354:
484:
403:
318:
368:(Timbuctoo: the mysterious). He admitted that Timbuktu lacked impressive buildings, but put this down to lack of suitable materials. He went on, "Unable, therefore, to develop the sensuous arts, Timbuctoo reserved all her strength for the intellectual, and here her dominion was supreme." He described a "University of Sankore" in Timbuktu. Talking of an earlier period in the history of the town, he says,
139:. His experiences were described in a popular book in 1896. He was sent to report on another expedition in West Africa in 1897, but left in disgust due to the brutality of the commander, who was killed shortly after. In 1898 Dubois conceived the idea of launching the first general freight company to use trucks, avoiding the need for porters in the
571:(1911) celebrated the social and economic benefits that the French colonial rule had brought to West Africa. In his view, the French had done better than other colonialists in Africa because they were averse to color prejudice. Dubois felt that the railway and benefits of French administration would help the Sudan recover its former glory.
305:
circle in
Senegal. He admired Noirot's approach to administering Sine-Saloum, and particularly his schools, providing elementary French education, introducing new crops (maize, vegetables and European berries), introducing the students and their parents to the use of the plow. Dubois described Noirot
555:
of southern
Algeria near Tamanrasset. These included the first known drawing of a chariot in the region, funerary monuments and rock art. He did not publish the work, which was unknown until recently. He was fascinated by his findings of traces of ancient civilization, and dreamed of returning with
433:
Trials showed that the state of the roads was the key factor in making a success of the enterprise. With agreement from
Trentinian that the roads could be maintained, Dubois returned to France to raise further support and funds. He founded the SOUDAUTO company with 100,000 francs of his own and with
348:
A wonderful impulse was imparted to this country in the sixteenth century, and a marvellous civilisation appeared in the very heart of the black continent. This civilisation was not imposed by circumstances and force, as is so often the case, even in our own countries, but was spontaneously desired,
372:
The scholars of
Timbuctoo yielded in nothing, to the saints and their miracles. During their sojourns in the foreign universities of Fez, Tunis and Cairo, 'they astonished the most learned men of Islam by their erudition.' That these negroes were on a level with the Arabian savants is proved by the
470:
Sand from the unpaved road penetrated the working parts, which soon ground to a halt. The company collapsed. Its property in the Sudan was seized and court cases dragged out while the vehicles stood idle. The failure was finally resolved in
December 1913. Dubois lost all his money but retained his
421:
in place of porters. A private company with good connections with the colonial authorities could make a profit while helping the people of the region. He obtained financial backing to explore the concept further and launched "Dubois et Cie" for this purpose. On 16 December 1898 the first truck was
446:
When he returned to Sudan with the first vehicles, Dubois found many problems. Trentinian had been removed from office, the local authorities were hostile to the enterprise, the
European staff and Chinese drivers were incompetent and became ill, the roads had deteriorated from overuse and poor
349:
evoked, and propagated by a man of the negro races. Unfortunately, its fairest promises were never fulfilled, owing, not so much to the native successors, as to the civilised (some say white) peoples who ruthlessly destroyed all this good seed, and caused the tares of barbarism to sprout anew.
442:
at its own expense, while the company would provide 85 trucks. The total distance between Kayes and Bamako was 400 kilometres (250 mi). The service would commence no later than March 1900. Dubois promised that the investors would receive a good return.
158:, but was unable to take the time to explore them properly. After marrying an heiress with whom he had five children, he embarked on unsuccessful business ventures in Siberia, the Altai and Alberta, Canada. He wrote several books about his travels.
475:. His father died in 1901. Dubois inherited some of the royalty rights to his father's books, and made fairly profitable investments with the capital. For the next few years he was able to live comfortably and take part in the social life of Paris.
499:
In 1907, at the age of 45, Dubois was assigned another official mission in Africa, to cross the Sahara without escort from
Algeria to the Sudan. The expedition was supported by various government departments as well as the
595:(1819–1899). They were to have five children. His wife's dowry allowed Dubois to pursue further ventures. In January 1913 he launched a company with a capital of 6 million gold roubles to exploit the resources of the
381:
to reach Chad before the
British. In his race against time Cazamajou drove the porters ruthlessly and shot those who tried to escape. Dubois fell out with Cazamajou over these methods and left the expedition at
512:. Dubois was to study the people of the Sahara, the conditions of the region and the possibility of establishing regular commercial contacts between Algeria and Sudan. His camel party left
849:
There was no formal "University of
Sankore". Many scholars lived in the Sankore quarter, but teaching was done mostly in the homes of the shaykhs, or to a lesser extent in the mosques.
31:
336:
quite different ethnically from others in the region. They told him they had originally come from the east, and Dubois decided from his research that they might have come from
459:
on 1 January 1900 that was widely reported in the international press. This enterprise was the first in which trucks were used to haul general freight. His vehicles were
135:
to report on an exploratory expedition. He later wrote reports on
Palestine and on anarchism. In 1894 he was one of the reporters sent to the newly occupied city of
373:
fact that they were installed as professors in Morocco and Egypt. In contrast to this, we find that the Arabs were not always equal to the requirements of Sankoré.
1372:
123:
Dubois was the son of a well-known chef who had written a number of popular cookery books. He began his career as the European correspondent in
116:(16 September 1862 – 1 June 1945) was a French journalist, explorer and entrepreneur who is best known for his books about his travels in
556:
a better equipped expedition to undertake a more careful and focused study of the topography, archaeology and ethnography of the region.
340:. Dubois found similarities between the houses in Djenné and the tombs of Ancient Egypt, and visual similarities between the Songhai and
417:
In the fall of 1898 Dubois attended an exhibition of cars and bicycles which gave him the idea of introducing motorized wagons into the
344:, and speculated that the town could also have originally been an Upper Egyptian colony. On the other hand, he wrote of these people:
198:
His father's connections made him welcome in Berlin and Vienna, where he became correspondent for several French journals, including
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1544:
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from 1873 to 1880, and then at the School of Commerce in Paris from 1880 to 1882. Felix then spent one year of military service at
992:
575:
was perhaps over-enthusiastic, designed to raise interest in the colony within France. His account of his travel in the desert,
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1338:
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1554:
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1415:
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651:
Le Péril anarchiste. L'organisation secrète du parti anarchiste. Origines et historique. La propagande anarchiste, etc
364:
Dubois spent several weeks in Timbuktu making notes and taking photographs. These formed the basis for his 1897 book
618:
His wife died in 1933. Félix Dubois died on 1 June 1945 at the age of 83. He was cremated in a private ceremony at
377:
In 1897 Dubois was recruited by the French colonial authorities to accompany a military expedition under Captain
1273:
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was built in 1906–1907 on the ruins of an earlier mosque. This view shows the north east corner. From Dubois's
472:
451:. Despite all this, Dubois managed to deploy 55 vehicles with fuel drums, and made a symbolic journey from
206:
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146:
Dubois spent several years in Paris before embarking on another expedition in 1907, this time crossing the
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1002:
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On his return to France, on 24 March 1908 Dubois married Louise Tribert, 30-year-old daughter of Senator
521:
229:
693:
619:
488:
662:
The Anarchist Peril ... Translated, Edited and Enlarged with a Supplementary Chapter by R. Derechef
378:
293:
in October 1894, and traveled by railway, then by steam boat, by land, and by boat on the Niger to
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oilfields, and continued to invest in this area until at least 1925, again losing his money.
607:
swept the Tsars from power, Dubois entertained hopes of recovering these investments. During
563:, then west to Timbuktu, which was now a quiet colonial town, and from there up the Niger to
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1534:
1529:
517:
427:
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218:
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and also turning a profit. The venture ran into many difficulties and collapsed in 1900.
8:
1298:
A History of African Higher Education from Antiquity to the Present: A Critical Synthesis
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353:
179:
682:
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237:
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604:
117:
780:
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1390:
1386:
Félix Dubois: 1862–1945 : grand reporter et explorateur, de Panama à Tamanrasset
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1323:
1302:
1258:
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224:
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151:
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182:
started in 1870. Felix and his younger brother Ernest studied at the college of
600:
596:
529:
329:
174:, was a famous chef from Provence. His mother, Marie Virginie Boder, was from
155:
434:
total capital of 1,200,000 francs. The colony would maintain the road between
1523:
1461:
592:
471:
reputation, and in 1900 was special commissioner for the French Sudan at the
341:
298:
274:
245:
171:
483:
1456:. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People: 163–166.
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311:
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249:
140:
30:
464:
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in March 1890 to illustrate an account of the 1887–1889 voyage of Captain
175:
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233:
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314:, to the north, by the Moors, who had in turn been driven from Spain.
150:
from north to south. He found relics of ancient civilizations in the
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402:
258:
333:
1235:
537:
525:
278:
136:
36:
317:
236:. The expedition established the route of a railway line from the
612:
435:
391:
167:
58:
1345:. Paris: L'Académie des sciences d'outre-mer. pp. 179–185.
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132:
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124:
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270:(The Anarchist Peril), a work that was not entirely serious.
187:
183:
77:
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1110:
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in Siberia. He also became involved in diamond mines in the
1319:
Robertson's Book of Firsts: Who Did What for the First Time
1199:
1184:
1086:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1036:
643:(in French). Riou, Édouard (illustrator). Paris: J. Hetzel.
559:
From the Hoggar Mountains Dubois's route took him south to
533:
228:
asked him to accompany and report on the expedition led by
889:
862:
357:
The Grand Mosque or Djingareyber Mosque in Timbuktu, from
1107:
956:
908:
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he traveled to Canada, where he became interested in the
560:
1057:
695:
Notre Beau Niger: Quinze années de Colonisation Français
306:
as a modest secular missionary. Dubois thought that the
178:
in Switzerland. His father returned to France when the
944:
932:
920:
463:
9.5 horsepower wagons with gasoline engines, built at
256:
in 1892. He then undertook a journey to Palestine for
1148:
1136:
712:"Noël en Terre-Sainte: Illustrations de F. de Haenen"
1160:
968:
551:
Dubois made a series of archaeological finds in the
980:
244:, and defined the border between the new colony of
1274:"L'exploration saharienne de Félix Dubois en 1907"
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1014:
131:for several French newspapers. In 1890 he went to
540:oasis on 29 July. In October 1907 he met Father
1521:
676:. White, Diana (translator). New York: Longmans.
426:in a ceremony attended by the governor Colonel
266:(Christmas in Bethlehem). In 1894 he published
658:
1230:(3). American Geographical Society: 212–215.
1224:Bulletin of the American Geographical Society
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1336:
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1178:
1101:
1080:
1051:
914:
902:
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386:. A few weeks later Cazamajou was killed at
297:, the port for Timbuktu. On the way, he met
1506:"Le voyage de M. Félix Dubois à Tombouctou"
1403:
1251:Hunwick, J. O.; O'Fahey, R. Rex S. (2003).
962:
478:
1271:
1130:
1118:
567:and then by train to Kayes. His last book
447:maintenance, and there was an epidemic of
29:
1497:Bulletin du Comité de l'Afrique française
1480:"Traversée du Sahara par M. Félix Dubois"
1315:
1068:
811:Bulletin du Comité de l'Afrique française
798:Bulletin du Comité de l'Afrique française
232:to explore Guinea and the sources of the
1453:The Crisis: A Record of the Darker Races
1424:
1222:Brown, R.M. (1912). "Notre Beau Niger".
950:
938:
926:
579:, was advertised as due to appear after
482:
401:
352:
316:
166:Dubois was born on 16 September 1862 in
1503:
1490:
659:Dubois, Félix; Derechef, Ralph (1894).
406:Map of French West Africa published in
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285:sent two senior reporters, Dubois and
262:, which he described in an article on
1431:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 246.
1294:
1221:
1166:
986:
820:"Le Livre du Jour: Notre Beaux Niger"
516:on 9 April 1907 and traveled to the
13:
1470:
1272:Le Quellec, Jean-Loïc (May 2008).
818:Dubois, Félix (11 February 1911).
725:Dubois, Félix (13 February 1893).
687:(in French). Paris: E. Flammarion.
654:(in French). Paris: E. Flammarion.
14:
1571:
1404:Shillington, Kevin (2005-02-14).
1316:Robertson, Patrick (2011-11-11).
766:Dubois, Félix (13 January 1894).
710:Dubois, Félix (3 December 1892).
536:on 11 June 1907, and reached the
510:Société de Géographie commerciale
1446:Wright, Virginia (August 1911).
1383:Saint-Martin, Yves-Jean (1999).
824:Le Figaro, Supplément Littéraire
772:Le Figaro, Supplément Littéraire
310:of Senegal had been driven from
1550:French male non-fiction writers
1545:19th-century French journalists
1407:Encyclopedia of African history
843:
698:(in French). Paris: Flammarion.
586:
397:
328:Further east, Dubois found the
1504:Valbert, G. (1 January 1897).
1478:Regelsperger, Gustave (1911).
1337:Saint-Martin, Yves T. (1984).
785:Le Figaro, Supplément Illustré
779:Dubois, Félix (27 July 1895).
740:Dubois, Félix (2 March 1893).
252:. Dubois's report appeared in
190:before becoming a journalist.
161:
16:French journalist and explorer
1:
1540:19th-century French explorers
1295:Lulat, G-M G-M (2005-08-30).
831:
753:Dubois, Félix (7 June 1893).
746:Le Figaro, Supplément Spécial
502:Comité de l’Afrique française
193:
1560:French expatriates in Canada
1555:People of French West Africa
1425:Williams, Joseph J. (1930).
390:. Dubois travelled home via
7:
1368:The text is also available
1343:Hommes et Destins, Volume 5
1254:Arabic Literature of Africa
394:, reaching France in 1898.
301:, the administrator of the
10:
1576:
1410:. CRC Press. p. 963.
1339:"Félix Dubois (1862–1945)"
1015:Hunwick & O'Fahey 2003
583:. It was never published.
248:and the British colony of
230:Henri Brosselard-Faidherbe
1493:"La Mission Félix Dubois"
1491:Terrier, Auguste (1907).
1428:Hebrewisms of West Africa
1322:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
684:Tombouctou la Mystérieuse
673:Timbuctoo: the mysterious
640:La Vie au Continent Noire
366:Tombouctou la Mystérieuse
359:Timbuctoo: the mysterious
323:Timbuctoo: the mysterious
106:Timbuctoo: the mysterious
101:
93:
85:
66:
44:
28:
21:
1389:. Editions L'Harmattan.
625:
522:François-Henry Laperrine
479:Trans-Saharan expedition
379:Marius Gabriel Cazemajou
826:(in French). p. 4.
761:(in French). p. 3.
755:"Les Anglais en Égypte"
735:(in French). p. 1.
321:Houses in Djenné, from
1484:La Quinzaine Coloniale
805:Dubois, Félix (1898).
792:Dubois, Félix (1898).
692:Dubois, Félix (1911).
681:Dubois, Félix (1897).
670:Dubois, Félix (1896).
665:. London: T. F. Unwin.
648:Dubois, Félix (1894).
637:Dubois, Félix (1893).
620:Père Lachaise Cemetery
496:
489:Great Mosque of Djenné
473:Exposition Universelle
414:
375:
361:
351:
325:
170:, Saxony. His father,
1514:(in French): 205–216.
1511:Revue des deux Mondes
1499:(in French): 425–426.
1486:(in French): 125–126.
813:(in French): 177–178.
807:"Vocabulaire songhoï"
800:(in French): 174–177.
781:"Figaro à Tombouctou"
768:"Le Péril Anarchiste"
548:in southern Algeria.
506:Société de Géographie
486:
405:
370:
356:
346:
320:
281:on 12 February 1894.
273:French forces led by
518:Grand Erg Occidental
428:Edgard de Trentinian
412:Louis Gustave Binger
219:Le Petit Marseillais
97:Journalist, explorer
1448:"The Congo Express"
1181:, pp. 182–183.
1133:, pp. 187–188.
1083:, pp. 181–182.
720:(in French) (2592).
542:Charles de Foucauld
268:Le péril anarchiste
180:Franco-Prussian War
114:Albert Félix Dubois
23:Albert Félix Dubois
1375:2016-03-03 at the
886:, p. 179-180.
605:revolution of 1917
577:L'enigme du Sahara
497:
415:
362:
326:
118:French West Africa
1438:978-0-7661-5734-7
1417:978-1-57958-245-6
1396:978-2-7384-8715-5
1352:978-2-900098-05-9
1329:978-1-60819-738-5
1308:978-0-313-06866-9
1281:Cahiers de l'AARS
1264:978-90-04-12444-8
1206:Saint-Martin 1984
1194:Saint-Martin 1984
1179:Saint-Martin 1984
1102:Saint-Martin 1984
1081:Saint-Martin 1984
1052:Saint-Martin 1984
915:Saint-Martin 1999
903:Saint-Martin 1984
884:Saint-Martin 1984
872:Saint-Martin 1984
794:"Retour du Niger"
742:"Figaro à Panama"
727:"Figaro à Panama"
603:. Long after the
520:. He met General
289:. Dubois reached
111:
110:
55:16 September 1862
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581:Notre Beau Niger
573:Notre Beau Niger
569:Notre beau Niger
553:Hoggar Mountains
493:Notre beau Niger
264:Nöel en Bethléem
238:Mellacorée River
152:Hoggar Mountains
73:
54:
52:
35:Félix Dubois in
33:
19:
18:
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1377:Wayback Machine
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1069:Robertson 2011
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330:Songhai people
283:L'illustration
254:L'Illustration
225:L'Illustration
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156:French Algeria
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1359:on 2016-03-04
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989:, p. 72.
988:
983:
976:
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964:
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952:
951:Williams 1930
947:
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939:Williams 1930
935:
928:
927:Williams 1930
923:
917:, p. 58.
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593:Louis Tribert
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342:Nubian people
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299:Ernest Noirot
296:
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275:Joseph Joffre
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246:French Guinea
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172:Urbain Dubois
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94:Occupation(s)
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69:
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60:
47:
43:
38:
32:
27:
20:
1509:
1496:
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1427:
1406:
1385:
1361:. Retrieved
1357:the original
1342:
1318:
1301:. ABC-CLIO.
1297:
1285:. Retrieved
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1223:
1214:
1213:
1201:
1174:
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1076:
1022:
1017:, p. 2.
1010:
994:
982:
970:
958:
946:
934:
922:
910:
879:
856:
855:
845:
836:
835:
823:
810:
797:
787:(in French).
784:
774:(in French).
771:
758:
748:(in French).
745:
730:
715:
703:
702:
694:
683:
672:
661:
650:
639:
630:
629:
617:
590:
587:Later career
580:
576:
572:
568:
558:
550:
509:
505:
501:
498:
492:
469:
449:yellow fever
445:
432:
419:French Sudan
416:
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398:Entrepreneur
376:
371:
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327:
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282:
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250:Sierra Leone
223:
217:
211:
205:
199:
197:
165:
154:of southern
145:
141:French Sudan
122:
113:
112:
105:
72:(1945-06-01)
1535:1945 deaths
1530:1862 births
1155:Wright 1911
1143:Wright 1911
1027:Dubois 1896
1001:, pp.
999:Dubois 1896
975:Dubois 1896
609:World War I
546:Tamanrasset
461:De Dietrich
308:Fula people
303:Sine-Saloum
287:Jules Huret
234:Niger River
162:Early years
86:Nationality
70:1 June 1945
1524:Categories
1363:2013-04-27
1287:2013-04-27
1167:Brown 1912
1029:, p.
987:Lulat 2005
832:References
622:in Paris.
528:, reached
467:, France.
422:landed at
222:. In 1890
213:Le Gaulois
194:Journalist
51:1862-09-16
1462:0011-1422
1257:. BRILL.
857:Citations
759:Le Figaro
732:Le Figaro
565:Koulikoro
465:Lunéville
259:Le Figaro
207:La France
201:Le Soleil
176:Neuchâtel
1373:Archived
704:Articles
538:In Salah
526:Taghouzi
508:and the
408:Le Temps
279:Timbuktu
277:entered
137:Timbuktu
80:, France
61:, Saxony
37:Timbuktu
1215:Sources
1003:275–276
613:Alberta
436:Toukoto
392:Dahomey
168:Dresden
59:Dresden
39:in 1907
1460:
1435:
1414:
1393:
1349:
1326:
1305:
1261:
1244:200682
1242:
514:Biskra
504:, the
495:(1911)
457:Bamako
440:Bamako
388:Zinder
334:Djenné
295:Kabara
242:Kankan
148:Sahara
133:Guinea
129:Vienna
125:Berlin
89:French
1277:(PDF)
1240:JSTOR
837:Notes
631:Books
626:Works
601:Altai
530:Adrar
424:Kayes
338:Yemen
332:near
312:Adrar
291:Dakar
188:Dreux
184:Melun
78:Paris
1458:ISSN
1433:ISBN
1412:ISBN
1391:ISBN
1370:here
1347:ISBN
1324:ISBN
1303:ISBN
1283:(12)
1259:ISBN
534:Tuat
487:The
453:Kati
438:and
216:and
127:and
67:Died
45:Born
1232:doi
1031:285
561:Gao
544:at
532:in
524:in
455:to
384:Say
240:to
1526::
1508:.
1495:.
1482:.
1450:.
1341:.
1279:.
1238:.
1228:44
1226:.
1186:^
1109:^
1088:^
1059:^
1038:^
891:^
864:^
822:.
809:.
796:.
783:.
770:.
757:.
744:.
729:.
714:.
430:.
210:,
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120:.
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1290:.
1267:.
1246:.
1234::
1033:.
1005:.
53:)
49:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
