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Similar to a cleistothecium, a gymnothecium is a completely enclosed structure containing globose or pear-shaped, deliquescent asci. However, unlike the cleistothecium, the peridial wall of a gymnothecium consists of a loosely woven "tuft" of hyphae, often ornamented with elaborate coils or spines.
345:. In this case the ascocarp is round with the hymenium enclosed, so the spores do not automatically get released, and fungi with cleistothecia have had to develop new strategies to disseminate their spores. The truffles, for instance, have solved this problem by attracting animals such as
349:, which break open the tasty ascocarps and spread the spores over a wide area. Cleistothecia are found mostly in fungi that have little room available for their ascocarps, for instance those that live under tree bark, or underground like truffles.
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are usually cylindrical in shape, borne on a stipe (stalk), released from a pore, developed from the inner wall of the perithecium and arise from a basal plectenchyma-centrum. Examples are members of
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important for the taxonomic classification of the fungus. Apothecia can be relatively large and fleshy, whereas the others are microscopic—about the size of flecks of ground pepper.
159:. Ascocarps are most commonly bowl-shaped (apothecia) but may take on a spherical or flask-like form that has a pore opening to release spores (perithecia) or no opening (cleistothecia).
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An apothecium (plural: apothecia) is a wide, open, saucer-shaped or cup-shaped fruit body. It is sessile and fleshy. The structure of the apothecium chiefly consists of three parts:
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is indicated in pink. Note the cylindrical asci in the two left types (apothecium, peri-/pseudothecium), and the globose asci in the two right types (cleistothecium, gymnothecium).
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Sometimes the perithecia are "free" (individually visible from the outside), but in many species they are embedded in a dense sterile tissue of haploid cells called a
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A cleistothecium (plural: cleistothecia) is a globose, completely closed fruit body with no special opening to the outside. The ascomatal wall is called
577:
277:, an edible ascocarp, not a mushroom, favored by gourmets, is a mass of apothecia fused together in a single large structure or cap. The genera
501:, having a double wall that expands when it takes up water and shoots the enclosed spores out suddenly to disperse them. Example species are
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265:(the "foot"). The asci are present in the hymenium layer. The asci are freely exposed at maturity. An example are the members of
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This is similar to a perithecium, but the asci are not regularly organised into a hymenium and they are
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is divided into the types described below (apothecium, cleistothecium, etc.) and this character
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337:. The asci are globose, deliquescent, and scattered throughout the interior cavity i.e. as in
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The ascocarp is classified according to its placement (in ways not fundamental to the basic
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Diagram of a pseudothecium. Eight ascospores (green) are typically present in each ascus.
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Diagram of an apothecium showing sterile tissues as well as developing and mature asci
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of apothecium, peri-/pseudothecium and cleisto-/gymnothecium (from left to right).
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or arising in tufts from the basal region of ascocarps as in
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Perithecia are flask shaped structures opening by a pore or
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and typically consists of densely interwoven hyphae or
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cells. It may be covered with hyphal outgrowth called
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phylum fungus. It consists of very tightly interwoven
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408:may be lined by hair-like structures called
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614:. Princeton University Press. p. 30.
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111:Learn how and when to remove this message
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582:Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute
551:"ascocarp (fruiting structure of fungi)"
486:Bitunicate asci in the pseudothecium of
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219:, while underground ascocarps, such as
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215:if it grows above ground, as with the
18:Fruiting body of an ascomycete fungus.
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578:"Atlas of Clinical Fungi (glossary)"
430:(Dead Man's Fingers, Candle Snuff),
49:adding citations to reliable sources
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610:Læssøe, H.; Petersen, Jens (2019).
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36:needs additional citations for
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227:. The structure enclosing the
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983:Fungal morphology and anatomy
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608:See page 30 and glossary of
308:contains numerous apothecia.
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913:List of mycology journals
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257:(upper concave surface),
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556:Encyclopædia Britannica
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903:List of fungal orders
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898:Glossary of mycology
455:(plural: stromata).
45:improve this article
908:List of mycologists
507:Venturia inaequalis
680:Outline of lichens
590:on 28 October 2019
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304:The ascocarp of a
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62: –
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34:This article
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770:Basidiospore
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704:Marine fungi
663:Microbiology
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594:11 September
592:. Retrieved
587:the original
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560:. Retrieved
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101:October 2014
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43:Please help
38:verification
35:
15:
956:WikiProject
811:Pycniospore
699:Lichenology
562:23 November
526:Basidiocarp
422:Hypocreales
418:Sphaeriales
383:Perithecium
376:Arthroderma
367:Talaromyces
259:hypothecium
972:Categories
832:Haustorium
791:Sporangium
778:Teliospore
537:References
512:Guignardia
503:Apple scab
499:bitunicate
445:Neurospora
410:periphyses
361:Gymnoascus
347:wild boars
335:appendages
239:Apothecium
157:ascospores
145:ascomycete
71:newspapers
60:"Ascocarp"
847:Sporocarp
842:Cell wall
761:Ascospore
756:Zygospore
733:Structure
439:Claviceps
286:Gyromitra
275:Morchella
263:excipulum
225:hypogeous
141:sporocarp
978:Mycology
932:Category
882:Mushroom
837:Mycelium
796:Conidium
774:Basidium
714:Mycology
531:Conidium
520:See also
370:and the
343:Erysiphe
339:Eurotium
324:peridium
280:Helvella
254:hymenium
229:hymenium
221:truffles
213:epigeous
209:taxonomy
183:peridium
143:) of an
137:ascomata
125:ascocarp
944:Commons
719:Mycosis
514:aesculi
433:Nectria
427:Xylaria
401:ostiole
393:Nectria
85:scholar
806:Oidium
687:Branch
667:Fungus
618:
453:stroma
412:. The
261:, and
217:morels
181:. The
149:hyphae
129:ascoma
87:
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877:Yeast
827:Hypha
820:Other
765:Ascus
742:spore
306:morel
271:morel
127:, or
92:JSTOR
78:books
891:List
872:Mold
616:ISBN
596:2019
564:2020
442:and
420:and
283:and
153:asci
64:news
490:sp.
133:pl.
123:An
47:by
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