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forests, hypogeous sporocarp dispersal is positively affected by fires. After a fire, most if not all epigeous sporocarps are wiped out, leaving hypogeous sporocarps to be the primary source of fungi for small marsupials. The ability of hypogeous fungi to resist disasters, such as fire, could be due
384:. Evidence of this is that the composition of fungi in the diet of Tasmanian bettong was positively correlated with body condition and growth rates of pouch young. Ectomycorrhizal or hypogeous fungi form a symbiotic relationship with small
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fungi. Short-lived sporocarps are more often hosts to fungicolous fungi than are long-lived sporocarps, which may have evolved more investment in defense mechanisms and tend to have less water content than their short-lived counterparts.
576:
Bonito, Gregory; Smith, Matthew E.; Nowak, Michael; Healy, Rosanne A.; Guevara, Gonzalo; Cázares, Efren; Kinoshita, Akihiko; Nouhra, Eduardo R.; DomĂnguez, Laura S.; Tedersoo, Leho; Murat, Claude (2013-01-02).
380:, and more. Some animals feed on fungi opportunistically, while others rely on them as a primary source of food. Hypogeous sporocarps are a highly nutritious primary food source for some small mammals like the
262:. Epigeous sporocarps have mycelia that extend underground far beyond the mother sporocarp. There is a wider distribution of mycelia underground than sporocarps above ground. Hypogeous fungi are usually called
336:
A wide variety of animals feed on epigeous and hypogeous fungi. The mammals that feed on fungi are as diverse as fungi themselves and are called mycophages.
860:"Mycophagy by small mammals in the coniferous forests of North America: nutritional value of sporocarps of Rhizopogon vinicolor, a common hypogeous fungus"
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to their evolved ability to survive the digestive systems of animals in order to distribute. Sporocarps can also serve as a food source for other fungi.
1026:
Zabowski, D.; Zasoski, R. J.; Littke, W.; Ammirati, J. (1990). "Metal content of fungal sporocarps from urban, rural, and sludge-treated sites".
579:"Historical Biogeography and Diversification of Truffles in the Tuberaceae and Their Newly Identified Southern Hemisphere Sister Lineage"
788:"Ectomycorrhizal ecology under primary succession on coastal sand dunes: interactions involving Pinus contorta, suilloid fungi and deer"
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sporocarps, sporocarps that have a higher surface area to volume ratio, are hosts to a higher diversity of fungicolous fungi than
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Maurice, Sundy; Arnault, Gontran; Nordén, Jenni; Botnen, Synnøve Smebye; Miettinen, Otto; Kauserud, Håvard (May 2021).
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962:"Interactions between fire, mycophagous mammals, and dispersal of ectromycorrhizal fungi in Eucalyptus forests"
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are found in both basidiocarps and ascocarps; these features play an important role in the identification and
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eat the greatest variety of fungi, but there are many other mammals that also forage on fungi, such as
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274:, truffles lost the ability to disperse their spores by air currents, and propagate instead by animal
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their spores since they are underground and cannot utilize wind dispersal like epigeous sporocarps.
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Underground fungi also play a role in a three-way symbiotic relationship with small marsupials and
254:. Epigeous sporocarps that are visible to the naked eye, especially fruitbodies of a more or less
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feet) in length and is estimated to weigh between 450 and 760 kilograms (990 and 1,680 pounds).
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529:"Spatial distribution of sporocarps of stipitate hydnoid fungi and their belowground mycelium"
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270:. There is evidence that hypogeous fungi evolved from epigeous fungi. During their
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Claridge, A. W.; Trappe, J. M.; Cork, S. J.; Claridge, D. L. (1999-04-01).
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Van Der Linde, Sietse; Alexander, Ian J.; Anderson, Ian C. (2009-08-03).
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mammals. Hypogeous sporocarps depend on small fungivorous mammals to
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if they grow on the ground, while those that grow underground are
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Fungal structure on which spore-producing structures are borne
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Maser, Chris; Trappe, James M.; Nussbaum, Ronald A. (1978).
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193:, while the rest of the life cycle is characterized by
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132:"Fruiting body" redirects here. For other uses, see
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60:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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715:"Truffle trouble: what happened to the Tuberales?"
412:Sporocarps can be hosts to diverse communities of
762:"Fungus consumption (mycophagy) by small animals"
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786:Ashkannejhad, Sara; Horton, Thomas R. (2006).
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296:The largest known fruitbody is a specimen of
713:Læssøe, Thomas; Hansen, Karen (2007-09-01).
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648:has the largest fruitbody among the fungi".
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293:is based on the features of the sporocarp.
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120:Learn how and when to remove this message
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760:Fogel, Robert; Trappe, James (1978).
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285:, and to a large degree in academic
58:adding citations to reliable sources
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864:Journal of Comparative Physiology B
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685:"Giant fungus discovered in China"
314:. It measures up to 10.85 metres (
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1028:Journal of Environmental Quality
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644:Cui, B.-K.; Dai, Y.-C. (2011). "
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847:(4). Southworth, Darlene: 264.
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134:Fruiting body (disambiguation)
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960:Johnson, C. N. (1995-12-01).
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258:morphology, are often called
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721:. New Bottles for Old Wine.
683:Walker, M. (1 August 2011).
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221:, while the fruitbody of an
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289:as well, identification of
278:and subsequent defecation.
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533:FEMS Microbiology Ecology
646:Fomitiporia ellipsoidea
304:Fomitiporia ellipsoidea
242:Fruitbodies are termed
175:multicellular structure
69:"Sporocarp" fungus
299:Phellinus ellipsoideus
150:
1318:List of fungal orders
876:10.1007/s003600050208
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1313:Glossary of mycology
719:Mycological Research
54:improve this article
1323:List of mycologists
978:1995Oecol.104..467J
595:2013PLoSO...852765B
207:The sporocarp of a
1095:Outline of lichens
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231:. Many shapes and
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110:January 2024
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52:Please help
47:verification
44:
1371:WikiProject
1226:Pycniospore
1114:Lichenology
448:– the stalk
437:– the gills
414:fungicolous
386:mycophagous
306:) found on
281:In amateur
276:consumption
214:basidiocarp
200:growth and
146:Sarcoscypha
1387:Categories
1247:Haustorium
1206:Sporangium
1193:Teliospore
775:(1): 1–31.
699:2020-05-03
453:References
441:Sporangium
419:Resupinate
406:Eucalyptus
401:Eucalyptus
397:Australian
346:marsupials
310:, part of
302:(formerly
239:of fungi.
223:ascomycete
195:vegetative
191:life cycle
181:, such as
163:fruit body
80:newspapers
1262:Sporocarp
1257:Cell wall
1176:Ascospore
1171:Zygospore
1148:Structure
994:1432-1939
966:Oecologia
939:1939-9170
884:1432-136X
814:1469-8137
739:0953-7562
613:1932-6203
555:0168-6496
496:1751-7370
342:chipmunks
338:Squirrels
272:evolution
260:mushrooms
256:agaricoid
251:hypogeous
219:basidiome
177:on which
167:fruitbody
155:sporocarp
148:austriaca
1393:Mycology
1347:Category
1297:Mushroom
1252:Mycelium
1211:Conidium
1189:Basidium
1129:Mycology
1002:28307662
892:10335615
822:16411937
747:18022534
670:21872178
631:23300990
583:PLOS ONE
563:19558589
514:33432137
429:See also
390:disperse
362:lemmings
287:mycology
264:truffles
245:epigeous
237:taxonomy
228:ascocarp
198:mycelial
1359:Commons
1134:Mycosis
1010:7915253
974:Bibcode
947:1938784
919:Ecology
900:9903609
622:3534693
591:Bibcode
505:8115690
435:Lamella
423:pileate
378:weasels
374:rabbits
332:Ecology
323:⁄
202:asexual
183:basidia
94:scholar
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1157:spore
1006:S2CID
943:JSTOR
896:S2CID
765:(PDF)
446:Stipe
358:voles
312:China
173:is a
171:fungi
169:) of
101:JSTOR
87:books
1306:List
1287:Mold
998:PMID
990:ISSN
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888:PMID
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366:deer
354:rats
350:mice
340:and
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153:The
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