896:... he saw the Tylwyth Teg, in appearance like tiny soldiers, dancing in a ring. He set out for the scene of revelry, and soon drew near the ring where, in a gay company of males and females, they were footing it to the music of the harp. Never had he seen such handsome people, nor any so enchantingly cheerful. They beckoned him with laughing faces to join them as they leaned backward almost falling, whirling round and round with joined hands. Those who were dancing never swerved from the perfect circle; but some were clambering over the old cromlech, and others chasing each other with surprising swiftness and the greatest glee. Still others rode about on small white horses of the most beautiful form ... All this was in silence, for the shepherd could not hear the harps, though he saw them. But now he drew nearer to the circle, and finally ventured to put his foot in the magic ring. The instant he did this, his ears were charmed with strains of the most melodious music he had ever heard.
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from which the mycelium develops; the fruiting bodies of the mushrooms appearing only later when sufficient mycelial mass has been generated to support them. Subsequent generations of fungi grow only outward because the parent generations have depleted their local nitrogen levels. Meanwhile, rabbits keep cropping the grass, but do not eat the fungi, allowing them to grow through their competition to tower, relatively, above the grass. By the time a circle of mushrooms reaches about 6 metres (20 ft) in diameter, rabbit droppings have replenished the nitrogen levels near the centre of the circle, and a secondary ring may start to grow inside the first.
803:, fairies were almost invariably described as dancing in a group when encountered, and in Scotland and Wales in the late 20th century, stories about fairy rings were still common; some Welshmen even claimed to have joined a fairy dance. Victorian folklorists regarded fairies and witches as related, based in part on the idea that both were believed to dance in circles. These revels are particularly associated with moonlit nights, the rings becoming visible to mortals only the following morning. Local variants add other details. An early 20th-century Irish tradition says that fairies enjoy dancing around the
1227:
1309:
31:
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689:
722:, folklore attributed fairy rings to the fiery tails of flying dragons; once a dragon had created such a circle, nothing but toadstools could grow there for seven years. European superstitions routinely warned against entering a fairy ring. French tradition reported that fairy rings were guarded by giant bug-eyed toads that cursed those who violated the circles. In other parts of Europe, entering a fairy ring would result in losing an eye. Fairy rings are associated with diminutive spirits in the
310:
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852:, a farmer builds a barn on a fairy ring despite the protests of his neighbours. He is struck senseless one night, and a local "fairy doctor" breaks the curse. The farmer says that he dreamed that he must destroy the barn. Even collecting dew from the grass or flowers of a fairy ring can bring bad luck. Destroying a fairy ring is unlucky and fruitless; superstition says it would simply grow back.
128:(thread-like branching filaments making up the mycelium). This breaks down larger molecules in the soil into smaller molecules that are absorbed through the hyphae walls near their growing tips. The mycelium moves outward from the center, and when the nutrients in the center are exhausted, the center dies, forming a living ring, from which the fairy ring arises.
829:. A Welsh and Manx variant current in the 1960s removes dancing from the picture and claims that fairy rings spring up over an underground fairy village. These associations have become linked to specific sites. For example, "The Pixies' Church" was a rock formation in Dartmoor surrounded by a fairy ring, and a stone circle tops
1037:
describes a scene clearly derived from Celtic fairy-ring lore: The title character visits the ChĂąteau des
Caroles and sees a circle of women and a knight dancing around a pine in the castle courtyard. Meraugis is unable to fight the intense desire to join in, thus freeing the previous knight from the
974:
Although they strongly associate doom, some legends paint fairy circles as places of fertility and fortune. Welsh folk believe that mountain sheep that eat the grass of a fairy ring flourish, and crops sown from such a place prove more bountiful than those from normal land. A folk belief recorded in
945:
Mortals who have danced with the fairies are rarely safe after being saved from their enthrallment. They often find that what seemed to be but a brief foray into fairyland was much longer in the mortal realm, possibly weeks or years. The person rescued from the fairy ring may have no memory of their
221:
soils on higher elevations in the counties of
Wiltshire and Dorset in southern England used to support many meadow-type fairy rings. Rabbits crop grass short in open areas and produce nitrogen-rich droppings. Mushrooms need more soil nitrogen than grass does. A ring can start from only a few spores
997:
in a tree surrounded by a fairy ring. In gratitude, the fairies gave him a half crown every day but stopped when he told his friend, "for he had broken the rule of the fair folks by making their liberality known". Nevertheless, fairy boons are not without their curses, and tales often tell of the
887:
calls the fairy ring a "galley-trap" and says that a murderer or thief who walks in the ring will be hanged. Most often, someone who violates a fairy perimeter becomes invisible to mortals outside and may find it impossible to leave the circle. Often, the fairies force the mortal to dance to the
908:
night was especially dangerous. One source near Afon fach Blaen y Cae, a tributary of the
Dwyfach, tells of a shepherd accidentally disturbing a ring of rushes where fairies are preparing to dance; they capture him and hold him captive, and he even marries one of them. In variants from Scotland
970:
in 1828: "The children constantly run this number , but nothing will induce them to venture a tenth run." A story from early 20th century
England says that a mortal can see the sprites without fear if a friend places a foot on that of the person stepping beyond the circle's perimeter. Another
197:
from the ground; at this stage, a zone on the surface soil becomes visible. Patterns other than the basic ring or arc are also possible: circles, doubled arcs, sickle-shaped arcs, and other complicated formations are also formed by this process. Fungi can deplete the soil of readily available
1288:
844:. In it, Psyche is forbidden to view her lover; when she does so, her palace disappears, and she is left alone. Superstition calls fairy circles sacred and warns against violating them lest the interloper (such as a farmer with a plough) anger the fairies and be
924:
into the circle and befuddle the fairies; another asks the rescuer to touch the victim with iron. Other stories require that the enchanted victim simply be plucked out by someone on the outside, although even this can be difficult: A farmer in a tale from the
950:, recorded by Sikes, a man is rescued from a fairy ring only to crumble to dust. In a tale from Mathavarn, Llanwrin Parish, a fairy-ring survivor moulders away when he eats his first bite of food. Another vulnerability seems to be iron; in a tale from the
1244:
979:
claims that a house built on a fairy circle brings prosperity to its inhabitants. Likewise, a legend from Pont y Wern says that in the 13th or 14th century, the inhabitants of the town of
Corwrion watched fairies dancing in a ring around a
188:
One of the manifestations of fairy ring growth is a necrotic zoneâan area in which grass or other plant life has withered or died. During a dry year, these zones are caused by the mycelia, which coat the roots of grasses and other herbs in
1122:(1886); the character Michael Henchard passes a fairy ring and remembers that he last saw his wife Susan there when he sold her to a sailor in a drunken rage. Victorian poets who have referred to fairy rings in their works include
247:
low molecular weight organic compounds, three of which were brominated and the others chlorinated. It is unclear whether these were metabolites or pollutants. Brominated compounds are unknown as metabolites from terrestrial fungi.
957:
Some legends assert that the only safe way to investigate a fairy ring is to run around it nine times. This affords the ability to hear the fairies dancing and frolicking underground. According to a 20th-century tradition of
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in the
Victorian period. On the one hand, artists were genuinely interested in the culture such imagery represented, and on the other, fairies could be depicted as titillating nudes and semi-nudes without offending
103:
and myth worldwideâparticularly in
Western Europe. They are often seen as hazardous or dangerous places, and linked with witches or the Devil in folklore. Conversely, they can sometimes be linked with good fortune.
3529:
The
Battaile of Agincourt ... The Miseries of Queene Margarite ... Wife of ... King Henry Sixt. Nimphidia, the Court of Fayrie. The Quest of Cinthia. The Shepheard's Sirena. The Moone-Calfe. Elegies upon sundrie
2208:
Choi JH, Fushimi K, Abe N, Tanaka H, Maeda S, Morita A, Hara M, Motohashi R, Matsunaga J, Eguchi Y, Ishigaki N, Hashizume D, Koshino H, Kawagishi H (2010). "Disclosure of the "fairy" of fairy-ring-forming fungus
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every Sunday after church at a place called Pen y Bonc. They even joined the sprites in their revels. The legend survives in a rhyme: "With the fairies nimbly dancing round / The glow-worm on the Rising Ground."
929:
region has to tie a rope around himself and enlist four men to pull him from the circle as he goes in to save his daughter. Other folk methods rely on
Christian faith to break the enchantment: a stick from a
3176:
883:
Numerous legends focus on mortals entering a fairy ringâand the consequences. One superstition is that anyone who steps into an empty fairy ring will die at a young age. A 20th-century tradition from
1394:
See
Browning, "The Deserted Garden"; Cook, "'Don't You Remember?'"; Hawker, "The Fairy Vision" and "Chorus of Fairies"; Hemans, "Canto III"; Massey, "Love's Fairy-ring"; and Tennyson, "Guinevere".
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795:
contain a wealth of fairy lore, including the idea from which fairy rings take their name: the phenomena result from the dancing of fairies. In 19th-century Wales, where the rings are known as
96:
is present in the ring or arc underneath. The rings may grow to over 10 metres (33 ft) in diameter, and they become stable over time as the fungus grows and seeks food underground.
165:
Two fairy rings marked by uneven grass growth (small one in foreground, much bigger one in the background). The lush green arcs of grass portray the presence of underground fungal
3736:
Faiths and Folklore: A Dictionary of National Beliefs, Superstitions and Popular Customs, Past and Current, with Their Classical and Foreign Analogues, Described and Illustrated
139:. The underground presence of the fungus can also cause withering or varying colour or growth of the grass above. The second theory, which is presented in the investigations of
3166:
811:, Scotland, said that the fairies sit on the mushrooms and use them as dinnertables, and a Welsh woman claimed that fairies used the mushrooms as parasols and umbrellas.
966:
allows the fairies to place the runner under their sway. To circle the ring a tenth time is foolhardy and dangerous. Keightley recorded a similar tradition from
516:
4292:
946:
encounter with the sprites, as in a story from Anglesea recorded in 1891. In most tales, the saved interlopers face a grim fate. For example, in a legend from
376:
1294:
Although the fairy realm may be seen as benevolent, on the other hand, according to many folk tales, an invasion of the Fairy ring is perilous for men.
1038:
spell. Meraugis is helpless to leave the dance until, ten weeks later, another knight joins it and frees him. Fairy circles feature in works by several
3186:
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point of exhaustion, death, or madness. In Welsh tales, fairies actively try to lure mortals into their circles to dance with them. A tale from the
1308:
202:, causing plants growing within the circle to be stressed, which leads to plant discoloration. Some fungi also produce chemicals that act like
1226:
1052:, Act II, Scene I ("And I serve the fairy queen, / To dew her orbs upon the green" and "To dance our ringlets to the whistling wind"), and
825:, who refreshes the grass. A Devon legend says that a black hen and chickens sometimes appear at dusk in a large fairy ring on the edge of
772:
might allow the interloper to see the elvesâalthough this was not guaranteedâit would also put the intruder in thrall to their illusions.
698:
A great deal of folklore surrounds fairy rings. Their names in European languages often allude to supernatural origins; they are known as
1516:
Hjelm, Olof (1996). "Analysis of halogenated organic compounds in coniferous forest soil from a Lepista nuda (wood blewitt) fairy ring".
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superstition says that wearing a hat backward can confuse the fairies and prevent them from pulling the wearer into their ring.
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942:. A common element to these recoveries is that the rescuer must wait a year and a day from when the victim entered the ring.
821:
wrote that the brightness of the fairy ring comes not from the dancing of the fairies, who harm it with their feet, but from
131:
There are two theories regarding the process involved in creating fairy rings. One states that the fairy ring is begun by a
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Fairy rings have been featured in the works of European authors, playwrights, and artists since the 13th century. In his
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was built) can break the curse, as can a simple phrase such as "what, in Heaven's name", as in a 19th-century tale from
92:(fungal spore pods) in rings or arcs, as well as by a necrotic zone (dead grass), or a ring of dark green grass. Fungus
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1999:
1972:
1344:, features fairy rings as a world generation feature containing buried valuables for the player character to excavate.
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Freedom from a fairy ring often requires outside intervention. A tactic from early 20th-century Wales is to cast wild
760:
makes this connection, saying that fairy rings are burned into the ground by the dancing of elves. British folklorist
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710:("witches' rings") in German. In German tradition, fairy rings were thought to mark the site of witches' dancing on
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traces these stories of people trespassing into forbidden territory and being punished for it to the tale of
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of these mushrooms. If they make an arc or a ring, they continuously grow about the centre of this object.
3004:
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2519:
1201:, which made them a popular subject of art collectors. Examples of Victorian fairy-ring paintings include
322:
About 60 mushroom species can grow in the fairy ring pattern. The best known is the edible Scotch bonnet (
173:
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Terashima Y, Fukiharu T, Fujiie A (2004). "Morphology and comparative ecology of the fairy ring fungi,
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962:, this must be done under a full moon, and the runner must travel in the direction of the sun; to go
752:("elf-ring"), meaning "a ring of daisies caused by elves' dancing" dates to the 12th century. In his
341:, it is thought to be about 300 metres (980 ft) in diameter and over 700 years old. On the
217:
in Dorset, England, further suggested that the cycle depended on the continuous presence of rabbits.
732:
traditions, including English, Scandinavian, and Celtic, claimed that fairy rings are the result of
6194:
6077:
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3951:
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Toads and Toadstools: The Natural History, Folklore, and Cultural Oddities of a Strange Association
3075:
2015:
Mercier J, Carson TD, White DB (1999). "Fairy rings in turf associated with the bird's nest fungus
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337:
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There are two generally recognised types of fairy ring fungus. Those found in the woods are called
36:
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Many folk beliefs generally paint fairy rings as dangerous places, best avoided. American writer
572:
284:
1257:. Images of nude and semi-nude fairies dancing in rings became popular during the Victorian era.
19:"Elf ring" and "Fairy circle" redirect here. For the barren or desert grassland phenomenon, see
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481:
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Earth, Air, Fire, Water: pre-Christian and pagan elements in British songs, rhymes and ballads
3602:
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1989:
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Fairy circles have appeared in European artwork since at least the 18th century. For example,
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218:
145:
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recorded a Welsh tale in 1901 that tells of a man who supposedly lived on the side of the
8:
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4402:
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of Wales, current in the 19th century, describes a mortal's encounter with a fairy ring:
764:
noted that in Scandinavia in the early 19th century, beliefs persisted that fairy rings (
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411:
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30:
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The Fairy Mythology: Illustrative of the Romance and Superstition of Various Countries
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The Popular Rhymes of Scotland with illustrations, chiefly collected from oral sources
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species, shows that fairy rings could be established by connecting neighbouring oval
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Smith AH, Morse EE (1947). "The Genus Cantharellus in the Western United States".
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Treasury of Folklore: Woodlands and Forests Wild Gods, World Trees and Werewolves
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711:
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150:
140:
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1427:(1840-03-07). "Scheches of Superstitions: Modern Fictions of Noerthern Europe".
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Encyclopaedia of Superstitions, Folklore, and the Occult Sciences of the World
3375:
1767:
1333:(2008) film a giant fairy ring surrounds and protects the house from goblins.
1192:
around 1834. Images of fairies dancing in circles became a favourite trope of
351:
has formed huge fairy rings that also appear to be several hundred years old.
276:. The effects on the grass depend on the type of fungus that is growing; when
6332:
6182:
5991:
5986:
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3593:
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Mushrooms and Other Fungi of the Midcontinental United States (Bur Oak Guide)
2040:
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1448:
1173:
1139:
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203:
194:
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Elves in Anglo-Saxon England: Matters of Belief, Health, Gender and Identity
3624:
3343:
2300:
993:, above Cwm Pennant, in the early 19th century. The man destroyed a nest of
309:
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5690:
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5213:
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4572:
4562:
4479:
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4432:
4264:
4252:
3935:
2234:
2226:
2116:
2048:
1909:
1254:
1206:
1113:
990:
935:
812:
768:) arose from the dancing of elves. Keightley warned that while entering an
757:
273:
244:
4772:
4260:
3651:
6234:
5752:
5268:
5253:
5243:
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4592:
4547:
4454:
4130:
British Goblins: Welsh Folk-lore, Fairy Mythology, Legends and Traditions
3663:. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK; Rochester, NY: Boydell Press. pp. 75â95.
1054:
994:
963:
951:
830:
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261:
233:
207:
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1502:. Vol. 10 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 135.
775:
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because they are disconnected from other organisms. These mushrooms are
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5890:
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5502:
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5263:
5208:
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5116:
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5015:
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4495:
4437:
4422:
4407:
4240:
4124:
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3715:
3322:"Balquhidder Revisited: Fairylore in the Scottish Highlands, 1690â1990"
2783:
2704:
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1127:
926:
849:
837:
161:
45:
24:
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The New American CyclopĂŠdia: A Popular Dictionary of General Knowledge
3983:
Radford, Edwin; Radford, Mona Augusta (1996) . Hole, Christina (ed.).
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4712:
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4012:
1880:"Spatial dynamics and interactions of the woodland fairy ring fungus
1341:
1006:
986:
981:
905:
804:
265:
85:
81:
5840:
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region, a touch from the metal causes a rescued woman to disappear.
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5223:
5203:
5101:
5061:
4995:
4885:
4875:
4855:
4850:
4830:
4732:
4702:
4672:
4582:
4449:
4115:. England: Edward Blount and William and Isaac Jaggard – via
1315:
917:
884:
833:
in northern Wales, believed to be a popular spot for fairy dances.
826:
784:
199:
166:
113:
100:
93:
73:
41:
6104:
5716:
5711:
4597:
6271:
6199:
6136:
6121:
6072:
6022:
5951:
5946:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5815:
5767:
5623:
5547:
5467:
5441:
5421:
5358:
5353:
5339:
5171:
4980:
4895:
4825:
4767:
4762:
4662:
4657:
4632:
4622:
4607:
4577:
4412:
4078:
4057:. Vol. VII. New York: D. Appleton and Company. p. 407.
3292:
1491:
901:
792:
714:, and Dutch superstition claimed that the circles show where the
332:
5146:
3453:
Proverbs, Proverbial Expressions, and Popular Rhymes of Scotland
2261:
855:
A traditional Scottish rhyme sums up the danger of such places:
746:
6256:
6167:
6141:
6131:
6087:
6057:
5941:
5926:
5805:
5732:
5702:
5697:
5628:
5613:
5562:
5381:
5363:
5258:
5218:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5166:
5126:
5121:
5066:
5030:
4985:
4965:
4800:
4737:
4617:
4542:
4537:
4336:
4149:
Strange and Secret Peoples: Fairies and Victorian Consciousness
3498:. Vol. 3. Chicago, Milwaukee: J.H. Yewdale & Sons Co.
1435:(423). Edinburgh: W. Orr [etc] W. and R. Chambers: 55.
740:
dancing. Such ideas dated to at least the mediĂŠval period; The
190:
125:
121:
117:
77:
3738:. Vol. 1. London; New York: Reeves and Turner; Scribner.
3358:; Davies, Jessy Caroline; Leighton, John; et al. (1854).
3146:
3144:
1991:
Field Guide to Mushrooms and Other Fungi of Britain and Europe
282:
is growing in the area, grass grows more abundantly; however,
225:
Soil analysis of soil containing mycelium from a wood blewit (
6261:
6251:
6116:
6099:
6082:
6032:
5996:
5976:
5961:
5845:
5835:
5772:
5757:
5685:
5640:
5635:
5583:
5517:
5431:
5426:
5406:
5401:
5278:
5238:
5233:
5141:
5025:
4835:
4717:
4627:
4567:
4378:
3609:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. pp. 155â195.
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2680:
931:
921:
845:
737:
715:
210:, which affect plant growth, causing rapid luxuriant growth.
132:
5156:
3603:"Fairylore: Memorates and Legends from Welsh Oral Tradition"
3328:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. pp. 94â115.
2370:
2249:
1699:
Wang B, Lu B, Jia DH (2009). "Genetic relationships between
6052:
5931:
5820:
5680:
5645:
5457:
5293:
3820:. On cover: Bohn's antiquarian library. London: H.G. Bohn.
3770:(61). Oxford University Press. p. 512, col. 2. 1850-12-28.
3701:
The Science of Fairy Tales. An inquiry into fairy mythology
3141:
3081:
3027:
3025:
3010:
2946:
2944:
2913:
2850:
2400:
913:
in 1891, the ring is replaced by a cavern or an old mill.
6189:
4890:
4747:
3659:
Hall, Alaric (2007). "Female Elves and Beautiful Elves".
3362:. Grant and Griffith (successors to Newbery and Harris).
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2546:
2544:
2496:
2494:
2301:
Bas, Cornelis; Kuyper, Th. W.; Noordeloos, M. E. (1995).
2175:. Iowa City, Iowa: University of Iowa Press. p. 85.
807:
so that fairy rings often centre on one. One resident of
733:
3391:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 50â51.
3350:
3037:
2789:
2710:
2593:
2141:
1608:
Gregory, P.H. (1982). "Fairy rings; Free and tethered".
1582:
120:
growing in the ground absorbs nutrients by secretion of
3901:. Vol. 2 : Gill-fungi. London: Penguin Book.
3421:. Edinburgh ; London: W. Hunter ; J. Duncan.
3022:
2941:
2605:
2479:
2445:
2443:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2424:
2422:
1745:
4293:
Journal of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, and the Arts
2831:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2541:
2491:
2268:
Dickinson, Colin; Lucas, John; Angel, Heather (1982).
1964:
Mushrooms of Colorado and the Southern Rocky Mountains
1861:
1859:
1703:
fruit bodies from fairy rings based on ISSR markers".
1754:, on turf of bentgrass, bluegrass, and Zoysiagrass".
1413:
934:
tree (thought to be the wood from which the cross of
694:
A man saves his friend from the grip of a fairy ring.
4306:
Fairy Legends and Traditions of the South of Ireland
3698:
2996:
2994:
2961:
2959:
2737:
2735:
2511:
2509:
2455:
2440:
2419:
2207:
4133:. London: S. Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington.
3927:
Studies in the Fairy Mythology of Arthurian Romance
3195:
2382:
2321:
2267:
2189:
1856:
1583:Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008).
2467:
2358:
2123:
2014:
1822:Dickinson, C.H. (1979). "Fairy rings in Norfolk".
1788:
4107:
3758:
2668:
2401:Lamaison, Jean-Louis; Polese, Jean-Marie (2005).
1877:
1587:(10th ed.). Wallingford: CABI. p. 253.
156:
6330:
3533:. London: Printed for W. Lee. pp. 117â134.
3156:
2066:. Garden City Press, Hertfordshire. p. 80.
2061:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1741:
1739:
1634:
1419:
1067:Whereof the ewe not bites, and you whose pastime
328:), commonly known as the fairy ring champignon.
5321:
1108:Fairy imagery became especially popular in the
3982:
3896:
3843:Primitive Beliefs in the Northeast of Scotland
3553:. Boston: H.M. Caldwell Co. pp. 290â316.
3493:
3055:
2722:
2694:
2376:
2255:
2142:McKnight KH, Peterson RT, McKnight VB (1998).
1314:Woodcut of a fairy-circle from a 17th-century
1116:uses a fairy ring as a symbol of lost love in
683:
23:. For the Neolithic monument in Scotland, see
4363:
3989:. New York: Barnes & Noble. p. 157.
3360:A Peep at the Pixies; or, Legends of the West
2135:
1981:
1810:
1736:
1607:
1178:Oberon, Titania and Puck with Fairies Dancing
1103: Of which they have the keeping.
1065:By moonshine do the green sour ringlets make,
4245:Legends, charms and superstitions of Ireland
3730:
3632:Haas, Hans (1969). Leutscher, Alfred (ed.).
3383:Briggs, Katharine; Tongue, Ruth L. (1968) .
3382:
3150:
3087:
2856:
2656:
2162:
1954:
1929:Fr. (Agaricales) in Australasia. 1. Subgen.
705:
699:
331:One of the largest rings ever found is near
16:Naturally occurring ring or arc of mushrooms
4102:
4069:
3494:Daniels, Cora Linn; Stevens, C. M. (1903).
3182:
3162:
2008:
1987:
1824:Bulletin of the British Mycological Society
1782:
1723:
1659:
1628:
1610:Bulletin of the British Mycological Society
1515:
1069:Is to make midnight mushrooms, that rejoice
797:
6313:
4370:
4356:
4041:
2500:
2394:
2168:
2148:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 209.
2086:
2080:
1960:
1916:
1871:
1653:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
268:with trees. Meadow fairy rings are called
72:, is a naturally occurring ring or arc of
4286:
4203:
3950:
3840:
3812:
3071:
3043:
2931:
2825:
2611:
2599:
2485:
2145:A Field Guide to Mushrooms: North America
1922:
1899:
1821:
1698:
1683:
1511:
1509:
213:Long-term observations of fairy rings on
4086:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
4021:. Vol. 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
3693:
3573:
3413:
3031:
3016:
2950:
2919:
2844:
2817:
2201:
1842:
1692:
1601:
1562:William Henemann Ltd. London 1963 p. 227
1486:
1005:
774:
687:
308:
295:
172:
160:
29:
4377:
4174:
3790:
3600:
3576:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Fairies
3518:
3449:
3319:
3229:
3201:
2884:
2773:
2639:
2567:
2550:
2531:
2342:"Amanita thiersii (MushroomExpert.Com)"
2064:Wild Mushrooms: An Illustrated Handbook
2055:
1994:. New Holland Publishers. p. 114.
1565:
1322:
1180:, depicting a scene from Shakespeare's
243:) in southeast Sweden yielded fourteen
193:. After some time, they are removed by
6331:
4300:
4145:
3867:
3544:
3261:
3245:
3213:
2583:
2461:
2449:
2434:
1878:Dowson CG, Rayner AD, Boddy L (1989).
1666:on nutrient availability in grassland"
1506:
818:Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus
678:
6318:List of beings referred to as fairies
5320:
4523:
4351:
4308:. Family Library. London: J. Murray.
4239:
4152:. New York: Oxford University Press.
4123:
3957:Cassell's Dictionary of Superstitions
3923:
3897:Nilsson, Sven; Persoon, Olle (1978).
3841:McPherson, Joseph MacKenzie (2003) .
3607:The Good People: New Fairylore Essays
3468:
3326:The Good People: New Fairylore Essays
3131:
3000:
2965:
2888:
2868:
2801:
2757:
2741:
2623:
2515:
2272:. Van Nostrand Reinhold. p. 29.
1967:. Big Earth Publishing. p. 121.
1464:
1462:
1460:
1458:
4524:
4011:
3658:
3631:
3473:. New York: G. Sully & Company.
3115:
3099:
2981:
2903:
2473:
2388:
2364:
2327:
2195:
2129:
1865:
1364:
1211:Reconciliation of Titania and Oberon
1097:And in their courses make that round
704:("witches' circles") in French, and
99:Fairy rings are the subject of much
4209:Folk-lore and folk-stories of Wales
3634:The Young Specialist looks at Fungi
2403:The Great Encyclopedia of Mushrooms
2339:
1474:Australian National Botanic Gardens
1270:The Fairy Ring; the Enchanted Piper
1101:Of them so called the Fairy Ground,
1071:To hear the solemn curfew ...
868:For weirdless days and weary nights
864:And he wha spills the fairies' ring
291:
21:Fairy circle (arid grass formation)
13:
4280:
3543:Reprinted in modern typography in
3456:. Paisley and London: A. Gardner.
1901:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1989.tb02365.x
1685:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1988.tb00275.x
1662:"Effects of the fairy ring fungus
1455:
1014:'s illustrations to Shakespeare's
872:But he wha gaes by the fairy ring,
354:
335:in northeastern France. Formed by
231:) fairy ring under Norway spruce (
14:
6400:
4329:
3986:The Encyclopedia of Superstitions
2270:VNR color dictionary of mushrooms
848:. In an Irish legend recorded by
6312:
6303:
6302:
4335:
4290:(March 1798). "On Fairy Rings".
3874:. Berkeley, CA: Celestial Arts.
1307:
1287:
1262:
1243:
1225:
1099:In meadows and in marshes found,
1082:Amyntas, or the Impossible Dowry
998:sprites exacting their revenge.
876:And he wha cleans the fairy ring
88:. Fairy rings are detectable by
4018:Celtic folklore, Welsh and Manx
3524:"Nymphidia, The Court of Fairy"
3285:
3271:
2878:
2811:
2649:
2333:
2304:Flora Agaricina Neerlandica â 3
2294:
1731:Mushrooms: poisons and panaceas
1388:
1371:
862:Nae luck again shall hae :
860:He wha tills the fairies' green
692:"Plucked from the Fairy Circle"
3960:. London: Brockhampton Press.
3547:"Nymphidia The Court of Fairy"
3471:Signs, omens and superstitions
3313:
1552:
1480:
1010:"Come, now a roundel." One of
779:Fairy rings in moss in Iceland
157:Necrotic or rapid growth zones
1:
6364:Fungal morphology and anatomy
4314:2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t54f1pt85
3551:A Sixteenth Century Anthology
3479:2027/loc.ark:/13960/t4sj2p595
2307:. CRC Press. pp. 74â75.
1836:10.1016/S0007-1528(79)80005-X
1622:10.1016/S0007-1528(82)80013-8
1401:
1273:
1090:Nymphidia: The Court of Fairy
1080:speaks of fairy rings in his
1001:
3545:Symons, Arthur, ed. (1906).
3385:"17. Why the Donkey is Safe"
1538:10.1016/0045-6535(96)00089-6
1429:Chambers's Edinburgh Journal
1406:
1251:Come unto These Yellow Sands
1203:Come unto these Yellow Sands
874:Nae dule nor pine shall see,
870:Are his till his deein' day.
288:causes the grass to wither.
7:
5322:Fairy-like beings worldwide
3605:. In NarvĂĄez, Peter (ed.).
3324:. In NarvĂĄez, Peter (ed.).
3320:Bennett, Margaret (1997) .
2033:10.1094/pdis.1999.83.8.781d
1347:
1076:Shakespeare's contemporary
684:Oral tradition and folklore
260:because they are formed by
76:. They are found mainly in
10:
6405:
6339:Fungi found in fairy rings
4389:Classifications of fairies
4247:. Boston: Ticknor and Co.
4146:Silver, Carole G. (1999).
3924:Paton, Lucy Allen (1903).
3056:Daniels & Stevens 1903
2723:Daniels & Stevens 1903
2695:Radford & Radford 1996
2377:Nilsson & Persoon 1978
2256:Nilsson & Persoon 1978
1794:The Complete Mushroom Book
1637:Mushrooms & Toadstools
1161:The Land of Heart's Desire
1124:Elizabeth Barrett Browning
177:Fairy ring in a courtyard
107:
80:areas, but also appear in
18:
6293:
6222:
6155:
6010:
5914:
5798:
5791:
5725:
5576:
5450:
5374:
5327:
5316:
5039:
4793:
4530:
4519:
4488:
4395:
4386:
3171:A Midsummer Night's Dream
2062:Zeitlmayr, Linus (1976).
1923:Horak E, Wood AE (1990).
1796:. Quadrille. p. 75.
1768:10.1007/s10267-004-0183-y
1635:Ramsbottom, John (1953).
1330:The Spiderwick Chronicles
1182:A Midsummer Night's Dream
1119:The Mayor of Casterbridge
1063:... you demi-puppets that
1049:A Midsummer Night's Dream
1017:A Midsummer Night's Dream
878:An easy death shall dee.
3899:Fungi of Northern Europe
3706:. London: Walter Scott.
3601:Gwyndaf, Robin (1997) .
3574:Franklin, Anna (2002) .
3450:Cheviot, Andrew (1896).
3151:Hazlitt & Brand 1905
3088:Hazlitt & Brand 1905
2857:Briggs & Tongue 1968
2657:Hazlitt & Brand 1905
2405:. Könemann. p. 89.
1850:"Chanterelle Fairy Ring"
1639:. Collins. p. 125.
866:Betide him want and wae.
756:(1628), Swedish writer
559:Infundibulicybe geotropa
475:Chlorophyllum molybdites
338:Infundibulicybe geotropa
251:
40:) on a suburban lawn in
37:Chlorophyllum molybdites
4758:Dökkålfar and Ljósålfar
4175:Skelton, Robin (1990).
4081:Midsummer Night's Dream
3868:Morgan, Adrian (1995).
3845:. S.l: R.A. Kessinger.
3826:2027/nyp.33433068197981
3744:2027/mdp.39015014593134
3578:. London: Paper Tiger.
3559:2027/hvd.32044086752136
3504:2027/mdp.39015006996345
3427:2027/mdp.39015016456744
3368:2027/nyp.33433082300561
2340:Kuo, M. (August 2016).
1585:Dictionary of the Fungi
1499:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
1441:2027/njp.32101064473612
1381:in modern Norwegian is
1281:William Holmes Sullivan
1042:poets and playwrights.
1030:Meraugis de Portlesguez
747:
718:set his milk churn. In
573:Leucopaxillus giganteus
285:Leucopaxillus giganteus
34:A fairy ring (possibly
6230:Christmas gift-bringer
4648:Brown Man of the Muirs
4302:Croker, Thomas Crofton
4075:Durham, Willard Higley
4047:Dana, Charles Anderson
3797:Cambrian Superstitions
3734:; Brand, John (1905).
3732:Hazlitt, William Carew
3695:Hartland, Edwin Sidney
3679:10.7722/j.ctt14brrh5.8
2674:, p. 512, col. 2.
2501:Ripley & Dana 1859
2346:www.mushroomexpert.com
2227:10.1002/cbic.201000112
1167:
1106:
1074:
1021:
898:
881:
798:
780:
706:
700:
695:
538:Hygrophorus agathosmus
482:Chlorophyllum rhacodes
345:in southern England,
319:
306:
185:
170:
49:
6374:Scandinavian folklore
6369:Northumbrian folklore
5102:Nicnevin/Gyre-Carling
4613:Blue men of the Minch
4489:Abodes and structures
3469:Cielo, Astra (1918).
3356:Browne, Hablot Knight
1558:Böttcher, Helmuth M.
1150:composed the cantata
1144:Alfred, Lord Tennyson
1132:Robert Stephen Hawker
1094:
1060:
1009:
911:Edwin Sidney Hartland
900:Entering the ring on
894:
857:
778:
691:
622:Saproamanita thiersii
545:Hygrophorus pudorinus
517:Disciseda subterranea
503:Cortinarius violaceus
496:Cortinarius glaucopus
440:Cantharellus cibarius
426:Calvatia cyathiformis
312:
299:
279:Calvatia cyathiformis
176:
164:
124:from the tips of the
33:
5508:Hopkinsville Goblins
4344:at Wikimedia Commons
4211:. London: E. Stock.
4104:Shakespeare, William
4071:Shakespeare, William
3389:Folktales of England
1988:Eppinger M. (2006).
1660:Edwards PJ. (1988).
1340:of the sandbox game
1323:Video games and film
1233:Faun and the Fairies
1190:Faun and the Fairies
1156:William Butler Yeats
754:History of the Goths
657:Tricholoma matsutake
643:Tricholoma orirubens
608:Paralepista flaccida
594:Macrolepiota procera
377:Agaricus praerimosus
146:Tricholoma matsutake
5229:Sprite/Water sprite
4403:Celtic sacred trees
4269:Reprinted in 2006:
4229:Reprinted in 2002:
4217:2027/wu.89094592623
4031:Reprinted in 2015:
3940:Reprinted in 2010:
3800:. London: Longman.
3760:"Hens and Chickens"
3439:Reprinted in 2010:
2169:Huffman DM (2008).
1961:Evenson VS (1997).
1882:Clitocybe nebularis
1752:Bovista dermoxantha
1701:Agaricus campestris
1530:1996Chmsp..32.1719H
1470:"What is a Fungus?"
1184:, around 1785, and
1046:alludes to them in
1044:William Shakespeare
799:cylch y Tylwyth Teg
679:Cultural references
650:Tricholoma pardinum
615:Sarcodon imbricatus
587:Lycoperdon perlatum
580:Lycoperdon curtisii
552:Hygrophorus russula
454:Clitocybe nebularis
412:Bovista dermoxantha
370:Agaricus campestris
315:Clitocybe nebularis
303:Clitocybe nebularis
181:Trinity Great Court
6384:Turfgrass diseases
4558:Aos SĂ (Aes SĂdhe)
4288:Nicholson, William
4181:. London: Arkana.
3173:, Act II, Scene I.
3019:, pp. 166â67.
2922:, pp. 165â66.
2017:Cyathus stercoreus
1790:Carluccio, Antonio
1748:Vascellum curtisii
1493:"Fairy Ring"
1221:Fairy rings in art
1058:, Act V, Scene I:
1022:
890:Cambrian Mountains
781:
701:ronds de sorciĂšres
696:
671:Tuber melanosporum
664:Tricholoma terreum
510:Cyathus stercoreus
489:Cortinarius bellus
468:Clitocybe rivulosa
447:Clitocybe dealbata
398:Amanita phalloides
320:
307:
237:) and Scots pine (
215:Shillingstone Hill
198:nutrients such as
186:
171:
143:scientists on the
50:
6379:Scottish folklore
6359:Fungi in folklore
6349:European folklore
6326:
6325:
6289:
6288:
6285:
6284:
5957:Headless Horseman
5498:Fearsome critters
5312:
5311:
4340:Media related to
3814:Keightley, Thomas
3764:Notes and Queries
3636:. London: Burke.
3281:. Batsford. 2021.
3190:, Act V, Scene I.
2670:Hens and Chickens
1705:Acta Edulis Fungi
1664:Agaricus arvensis
1594:978-0-85199-826-8
1421:Chambers, William
1365:Explanatory notes
1215:Joseph Noel Paton
1158:wrote of them in
1088:describes one in
1026:Arthurian romance
601:Marasmius oreades
524:Entoloma sinuatum
433:Calvatia gigantea
405:Amanita rubescens
363:Agaricus arvensis
325:Marasmius oreades
6396:
6344:English folklore
6316:
6315:
6306:
6305:
6299:
6002:Tuatha DĂ© Danann
5972:Jimmy Squarefoot
5796:
5795:
5523:Little green men
5318:
5317:
5284:Will-o'-the-wisp
5052:Margot the fairy
5001:Lady of the Lake
4951:Jenny Greenteeth
4946:Jack o' the bowl
4778:Queen of Elphame
4525:Attested fairies
4521:
4520:
4396:Related articles
4372:
4365:
4358:
4349:
4348:
4339:
4325:
4297:
4268:
4228:
4205:Trevelyan, Marie
4200:
4171:
4142:
4120:
4114:
4099:
4085:
4066:
4030:
4008:
3979:
3952:Pickering, David
3939:
3930:. Boston: Ginn.
3920:
3893:
3864:
3837:
3809:
3792:Howells, William
3787:
3755:
3719:
3705:
3690:
3655:
3628:
3597:
3570:
3542:
3520:Drayton, Michael
3515:
3490:
3465:
3438:
3415:Chambers, Robert
3410:
3379:
3352:Bray, Anna Eliza
3347:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3275:
3269:
3259:
3253:
3243:
3237:
3227:
3221:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3193:
3183:Shakespeare 1623
3180:
3174:
3163:Shakespeare 1918
3160:
3154:
3148:
3139:
3129:
3123:
3113:
3107:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3079:
3069:
3063:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3035:
3029:
3020:
3014:
3008:
2998:
2989:
2979:
2973:
2963:
2954:
2948:
2939:
2929:
2923:
2917:
2911:
2901:
2895:
2887:; translated in
2882:
2876:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2829:
2815:
2809:
2799:
2793:
2790:Bray et al. 1854
2787:
2781:
2771:
2765:
2755:
2749:
2739:
2730:
2720:
2714:
2711:Bray et al. 1854
2708:
2702:
2692:
2675:
2666:
2660:
2653:
2647:
2637:
2631:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2581:
2575:
2565:
2554:
2548:
2539:
2529:
2523:
2513:
2504:
2498:
2489:
2483:
2477:
2471:
2465:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2438:
2432:
2417:
2416:
2398:
2392:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2298:
2292:
2291:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2205:
2199:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2121:
2120:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1941:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1903:
1875:
1869:
1863:
1854:
1853:
1846:
1840:
1839:
1819:
1808:
1807:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1743:
1734:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1580:
1563:
1556:
1550:
1549:
1513:
1504:
1503:
1495:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1466:
1453:
1452:
1425:Chambers, Robert
1417:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1375:
1311:
1291:
1278:
1275:
1266:
1247:
1229:
1035:Raoul de Houdenc
801:
762:Thomas Keightley
750:
730:Western European
709:
703:
636:Tricholoma album
531:Gomphus clavatus
419:Calocybe gambosa
391:Amanita muscaria
384:Agrocybe praecox
348:Calocybe gambosa
300:Profuse ring of
292:Species involved
264:fungi living in
240:Pinus sylvestris
184:
56:, also known as
6404:
6403:
6399:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6394:
6393:
6329:
6328:
6327:
6322:
6297:
6281:
6218:
6151:
6093:Enchanted Moura
6006:
5910:
5787:
5783:Yara-ma-yha-who
5721:
5572:
5446:
5370:
5323:
5308:
5072:Mooinjer veggey
5035:
4941:Jack-o'-lantern
4906:HeinzelmÀnnchen
4789:
4526:
4515:
4484:
4460:Household deity
4418:Fairy godmother
4391:
4382:
4376:
4332:
4283:
4281:Further reading
4253:2027/hvd.hn1sfz
4189:
4160:
3997:
3968:
3909:
3882:
3853:
3671:
3644:
3617:
3586:
3399:
3336:
3316:
3311:
3310:
3301:
3299:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3266:p. 230, note 20
3260:
3256:
3244:
3240:
3228:
3224:
3212:
3208:
3200:
3196:
3181:
3177:
3161:
3157:
3149:
3142:
3130:
3126:
3114:
3110:
3098:
3094:
3086:
3082:
3070:
3066:
3054:
3050:
3042:
3038:
3030:
3023:
3015:
3011:
2999:
2992:
2980:
2976:
2964:
2957:
2949:
2942:
2930:
2926:
2918:
2914:
2902:
2898:
2883:
2879:
2867:
2863:
2855:
2851:
2843:
2832:
2816:
2812:
2800:
2796:
2788:
2784:
2772:
2768:
2756:
2752:
2740:
2733:
2721:
2717:
2709:
2705:
2693:
2678:
2667:
2663:
2654:
2650:
2638:
2634:
2622:
2618:
2610:
2606:
2598:
2594:
2582:
2578:
2566:
2557:
2549:
2542:
2530:
2526:
2514:
2507:
2499:
2492:
2484:
2480:
2472:
2468:
2460:
2456:
2448:
2441:
2433:
2420:
2413:
2399:
2395:
2387:
2383:
2375:
2371:
2363:
2359:
2350:
2348:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2315:
2299:
2295:
2280:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2221:(10): 1373â37.
2211:Lepista sordida
2206:
2202:
2194:
2190:
2183:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2140:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2101:10.2307/3755192
2095:(5): 497â534 .
2085:
2081:
2074:
2060:
2056:
2013:
2009:
2002:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1959:
1955:
1939:
1921:
1917:
1888:New Phytologist
1876:
1872:
1864:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1843:
1820:
1811:
1804:
1787:
1783:
1744:
1737:
1728:
1724:
1697:
1693:
1671:New Phytologist
1658:
1654:
1647:
1633:
1629:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1581:
1566:
1557:
1553:
1514:
1507:
1485:
1481:
1468:
1467:
1456:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1398:
1393:
1389:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1350:
1325:
1318:
1312:
1303:
1292:
1283:
1276:
1267:
1258:
1248:
1239:
1230:
1199:Victorian mores
1170:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1086:Michael Drayton
1078:Thomas Randolph
1073:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1004:
977:Athenian Oracle
948:Carmarthenshire
940:Carmarthenshire
880:
877:
875:
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
863:
861:
842:Psyche and Eros
712:Walpurgis Night
693:
686:
681:
676:
566:Lepista sordida
357:
355:List of species
318:in part of ring
294:
254:
178:
159:
110:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6402:
6392:
6391:
6389:Welsh folklore
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6324:
6323:
6321:
6320:
6310:
6300:
6294:
6291:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6283:
6282:
6280:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6243:
6242:
6237:
6226:
6224:
6223:Cross-regional
6220:
6219:
6217:
6216:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6186:
6185:
6180:
6170:
6165:
6163:Dames blanches
6159:
6157:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6114:
6109:
6108:
6107:
6097:
6096:
6095:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6068:Kallikantzaros
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6043:Doñas de fuera
6040:
6035:
6030:
6025:
6020:
6014:
6012:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5929:
5924:
5918:
5916:
5912:
5911:
5909:
5908:
5903:
5898:
5893:
5888:
5883:
5878:
5873:
5868:
5863:
5858:
5853:
5848:
5843:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5813:
5808:
5802:
5800:
5793:
5789:
5788:
5786:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5729:
5727:
5723:
5722:
5720:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5700:
5695:
5694:
5693:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5671:Mrenh kongveal
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5632:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5580:
5578:
5574:
5573:
5571:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5470:
5465:
5460:
5454:
5452:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5378:
5376:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5361:
5351:
5346:
5337:
5331:
5329:
5325:
5324:
5314:
5313:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5304:Yan-gant-y-tan
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5097:Nelly Longarms
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5043:
5041:
5037:
5036:
5034:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4963:
4958:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4923:
4918:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4901:The Hedley Kow
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4871:Gwragedd Annwn
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4797:
4795:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4745:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4534:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4482:
4477:
4475:Tutelary deity
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4435:
4430:
4428:Fairy painting
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4399:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4375:
4374:
4367:
4360:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4331:
4330:External links
4328:
4327:
4326:
4298:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4275:978-0486447339
4237:
4235:978-1162927923
4201:
4188:978-0140192278
4187:
4172:
4159:978-0198028468
4158:
4143:
4121:
4100:
4067:
4051:"Fairy Circle"
4043:Ripley, George
4039:
4037:978-1108079082
4009:
3996:978-0760702284
3995:
3980:
3967:978-1860198403
3966:
3948:
3946:978-1176510319
3921:
3908:978-0140630060
3907:
3894:
3881:978-0890877777
3880:
3865:
3852:978-0766163102
3851:
3838:
3810:
3788:
3756:
3728:
3726:978-1781669273
3691:
3670:978-1846155376
3669:
3656:
3643:978-0222794147
3642:
3629:
3616:978-0813109398
3615:
3598:
3585:978-1843336242
3584:
3571:
3516:
3491:
3466:
3447:
3445:978-1146914680
3411:
3398:978-0226375823
3397:
3380:
3348:
3335:978-0813109398
3334:
3315:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3284:
3270:
3254:
3238:
3222:
3206:
3194:
3175:
3155:
3153:, p. 230.
3140:
3124:
3108:
3092:
3090:, p. 231.
3080:
3072:Pickering 1998
3064:
3048:
3046:, p. 310.
3044:Keightley 1850
3036:
3034:, p. 164.
3021:
3009:
2990:
2974:
2955:
2953:, p. 163.
2940:
2932:Trevelyan 1909
2924:
2912:
2896:
2877:
2861:
2849:
2830:
2826:McPherson 2003
2810:
2794:
2792:, p. 150.
2782:
2766:
2750:
2731:
2715:
2713:, p. 149.
2703:
2676:
2661:
2648:
2632:
2616:
2612:McPherson 2003
2604:
2602:, p. 297.
2600:Keightley 1850
2592:
2576:
2555:
2553:, p. 110.
2540:
2524:
2505:
2490:
2486:Keightley 1850
2478:
2466:
2454:
2439:
2418:
2411:
2393:
2391:, p. 142.
2381:
2369:
2357:
2332:
2330:, p. 170.
2320:
2314:978-9054106166
2313:
2293:
2279:978-0442219987
2278:
2260:
2248:
2200:
2198:, p. 130.
2188:
2182:978-1587297250
2181:
2161:
2155:978-0395910900
2154:
2134:
2122:
2079:
2072:
2054:
2007:
2001:978-1845374747
2000:
1980:
1974:978-1565791923
1973:
1953:
1915:
1894:(4): 699â705.
1870:
1868:, p. 132.
1855:
1841:
1809:
1802:
1781:
1735:
1722:
1707:(in Chinese).
1691:
1652:
1645:
1627:
1600:
1593:
1564:
1551:
1524:(9): 1719â28.
1505:
1490:, ed. (1911).
1488:Chisholm, Hugh
1479:
1454:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1396:
1387:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1361:
1356:
1349:
1346:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1313:
1306:
1304:
1293:
1286:
1284:
1268:
1261:
1259:
1249:
1242:
1240:
1237:Daniel Maclise
1231:
1224:
1222:
1186:Daniel Maclise
1169:
1166:
1152:The Fairy Ring
1148:W. H. Cummings
1136:Felicia Hemans
1095:
1061:
1012:Arthur Rackham
1003:
1000:
968:Northumberland
960:Northumberland
858:
742:Middle English
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
674:
667:
660:
653:
646:
639:
632:
629:Suillus luteus
625:
618:
611:
604:
597:
590:
583:
576:
569:
562:
555:
548:
541:
534:
527:
520:
513:
506:
499:
492:
485:
478:
471:
464:
461:Clitocybe nuda
457:
450:
443:
436:
429:
422:
415:
408:
401:
394:
387:
380:
373:
366:
358:
356:
353:
293:
290:
253:
250:
228:Clitocybe nuda
195:biotic factors
158:
155:
109:
106:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6401:
6390:
6387:
6385:
6382:
6380:
6377:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6319:
6311:
6309:
6301:
6296:
6295:
6292:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6241:
6240:Companions of
6238:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6231:
6228:
6227:
6225:
6221:
6215:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6184:
6183:King Goldemar
6181:
6179:
6176:
6175:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6158:
6154:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6113:
6110:
6106:
6103:
6102:
6101:
6098:
6094:
6091:
6090:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6034:
6031:
6029:
6026:
6024:
6021:
6019:
6016:
6015:
6013:
6009:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5992:Pictish Beast
5990:
5988:
5987:Morgan Le Fay
5985:
5983:
5980:
5978:
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5913:
5907:
5904:
5902:
5899:
5897:
5894:
5892:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5882:
5879:
5877:
5874:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5864:
5862:
5859:
5857:
5854:
5852:
5849:
5847:
5844:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5812:
5809:
5807:
5804:
5803:
5801:
5797:
5794:
5790:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5730:
5728:
5724:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5654:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5637:
5634:
5630:
5627:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5579:
5575:
5569:
5568:Yunwi Tsunsdi
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5489:
5486:
5484:
5483:Christmas elf
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5377:
5373:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5356:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5349:Little people
5347:
5345:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5326:
5319:
5315:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5299:Yallery Brown
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5078:
5075:
5073:
5070:
5068:
5065:
5063:
5060:
5058:
5055:
5053:
5050:
5048:
5045:
5044:
5042:
5038:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5012:
5009:
5007:
5006:Lazy Laurence
5004:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4991:Klabautermann
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4957:
4954:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4936:Iannic-ann-ĂŽd
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4922:
4919:
4917:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4907:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4892:
4889:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4792:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4529:
4522:
4518:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4487:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4470:Nature spirit
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4373:
4368:
4366:
4361:
4359:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4343:
4338:
4334:
4333:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4311:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4289:
4285:
4284:
4276:
4272:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4184:
4180:
4179:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4155:
4151:
4150:
4144:
4140:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4113:
4111:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4084:
4082:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4038:
4034:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4019:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3988:
3987:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3959:
3958:
3953:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3928:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3854:
3848:
3844:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3798:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3727:
3723:
3720:Republished:
3717:
3713:
3709:
3704:
3702:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3666:
3662:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3509:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3472:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3454:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3318:
3317:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3280:
3274:
3267:
3263:
3258:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3203:
3198:
3191:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3159:
3152:
3147:
3145:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3121:
3117:
3112:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3089:
3084:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3061:
3057:
3052:
3045:
3040:
3033:
3032:Hartland 1891
3028:
3026:
3018:
3017:Hartland 1891
3013:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2987:
2983:
2978:
2971:
2967:
2962:
2960:
2952:
2951:Hartland 1891
2947:
2945:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2921:
2920:Hartland 1891
2916:
2909:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2874:
2870:
2865:
2859:, p. 51.
2858:
2853:
2847:, p. 87.
2846:
2845:Franklin 2002
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2818:Chambers 1826
2814:
2807:
2803:
2798:
2791:
2786:
2779:
2775:
2770:
2763:
2759:
2754:
2747:
2743:
2738:
2736:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2712:
2707:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2673:
2671:
2665:
2659:, p. 230
2658:
2652:
2645:
2641:
2636:
2629:
2625:
2620:
2614:, p. 96.
2613:
2608:
2601:
2596:
2589:
2585:
2580:
2573:
2569:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2510:
2502:
2497:
2495:
2488:, p. 81.
2487:
2482:
2476:, p. 75.
2475:
2470:
2464:, p. 12.
2463:
2458:
2452:, p. 13.
2451:
2446:
2444:
2437:, p. 30.
2436:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2414:
2412:3-8331-1239-5
2408:
2404:
2397:
2390:
2385:
2379:, p. 24.
2378:
2373:
2367:, p. 46.
2366:
2361:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2329:
2324:
2316:
2310:
2306:
2305:
2297:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2271:
2264:
2258:, p. 38.
2257:
2252:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2204:
2197:
2192:
2184:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2165:
2157:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2138:
2132:, p. 62.
2131:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2083:
2075:
2073:0-584-10324-7
2069:
2065:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2021:Plant Disease
2018:
2011:
2003:
1997:
1993:
1992:
1984:
1976:
1970:
1966:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1945:
1938:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1919:
1911:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1874:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1852:. 2013-07-20.
1851:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1805:
1803:1-84400-040-0
1799:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1762:(4): 251â60.
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1740:
1732:
1726:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1686:
1681:
1678:(3): 377â81.
1677:
1673:
1672:
1667:
1665:
1656:
1648:
1646:1-870630-09-2
1642:
1638:
1631:
1623:
1619:
1616:(2): 161â63.
1615:
1611:
1604:
1596:
1590:
1586:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1569:
1561:
1560:Miracle Drugs
1555:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1510:
1501:
1500:
1494:
1489:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1463:
1461:
1459:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1412:
1391:
1384:
1380:
1377:The term for
1374:
1370:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1317:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1300:Richard Doyle
1297:
1290:
1285:
1282:
1271:
1265:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1174:William Blake
1165:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1140:Gerald Massey
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1110:Victorian era
1104:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1072:
1059:
1057:
1056:
1051:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1027:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1008:
999:
996:
992:
988:
983:
978:
972:
969:
965:
961:
955:
953:
949:
943:
941:
937:
933:
928:
923:
919:
914:
912:
907:
903:
897:
893:
891:
886:
879:
856:
853:
851:
847:
843:
839:
834:
832:
828:
824:
820:
819:
814:
810:
806:
805:hawthorn tree
802:
800:
794:
790:
786:
777:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
749:
748:elferingewort
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
708:
702:
690:
673:
672:
668:
666:
665:
661:
659:
658:
654:
652:
651:
647:
645:
644:
640:
638:
637:
633:
631:
630:
626:
624:
623:
619:
617:
616:
612:
610:
609:
605:
603:
602:
598:
596:
595:
591:
589:
588:
584:
582:
581:
577:
575:
574:
570:
568:
567:
563:
561:
560:
556:
554:
553:
549:
547:
546:
542:
540:
539:
535:
533:
532:
528:
526:
525:
521:
519:
518:
514:
512:
511:
507:
505:
504:
500:
498:
497:
493:
491:
490:
486:
484:
483:
479:
477:
476:
472:
470:
469:
465:
463:
462:
458:
456:
455:
451:
449:
448:
444:
442:
441:
437:
435:
434:
430:
428:
427:
423:
421:
420:
416:
414:
413:
409:
407:
406:
402:
400:
399:
395:
393:
392:
388:
386:
385:
381:
379:
378:
374:
372:
371:
367:
365:
364:
360:
359:
352:
350:
349:
344:
340:
339:
334:
329:
327:
326:
317:
316:
311:
305:
304:
298:
289:
287:
286:
281:
280:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
249:
246:
242:
241:
236:
235:
230:
229:
223:
220:
216:
211:
209:
205:
201:
196:
192:
182:
175:
168:
163:
154:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
134:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
105:
102:
97:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
47:
43:
39:
38:
32:
26:
22:
6214:WeiĂe Frauen
6210:Witte Wieven
5982:MenninkÀinen
5763:Patupaiarehe
5691:Hungry ghost
5676:Orang bunian
5594:Fallen angel
5538:Nordic alien
5274:Wicked fairy
5214:Sleih beggey
5021:Lubber fiend
5011:Leanan sĂdhe
4956:Joan the Wad
4921:Hobbididance
4881:Gwyn ap Nudd
4603:Bloody Bones
4573:Baobhan sith
4563:Arkan Sonney
4510:
4480:Water spirit
4465:Hungry grass
4433:Fairy riding
4305:
4291:
4244:
4208:
4177:
4148:
4129:
4109:
4094:– via
4080:
4054:
4017:
3985:
3956:
3926:
3898:
3870:
3842:
3817:
3796:
3767:
3763:
3735:
3714:– via
3700:
3660:
3633:
3606:
3575:
3550:
3528:
3495:
3470:
3452:
3418:
3388:
3359:
3325:
3300:. Retrieved
3297:quarkmod.net
3296:
3287:
3278:
3273:
3257:
3241:
3230:Skelton 1990
3225:
3209:
3202:Drayton 1627
3197:
3187:
3178:
3170:
3158:
3127:
3111:
3095:
3083:
3067:
3051:
3039:
3012:
2977:
2927:
2915:
2899:
2885:Howells 1831
2880:
2864:
2852:
2828:, p. 97
2824:; quoted in
2813:
2797:
2785:
2774:Cheviot 1896
2769:
2753:
2718:
2706:
2669:
2664:
2651:
2640:Gwyndaf 1997
2635:
2619:
2607:
2595:
2579:
2568:Gwyndaf 1997
2551:Bennett 1997
2532:Gwyndaf 1997
2527:
2481:
2469:
2457:
2402:
2396:
2384:
2372:
2360:
2349:. Retrieved
2345:
2335:
2323:
2303:
2296:
2269:
2263:
2251:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2191:
2171:
2164:
2144:
2137:
2125:
2092:
2088:
2082:
2063:
2057:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2010:
1990:
1983:
1963:
1956:
1947:
1943:
1935:Paramyxacium
1934:
1933:and subgen.
1930:
1926:
1918:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1873:
1844:
1830:(2): 91â94.
1827:
1823:
1793:
1784:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1730:
1725:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1694:
1675:
1669:
1663:
1655:
1636:
1630:
1613:
1609:
1603:
1584:
1559:
1554:
1521:
1517:
1497:
1482:
1473:
1432:
1428:
1415:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1338:modification
1335:
1328:
1326:
1295:
1269:
1255:Richard Dadd
1250:
1232:
1210:
1207:Richard Dadd
1202:
1189:
1181:
1177:
1171:
1159:
1151:
1117:
1114:Thomas Hardy
1107:
1096:
1089:
1084:(1638), and
1081:
1075:
1062:
1053:
1047:
1028:
1023:
1015:
976:
973:
956:
944:
936:Jesus Christ
915:
909:recorded by
899:
895:
882:
859:
854:
835:
816:
813:Olaus Magnus
796:
782:
769:
765:
758:Olaus Magnus
753:
745:
728:
697:
669:
662:
655:
648:
641:
634:
627:
620:
613:
606:
599:
592:
585:
578:
571:
564:
557:
550:
543:
536:
529:
522:
515:
508:
501:
494:
487:
480:
473:
466:
459:
452:
445:
438:
431:
424:
417:
410:
403:
396:
389:
382:
375:
368:
361:
346:
336:
330:
323:
321:
313:
301:
283:
277:
274:saprotrophic
269:
257:
255:
238:
232:
226:
224:
212:
208:gibberellins
187:
144:
130:
111:
98:
69:
65:
61:
58:fairy circle
57:
53:
51:
35:
6235:Santa Claus
6063:Hippocampus
5753:Muldjewangk
5619:Inari Ćkami
5269:Water horse
5254:Tylwyth Teg
5244:Tooth fairy
5137:Pillywiggin
5087:Moss people
5057:Meg Mullach
4961:Joint-eater
4846:Ghillie Dhu
4806:Fairy Queen
4593:Billy Blind
4548:Alp Luachra
4455:Genius loci
4381:in folklore
4342:Fairy rings
4241:Wilde, Jane
4125:Sikes, Wirt
4110:The Tempest
3314:Cited texts
3262:Silver 1999
3246:Silver 1999
3214:Silver 1999
3188:The Tempest
3134:, pp.
3118:, pp.
2984:, pp.
2820:, pp.
2760:, pp.
2584:Silver 1999
2462:Morgan 1995
2450:Morgan 1995
2435:Morgan 1995
2215:ChemBioChem
1927:Cortinarius
1756:Mycoscience
1518:Chemosphere
1296:Fairy Rings
1277: 1880
1055:The Tempest
1040:Elizabethan
964:widdershins
952:Aberystwyth
831:Cader Idris
809:Balquhidder
724:Philippines
343:South Downs
262:mycorrhizal
245:halogenated
234:Picea abies
137:sporocarpus
48:, Australia
6333:Categories
6267:Salamander
5967:Jack Frost
5604:Há» ly tinh
5599:Fox spirit
5503:Grey alien
5463:Anchimayen
5264:Water bull
5209:Shellycoat
5132:Peg Powler
5117:Nuckelavee
5092:Nain Rouge
5016:Leprechaun
4911:Hinzelmann
4816:Fear gorta
4811:Fear dearg
4783:SvartĂĄlfar
4743:Each-uisge
4708:Colt pixie
4698:Clurichaun
4688:Ceffyl DƔr
4588:Bean nighe
4511:Fairy ring
4506:Fairy path
4496:Fairy fort
4438:Fairy tale
4423:Fairy-lock
4408:Changeling
4265:1136645044
4197:1033569216
4117:Wikisource
4096:Wikisource
4027:1041811429
4013:Rhys, John
3976:1035896745
3890:1151413771
3861:1110818805
3784:1008998390
3716:Wikisource
3376:1154341079
3302:2024-01-29
3248:, p.
3232:, p.
3216:, p.
3165:, p.
3132:Paton 1903
3102:, p.
3074:, p.
3058:, p.
3003:, p.
3001:Sikes 1880
2968:, p.
2966:Sikes 1880
2934:, p.
2906:, p.
2891:, p.
2889:Sikes 1880
2871:, p.
2869:Sikes 1880
2804:, p.
2802:Wilde 1887
2776:, p.
2758:Sikes 1880
2744:, p.
2742:Cielo 1918
2725:, p.
2697:, p.
2655:Quoted in
2642:, p.
2626:, p.
2624:Wilde 1887
2586:, p.
2570:, p.
2534:, p.
2518:, p.
2516:Sikes 1880
2351:2023-09-19
2027:(8): 781.
1729:Benjamin,
1711:(4): 1â4.
1402:References
1379:fairy ring
1359:Fairy fort
1354:Fairy path
1253:(1842) by
1235:(1834) by
1213:(1847) by
1205:(1842) by
1128:Eliza Cook
1002:Literature
927:Llangollen
838:Wirt Sikes
707:Hexenringe
90:sporocarps
86:rangelands
82:grasslands
70:pixie ring
62:elf circle
54:fairy ring
46:Queensland
25:Hjaltadans
6247:Elemental
5937:Black dog
5656:Korpokkur
5609:Huli jing
5553:Pukwudgie
5533:Nimerigar
5493:Encantado
5437:Tikoloshe
5417:Mami Wata
5397:Bultungin
5387:Asanbosam
5328:Worldwide
5289:Wirry-cow
5147:PĂșca/Pwca
5082:Morvarc'h
4971:Kilmoulis
4926:Hobgoblin
4866:Grindylow
4841:Gancanagh
4821:Fenodyree
4773:HuldufĂłlk
4713:Cyhyraeth
4668:Bugul Noz
4501:Fairyland
4322:681105312
4261:894085881
4225:575154752
4168:559912687
4139:747742179
4092:671598231
4073:(1918) .
3917:912455150
3834:669712766
3816:(1850) .
3806:907804088
3776:1471-6941
3752:558108796
3712:747738238
3687:637270098
3594:635808806
3567:903956234
3539:951477366
3530:occasions
3512:560374305
3487:870888780
3462:644152104
3435:609025816
3407:619635358
3116:Rhys 1901
3100:Rhys 1901
2982:Rhys 1901
2904:Rhys 1901
2474:Hall 2007
2389:Haas 1969
2365:Haas 1969
2328:Haas 1969
2288:441109761
2196:Haas 1969
2130:Haas 1969
2089:Mycologia
2041:0191-2917
1950:: 88â168.
1866:Haas 1969
1733:, p. 305.
1717:1005-9873
1546:0045-6535
1449:700338084
1407:Citations
1342:Minecraft
1336:Quark, a
987:John Rhys
982:glow worm
906:Halloween
785:folklores
266:symbiosis
135:from the
74:mushrooms
6308:Category
6298:See also
6277:Wild man
6178:Alberich
6048:Farfadet
6038:Dionysus
6028:Cercopes
6018:Basajaun
6011:Southern
5922:Aitvaras
5915:Northern
5901:Vodyanoy
5896:VĂąntoase
5886:Vadleany
5881:Ursitory
5876:SpiriduÈ
5871:SĂąnzianÄ
5831:Kikimora
5826:KarzeĆek
5778:Wandjina
5743:Menehune
5707:Yakshini
5661:Mazzikin
5651:Kijimuna
5589:Dokkaebi
5543:Nûñnë'hï
5488:Curupira
5478:Chaneque
5473:Canotila
5451:Americas
5344:Succubus
5335:Bogeyman
5224:Spriggan
5204:Seonaidh
5062:Melusine
4996:Korrigan
4886:Habetrot
4876:Gwyllion
4856:Glashtyn
4851:Glaistig
4831:Finvarra
4733:Dullahan
4703:Coblynau
4693:ClĂodhna
4678:Cat sĂŹth
4673:Caoineag
4583:Barghest
4450:Familiar
4304:(1838).
4296:: 546â7.
4243:(1887).
4207:(1909).
4127:(1880).
4106:(1623).
4063:68781177
4049:(1859).
4015:(1901).
4005:36673179
3954:(1998).
3794:(1831).
3697:(1891).
3625:37115043
3522:(1627).
3417:(1826).
3344:37115043
2243:32138682
2235:20486242
2117:20264537
2049:30845572
1931:Myxacium
1910:33874069
1792:(2003).
1776:84981546
1383:alvedans
1348:See also
1316:chapbook
1194:painters
1188:painted
1176:painted
1164:(1894).
918:marjoram
885:Somerset
827:Dartmoor
258:tethered
204:hormones
200:nitrogen
141:Japanese
114:mycelium
101:folklore
94:mycelium
78:forested
66:elf ring
42:Brisbane
6354:Fairies
6272:Sandman
6200:Perchta
6195:Lorelei
6156:Western
6137:Thiasus
6122:Silenus
6073:Kobalos
6023:Centaur
5952:Haltija
5947:Gremlin
5866:Rusalka
5861:Psotnik
5856:Polevik
5851:Ovinnik
5816:Domovoy
5811:CÄpcÄun
5799:Eastern
5768:Taniwha
5726:Oceania
5624:Kitsune
5548:Pombero
5513:Ishigaq
5468:Caipora
5442:Yumboes
5422:Obayifo
5359:Mermaid
5354:Merfolk
5340:Incubus
5182:SkogsrÄ
5172:Radande
5162:BergsrÄ
4981:Knucker
4976:Knocker
4931:Hödekin
4896:Haltija
4861:Groac'h
4826:Finfolk
4768:Erlking
4763:Elegast
4728:Duergar
4683:CĂč SĂŹth
4663:Bugbear
4658:Buggane
4643:Brownie
4633:Boobrie
4623:Boggart
4608:Bluecap
4578:Banshee
4413:Elfshot
4379:Fairies
4077:(ed.).
3936:2310327
3293:"quark"
2109:3755192
1944:Sydowia
1526:Bibcode
1302:, 1875.
902:May Eve
793:Ireland
789:Britain
770:elfdans
766:elfdans
738:fairies
333:Belfort
206:called
191:meadows
167:mycelia
122:enzymes
108:Genesis
6257:Goblin
6205:Vittra
6168:Dusios
6142:Trenti
6132:Squasc
6078:Lamina
6058:Hecate
5942:Gabija
5927:Ajatar
5841:Lidérc
5806:Bannik
5792:Europe
5738:Manaia
5733:Bunyip
5703:Yaksha
5698:Tennin
5666:Mogwai
5629:Kumiho
5614:Huxian
5584:Diwata
5563:Trauco
5382:Abatwa
5375:Africa
5364:Merman
5259:Undine
5219:Sluagh
5199:Selkie
5194:Sebile
5189:Redcap
5167:Hulder
5127:Oberon
5122:Nuggle
5077:Morgen
5067:Merrow
5031:Ly Erg
4986:Kobold
4966:Kelpie
4801:Fachan
4738:Dunnie
4723:Duende
4618:Bodach
4553:Anjana
4543:Aibell
4538:Adhene
4320:
4273:
4259:
4233:
4223:
4195:
4185:
4166:
4156:
4137:
4112:
4090:
4083:
4061:
4035:
4025:
4003:
3993:
3974:
3964:
3944:
3934:
3915:
3905:
3888:
3878:
3859:
3849:
3832:
3804:
3782:
3774:
3750:
3724:
3710:
3703:
3685:
3677:
3667:
3652:227433
3650:
3640:
3623:
3613:
3592:
3582:
3565:
3537:
3510:
3485:
3460:
3443:
3433:
3405:
3395:
3374:
3342:
3332:
3120:140â41
2986:239â40
2822:264â65
2409:
2311:
2286:
2276:
2241:
2233:
2179:
2152:
2115:
2107:
2070:
2047:
2039:
1998:
1971:
1908:
1800:
1774:
1715:
1643:
1591:
1544:
1447:
1154:, and
1142:, and
991:Berwyn
846:cursed
219:Chalky
151:genets
126:hyphae
118:fungus
6262:Gnome
6252:Fates
6173:Dwarf
6127:Siren
6117:Satyr
6100:Nymph
6088:Mouro
6083:Mairu
6033:Circe
5997:Troll
5977:Lauma
5962:Hiisi
5891:VĂąlvÄ
5846:Likho
5836:Leshy
5773:Tipua
5758:Nawao
5748:Mimis
5717:YĆsei
5712:YĆkai
5686:Preta
5641:Irshi
5636:Hyang
5518:Jogah
5432:Simbi
5427:Rompo
5412:Kishi
5407:Jengu
5402:Eloko
5392:Aziza
5279:Wight
5239:Tomte
5234:Sylph
5177:SjörÄ
5142:Pixie
5112:Nixie
5107:Nisse
5026:Lutin
4836:Fuath
4718:Drude
4653:Bucca
4628:Bogle
4598:BirĂłg
4568:Asrai
3675:JSTOR
3136:90â92
2762:85â86
2239:S2CID
2105:JSTOR
1940:(PDF)
1772:S2CID
1279:) by
995:rooks
932:rowan
922:thyme
850:Wilde
744:term
734:elves
720:Tyrol
716:Devil
252:Types
133:spore
116:of a
6147:Vila
6105:List
6053:Faun
5932:Badb
5906:ZĂąnÄ
5821:Iele
5681:Peri
5646:Jinn
5577:Asia
5558:Saci
5528:Muki
5458:Alux
5294:Xana
5249:Trow
5152:Puck
5047:Mare
4638:Brag
4443:List
4318:OCLC
4271:ISBN
4257:OCLC
4231:ISBN
4221:OCLC
4193:OCLC
4183:ISBN
4164:OCLC
4154:ISBN
4135:OCLC
4088:OCLC
4059:OCLC
4033:ISBN
4023:OCLC
4001:OCLC
3991:ISBN
3972:OCLC
3962:ISBN
3942:ISBN
3932:OCLC
3913:OCLC
3903:ISBN
3886:OCLC
3876:ISBN
3857:OCLC
3847:ISBN
3830:OCLC
3802:OCLC
3780:OCLC
3772:ISSN
3748:OCLC
3722:ISBN
3708:OCLC
3683:OCLC
3665:ISBN
3648:OCLC
3638:ISBN
3621:OCLC
3611:ISBN
3590:OCLC
3580:ISBN
3563:OCLC
3535:OCLC
3508:OCLC
3483:OCLC
3458:OCLC
3441:ISBN
3431:OCLC
3403:OCLC
3393:ISBN
3372:OCLC
3340:OCLC
3330:ISBN
3060:1406
2727:1300
2672:1850
2407:ISBN
2309:ISBN
2284:OCLC
2274:ISBN
2231:PMID
2177:ISBN
2150:ISBN
2113:PMID
2068:ISBN
2045:PMID
2037:ISSN
1996:ISBN
1969:ISBN
1906:PMID
1798:ISBN
1750:and
1713:ISSN
1641:ISBN
1589:ISBN
1542:ISSN
1445:OCLC
1209:and
975:the
920:and
823:Puck
791:and
783:The
270:free
112:The
6190:Imp
6112:Pan
5040:MâZ
4916:Hob
4891:Hag
4794:FâL
4753:Alp
4748:Elf
4531:AâE
4310:hdl
4249:hdl
4213:hdl
3822:hdl
3740:hdl
3555:hdl
3500:hdl
3475:hdl
3423:hdl
3364:hdl
3234:181
3218:153
3076:100
2908:108
2806:234
2778:398
2699:157
2644:163
2588:175
2572:163
2536:161
2223:doi
2213:".
2097:doi
2029:doi
2019:".
1896:doi
1892:111
1832:doi
1764:doi
1680:doi
1676:110
1618:doi
1534:doi
1437:hdl
1327:In
1298:by
1168:Art
904:or
815:in
787:of
736:or
84:or
68:or
6335::
5157:RĂ„
4316:.
4263:,
4255:.
4219:.
4191:.
4162:.
4053:.
4045:;
3999:.
3970:.
3911:.
3884:.
3855:.
3828:.
3778:.
3768:II
3766:.
3762:.
3746:.
3681:.
3673:.
3646:.
3619:.
3588:.
3561:.
3549:.
3526:.
3506:.
3481:.
3429:.
3401:.
3387:.
3370:.
3354:;
3338:.
3295:.
3264:,
3250:26
3185:,
3169:,
3167:14
3143:^
3104:60
3024:^
3005:72
2993:^
2970:75
2958:^
2943:^
2936:97
2893:83
2873:71
2833:^
2746:73
2734:^
2679:^
2628:39
2558:^
2543:^
2520:70
2508:^
2493:^
2442:^
2421:^
2344:.
2282:.
2237:.
2229:.
2219:11
2217:.
2111:.
2103:.
2093:39
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