?" 5208:"Concealing Campus Sexual Assault: An Empirical Examination" 3380:

Sexual assault on campus : the problem and the solution

3296:"Trajectory analysis of the campus serial rapist assumption" 3026: 2559:"Understanding Sexual Assault on Campus | BestColleges" 2505: 1939:

Sexual Violence and Misconduct Policy Act (British Columbia)

7876: 6042: 6019: 5951: 4308: 1697: 1389:, which began her activism about rape on college campuses. 752: 83: 2114: 4544:"Risk factors for injury to women from domestic violence" 3289: 2845: 2660: 2228:"DSU student who was cleared of rape charges sues school" 1028: 952:; they are suspicious of women's motives, believe common 844:

provides support and guidance to survivors in many ways.

841: 7684: 7624:"Legal and Political Responses to Campus Sexual Assault" 7242: 4250: 4207: 2940: 2574: 2572: 1576:

pointing to "approximately one-in-forty college women".

7476: 7125:"Active Bystanders: Looking Out for One Another at MIT" 6901:"US university in $ 250m payout for doctor's sex abuse" 5781:"Princeton Students Are Sitting In for Title IX Reform" 3167:"Understanding the predatory nature of sexual violence" 2656: 2654: 2156: 2154: 2152: 6485:"The Year the Crusade Against 'Rape Culture' Stumbled" 4946: 4860: 4071:

Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners

4025: 3336: 2164:. United States Department of Education. 4 April 2011. 1875:, notable for false rape accusation at Duke University 1815:

Gap between cultures and the impact of sexual assaults

1475:

In September 2014, President Obama and Vice President

1322: 1153:

Various studies have concluded the following results:

5880:"The Other Side of the College Sexual Assault Crisis" 5001:. Ontario: Oxford University Press. pp. 24, 34. 3405:"Alanna Berger: The dark history of college football" 2569: 5625:"Accused of Rape, a Student Sues Columbia Over Bias" 4738:"The Stanford Daily 2 May 1996 – the Stanford Daily" 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2924: 2922: 2697: 2651: 2149: 1843: 1634:

United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit

1624:

In August 2015, a Tennessee judge ruled against the

1455:

National Center for Higher Education Risk Management

1067: 974:

Research of American college students suggests that

948:. Many have high levels of anger in general well as 7621: 7178: 7034: 6918:Saul, Stephanie; Taylor, Kate (22 September 2017). 6564:"Basketball star Wells settles suit against Xavier" 5422:"Bill Text - SB-967 Student safety: sexual assault" 3728: 2664:

Estimating the Incidence of Rape and Sexual Assault

1336:is a more recent movement against sexual violence. 970:

Sexual harassment in education in the United States

7750: 7622:Landis Dauber, Michele; Warner, Meghan O. (2019). 7557: 6943: 6512:Unwanted Advances: Sexual Paranoia Comes to Campus 5343:"Affirmative Consent: Are Students Really Asking?" 4952: 2988: 2532: 6998:Evaluating the Impact of a Mandatory Intervention 4866: 4413: 4407: 4244: 4201: 4068: 2919: 2733:Pugh, Brandie; Becker, Patricia (2 August 2018). 2578: 2479:Evaluating Research Articles From Start to Finish 2388: 1545:Faculty co-signed a similar letter of their own. 1310:considering a sexual consent policy change (2018) 862:more likely to be taken by sexual assault victims 8140: 7726:"How to progress from a rape-supportive culture" 6264:"On a Stanford Man Who Alleged a Sexual Assault" 4576: 4360: 3691:Bullock, Clayton M; Beckson, Mace (April 2011). 2834:. Centers for Disease Control. 14 November 1997. 2667:. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 1887:Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims 1379:, was sexually assaulted by a Stanford student, 1339:Some individuals have become notable activists. 248:Post-assault treatment of sexual assault victims 7589:Dunlap, Reid; Jill, Sharla (15 November 2017). 7369: 5140:"Campus Sexual Assault Victims' Bill of Rights" 5104: 4744: 4115: 3119: 2470: 2347: 2212: 1660: 1435: 1282: 6995: 6395:"At Brigham Young, a Cost in Reporting a Rape" 5591:"These colleges have the most reports of rape" 5568:"The Brown Case: Does it Still Look Like Rape" 5515:"Former Brown Student Denies Rape Allegations" 4801: 4535: 4512: 4302: 4146: 4144: 3795:Thio, A., 2010. Deviant Behavior, 10th Edition 3690: 1692: 7790: 6777: 6683:"Brandeis University: Questions on all sides" 6123:"On College Campuses, a Presumption of Guilt" 5360: 5334: 4447: 4445: 3778:Hickey, E.W. (ed.), Pearson Education, 2006, 3569:Hickey, E.W. (ed.), Pearson Education, 2006, 2401:Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 2173: 2171: 1494:Foundation for Individual Rights in Education 924:Of the 1,084 respondents to a 1998 survey at 725: 7723: 6261: 5977: 5800: 5454: 5040: 4584:"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services" 3376: 3082: 2537:, Los Angeles: Sage Pub., pp. 149–170, 7331:Lee, Jenny J.; Rice, Charles (March 2007). 6411: 5871: 5482: 5480: 4895: 4750: 4141: 3236: 2634: 2428: 2213:Van Zuylen-Wood, Simon (11 February 2014). 911: 7797: 7783: 7588: 7515:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 6970:President, UC Office of the (6 May 2020). 6917: 6176: 5839: 5803:"See the World Like a Title IX Bureaucrat" 5392: 5184: 5182: 4810:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 4807: 4442: 3768: 3580: 3397: 2895:Taylor Jr, Stuart S. (23 September 2015). 2732: 2499: 2341: 2179:Rethink Harvard's sexual harassment policy 2168: 1556:, such as libertarian critics of feminism 1427:campaign concerning the implementation of 1093: 784:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 732: 718: 8103:Child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome 7741: 7641: 7307: 7195: 6969: 6944:Somvichian-Clausen, Austa (13 May 2020). 6120: 6055: 6032: 4784: 4559: 4518: 4480: 4416:Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 4374: 4354: 4184: 3999: 3939: 3929: 3865: 3804: 3599:Flowers, Barri (2009). "Sexual Assault". 3313: 2894: 2871:"Title IX and Sexual Violence in Schools" 2768: 2750: 2477:Ellen R. Girden; Robert Kabacoff (2010). 2363: 2298: 1958:"Sexual Assault US Department of Justice" 1883:(2015), documentary film about this issue 1781: 887:and focuses on how rape is pervasive and 838:Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network 68:Learn how and when to remove this message 6783: 6706: 6680: 6107: 6082: 5983: 5964: 5674: 5648: 5477: 5288:"Survivor Survey on Mandatory Reporting" 3215: 2195: 2193: 2037: 1988:National Sexual Violence Resource Center 1350:Mattress Performance (Carry That Weight) 1292: 1193: 1114: 1000:Campus Climate Survey report found that 7643:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-101317-031308 7629:Annual Review of Law and Social Science 7603: 7417:Walter, S. DeKeseredy (17 April 2018), 7330: 6630: 6341:. The NCHERM Group, LLC. Archived from 6333: 6262:Friedersdorf, Conor (28 January 2015). 6204: 6069: 6009: 5905: 5179: 4901: 4150: 3684: 3638: 3598: 2791: 2132: 2117:"The Campus Sexual Assault (CSA) Study" 1110: 8141: 8108:False allegation of child sexual abuse 7555: 7512: 7472: 7470: 7419:"Sexual assault on the college campus" 7416: 6576: 6508: 6457:Baker, Katie J.M. (20 November 2014). 6430: 6412:Hartocollis, Anemona (29 March 2016). 6033:Somanader, Tanya (19 September 2014). 5877: 5622: 5539: 5448:Encyclopedia of Interpersonal Violence 5445: 5340: 5314: 5310: 5308: 5046: 4996: 4990: 4751:Widman, Laura; Olson, Michael (2012). 4121: 4021: 4019: 3912:Reuter, Tyson R.; et al. (2017). 3911: 3888: 3840:Hughes, Tonda L.; et al. (2010). 3839: 3486: 3431: 3377:Bohmer, Carol; Parrot, Andrea (1993). 3359:Faculty Publications and Presentations 3230: 3216:Lauerman, Connie (15 September 2004). 3067: 2693: 2691: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2526: 1897:Rape in the United States#Jurisdiction 1451:Association of Title IX Administrators 1029:Sexual orientation and gender identity 959: 34:The examples and perspective in this 7778: 6811: 6755: 6729: 6604: 6561: 6482: 6456: 6392: 6311: 6289: 6230: 6179:"The feds' mad assault on campus sex" 6133: 6121:Berkowitz, Peter (28 February 2014). 6056:Grasgreen, Allie (12 February 2014). 5725: 5565: 5486: 5460: 5110: 4717: 4641:"How Drunk is Too Drunk to Have Sex?" 4525:Journal of Alcohol and Drug Education 4451: 3972:Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 3961: 3959: 3639:Munguia, Hayley (22 September 2015). 3607: 3594: 3592: 3514: 3510: 3508: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3372: 3370: 3164: 2394: 2225: 2190: 2139:University of Pennsylvania Law Review 2110: 2108: 2008: 2006: 2004: 1734: 1632:In June 2017, a divided panel of the 1543:University of Pennsylvania Law School 1442:United States Department of Education 1230: 778:University of Pennsylvania Law Review 7661: 7480:Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 7249:American Journal of Criminal Justice 6839: 5942:from the original on 21 January 2017 5823: 5702: 5588: 5512: 5393:Richardson, Bradford (17 May 2016). 5205: 4638: 3965: 3789: 3461: 2792:Douglas, K. A.; et al. (1997). 2038:Anderson, Nick (21 September 2015). 1867:Campus Accountability and Safety Act 20: 7867:Genital modification and mutilation 7754:Women's Studies International Forum 7591:"Sex and the International Student" 7467: 6707:Robinson, Walter V. (29 May 2015). 6577:Jacobs, Peter (15 September 2014). 6562:Myers, Amanda Lee (24 April 2014). 6431:Volokh, Eugene (19 February 2015). 6205:Taranto, James (10 February 2015). 6150:"On Sexual Harassment and Title IX" 6010:Lierman, Kyle (24 September 2014). 5801:Friedersdorf, Conor (27 May 2019). 5675:Crawford, Blair (12 October 2017). 5305: 5082:Harvard Journal of Law & Gender 4616:. Durham, N.C. 2014. Archived from 4548:The New England Journal of Medicine 4016: 3968:"Sexual violence and mental health" 3905: 3559: 2688: 2623: 2434: 2226:Parra, Esteban (17 December 2013). 2031: 1712: 1640:did not violate the Constitution's 1626:University of Tennessee-Chattanooga 1536:In October 2014, 28 members of the 1323:Student and organizational activism 1289:Sexual consent § Yes means yes 1058: 856:Some popular commentators, such as 13: 7615: 7564:. Westport, CT: Praeger. pp. 7289: 7041:Journal of American College Health 7014:10.1111/j.1471-6402.2000.tb00203.x 6784:Anderson, Kendi (12 August 2015). 6756:Moyer, Justin Wm. (14 July 2015). 6631:Dorment, Richard (25 March 2015). 6207:"Drunkenness and Double Standards" 6108:Grossman, Judith (16 April 2013). 6083:Hingston, Sandy (22 August 2011). 6070:Taranto, James (6 December 2013). 5984:Kingkade, Tyler (8 January 2015). 5906:Bidwell, Allie (22 January 2014). 5623:Weiser, Benjamin (23 April 2015). 5215:Psychology, Public Policy, and Law 5111:Celis, William (22 January 1991). 4881:10.1111/j.1471-6402.1994.tb00448.x 4830:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1988.tb50856.x 4210:Journal of American College Health 3956: 3589: 3505: 3450: 3367: 3343:American Journal of Health Studies 3158: 2798:Journal of American College Health 2209:, 11 August 2014 | Other Sources: 2105: 2059: 2014:"The Campus Sexual Assault Survey" 2001: 906: 52:, or create a new, as appropriate. 14: 8170: 8077:Laws regarding child sexual abuse 7964:in education in the United States 7724:Gibbard Cook, Sarah (July 2012). 7296:Journal of International Students 7184:Journal of Interpersonal Violence 6681:Anderson, Nick (20 August 2014). 6658: 6483:Young, Cathy (26 December 2014). 6334:Sokolow, Brett A. (27 May 2014). 6072:"An Education in College Justice" 5546:The Chronicle of Higher Education 5450:. SAGE Publications. p. 707. 5315:Newman, Amie (8 September 2017). 5047:Nelson, Libby (9 December 2014). 4956:Journal of Interpersonal Violence 4904:Journal of Interpersonal Violence 4718:Young, Cathy (22 February 2014). 4639:Hess, Amanda (11 February 2015). 4312:Journal of Interpersonal Violence 4157:Journal of Interpersonal Violence 3734:Journal of Interpersonal Violence 3180:(4): 49–50, 55–57. Archived from 3165:Lisak, David (March–April 2011). 3086:Journal of Interpersonal Violence 2993:Journal of Interpersonal Violence 1068:Sexual violence and mental health 806:Measures of campus sexual assault 8121: 8056:Sociobiological theories of rape 7804: 7597: 7582: 7549: 7506: 7410: 7363: 7324: 7283: 7236: 7172: 7142: 7117: 7100: 7075: 7028: 6989: 6963: 6937: 6911: 6893: 6872: 6862:Plummer v. University of Houston 6854: 6833: 6805: 6749: 6723: 6700: 6674: 6652: 6624: 6598: 6570: 6555: 6529: 6502: 6476: 6450: 6424: 6405: 6386: 6360: 6327: 6305: 6283: 6255: 6224: 6198: 6170: 6058:"Classrooms, Courts or Neither?" 6049: 6026: 6003: 5958: 5918: 5899: 5878:Kutner, Max (10 December 2015). 5817: 5794: 5778: 5772: 5756: 5750: 5726:Neigh, Scott (5 December 2017). 5719: 5696: 5668: 5642: 5616: 5582: 5559: 5533: 5506: 5439: 5414: 5386: 5195:. National Institute of Justice. 4681:. FIRE.org. 2011. Archived from 4122:Geggel, Laura (25 August 2016). 4083:10.1111/j.1745-7599.2006.00142.x 3315:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2015.0707 2509:New Dimensions in Women's Health 2122:. National Institute of Justice. 1846: 891:due to societal attitudes about 699: 299:Democratic Republic of the Congo 25: 7604:Gilmore, Jane (17 March 2017). 7290:Ee, Jongyeon (1 January 2013). 6812:Schow, Asche (10 August 2015). 5649:Kingkade, Tyler (30 May 2014). 5366: 5280: 5260: 5240: 5199: 5162: 5132: 5113:"Agony on Campus: What is Rape" 5066: 5015: 4730: 4711: 4697: 4671: 4651: 4632: 4602: 4105: 4062: 3882: 3833: 3798: 3722: 3664: 3658: 3632: 3480: 3425: 3330: 3283: 3209: 3113: 3076: 3061: 3020: 2982: 2888: 2863: 2838: 2824: 2785: 2726: 2635:Sinozich, Sofi; Langton, Lynn. 2551: 2252: 2019:. National Institute of Justice 1699:University of California system 1254:rape and murder of Jeanne Clery 1080: 867: 8087:Sexually violent predator laws 6605:Kruth, Susan (27 March 2015). 6110:"A Mother, a Feminist, Aghast" 6085:"The New Rules of College Sex" 5703:Xing, Lisa (11 October 2017). 5540:Wilson, Robin (12 June 2014). 5463:APSA 2013 Annual Meeting Paper 5341:Keenan, Sandy (28 July 2015). 3070:The Sexualization of Childhood 2875:American Civil Liberties Union 2126: 1976: 1950: 1914:Sexual harassment in education 1483: 1347:, created the performance art 1035:Sexual assault of LGBT persons 966:Sexual harassment in education 1: 8031:Effects and aftermath of rape 7053:10.1080/07448481.2016.1217869 7002:Psychology of Women Quarterly 6730:Soave, Robby (20 July 2015). 6393:Healy, Jack (26 April 2016). 6312:Soave, Robby (21 July 2015). 5965:Anderson, Nick (1 May 2014). 5566:Young, Cathy (15 June 2014). 4869:Psychology of Women Quarterly 4461:Journal of Studies on Alcohol 4385:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61462-6 3667:"The 'invisible' one in four" 2712:10.1080/01639625.2015.1026777 2581:Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 2351:Canadian Journal of Sociology 2319:10.1080/00224499.2017.1295014 2273:10.1080/00224499.2017.1295014 2133:Deborah, Tuerkheimer (2017). 1944: 1359:preponderance of the evidence 1127:than to the users themselves. 773:National Institute of Justice 6791:Chattanooga Times Free Press 6290:Schow, Ashe (22 July 2015). 5912:U.S. News & World Report 5487:Young, Cathy (8 June 2014). 5206:Yung, Corey Rayburn (2015). 3966:Oram, Sian (12 April 2019). 3858:10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.07.004 3603:. McFarland. pp. 60–79. 2639:. U.S. Department of Justice 2447:(2nd ed.). London, UK: 1830: 1661:Trump administration efforts 1574:Bureau of Justice Statistics 1436:Obama administration efforts 1353:. Lena Sclove, a student at 1283:Affirmative consent policies 1189: 851: 818: 522:Marital rape laws by country 7: 6177:Post Staff (20 July 2011). 6134:Young, Cathy (6 May 2014). 4999:The Gendered Society Reader 4816:(1 Human Sexual): 133–147. 4757:Archives of Sexual Behavior 4561:10.1056/NEJM199912163412505 3889:Juarez, Tamara (May 2017). 3174:Sexual Assault Report (SAR) 3136:10.1177/1077801296002002003 2307:The Journal of Sex Research 2261:The Journal of Sex Research 1839: 1693:Criticisms/General Response 1579: 1514:Coastal Carolina University 799: 489:Russian invasion of Ukraine 48:, discuss the issue on the 10: 8175: 7767:10.1016/j.wsif.2017.05.001 7502:– via Sage Journals. 7261:10.1007/s12103-020-09585-7 5426:leginfo.legislature.ca.gov 4968:10.1177/088626001016009002 4720:"Sex, Booze, and Feminism" 4473:10.15288/jsas.2002.s14.118 4428:10.1521/jscp.1998.17.2.167 3529:10.1891/0886-6708.24.3.302 3251:10.1891/vivi.17.1.73.33638 3099:10.1177/088626000015012005 3006:10.1177/088626001016009002 2449:National Union of Students 2414:10.1037/0022-006X.59.3.464 1681:between involved parties. 1286: 1032: 963: 803: 789:U.S. Department of Justice 583:Sexual violence statistics 8116: 8095: 8069: 8026:Causes of sexual violence 8011: 7812: 7730:Women in Higher Education 7349:10.1007/s10734-005-4508-3 6869: (5th Cir. 2017). 5253:The Philadelphia Inquirer 5023:"Title IX | Know Your IX" 4769:10.1007/s10508-012-9970-2 4222:10.3200/JACH.57.3.331-338 4151:Cranney, Stephen (2015). 3984:10.1017/S2045796019000106 3819:10.1007/s11199-016-0710-2 3776:Sex Crimes and Paraphilia 3567:Sex Crimes and Paraphilia 2810:10.1080/07448489709595589 1223:According to sociologist 1055:within college campuses. 444:Bangladesh Liberation War 7709:10.1525/sp.2006.53.4.483 7701:10.1525/sp.2006.53.4.483 7556:Paludi, Michele (2003). 7492:10.1177/0022022197285001 7459:: CS1 maint: location ( 7431:10.4324/9781315522692-11 7206:10.1177/0886260513505206 7083:"Be An Active Bystander" 6976:University of California 6841: 4997:Kimmel, Michael (2008). 4916:10.1177/0886260507302993 4519:Nicholson, M.E. (1998). 4324:10.1177/0886260508314308 4169:10.1177/0886260514554425 4028:Journal of Homosexuality 3746:10.1177/0886260513505206 3615:"Rape on College Campus" 3489:Sexual assault on campus 3464:Sexual assault on campus 3434:Sexual assault on campus 3045:10.4135/9781452232065.n4 2965:10.1525/sp.2006.53.4.483 2957:10.1525/sp.2006.53.4.483 2593:10.1177/1524838014520724 1596:In October 2014, a male 1592:Other examples include: 1363:presumption of innocence 912:Perpetrator demographics 537:False accusation of rape 263:Sociobiological theories 7527:10.1196/annals.1385.012 6515:. Harper. p. 256. 6211:The Wall Street Journal 6114:The Wall Street Journal 6076:The Wall Street Journal 4254:Drug and Alcohol Review 3891:"A Survivor's Strength" 3068:Olfman, Sharna (2009). 2162:"Dear Colleague Letter" 2072:. 21 September 2015: 82 1094:Semester and class rank 258:Secondary victimisation 210:Effects and motivations 6509:Kipnis, Laura (2017). 6231:Admin (20 June 2014). 3918:Psychology of Violence 3277:30 August 2019 at the 3123:Violence Against Women 3072:. ABC-CLIO. p. 9. 2093:Cite journal requires 1919:Violence against women 1804:international students 1782:International students 1720:University of Illinois 1671:Secretary of Education 1665:On 22 September 2017, 1566:Christina Hoff Sommers 1311: 1235:In the United States, 1212: 1128: 950:hostility toward women 635:Rape and revenge films 593:Military sexual trauma 449:Sierra Leone Civil War 8149:Campus sexual assault 7309:10.32674/jis.v3i1.522 7108:"TAB_curricuulum.pdf" 5517:. NPR. Archived from 5513:Harrison, Elizabeth. 5292:endsexualviolence.org 4040:10.1300/J082v51n03_04 1638:University of Houston 1453:and president of the 1415:In 2019, students at 1306: 1207: 1118: 1033:Further information: 771:A 2007 survey by the 745:Campus sexual assault 680:Sexual trauma therapy 552:Sexual consent in law 527:Marry-your-rapist law 407:Occupation of Germany 218:Effects and aftermath 132:Drug-facilitated rape 8051:Rape trauma syndrome 7857:Cybersex trafficking 7388:10.1891/VV-2022-0035 7376:Violence and Victims 6867:860 F.3d 767 5570:. Minding the Campus 5400:The Washington Times 5321:Our Bodies Ourselves 3517:Violence and Victims 3290:Swartout, Kevin M.; 3239:Violence and Victims 3203:18 June 2013 at the 3187:on 18 September 2018 2565:. 10 September 2021. 2563:www.bestcolleges.com 2458:on 17 September 2019 2238:on 23 September 2015 1934:Vanderbilt rape case 1924:Violence against men 1862:Bullying in academia 1675:Trump administration 1417:Princeton University 1343:, then a student at 1119:Table from the 2010 1111:Influence of alcohol 885:second-wave feminism 883:approach stems from 493:Israeli–Palestinian 439:Sri Lankan Civil War 420:Liberation of France 238:Rape trauma syndrome 233:Rape crisis movement 127:Cybersex trafficking 8082:Laws regarding rape 7862:Forced prostitution 6819:Washington Examiner 6763:The Washington Post 6687:The Washington Post 6566:. Associated Press. 6437:The Washington Post 6127:Real Clear Politics 5971:The Washington Post 5859:on 18 February 2015 5655:The Huffington Post 5595:The Washington Post 5092:on 20 December 2016 4822:1988NYASA.528..133K 4369:(9752): 1558–1565. 3846:Addictive Behaviors 3645:fivethirtyeight.com 3413:. 27 September 2018 3356:Also available as: 2901:The Washington Post 2739:Behavioral Sciences 2206:Washington Examiner 2045:The Washington Post 1819:According to Pryor 1796:psychological abuse 1606:Brandeis University 1568:who criticized the 1498:Stanford University 1460:In 2014, President 1401:Carleton University 1392:One outside group, 1345:Columbia University 1330:Take Back the Night 1209:Green River College 980:first-year students 960:Victim demographics 598:Preventive measures 228:Pregnancy from rape 197:Unacknowledged rape 157:Live streaming rape 7845:Child prostitution 7835:Child exploitation 7180:Sorenson, Susan B. 6924:The New York Times 6907:. 9 February 2022. 6840:{{{first}}} Note, 6711:. The Boston Globe 6418:The New York Times 6399:The New York Times 5824:Vagianos, Alanna. 5629:The New York Times 5369:"It Just Happened" 5347:The New York Times 5227:10.1037/law0000037 5150:on 28 January 2015 5118:The New York Times 4590:on 16 January 2006 3931:10.1037/vio0000031 3410:The Michigan Daily 2907:on 8 February 2021 2485:. pp. 84–92. 2187:, 14 October 2014. 1880:The Hunting Ground 1873:Duke lacrosse case 1792:sexual harassments 1735:Media and Activism 1642:Due Process Clause 1598:Occidental College 1538:Harvard Law School 1509:Conor Friedersdorf 1312: 1231:Prevention efforts 1213: 1150:is incapacitated. 1129: 926:Liberty University 620:Rape crisis centre 568:Anti-rape movement 542:Rape investigation 110:Child sexual abuse 8136: 8135: 7976:Sexual misconduct 7954:Sexual harassment 7850:Child sex tourism 7840:Child pornography 7743:10.1002/whe.10348 7575:978-0-313-32516-8 7440:978-1-315-52269-2 6184:The New York Post 6043:National Archives 6020:National Archives 5952:National Archives 5008:978-0-19-542166-8 4554:(25): 1892–1898. 4500:on 8 October 2019 4452:Abbey, A (2002). 4266:10.1111/dar.12385 4163:(17): 3133–3145. 3390:978-0-02-903715-7 3093:(12): 1313–1322. 2752:10.3390/bs8080069 2519:978-0-7637-6592-7 2492:978-1-4129-7446-2 1788:domestic violence 1587:Xavier University 1304: 1205: 1125:harmful to others 978:, prior victims, 858:Stuart Taylor Jr. 742: 741: 670:Sexual harassment 382:Armenian genocide 202:Rape by deception 100:Acquaintance rape 78: 77: 70: 8166: 8126: 8125: 7820:Bride kidnapping 7799: 7792: 7785: 7776: 7775: 7770: 7747: 7745: 7720: 7681: 7655: 7645: 7610: 7609: 7601: 7595: 7594: 7586: 7580: 7579: 7563: 7553: 7547: 7546: 7510: 7504: 7503: 7474: 7465: 7464: 7458: 7450: 7449: 7447: 7423:Sexual Offending 7414: 7408: 7407: 7367: 7361: 7360: 7337:Higher Education 7328: 7322: 7321: 7311: 7287: 7281: 7280: 7240: 7234: 7233: 7199: 7176: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7165: 7156:. Archived from 7146: 7140: 7139: 7137: 7135: 7121: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7104: 7098: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7079: 7073: 7072: 7032: 7026: 7025: 6993: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6967: 6961: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6941: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6915: 6909: 6908: 6897: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6876: 6870: 6864: 6858: 6852: 6851: 6845: 6837: 6831: 6830: 6828: 6826: 6809: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6798: 6781: 6775: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6753: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6742: 6727: 6721: 6720: 6718: 6716: 6704: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6678: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6656: 6650: 6649: 6647: 6645: 6628: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6617: 6602: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6584:Business Insider 6574: 6568: 6567: 6559: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6548: 6533: 6527: 6526: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6495: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6454: 6448: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6428: 6422: 6421: 6409: 6403: 6402: 6390: 6384: 6383: 6381: 6379: 6364: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6353: 6347: 6340: 6331: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6320: 6309: 6303: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6287: 6281: 6280: 6278: 6276: 6259: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6239:. Archived from 6228: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6202: 6196: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6174: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6145: 6130: 6117: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6091:. Archived from 6079: 6065: 6062:Inside Higher Ed 6053: 6047: 6046: 6030: 6024: 6023: 6007: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5962: 5956: 5955: 5949: 5947: 5941: 5930: 5922: 5916: 5915: 5903: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5875: 5869: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5858: 5851: 5843: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5821: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5798: 5792: 5791: 5789: 5787: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5734:. Archived from 5723: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5672: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5661: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5620: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5589:Anderson, Nick. 5586: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5575: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5552: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5484: 5475: 5474: 5458: 5452: 5451: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5418: 5412: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5390: 5384: 5383: 5381: 5379: 5373:Inside Higher Ed 5364: 5358: 5357: 5355: 5353: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5329: 5327: 5312: 5303: 5302: 5300: 5298: 5284: 5278: 5277: 5264: 5258: 5257: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5233: 5212: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5186: 5177: 5176: 5174: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5157: 5155: 5146:. Archived from 5136: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5091: 5085:. Archived from 5078: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5019: 5013: 5012: 4994: 4988: 4987: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4899: 4893: 4892: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4788: 4748: 4742: 4741: 4734: 4728: 4727: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4701: 4695: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4675: 4669: 4668: 4664:Business Insider 4655: 4649: 4648: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4586:. Archived from 4580: 4574: 4573: 4563: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4516: 4510: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4499: 4493:. Archived from 4484: 4458: 4449: 4440: 4439: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4378: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4318:(9): 1177–1196. 4306: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4285: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4188: 4148: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4119: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4102: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4023: 4014: 4013: 4003: 3963: 3954: 3953: 3943: 3933: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3869: 3837: 3831: 3830: 3813:(3/4): 221–238. 3802: 3796: 3793: 3787: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3715: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3679: 3677: 3671:Inside Higher Ed 3662: 3656: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3611: 3605: 3604: 3596: 3587: 3584: 3578: 3563: 3557: 3556: 3512: 3503: 3502: 3484: 3478: 3477: 3459: 3448: 3447: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3401: 3395: 3394: 3374: 3365: 3350: 3334: 3328: 3327: 3317: 3287: 3281: 3270: 3234: 3228: 3227: 3213: 3207: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3186: 3171: 3162: 3156: 3155: 3117: 3111: 3110: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3065: 3059: 3058: 3024: 3018: 3017: 2986: 2980: 2976: 2938: 2917: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2903:. Archived from 2892: 2886: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2858: 2856: 2842: 2836: 2835: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2789: 2783: 2782: 2772: 2754: 2730: 2724: 2723: 2700:Deviant Behavior 2695: 2686: 2685: 2683: 2681: 2658: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2632: 2621: 2620: 2576: 2567: 2566: 2555: 2549: 2548: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2503: 2497: 2496: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2457: 2451:. Archived from 2446: 2432: 2426: 2425: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2367: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2302: 2296: 2295: 2256: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2234:. Archived from 2232:The News Journal 2222: 2197: 2188: 2184:The Boston Globe 2175: 2166: 2165: 2158: 2147: 2146: 2130: 2124: 2123: 2121: 2112: 2103: 2102: 2096: 2091: 2089: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2071: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2035: 2029: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2018: 2010: 1999: 1998: 1996: 1994: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1971: 1969: 1954: 1903:A Rape on Campus 1856: 1851: 1850: 1713:College programs 1707:Janet Napolitano 1688: 1612:In June 2015 an 1464:established the 1377:UC Santa Barbara 1355:Brown University 1305: 1246:Against Our Will 1206: 1059:Disclosure rates 989: 734: 727: 720: 704: 703: 630:Rape pornography 615:Anti-rape device 573:Bodily integrity 560:Related articles 479:Syrian civil war 459:Rwandan genocide 429:Kashmir conflict 395:Italian campaign 373:During conflicts 334:Papua New Guinea 253:Weinstein effect 223:Factors involved 80: 79: 73: 66: 62: 59: 53: 29: 28: 21: 8174: 8173: 8169: 8168: 8167: 8165: 8164: 8163: 8139: 8138: 8137: 8132: 8120: 8112: 8091: 8065: 8013: 8007: 7991:Sexual violence 7981:Sexual predator 7969:in the military 7949:Sexual grooming 7944:Sexual bullying 7934:Sex trafficking 7808: 7803: 7773: 7688:Social Problems 7672:(9–10): 26–27. 7618: 7616:Further reading 7613: 7602: 7598: 7587: 7583: 7576: 7554: 7550: 7511: 7507: 7475: 7468: 7452: 7451: 7445: 7443: 7441: 7415: 7411: 7368: 7364: 7329: 7325: 7288: 7284: 7241: 7237: 7197:10.1.1.687.3064 7177: 7173: 7163: 7161: 7148: 7147: 7143: 7133: 7131: 7123: 7122: 7118: 7110: 7106: 7105: 7101: 7091: 7089: 7081: 7080: 7076: 7033: 7029: 6994: 6990: 6980: 6978: 6968: 6964: 6954: 6952: 6942: 6938: 6928: 6926: 6916: 6912: 6899: 6898: 6894: 6884: 6882: 6878: 6877: 6873: 6860: 6859: 6855: 6850:634 (2017). 6838: 6834: 6824: 6822: 6810: 6806: 6796: 6794: 6782: 6778: 6768: 6766: 6754: 6750: 6740: 6738: 6728: 6724: 6714: 6712: 6705: 6701: 6691: 6689: 6679: 6675: 6665: 6663: 6657: 6653: 6643: 6641: 6629: 6625: 6615: 6613: 6603: 6599: 6589: 6587: 6575: 6571: 6560: 6556: 6546: 6544: 6535: 6534: 6530: 6523: 6507: 6503: 6493: 6491: 6481: 6477: 6467: 6465: 6455: 6451: 6441: 6439: 6429: 6425: 6410: 6406: 6391: 6387: 6377: 6375: 6366: 6365: 6361: 6351: 6349: 6345: 6338: 6332: 6328: 6318: 6316: 6310: 6306: 6296: 6294: 6288: 6284: 6274: 6272: 6260: 6256: 6246: 6244: 6243:on 22 July 2015 6229: 6225: 6215: 6213: 6203: 6199: 6189: 6187: 6175: 6171: 6159: 6157: 6148: 6098: 6096: 6066:Other Sources: 6054: 6050: 6031: 6027: 6008: 6004: 5994: 5992: 5990:Huffington Post 5982: 5978: 5963: 5959: 5945: 5943: 5939: 5928: 5924: 5923: 5919: 5904: 5900: 5890: 5888: 5876: 5872: 5862: 5860: 5856: 5849: 5845: 5844: 5840: 5830: 5828: 5822: 5818: 5808: 5806: 5799: 5795: 5785: 5783: 5777: 5773: 5763: 5761: 5755: 5751: 5741: 5739: 5738:on 8 March 2018 5724: 5720: 5710: 5708: 5701: 5697: 5687: 5685: 5673: 5669: 5659: 5657: 5647: 5643: 5633: 5631: 5621: 5617: 5607: 5605: 5587: 5583: 5573: 5571: 5564: 5560: 5550: 5548: 5538: 5534: 5524: 5522: 5511: 5507: 5497: 5495: 5493:The Daily Beast 5485: 5478: 5459: 5455: 5444: 5440: 5430: 5428: 5420: 5419: 5415: 5405: 5403: 5391: 5387: 5377: 5375: 5365: 5361: 5351: 5349: 5339: 5335: 5325: 5323: 5313: 5306: 5296: 5294: 5286: 5285: 5281: 5276:. 16 July 2013. 5273:Daily Nebraskan 5266: 5265: 5261: 5256:. 16 July 2013. 5246: 5245: 5241: 5231: 5229: 5210: 5204: 5200: 5192: 5188: 5187: 5180: 5172: 5168: 5167: 5163: 5153: 5151: 5138: 5137: 5133: 5123: 5121: 5109: 5105: 5095: 5093: 5089: 5076: 5072: 5071: 5067: 5057: 5055: 5045: 5041: 5031: 5029: 5021: 5020: 5016: 5009: 4995: 4991: 4951: 4947: 4900: 4896: 4865: 4861: 4806: 4802: 4749: 4745: 4736: 4735: 4731: 4724:The Daily Beast 4716: 4712: 4707:. 22 July 2015. 4703: 4702: 4698: 4688: 4686: 4685:on 19 July 2014 4677: 4676: 4672: 4657: 4656: 4652: 4637: 4633: 4623: 4621: 4620:on 30 July 2014 4608: 4607: 4603: 4593: 4591: 4582: 4581: 4577: 4540: 4536: 4517: 4513: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4456: 4450: 4443: 4412: 4408: 4376:10.1.1.690.1283 4359: 4355: 4307: 4303: 4293: 4291: 4286: 4249: 4245: 4206: 4202: 4149: 4142: 4132: 4130: 4120: 4116: 4110: 4106: 4067: 4063: 4024: 4017: 3964: 3957: 3910: 3906: 3887: 3883: 3852:(12): 221–238. 3838: 3834: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3790: 3773: 3769: 3727: 3723: 3713: 3711: 3689: 3685: 3675: 3673: 3663: 3659: 3649: 3647: 3637: 3633: 3623: 3621: 3613: 3612: 3608: 3597: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3564: 3560: 3513: 3506: 3499: 3485: 3481: 3474: 3460: 3451: 3444: 3430: 3426: 3416: 3414: 3403: 3402: 3398: 3391: 3375: 3368: 3335: 3331: 3308:(12): 1148–54. 3301:JAMA Pediatrics 3288: 3284: 3279:Wayback Machine 3235: 3231: 3223:Chicago Tribune 3214: 3210: 3205:Wayback Machine 3190: 3188: 3184: 3169: 3163: 3159: 3118: 3114: 3081: 3077: 3066: 3062: 3055: 3025: 3021: 2987: 2983: 2944:Social Problems 2939: 2920: 2910: 2908: 2893: 2889: 2879: 2877: 2869: 2868: 2864: 2854: 2852: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2790: 2786: 2731: 2727: 2696: 2689: 2679: 2677: 2675: 2659: 2652: 2642: 2640: 2633: 2624: 2577: 2570: 2557: 2556: 2552: 2545: 2531: 2527: 2520: 2504: 2500: 2493: 2483:SAGE Publishing 2475: 2471: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2444: 2433: 2429: 2393: 2389: 2374:10.2307/3341255 2365:10.1.1.457.8310 2346: 2342: 2303: 2299: 2257: 2253: 2241: 2239: 2198: 2191: 2176: 2169: 2160: 2159: 2150: 2131: 2127: 2119: 2113: 2106: 2094: 2092: 2083: 2082: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2064: 2060: 2050: 2048: 2036: 2032: 2022: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2011: 2002: 1992: 1990: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1967: 1965: 1962:www.justice.gov 1956: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1909:Safe Campus Act 1852: 1845: 1842: 1833: 1817: 1784: 1751:Online activism 1737: 1715: 1703: 1695: 1686: 1663: 1636:found that the 1614:Amherst College 1582: 1486: 1438: 1375:, a student at 1325: 1308:Minnesota State 1293: 1291: 1285: 1233: 1194: 1192: 1172:Duke University 1113: 1096: 1083: 1070: 1061: 1037: 1031: 987: 972: 962: 914: 909: 907:Characteristics 870: 854: 821: 808: 802: 738: 698: 685:Sexual violence 675:Sexual predator 665:Sex trafficking 660:Sex and the law 650:Rape statistics 588:History of rape 532:Rape shield law 469:Darfur genocide 115:Corrective rape 74: 63: 57: 54: 43: 30: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8172: 8162: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8130: 8128:Law portal 8117: 8114: 8113: 8111: 8110: 8105: 8099: 8097: 8096:Related topics 8093: 8092: 8090: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8073: 8071: 8067: 8066: 8064: 8063: 8061:Victim blaming 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8017: 8015: 8009: 8008: 8006: 8005: 8004: 8003: 7998: 7988: 7986:Sexual slavery 7983: 7978: 7973: 7972: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7939:Sexual assault 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7920: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7874: 7872:Money marriage 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7853: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7830:Child-on-child 7822: 7816: 7814: 7810: 7809: 7802: 7801: 7794: 7787: 7779: 7772: 7771: 7748: 7721: 7695:(4): 483–499. 7682: 7658: 7657: 7656: 7636:(1): 311–333. 7617: 7614: 7612: 7611: 7596: 7581: 7574: 7548: 7505: 7486:(5): 509–534. 7466: 7439: 7409: 7362: 7343:(3): 381–409. 7323: 7282: 7235: 7190:(3): 394–416. 7171: 7160:on 14 May 2017 7141: 7116: 7099: 7074: 7047:(8): 639–650. 7027: 7008:(3): 220–232. 6988: 6962: 6936: 6910: 6892: 6871: 6853: 6832: 6804: 6776: 6748: 6722: 6699: 6673: 6651: 6623: 6597: 6569: 6554: 6528: 6522:978-0062657862 6521: 6501: 6475: 6449: 6423: 6404: 6385: 6374:on 6 June 2016 6359: 6348:on 2 June 2014 6326: 6304: 6282: 6254: 6223: 6197: 6169: 6167: 6166: 6146: 6131: 6118: 6105: 6095:on 7 July 2014 6080: 6048: 6039:whitehouse.gov 6025: 6016:whitehouse.gov 6002: 5976: 5957: 5935:. April 2014. 5933:whitehouse.gov 5917: 5898: 5870: 5838: 5816: 5805:. The Atlantic 5793: 5771: 5749: 5718: 5695: 5682:Ottawa Citizen 5667: 5641: 5615: 5581: 5558: 5532: 5521:on 22 May 2015 5505: 5476: 5453: 5438: 5413: 5385: 5359: 5333: 5304: 5279: 5259: 5239: 5198: 5178: 5161: 5131: 5103: 5065: 5039: 5027:knowyourix.org 5014: 5007: 4989: 4962:(9): 865–889. 4945: 4910:(8): 973–993. 4894: 4859: 4800: 4763:(5): 813–823. 4743: 4729: 4710: 4696: 4670: 4650: 4631: 4601: 4575: 4534: 4511: 4467:(2): 118–128. 4441: 4422:(2): 167–195. 4406: 4353: 4301: 4260:(5): 573–579. 4243: 4216:(3): 331–337. 4200: 4140: 4114: 4104: 4077:(8): 374–378. 4061: 4015: 3978:(6): 592–593. 3955: 3924:(1): 101–109. 3904: 3881: 3832: 3797: 3788: 3767: 3740:(3): 394–416. 3721: 3703:(2): 197–205. 3683: 3657: 3631: 3606: 3588: 3579: 3577:, pp. 385–395. 3558: 3523:(3): 302–321. 3504: 3497: 3479: 3472: 3449: 3442: 3424: 3396: 3389: 3366: 3364: 3363: 3329: 3282: 3229: 3218:"Easy targets" 3208: 3157: 3130:(2): 148–162. 3112: 3075: 3060: 3053: 3019: 3000:(9): 865–889. 2981: 2951:(4): 483–499. 2918: 2887: 2862: 2837: 2823: 2784: 2725: 2706:(4): 401–418. 2687: 2673: 2650: 2622: 2568: 2550: 2543: 2525: 2518: 2498: 2491: 2469: 2427: 2408:(3): 464–466. 2387: 2358:(2): 137–159. 2340: 2313:(4): 549–576. 2297: 2251: 2249: 2248: 2223: 2199:Schow, Ashe, " 2189: 2167: 2148: 2125: 2104: 2095:|journal= 2058: 2030: 2000: 1975: 1964:. 23 July 2014 1948: 1946: 1943: 1942: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1876: 1870: 1864: 1858: 1857: 1841: 1838: 1832: 1829: 1816: 1813: 1809:sexual assault 1783: 1780: 1736: 1733: 1714: 1711: 1702: 1696: 1694: 1691: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1650: 1630: 1622: 1618: 1610: 1602: 1581: 1578: 1485: 1482: 1437: 1434: 1409:sexual assault 1405:student unions 1341:Emma Sulkowicz 1324: 1321: 1287:Main article: 1284: 1281: 1232: 1229: 1225:Michael Kimmel 1191: 1188: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1112: 1109: 1095: 1092: 1088:victim-blaming 1082: 1079: 1069: 1066: 1060: 1057: 1030: 1027: 1013:underreporting 961: 958: 913: 910: 908: 905: 869: 866: 853: 850: 820: 817: 804:Main article: 801: 798: 749:sexual assault 740: 739: 737: 736: 729: 722: 714: 711: 710: 709: 708: 706:Law portal 696: 690: 689: 688: 687: 682: 677: 672: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 612: 611: 610: 603:Rape by gender 600: 595: 590: 585: 580: 578:Date rape drug 575: 570: 562: 561: 557: 556: 555: 554: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 516: 515: 509: 508: 507: 506: 505: 504: 499: 491: 486: 481: 476: 471: 466: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 417: 404: 403: 402: 400:Imperial Japan 397: 392: 384: 376: 375: 369: 368: 367: 366: 361: 359:United Kingdom 356: 351: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 306: 301: 296: 291: 286: 278: 277: 273: 272: 271: 270: 265: 260: 255: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 212: 211: 207: 206: 205: 204: 199: 194: 192:Statutory rape 189: 187:Sexual assault 184: 179: 174: 169: 164: 159: 154: 149: 147:Genocidal rape 144: 139: 134: 129: 124: 123: 122: 112: 107: 102: 94: 93: 87: 86: 76: 75: 40:of the subject 38:worldwide view 33: 31: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8171: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8146: 8144: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8118: 8115: 8109: 8106: 8104: 8101: 8100: 8098: 8094: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8074: 8072: 8068: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8018: 8016: 8010: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7993: 7992: 7989: 7987: 7984: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7956: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7918: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7903: 7900: 7898: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7879: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7827: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7817: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7800: 7795: 7793: 7788: 7786: 7781: 7780: 7777: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7755: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7722: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7698: 7694: 7690: 7689: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7666: 7665:Off Our Backs 7660: 7659: 7653: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7619: 7607: 7600: 7592: 7585: 7577: 7571: 7567: 7562: 7561: 7552: 7544: 7540: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7509: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7473: 7471: 7462: 7456: 7442: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7424: 7420: 7413: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7366: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7327: 7319: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7286: 7278: 7274: 7270: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7246: 7239: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7175: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7145: 7130: 7126: 7120: 7109: 7103: 7088: 7084: 7078: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7054: 7050: 7046: 7042: 7038: 7031: 7023: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6999: 6992: 6977: 6973: 6966: 6951: 6947: 6940: 6925: 6921: 6914: 6906: 6902: 6896: 6881: 6875: 6868: 6863: 6857: 6849: 6848:Harv. L. Rev. 6844: 6836: 6821: 6820: 6815: 6808: 6793: 6792: 6787: 6780: 6765: 6764: 6759: 6752: 6737: 6733: 6726: 6710: 6703: 6688: 6684: 6677: 6662: 6659:Moore, Mary. 6655: 6640: 6639: 6634: 6627: 6612: 6608: 6601: 6586: 6585: 6580: 6573: 6565: 6558: 6543:. 15 May 2014 6542: 6538: 6532: 6524: 6518: 6514: 6513: 6505: 6490: 6486: 6479: 6464: 6460: 6459:"The Accused" 6453: 6438: 6434: 6427: 6419: 6415: 6408: 6400: 6396: 6389: 6373: 6369: 6363: 6344: 6337: 6330: 6315: 6308: 6293: 6286: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6258: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6227: 6212: 6208: 6201: 6186: 6185: 6180: 6173: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6106: 6094: 6090: 6086: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6068: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6052: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6029: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6006: 5991: 5987: 5980: 5972: 5968: 5961: 5953: 5938: 5934: 5927: 5921: 5913: 5909: 5902: 5887: 5886: 5881: 5874: 5855: 5848: 5842: 5827: 5820: 5804: 5797: 5782: 5779:Kang, Jimin. 5775: 5760: 5757:Fink, Jenni. 5753: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5722: 5706: 5699: 5684: 5683: 5678: 5671: 5656: 5652: 5645: 5630: 5626: 5619: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5592: 5585: 5569: 5562: 5547: 5543: 5536: 5520: 5516: 5509: 5494: 5490: 5483: 5481: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5457: 5449: 5442: 5427: 5423: 5417: 5402: 5401: 5396: 5389: 5374: 5370: 5363: 5348: 5344: 5337: 5322: 5318: 5311: 5309: 5293: 5289: 5283: 5275: 5274: 5269: 5263: 5255: 5254: 5249: 5243: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5209: 5202: 5191: 5185: 5183: 5171: 5165: 5149: 5145: 5144:Cleryact.info 5141: 5135: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5107: 5088: 5084: 5083: 5075: 5069: 5054: 5050: 5043: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5010: 5004: 5000: 4993: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4949: 4941: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4863: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4811: 4804: 4796: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4747: 4739: 4733: 4725: 4721: 4714: 4706: 4700: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4666: 4665: 4660: 4654: 4646: 4642: 4635: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4589: 4585: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4538: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4515: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4462: 4455: 4448: 4446: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4410: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4357: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4305: 4289: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4247: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4204: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4147: 4145: 4129: 4125: 4118: 4108: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4022: 4020: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3960: 3951: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3908: 3900: 3896: 3895:Echo Magazine 3892: 3885: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3836: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3801: 3792: 3785: 3784:0-13-170350-1 3781: 3777: 3771: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3725: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3687: 3672: 3668: 3661: 3646: 3642: 3635: 3620: 3619:Union College 3616: 3610: 3602: 3601:College Crime 3595: 3593: 3583: 3576: 3575:0-13-170350-1 3572: 3568: 3562: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3511: 3509: 3500: 3498:9780737775617 3494: 3490: 3483: 3475: 3473:9780737775617 3469: 3465: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3445: 3443:9780737775617 3439: 3435: 3428: 3412: 3411: 3406: 3400: 3392: 3386: 3382: 3381: 3373: 3371: 3362: 3360: 3355: 3354: 3353: 3348: 3344: 3340: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3302: 3297: 3293: 3292:Koss, Mary P. 3286: 3280: 3276: 3273: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3233: 3225: 3224: 3219: 3212: 3206: 3202: 3199: 3198:Original pdf. 3183: 3179: 3175: 3168: 3161: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3124: 3116: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3087: 3079: 3071: 3064: 3056: 3054:9780803970274 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3023: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2994: 2985: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2945: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2891: 2876: 2872: 2866: 2851: 2850:www.rainn.org 2847: 2841: 2833: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2788: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2729: 2721: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2694: 2692: 2676: 2674:9780309297370 2670: 2666: 2665: 2657: 2655: 2638: 2631: 2629: 2627: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2587:(3): 159–69. 2586: 2582: 2575: 2573: 2564: 2560: 2554: 2546: 2544:9781452210483 2540: 2536: 2529: 2521: 2515: 2511: 2510: 2502: 2494: 2488: 2484: 2480: 2473: 2454: 2450: 2443: 2442: 2437: 2431: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2402: 2397: 2396:Gavey, Nicola 2391: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2352: 2344: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2301: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2255: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2210: 2208: 2207: 2202: 2196: 2194: 2186: 2185: 2180: 2174: 2172: 2163: 2157: 2155: 2153: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2129: 2118: 2111: 2109: 2100: 2087: 2068: 2062: 2047: 2046: 2041: 2034: 2015: 2009: 2007: 2005: 1989: 1985: 1979: 1963: 1959: 1953: 1949: 1940: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1929:Campus Police 1927: 1925: 1922: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1904: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1855: 1849: 1844: 1837: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1812: 1810: 1805: 1801: 1798:and physical 1797: 1793: 1789: 1779: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1761: 1755: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1741: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1721: 1710: 1708: 1700: 1690: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1550: 1546: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1531: 1525: 1523: 1517: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1481: 1478: 1473: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1458: 1456: 1452: 1447: 1443: 1440:In 2011, the 1433: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1390: 1388: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1373:Chanel Miller 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1351: 1346: 1342: 1337: 1335: 1331: 1320: 1316: 1309: 1290: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1268: 1265: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1250: 1248: 1247: 1241: 1238: 1228: 1226: 1221: 1217: 1210: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1173: 1165: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1133: 1126: 1122: 1117: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1091: 1089: 1078: 1074: 1065: 1056: 1054: 1050: 1044: 1042: 1036: 1026: 1023: 1017: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 994: 991: 985: 981: 977: 971: 967: 957: 955: 951: 947: 943: 937: 935: 929: 927: 922: 919: 904: 900: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 877: 873: 865: 863: 859: 849: 845: 843: 839: 833: 829: 825: 816: 812: 807: 797: 793: 790: 785: 780: 779: 774: 769: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 735: 730: 728: 723: 721: 716: 715: 713: 712: 707: 702: 697: 694: 693: 692: 691: 686: 683: 681: 678: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 656: 653: 651: 648: 646: 645:Rape schedule 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 609: 608:Rape of males 606: 605: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 565: 564: 563: 559: 558: 553: 550: 548: 545: 543: 540: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 519: 518: 517: 514: 511: 510: 503: 500: 498: 495: 494: 492: 490: 487: 485: 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 470: 467: 465: 462: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 425: 421: 418: 416: 412: 408: 405: 401: 398: 396: 393: 391: 390:Eastern Front 388: 387: 386:World War II 385: 383: 380: 379: 378: 377: 374: 371: 370: 365: 364:United States 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 335: 332: 330: 327: 325: 322: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 290: 287: 285: 282: 281: 280: 279: 275: 274: 269: 266: 264: 261: 259: 256: 254: 251: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 215: 214: 213: 209: 208: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 188: 185: 183: 180: 178: 175: 173: 170: 168: 165: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 138: 135: 133: 130: 128: 125: 121: 118: 117: 116: 113: 111: 108: 106: 103: 101: 98: 97: 96: 95: 92: 89: 88: 85: 82: 81: 72: 69: 61: 51: 47: 46:improve this 41: 39: 32: 23: 22: 19: 8046:Rape culture 8012:Sociological 7959:in education 7929:Revenge porn 7881: 7806:Sexual abuse 7758: 7752: 7733: 7729: 7692: 7686: 7669: 7663: 7633: 7627: 7599: 7584: 7559: 7551: 7518: 7514: 7508: 7483: 7479: 7444:, retrieved 7422: 7412: 7382:(1): 77–94. 7379: 7375: 7365: 7340: 7336: 7326: 7302:(1): 72–75. 7299: 7295: 7285: 7252: 7248: 7238: 7187: 7183: 7174: 7162:. Retrieved 7158:the original 7153: 7144: 7132:. Retrieved 7128: 7119: 7102: 7090:. Retrieved 7087:www.jccc.edu 7086: 7077: 7044: 7040: 7037:Sorenson, SB 7035:Thomas, KA; 7030: 7005: 7001: 6997: 6991: 6979:. Retrieved 6975: 6965: 6953:. Retrieved 6949: 6939: 6929:24 September 6927:. Retrieved 6923: 6913: 6904: 6895: 6883:. Retrieved 6874: 6861: 6856: 6835: 6823:. Retrieved 6817: 6807: 6795:. Retrieved 6789: 6779: 6767:. Retrieved 6761: 6751: 6739:. Retrieved 6735: 6725: 6713:. Retrieved 6702: 6690:. Retrieved 6686: 6676: 6664:. Retrieved 6654: 6642:. Retrieved 6636: 6626: 6614:. Retrieved 6610: 6600: 6588:. Retrieved 6582: 6572: 6557: 6545:. Retrieved 6540: 6531: 6511: 6504: 6492:. Retrieved 6488: 6478: 6466:. Retrieved 6462: 6452: 6440:. Retrieved 6436: 6426: 6417: 6407: 6398: 6388: 6376:. Retrieved 6372:the original 6362: 6350:. Retrieved 6343:the original 6329: 6317:. Retrieved 6307: 6295:. Retrieved 6285: 6273:. Retrieved 6269:The Atlantic 6267: 6257: 6245:. Retrieved 6241:the original 6236: 6226: 6214:. Retrieved 6210: 6200: 6188:. Retrieved 6182: 6172: 6158:. Retrieved 6153: 6139: 6126: 6113: 6097:. Retrieved 6093:the original 6089:Philadelphia 6088: 6075: 6061: 6051: 6041:– via 6028: 6018:– via 6005: 5993:. Retrieved 5989: 5979: 5970: 5960: 5950:– via 5944:. Retrieved 5920: 5911: 5901: 5889:. Retrieved 5883: 5873: 5861:. Retrieved 5854:the original 5841: 5829:. Retrieved 5819: 5807:. Retrieved 5796: 5784:. Retrieved 5774: 5762:. Retrieved 5752: 5740:. Retrieved 5736:the original 5731: 5721: 5709:. Retrieved 5698: 5686:. Retrieved 5680: 5670: 5658:. Retrieved 5654: 5644: 5632:. Retrieved 5628: 5618: 5606:. Retrieved 5594: 5584: 5572:. Retrieved 5561: 5549:. Retrieved 5545: 5535: 5523:. Retrieved 5519:the original 5508: 5496:. Retrieved 5492: 5462: 5456: 5447: 5441: 5429:. Retrieved 5425: 5416: 5404:. Retrieved 5398: 5388: 5376:. Retrieved 5372: 5362: 5350:. Retrieved 5346: 5336: 5324:. Retrieved 5320: 5295:. Retrieved 5291: 5282: 5271: 5262: 5251: 5242: 5230:. Retrieved 5218: 5214: 5201: 5164: 5152:. Retrieved 5148:the original 5143: 5134: 5122:. Retrieved 5116: 5106: 5094:. Retrieved 5087:the original 5080: 5068: 5056:. Retrieved 5052: 5042: 5030:. Retrieved 5026: 5017: 4998: 4992: 4959: 4955: 4948: 4907: 4903: 4897: 4872: 4868: 4862: 4813: 4809: 4803: 4760: 4756: 4746: 4732: 4723: 4713: 4699: 4687:. Retrieved 4683:the original 4673: 4662: 4653: 4644: 4634: 4622:. Retrieved 4618:the original 4613: 4604: 4592:. Retrieved 4588:the original 4578: 4551: 4547: 4537: 4528: 4524: 4514: 4502:. Retrieved 4495:the original 4464: 4460: 4419: 4415: 4409: 4366: 4362: 4356: 4315: 4311: 4304: 4292:. Retrieved 4257: 4253: 4246: 4213: 4209: 4203: 4160: 4156: 4131:. Retrieved 4128:Live Science 4127: 4117: 4107: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4034:(3): 53–69. 4031: 4027: 3975: 3971: 3921: 3917: 3907: 3898: 3894: 3884: 3849: 3845: 3835: 3810: 3806: 3800: 3791: 3786:pp. 397–407. 3775: 3770: 3737: 3733: 3730:Sorenson, SB 3724: 3712:. Retrieved 3700: 3696: 3686: 3674:. Retrieved 3670: 3660: 3648:. Retrieved 3644: 3634: 3622:. Retrieved 3609: 3600: 3582: 3566: 3561: 3520: 3516: 3488: 3482: 3463: 3433: 3427: 3417:19 September 3415:. Retrieved 3408: 3399: 3379: 3358: 3346: 3342: 3332: 3305: 3299: 3285: 3245:(1): 73–84. 3242: 3238: 3232: 3221: 3211: 3189:. Retrieved 3182:the original 3177: 3173: 3160: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3090: 3084: 3078: 3069: 3063: 3032: 3022: 2997: 2991: 2984: 2948: 2942: 2909:. Retrieved 2905:the original 2900: 2890: 2878:. Retrieved 2874: 2865: 2853:. Retrieved 2849: 2840: 2826: 2804:(2): 55–66. 2801: 2797: 2787: 2742: 2738: 2728: 2703: 2699: 2678:. Retrieved 2663: 2641:. Retrieved 2584: 2580: 2562: 2553: 2534: 2528: 2508: 2501: 2478: 2472: 2460:. Retrieved 2453:the original 2440: 2430: 2405: 2399: 2390: 2355: 2349: 2343: 2310: 2306: 2300: 2292: 2264: 2260: 2254: 2240:. Retrieved 2236:the original 2231: 2219:Philadelphia 2218: 2204: 2182: 2142: 2138: 2128: 2086:cite journal 2074:. Retrieved 2061: 2051:22 September 2049:. Retrieved 2043: 2033: 2021:. Retrieved 1993:22 September 1991:. Retrieved 1987: 1984:"Statistics" 1978: 1966:. Retrieved 1961: 1952: 1878: 1834: 1824: 1820: 1818: 1785: 1768: 1764: 1756: 1748: 1744: 1738: 1729: 1725: 1716: 1704: 1683: 1664: 1591: 1583: 1562:Laura Kipnis 1551: 1547: 1535: 1530:victim blame 1526: 1518: 1504:The Atlantic 1502: 1491: 1487: 1474: 1462:Barack Obama 1459: 1439: 1425:social media 1414: 1398: 1391: 1386:Know My Name 1384: 1381:Brock Turner 1371: 1348: 1338: 1326: 1317: 1313: 1277: 1272:Know Your IX 1269: 1266: 1262: 1251: 1244: 1242: 1234: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1169: 1152: 1136:at point of 1134: 1130: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1084: 1081:Risk factors 1075: 1071: 1062: 1049:heterosexism 1045: 1038: 1018: 1010: 995: 992: 973: 938: 930: 923: 916:Research by 915: 901: 881:rape culture 878: 874: 871: 868:Explanations 855: 846: 834: 830: 826: 822: 813: 809: 794: 776: 770: 751:, including 744: 743: 640:Rape fantasy 497:By Palestine 422: / 413: / 409: / 349:South Africa 344:Saudi Arabia 268:Rape culture 182:Sexual abuse 162:Marital rape 120:LGBT victims 104: 64: 58:October 2022 55: 35: 18: 7761:: 116–124. 7521:: 103–120. 7446:20 November 7255:(1): 6–32. 7154:www.luc.edu 7129:web.mit.edu 6611:TheFire.org 6237:TheFire.org 6154:thefire.org 5891:11 December 5831:18 November 5786:18 November 5764:18 November 5367:New, Jake. 5297:10 December 5058:11 December 5032:10 December 4594:26 February 4531:(3): 34–52. 3901:(8): 52–53. 3676:27 December 3665:New, Jake. 3650:26 December 3035:. pp. 2911:12 December 2076:27 November 1667:Betsy DeVos 1558:Cathy Young 1554:moral panic 1470:ARC3 Survey 1394:UltraViolet 1367:due process 1121:DrugScience 1002:transgender 984:intoxicated 976:white women 944:and low on 918:David Lisak 655:Rape threat 454:Bosnian War 434:Vietnam War 339:Philippines 284:Afghanistan 177:Serial rape 167:Prison rape 105:Campus rape 8159:Sex crimes 8143:Categories 8021:Aggression 7996:Statistics 6885:25 October 6736:Reason.com 6489:Reason.com 6160:3 February 5995:22 January 5863:24 January 5809:2 February 5707:. CBC News 5326:3 November 5221:(1): 1–9. 5154:24 January 4875:(2): 151. 4290:. NBC News 3361:. Paper 8. 3349:(1): 1–10. 3191:2 November 2643:15 January 2462:10 January 2267:(4): 565. 1945:References 1892:Rape chant 1854:Law portal 1760:rape myths 1731:intended. 1507:magazine, 1138:forced sex 1041:non-binary 1022:rape myths 964:See also: 954:rape myths 942:narcissism 934:fraternity 889:normalized 761:university 484:Tigray war 464:Congo Wars 276:By country 172:Rape chant 7912:Statutory 7652:200014058 7500:145677074 7396:0886-6708 7357:0018-1560 7318:2166-3750 7277:229402891 7269:1066-2316 7214:0886-2605 7192:CiteSeerX 7022:146794901 6825:14 August 6797:14 August 5732:rabble.ca 5608:28 August 5603:0190-8286 4984:144942840 4976:0886-2605 4924:0886-2605 4889:144252325 4838:0077-8923 4777:0004-0002 4614:Indy Week 4436:0736-7236 4371:CiteSeerX 4332:0886-2605 4274:0959-5236 4177:0886-2605 3992:2045-7960 3827:151525298 3807:Sex Roles 3553:208558153 3107:145183438 3014:144942840 2761:2076-328X 2745:(8): 69. 2720:147081204 2680:9 January 2601:1524-8380 2360:CiteSeerX 2023:1 January 1869:, pending 1831:Education 1679:mediation 1484:Criticism 1477:Joe Biden 1419:staged a 1190:Attitudes 996:The 2015 897:sexuality 852:Criticism 819:Reporting 625:Rape myth 502:By Israel 152:Gray rape 142:Gang rape 137:Date rape 50:talk page 8041:Misogyny 8036:Misandry 8014:theories 7917:Of males 7907:By proxy 7678:20837660 7543:22439405 7535:17189501 7455:citation 7404:36717193 7222:24128425 7061:27471816 6905:BBC News 6547:12 March 6463:BuzzFeed 6442:24 April 5937:Archived 5885:Newsweek 5660:19 April 5634:24 April 5574:22 April 5551:22 April 5525:22 April 5498:19 April 5406:2 August 5378:2 August 5352:2 August 5124:19 April 4940:24516725 4932:17709805 4854:20521569 4795:22618119 4689:2 August 4624:2 August 4570:10601509 4491:12022717 4393:21036393 4348:33132616 4340:18319370 4294:20 April 4282:27189144 4238:10515422 4230:18980890 4195:25395226 4091:16907699 4056:23781746 4048:17135115 4010:30977458 3950:28451465 3876:20692771 3754:24128425 3709:21653264 3549:ProQuest 3545:30026107 3537:19634358 3324:26168230 3275:Archived 3259:11991158 3201:Archived 3152:13110688 3144:12295456 2779:30072605 2617:29919847 2609:24488114 2438:(2011). 2327:28375675 2281:28375675 1968:24 March 1840:See also 1802:. Women 1800:assaults 1701:response 1646:Title IX 1609:reached. 1580:Lawsuits 1446:Title IX 1429:Title IX 1412:levels. 1334:SlutWalk 1237:Title IX 1053:cisexism 800:Measures 547:Rape kit 329:Pakistan 44:You may 7897:Marital 7717:1439339 7230:8130347 7069:3816453 6950:TheHill 6769:22 July 6741:24 July 6715:24 July 6692:24 July 6666:22 July 6644:22 July 6638:Esquire 6616:22 July 6590:22 July 6494:8 April 6468:24 July 6352:24 June 6319:24 July 6297:24 July 6275:24 July 6247:22 July 6216:24 July 6190:22 July 5742:8 March 5711:8 March 5688:8 March 5471:2300699 5232:6 April 5053:Vox.com 4846:3421588 4818:Bibcode 4786:3644531 4504:14 July 4482:4484270 4401:5667719 4186:4777608 4112:Humana. 4099:2336100 4001:6998874 3941:5403162 3867:3006188 3762:8130347 3714:27 July 3267:8401679 2973:1439339 2818:9276349 2770:6115968 2422:2071732 2382:3341255 2335:3853369 2289:3853369 1771:hashtag 1673:in the 1143:college 946:empathy 757:college 747:is the 695:Portals 319:Germany 309:Finland 289:Belgium 7924:Raptio 7902:Prison 7882:Campus 7715: 7707: 7676: 7650: 7572: 7566:77–101 7541: 7533: 7498: 7437: 7402: 7394: 7355: 7316: 7275: 7267: 7228: 7220: 7212: 7194: 7067: 7059: 7020: 6981:12 May 6955:14 May 6865:, 6846:, 131 6519: 6378:10 May 6099:10 May 5946:10 May 5601: 5469: 5431:12 May 5005: 4982: 4974: 4938: 4930: 4922: 4887: 4852: 4844: 4836: 4793: 4783: 4775: 4568: 4489: 4479: 4434: 4399: 4391: 4373: 4363:Lancet 4346: 4338: 4330: 4280: 4272: 4236: 4228: 4193: 4183: 4175: 4133:23 May 4097: 4089: 4054: 4046: 4008: 3998: 3990: 3948: 3938: 3874: 3864: 3825: 3782: 3760: 3752: 3707: 3624:19 May 3573: 3551: 3543: 3535: 3495: 3470: 3440: 3387: 3322: 3265: 3257: 3150: 3142: 3105: 3051: 3037:97–136 3012: 2971: 2963: 2880:21 May 2855:21 May 2816: 2777: 2767: 2759: 2718: 2671: 2615: 2607: 2599: 2541: 2516: 2489: 2420: 2380: 2362: 2333: 2325: 2287: 2279: 2242:10 May 1776:#MeToo 1669:, the 1649:media. 1564:, and 1421:sit-in 893:gender 765:gender 424:Serbia 415:Poland 354:Sweden 314:France 243:Causes 7825:Child 7813:Forms 7713:S2CID 7705:JSTOR 7674:JSTOR 7648:S2CID 7539:S2CID 7496:S2CID 7273:S2CID 7226:S2CID 7164:4 May 7134:4 May 7111:(PDF) 7092:4 May 7065:S2CID 7018:S2CID 6346:(PDF) 6339:(PDF) 5940:(PDF) 5929:(PDF) 5857:(PDF) 5850:(PDF) 5211:(PDF) 5193:(PDF) 5173:(PDF) 5096:2 May 5090:(PDF) 5077:(PDF) 4980:S2CID 4936:S2CID 4885:S2CID 4850:S2CID 4645:Slate 4498:(PDF) 4457:(PDF) 4397:S2CID 4344:S2CID 4234:S2CID 4095:S2CID 4052:S2CID 3823:S2CID 3758:S2CID 3541:S2CID 3263:S2CID 3185:(PDF) 3170:(PDF) 3148:S2CID 3103:S2CID 3010:S2CID 2969:S2CID 2961:JSTOR 2716:S2CID 2613:S2CID 2456:(PDF) 2445:(PDF) 2378:JSTOR 2331:S2CID 2285:S2CID 2120:(PDF) 2070:(PDF) 2017:(PDF) 1825:et al 1821:et al 1740:Media 1522:RAINN 1147:norms 842:RAINN 411:Japan 324:India 304:Egypt 294:China 91:Types 8154:Rape 8070:Laws 7892:Gray 7887:Date 7877:Rape 7570:ISBN 7531:PMID 7519:1087 7461:link 7448:2023 7435:ISBN 7400:PMID 7392:ISSN 7353:ISSN 7314:ISSN 7265:ISSN 7218:PMID 7210:ISSN 7166:2017 7136:2017 7094:2017 7057:PMID 6983:2020 6957:2020 6931:2017 6887:2021 6827:2015 6799:2015 6771:2015 6743:2015 6717:2015 6694:2015 6668:2015 6646:2015 6618:2015 6592:2015 6549:2015 6541:Time 6517:ISBN 6496:2015 6470:2015 6444:2015 6380:2014 6354:2014 6321:2015 6299:2015 6277:2015 6249:2015 6218:2015 6192:2015 6162:2015 6141:Time 6101:2014 5997:2015 5948:2014 5893:2015 5865:2015 5833:2021 5811:2022 5788:2021 5766:2021 5744:2018 5713:2018 5690:2018 5662:2015 5636:2015 5610:2020 5599:ISSN 5576:2015 5553:2015 5527:2015 5500:2015 5467:SSRN 5433:2020 5408:2016 5380:2016 5354:2016 5328:2021 5299:2015 5234:2015 5156:2015 5126:2015 5098:2016 5060:2015 5034:2015 5003:ISBN 4972:ISSN 4928:PMID 4920:ISSN 4842:PMID 4834:ISSN 4791:PMID 4773:ISSN 4691:2014 4626:2014 4596:2011 4566:PMID 4506:2012 4487:PMID 4432:ISSN 4389:PMID 4336:PMID 4328:ISSN 4296:2017 4278:PMID 4270:ISSN 4226:PMID 4191:PMID 4173:ISSN 4135:2017 4087:PMID 4044:PMID 4006:PMID 3988:ISSN 3946:PMID 3872:PMID 3780:ISBN 3750:PMID 3716:2015 3705:PMID 3678:2015 3652:2015 3626:2014 3571:ISBN 3533:PMID 3493:ISBN 3468:ISBN 3438:ISBN 3419:2019 3385:ISBN 3352:Pdf. 3320:PMID 3272:Pdf. 3255:PMID 3193:2015 3140:PMID 3049:ISBN 2978:Pdf. 2913:2015 2882:2021 2857:2021 2814:PMID 2775:PMID 2757:ISSN 2682:2015 2669:ISBN 2645:2015 2605:PMID 2597:ISSN 2539:ISBN 2514:ISBN 2487:ISBN 2464:2015 2418:PMID 2323:PMID 2277:PMID 2244:2014 2145:(1). 2099:help 2078:2015 2053:2015 2025:2015 1995:2021 1970:2017 1769:The 1492:The 1423:and 1365:and 1051:and 1006:TGQN 968:and 895:and 879:The 840:). 753:rape 513:Laws 474:ISIL 84:Rape 8001:War 7763:doi 7738:doi 7697:doi 7638:doi 7523:doi 7488:doi 7427:doi 7384:doi 7345:doi 7304:doi 7257:doi 7202:doi 7049:doi 7010:doi 7000:". 5223:doi 4964:doi 4912:doi 4877:doi 4826:doi 4814:528 4781:PMC 4765:doi 4556:doi 4552:341 4477:PMC 4469:doi 4424:doi 4381:doi 4367:376 4320:doi 4262:doi 4218:doi 4181:PMC 4165:doi 4079:doi 4036:doi 3996:PMC 3980:doi 3936:PMC 3926:doi 3862:PMC 3854:doi 3815:doi 3742:doi 3525:doi 3310:doi 3306:169 3247:doi 3132:doi 3095:doi 3041:doi 3002:doi 2953:doi 2806:doi 2765:PMC 2747:doi 2708:doi 2589:doi 2436:NUS 2410:doi 2370:doi 2315:doi 2269:doi 2203:", 2181:", 2143:166 1644:or 1570:CDC 1512:at 998:AAU 759:or 8145:: 7759:62 7757:. 7734:21 7732:. 7728:. 7711:. 7703:. 7693:53 7691:. 7670:32 7668:. 7646:. 7634:15 7632:. 7626:. 7568:. 7537:. 7529:. 7517:. 7494:. 7484:28 7482:. 7469:^ 7457:}} 7453:{{ 7433:, 7421:, 7398:. 7390:. 7380:38 7378:. 7374:. 7351:. 7341:53 7339:. 7335:. 7312:. 7298:. 7294:. 7271:. 7263:. 7253:46 7251:. 7247:. 7224:. 7216:. 7208:. 7200:. 7188:29 7186:. 7152:. 7127:. 7085:. 7063:. 7055:. 7045:64 7043:. 7016:. 7006:24 7004:. 6974:. 6948:. 6922:. 6903:. 6816:. 6788:. 6760:. 6734:. 6685:. 6635:. 6609:. 6581:. 6539:. 6487:. 6461:. 6435:. 6416:. 6397:. 6266:. 6235:. 6209:. 6181:. 6152:. 6138:. 6125:. 6112:. 6087:. 6074:. 6060:. 6037:. 6014:. 5988:. 5969:. 5931:. 5910:. 5882:. 5730:. 5679:. 5653:. 5627:. 5597:. 5593:. 5544:. 5491:. 5479:^ 5465:. 5424:. 5397:. 5371:. 5345:. 5319:. 5307:^ 5290:. 5270:. 5250:. 5219:21 5217:. 5213:. 5181:^ 5142:. 5115:. 5079:. 5051:. 5025:. 4978:. 4970:. 4960:16 4958:. 4934:. 4926:. 4918:. 4908:22 4906:. 4883:. 4873:18 4871:. 4848:. 4840:. 4832:. 4824:. 4812:. 4789:. 4779:. 4771:. 4761:42 4759:. 4755:. 4722:. 4661:. 4643:. 4612:. 4564:. 4550:. 4546:. 4529:43 4527:. 4523:. 4485:. 4475:. 4465:63 4463:. 4459:. 4444:^ 4430:. 4420:17 4418:. 4395:. 4387:. 4379:. 4365:. 4342:. 4334:. 4326:. 4316:23 4314:. 4276:. 4268:. 4258:35 4256:. 4232:. 4224:. 4214:57 4212:. 4189:. 4179:. 4171:. 4161:30 4159:. 4155:. 4143:^ 4126:. 4093:. 4085:. 4075:18 4073:. 4050:. 4042:. 4032:51 4030:. 4018:^ 4004:. 3994:. 3986:. 3976:28 3974:. 3970:. 3958:^ 3944:. 3934:. 3920:. 3916:. 3899:28 3897:. 3893:. 3870:. 3860:. 3850:35 3848:. 3844:. 3821:. 3811:77 3809:. 3756:. 3748:. 3738:29 3736:. 3701:39 3699:. 3695:. 3669:. 3643:. 3617:. 3591:^ 3547:. 3539:. 3531:. 3521:24 3519:. 3507:^ 3452:^ 3407:. 3369:^ 3347:14 3345:. 3341:. 3318:. 3304:. 3298:. 3261:. 3253:. 3243:17 3241:. 3220:. 3178:14 3176:. 3172:. 3146:. 3138:. 3126:. 3101:. 3091:15 3089:. 3047:. 3039:. 3031:. 3008:. 2998:16 2996:. 2967:. 2959:. 2949:53 2947:. 2921:^ 2899:. 2873:. 2848:. 2812:. 2802:46 2800:. 2796:. 2773:. 2763:. 2755:. 2741:. 2737:. 2714:. 2704:37 2702:. 2690:^ 2653:^ 2625:^ 2611:. 2603:. 2595:. 2585:15 2583:. 2571:^ 2561:. 2481:. 2416:. 2406:59 2404:. 2376:. 2368:. 2356:18 2354:. 2329:. 2321:. 2311:54 2309:. 2291:. 2283:. 2275:. 2265:54 2263:. 2230:. 2217:. 2192:^ 2170:^ 2151:^ 2141:. 2137:. 2107:^ 2090:: 2088:}} 2084:{{ 2042:. 2003:^ 1986:. 1960:. 1794:, 1790:, 1689:" 1560:, 899:. 7798:e 7791:t 7784:v 7769:. 7765:: 7746:. 7740:: 7719:. 7699:: 7680:. 7654:. 7640:: 7608:. 7593:. 7578:. 7545:. 7525:: 7490:: 7463:) 7429:: 7406:. 7386:: 7359:. 7347:: 7320:. 7306:: 7300:3 7279:. 7259:: 7232:. 7204:: 7168:. 7138:. 7113:. 7096:. 7071:. 7051:: 7024:. 7012:: 6985:. 6959:. 6933:. 6889:. 6829:. 6801:. 6773:. 6745:. 6719:. 6696:. 6670:. 6648:. 6620:. 6594:. 6551:. 6525:. 6498:. 6472:. 6446:. 6420:. 6401:. 6382:. 6356:. 6323:. 6301:. 6279:. 6251:. 6220:. 6194:. 6164:. 6144:. 6129:. 6116:. 6103:. 6078:. 6064:. 6045:. 6022:. 5999:. 5973:. 5954:. 5914:. 5895:. 5867:. 5835:. 5813:. 5790:. 5768:. 5746:. 5715:. 5692:. 5664:. 5638:. 5612:. 5578:. 5555:. 5529:. 5502:. 5473:. 5435:. 5410:. 5382:. 5356:. 5330:. 5301:. 5236:. 5225:: 5175:. 5158:. 5128:. 5100:. 5062:. 5036:. 5011:. 4986:. 4966:: 4942:. 4914:: 4891:. 4879:: 4856:. 4828:: 4820:: 4797:. 4767:: 4740:. 4726:. 4693:. 4667:. 4647:. 4628:. 4598:. 4572:. 4558:: 4508:. 4471:: 4438:. 4426:: 4403:. 4383:: 4350:. 4322:: 4298:. 4284:. 4264:: 4240:. 4220:: 4197:. 4167:: 4137:. 4101:. 4081:: 4058:. 4038:: 4012:. 3982:: 3952:. 3928:: 3922:7 3878:. 3856:: 3829:. 3817:: 3764:. 3744:: 3718:. 3680:. 3654:. 3628:. 3555:. 3527:: 3501:. 3476:. 3446:. 3421:. 3393:. 3326:. 3312:: 3269:. 3249:: 3226:. 3195:. 3154:. 3134:: 3128:2 3109:. 3097:: 3057:. 3043:: 3016:. 3004:: 2975:. 2955:: 2915:. 2884:. 2859:. 2820:. 2808:: 2781:. 2749:: 2743:8 2722:. 2710:: 2684:. 2647:. 2619:. 2591:: 2547:. 2522:. 2495:. 2466:. 2424:. 2412:: 2384:. 2372:: 2337:. 2317:: 2271:: 2246:. 2221:. 2177:" 2101:) 2097:( 2080:. 2055:. 2027:. 1997:. 1972:. 1901:" 1687:' 1328:" 988:' 733:e 726:t 719:v 71:) 65:( 60:) 56:( 42:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Campus sexual assault

Index