Khmer Rouge Tribunal

1514:. The OCP was headed by the Cambodian National Co-Prosecutor (appointed by the Supreme Council of the Magistracy of Cambodia) and the International Co-Prosecutor (nominated by the United Nations Secretary-General), who served as co-prosecutors. The role of the OCP was to prosecute the senior leaders of the Khmer Rouge and others most responsible for the crimes committed during the period of Democratic Kampuchea. The OCP was responsible for the prosecution of cases throughout the investigative, pre-trial, trial and appellate stages. The OCP processed victim complaints; conducted the preliminary investigations (first investigatory stage); and issues Introductory Submissions to the Office of Co-Investigating Judges where there was sufficient evidence of crimes within the jurisdiction of the ECCC having been committed. Introductory Submissions set out the facts, applicable law, alleged offences, and person(s) to be investigated. The OCP also participated in the judicial investigations (second investigatory stage), filing Supplementary Submissions as necessary when new facts came to light and original allegations required additions or amendments. 2316: 2568:

the Case and to transfer the Case File to the Trial Chamber. The Pre-Trial Chamber unanimously responded that "having fulfilled all its duties in accordance with the ECCC’s legal framework, including the Cambodian Code of Criminal Procedure, intends to stand by its Considerations. It categorically refuses to be associated, through the actions of confused Co-Investigating Judges or requests that have already been granted, with malpractices that have provoked such failure that it now seems insurmountable to those who have caused it." The Chamber also "questions the reasoning of an Investigating Judge who after having ordered the trial of an accused person for genocide crimes against humanity war crimes and other crimes under Cambodian law and after ten years of investigation now declares himself, on imaginary legal grounds, unable to forward the case to the Trial Chamber and potentially ready to archive it." The Prosecutor seised the Supreme Court Chamber of the Case.

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proceedings, and connecting them with legal representatives if they desire it. As such, victims were formally recognized as parties of the proceedings and eligible for either collective or individual reparations for damages caused during the regime. The VSS also ensured the safety and protection of its participants. This support and protection could be either physical protection for providing key testimony, or emotion support in the form of psychiatric help and assistance. In early 2012, Germany donated 1.2 million euros to the VSS. This marks Germany's fourth donation to the VSS since its official recognition as an organ of the ECCC. The financial assistance went primarily towards legal representation for the victims, effective legal participation, and information dissemination. Germany donated in total 1.9 million euro to the VSS.

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Out of the $ 173.3 million, Cambodia has contributed $ 42.1 million, while the United Nations has donated the other $ 131.2 million. For the year 2013, Cambodia had a budget of $ 9.4 million to spend, while the United Nations had $ 26 million, making the total budget for that year $ 35.4 million. However, as of 2014, the ECCC had cost over $ 200,000,000, in which, at that point, only one case has been completed. Many in the international committee demanded an outside committee to review the failures of the ECCC. In accordance, many urged countries such as Japan, Germany, France, the United States, and the United Kingdom to stop financing the ECCC until it became a more transparent and independent court.

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jurisdiction of the YIM Tith and that the Case should be terminated and archived while the International Judges found that only the Indictment stood valid and concluded their opinion saying that "at this stage, there is no doubt that the indictments are valid. There is no doubt that the principle of continuation of the investigation and prosecution applies to Case 004, as it applied to Case 003 before it. There is no doubt that the criminal facts brought to light in Case 004 and, prior to that in Cases 004/1 and 003, call for urgent consideration of the serious charges brought against the accused persons."

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of entire Navy, was a reserve member of the General Staff Committee and was the Secretary of the Kampong Som Autonomous Sector (which reported directly to the Party Center). Center for Justice & Accountability represents 76 Civil Party applicants to the Case 003 proceedings. It was headquartered in the Kampong Saom area, with bases in several ports along the sea coast and on islands in the Gulf of Siam. Meas Muth had command of 10 000 forces. As Navy Commander, Meas Muth also delivered prisoners to the execution sites, including the infamous S-21 prison.

5161: 347: 271: 2435: 402: 2648: 2380:. Allegations against Nuon Chea included crimes against humanity (murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation imprisonment, torture, persecution on political, racial, and religious grounds), genocide, and serious breaches of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 (willful killing, torture or inhumane treatment, willfully causing great suffering or serious injury to body or health, willfully depriving a prisoner of war or civilian the rights of fair and regular trial, unlawful deportation or unlawful confinement of a civilian). 2362: 2659:, the public affairs office of the ECCC fully integrated Cambodian and United Nations staff from the very start, helping to present a unified message to the public and launch effective public information and outreach programs. This integration was unique within the ECCC's early structure, which had initially divided international and national staff working areas. Nevertheless, the courts overall administrative and judicial divisions led to some mixed messages and public confusion. 1259: 1185: 2615:

attempting to "bury" the case. The defendants charged in Case 003 are Meas Muth and Sou Met, two Khmer Rouge army commanders who allegedly oversaw the arrests and transportation of prisoners to the S-21 prison. This statement followed international concerns that the court might succumb to government pressures not to indict additional defendants. German Co-Investigating Judge Siegfried Blunk criticised Cayley's statement as a violation of the court's internal confidentiality rules.

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media and at outreach events, and organised a legacy program. The DSS legacy program was designed to increase understanding of the criminal trial process and the right to a fair trial within Cambodia. The program provided an opportunity for Cambodian law students and lawyers to gain experience practicing international law in the hopes that the court will lead to a lasting improvement in the Cambodian legal system.

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in the case. The Open Society Justice Initiative called for the UN to investigate the proceedings of the ECCC. A trial monitor for the OSJI claimed that the recent proceedings "don't meet basic requirements or adhere to international standards or even comply with the court's own prior jurisprudence." In late February 2012, the court requested another $ 92 million to cover its operating cost for 2012 and 2013.

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the International Co-Investigating Judge found Meas Muth to be one of the most responsible for war crimes and genocide and indicted him under the charges of genocide of the Thai and Vietnamese, crimes against humanity, war crimes and homicide under the 1956 Cambodian Penal Code. As Navy commander Meas Muth had sufficient authority and culpability to be considered “most responsible".

2602:. The three Cambodian judges on the panel have defended their opposition by stating that an arrest "in Cambodian society, is regarded as humiliating and affecting Meas Muth's honour, dignity and rights substantially and irremediably." Muth is charged with homicide and crimes against humanity, allegedly committed in a number of different locations around the country and its islands. 1798:. If found guilty, criminals could be sentenced to prison or have their property confiscated. The Court, as with all other tribunals established by the United Nations, didn't have the power to impose the death penalty. Five people had been indicted by the Court for genocide, crimes against humanity and/or war crimes. Three had been convicted and all sentenced to life imprisonment. 932:. The chief purpose of the tribunal as identified by the Extraordinary Chambers was to provide justice to the Cambodian people who were victims of the Khmer Rouge regime's policies between April 1975 and January 1979. However, rehabilitative victim support and media outreach for the purpose of national education were also outlined as primary goals of the commission. 2639:

Cambodia has an obligation to ensure that Khmer Rouge cadres charged with genocide are prosecuted and tried by a competent court of justice. They added that considering the evidence collected in Cases 003 and 004, the national authorities are "indubitably obligated to take on the responsibility to prosecute the Defendants should the ECCC not proceed further".

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jurisdiction of the ECCC". The rights provided to the victims in regards to the ECCC were stated in the Cambodian Law under the Internal Rules of the ECCC. Victims had the opportunity to actively participate in judicial proceedings through Complaints and Civil Parties, and they could seek collective and moral reparation.

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lawyers and other persons in the court with access to research material to aid them in their proceedings. The Court Management Section was responsible for running these offices in order to ensure the functionality of the judicial process of the ECCC and securing the necessary means for documentation of the process.

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The court was also criticized for its rejections of victim applications. A victim applying to participate in Case 003 was rejected because the judges claimed her psychological harm to be "highly unlikely to be true" and through a narrow definition of "direct victim", determined her an indirect victim

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Similar allegations of political pressure have been alleged in case 004. Case 004 involves former mid-level Khmer Rouge commanders Im Chaem, Ta Ann and Ta Tith. Chaem ran a forced labor camp involving a massive irrigation project in Preah Net Preah and Ta Ann and Ta Tith were two deputies who oversaw

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The Cambodian Prime Minister and dictator Hun Sen who has been in power since 1985, himself a former Khmer Rouge soldier, does not want himself or his subordinates involved in additional trials, as more truth would come to light on lower level Khmer Rouge cadres who are now serving in the government.

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Ieng Sary was arrested on 12 November 2007. He is alleged responsible (through his acts or omissions) for planning, instigating, ordering, aiding/abetting, or overseeing of the crimes of the Khmer Rouge between 1975 and 1979. Allegations against Ieng Sary include crimes against humanity, genocide and

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The Law on the Establishment of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia for the Prosecution of Crimes Committed During the Period of Democratic Kampuchea established the crimes over which the Court has jurisdiction. It had jurisdiction over certain crimes that violate the 1956 Penal Code

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independently, could always be called in doubt, and this would also call in doubt the integrity of the whole proceedings" of Cases 003 and 004. Judge Blunk had been a controversial figure since he assumed the seat of French judge Marcel Lemonde who resigned in 2010, to investigate cases 003 and 004.

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ECCC's prosecution was suggested to drop case 004 in return to get Cambodian judges to agree to proceed with Case 003 as Meas Muth was directly responsible for Khmer Rouge Navy and some districts. Conviction of Meas Muth would represent significant portion of Khmer Rouge misplaced regime as a whole.

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The victims' role was crucial since the tribunal was an important mechanism for them to cope with their trauma. “The tribunal facilitates reconciliation and at the same time provides an opportunity for Cambodians to come to terms with their history,” ECCC spokesman Neth Pheaktra said in an interview

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Furthermore, the ECCC was criticized for its general stagnancy in relation to its finances. In financing the tribunal, the Cambodian government and the United Nations were both responsible for managing the cost of operations of the ECCC. Between 2006 and 2012, $ 173.3 million was spent on the ECCC.

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As a result of the extensive outreach initiatives, more than 353,000 people observed or participated in the court's proceedings. In Case 001, 36,493 people observed the trial and appeal hearings. In Case 002, the first trial involving multiple Khmer Rouge leaders, 98,670 people attended the 212-day

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When the Khmer Rouge took control of Phnom Penh on April 17, 1975, Yim Tith was appointed as the party secretary for Kirivong district (in Sector 13). During the regime's power, Yim Tith rose to the position of Sector 13 secretary (until June 1978) and later became secretary of the North West Zone

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reached the required supermajority on the validity of the indictment. The reinstated Office of the Co-Investigating Judges denied a request to transfer the Case File 003 to the Trial Chamber. The Defense and the Prosecutor filed requests before the Pre-Trial Chamber respectively asking to terminate

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On 18 November 2018, the Co-Investigating Judges issues their Closing Orders. The National Co-Investigating Judge issued an order dismissing all the charges against Meas Muth on the ground that he is not one of the most responsible for the crimes committed during the Khmer Rouge regime. Conversely,

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The investigation in Case 003 focuses on the crimes committed by Meas Muth, high-ranking member of the Revolutionary Army of Kampuchea (RAK) during the period from 17 April 1975 to 6 January 1979. Meas Muth was the Commander of Division 164, the largest division of the RAK that included the command

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Thirith is allegedly responsible for the planning, instigating, and aiding/abetting the crimes of the Khmer Rouge against Cambodians during the time of Khmer Rouge control. Allegations against Thirith include crimes against humanity, genocide and breaches of the Geneva Convention. In November 2011,

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In 1998, Nuon Chea reached an agreement with the Cambodian Government which allowed him to live near the Thai border. He was arrested and put into custody in 2007. His case, number 002, has been under investigation since 2007 and hearings began in 2011. Although Chea is the highest-ranking official

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On 26 July 2010, the tribunal found Kang Kek Iew guilty of crimes against humanity, and grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions. Initially, Iew was sentenced to 35 years imprisonment. However, this was reduced owing to his illegal detention by the Cambodian Military Court between 1999 and 2007 and

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Pre-Trial Chamber's Case 004 Considerations issued on 17 September 2021, Judges Kang Jin BAIK and Olivier BEAUVALLET underlined the continued absence of genuine prosecutorial effort by the Cambodian authorities and recalled that, as a state party to the Genocide Convention, the Royal Government of

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and sentenced him to life imprisonment. On 23 November 2016, The Supreme Court Chamber, although reversing some of the convictions, upheld this sentence. On 16 November 2018, in the second case opened against him before the ECCC (Case 002/02), the Trial Chamber found him guilty of genocide against

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Iew was the first of the five brought before the tribunal. His hearings began on 17 September 2009 and concluded on 27 November 2010. Seven areas of relevance resurfaced frequently during his trial: issues relating to M-13, the establishment of S-21 and the Takmao prison, the implementation of CPK

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The Personnel section contained both national and international sections. They were in charge of all human resources needs including developing and maintaining policies, procedures and manuals for personnel conduct, and providing administrative management to personnel and staff information to the

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served as the liaison between the ECCC and the victims or their representatives. Through the VSS, victims had the ability to seek support and assistance by participating in the ECCC's proceedings as Complainants or Civil Parties. The VSS was responsible for informing victims of their rights in the

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In June 2011, the court experienced significant public controversy following the release of a public statement by International Co-Prosecutor Andrew Cayley criticising the Co-Investigating Judges for closing their investigation of Case 003 prematurely, including an accusation that the judges were

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On 7 April 2021, the Pre-Trial Chamber issued its Considerations on the Appeals against the Closing Orders. Firstly, the Chamber unanimously reiterated its findings that the issuance of two conflicting closing orders is illegal. Secondly, the National Judges found that both the Indictment and the

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acted as one of the Khmer Rouge's most powerful officials. Before joining the Khmer Rouge, Khieu Samphan was Secretary of State for Trade for the Sihanouk regime in 1962. Under threat of Sihanouk's security forces, Samphan went into hiding in 1969 and emerged as a member of the Khmer Rouge in the

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allegedly joined the Khmer Rouge in 1963. Before he studied in France where he joined the French Communist Party and upon his return to Cambodia, he joined CPK. When the Khmer Rouge took control in 1975, Ieng became the Deputy Prime Minister for Foreign Affairs. When the regime fell in 1979, Ieng

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On 17 September 2021, the Pre-Trial Chamber issued its Considerations on the Five Appeals against the Closing Orders. Firstly, the Chamber unanimously reiterated its findings that the issuance of two conflicting closing orders is illegal. Secondly, the National Judges found that the ECCC had no

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in Case 002/2. The Supreme Court Chamber terminated these remaining proceedings against him on 13 August 2019 but his defense lawyers filed a request before the Supreme Court Chamber arguing that, in absence of any appeal judgment, Nuon Chea should be considered innocent and that trial judgement

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The Court Management section of the Office of Administration was responsible for running the Witness and Expert Support Unit, the Transcription Unit in charge of recording the Court's proceedings, the Translation and Interpretation Unit, the Audio Visual Unit and the Library unit, which provided

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was responsible for providing indigent defendants with a list of lawyers who could defend them, for providing legal support and administrative support to lawyers assigned to represent individual defendants, and for promoting fair trial rights. The DSS also acted as a voice for the defence in the

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Under the agreement between Cambodia and the UN, the tribunal was composed of both local and international judges. Due to Cambodia's predominantly French legal heritage, investigations were performed by the Investigating Judges, who would conduct investigations and submit a closing order stating

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oversaw the Budget and Finance, Information and Communication Technology, Security and Safety, General Services, Public Affairs, and Personnel units of the ECCC and was responsible for supporting and facilitating the judicial process through the effective, efficient and coordinated provision of

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There were many criticisms involving the ECCC. For instance there was significant controversy surrounding the closings of Case 003 and Case 004. Many international critics say these closings stem from a reluctance by the Cambodian government to try Khmer Rouge officials who managed to switch

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On 28 June 2019, the Co-Investigating Judges issues their Closing Orders. The National Co-Investigating issued an order dismissing all the charges against YIM Tith on the ground that he is not one of the most responsible for the crimes committed during the Khmer Rouge regime. Conversely, the

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After Siegfried Blunk resigned from his job unexpectedly in March 2012 over the government's statements opposing further prosecutions, it was said that while he was not influenced by political statements, "his ability to withstand such pressure by government officials to perform his duties

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issued on 16 November 2018 against him should be vacated. On 22 November 2019, the Supreme Court Chamber clarified notably that Nuon Chea's death did not vacate the trial judgment against him and that, although the presumption of innocence applies at the appeal stage, it does not equate to

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Victims of the Khmer Rouge were defined as "any person or legal entity who has suffered from physical, psychological, or material harm as a direct consequence of the crimes committed in Cambodia by the Democratic Kampuchea regime between 17 April 1975 and 6 January 1979 that are under the

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Sectors 1, 3 and 4. He is believed to responsible for crimes committed by Khmer Rouge cadres in Takeo Province from 1975 to 1978, in Pursat Province in 1978 to 1979 and later in Battambang Province in 1978 to 1979. He targeted Khmer Krom and Vietnamese communities for total elimination.

909:, as the ECCC was created by the government in conjunction with the UN, but remained independent of them, with trials being held in Cambodia using Cambodian and international staff. The Cambodian court invited international participation in order to apply international standards. 1542:

undertook pre-trial investigations of the facts alleged by the Co-Prosecutors in their Introductory and Supplementary Submissions to determine whether the person(s) under investigation were to be indicted and sent to trial, or whether the case against them should be dismissed.

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trial hearings. In addition, nearly 67,000 people from rural areas in Cambodia attended ECCC community video screenings. The ECCC also took steps to involve younger members of the community by educating them on the court proceedings. According to a survey conducted by the

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massacres in the camp. Since then, Ta Tith has become a wealthy businessman in Cambodia and Im Chaem has become a commune chief in Cambodia's Anlong Veng District, further speculating political pressure would come to drop charges if these three were ever tried together.

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The General Services Unit was responsible for any logistical needs of the court, both national and international and therefore included the Building Unit, Travel Unit, Transport Unit, Asset Management Unit, Supply Unit, Mail and Pouch Unit and the Procurement

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Thirith remained with the Khmer Rouge until her husband, Ieng Sary, was pardoned by the Cambodian government in 1998. After, she and Sary lived together near Phnom Penh until both were arrested by Cambodian police and tribunal officials on 12 November 2007.

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On August 7, 2014, he was found guilty of crimes against humanity and sentenced to life imprisonment, in Case 002/1. The sentence was upheld on appeal. In the second case against him, the Trial Chamber found him guilty of the crime of genocide against the

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to be detained he denies the majority of his involvement in the Khmer Rouge: "I was president of the National Assembly and had nothing to do with the operation of the government. Sometimes I didn't know what they were doing because I was in the assembly".

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The Budget and Finance sections were charged with the financial management and disbursement of the ECCC. Donations were managed through these offices and disbursed accordingly, and any budget adjustments and financial reports were put forth by these

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Khieu Samphan pledged allegiance to the Cambodian government in 1998 and left the Khmer Rouge. He was arrested on 12 November 2007 on the allegations of the commission of crimes against humanity, genocide and violations of the Geneva Conventions.

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After international co-investigating Judge Laurent Kasper-Ansermet (Swiss) left his job unexpectedly, it cast more doubt on the court's ability to pursue more cases such as Case 003 and 004 against the ailing Khmer Rouge leaders.

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Former Khmer Rouge navy commander Meas Muth remains free despite the issuance of 2 outstanding arrest warrants. These arrest warrants have not been acted upon by police officials and Muth continues to live in relative peace in

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on 16 November 2018. His appeal against this conviction for genocide was rejected on 22 September 2022, with the guilty verdicts of genocide, crimes against humanity, and grave breaches of the Geneva Convention confirmed.

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resigned from his assignment due to "personal and familial reasons". In November of the same year, Andrew T. Cayley was appointed as new international Co-Prosecutor, and his Cambodian co-prosecutor is Ms. Chea Leang.

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International Co-Investigating Judge found YIM Tith to be one of the most responsible notably for the genocide of the Khmer Krom, crimes against humanity, war crimes as well as domestic offences under Cambodian law.

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Both the Pre-Trial Chamber and the Trial Chamber were composed of three Cambodian and two international judges, while a Supreme Court Chamber was made up of four Cambodian judges and three international judges.

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of Phnom Penh. Ieng remained a member of the Khmer Rouge government in exile until 1996 when he was granted a royal pardon for his conviction and royal amnesty for this outlawing of the Khmer Rouge.

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Dismissal Order were valid and stood while the International Judges concluded that only the indictment was valid. Therefore, unlike in Case 004/2, all five of the Pre-Trial Chamber's Judges

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The Public Affairs section was responsible for all ECCC public relations needs including outreach and information, media relations and the distribution audio/visual recordings of the trials.

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The Information and Communication Technology section was responsible for maintaining a secure network for the ECCC as well as providing and maintaining equipment necessary for ECCC staff.

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Agreement between the United Nations and the Royal Government of Cambodia concerning the prosecution under Cambodian law of crimes committed during the period of Democratic Kampuchea

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Meas Muth is also blamed for the deaths of 11 Westerners who were seized after their boats strayed into Cambodian waters. They were arrested and sent to S-21 where they perished.

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policy at S-21, armed conflict, the functioning of S-21, the establishment and functioning of S-24; and issues relating to character of Iew himself. His lieutenant

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and custom, and violation of international conventions recognized by Cambodia, committed during the period between 17 April 1975 and 6 January 1979. This includes

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appeal, and with no other living senior members of the Khmer Rouge to indict, the tribunal concluded in December 2022, with three convictions in all.

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As early as November 2010, the Defence Support Section attempted to assign lawyers to represent the interests of the suspects in Cases 003 and 004.

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Ang Vong Vathana announced that Cambodia's highest judicial body approved 30 Cambodian and United Nations judges to preside over the long-awaited

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Upholding international standards: Defence Support Section appoints counsel to represent the interests of the suspects in cases 003 and 004

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Valabhji, Nisha; Abbott, Rupert; Heenan, James & Staggs-Kelsall, Michelle (3 August 2011). "ECCC Legacy Should be to Empower Youth".

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The Security and Safety section was responsible for any security needs of the ECCC and protection of personnel and the Court's perimeter.

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All international judges were appointed by the Supreme Council of the Magistracy of Cambodia from a list of nominees submitted by the

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The list below details the counts against each individual indicted in the Court and his or her current status. The column titled

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early 1970s. He was appointed Democratic Kampuchea's Head of State and succeeded Pol Pot as leader of the Khmer Rouge in 1987.

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the number of crimes against diplomats. Note that these are the counts with which an individual was indicted, not convicted.

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Author Mary Kozlovski addresses problems at the Court, including issues impacting fair trial rights, in an essay entitled

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Ieng Sary died in March 2013 while the case against him was still ongoing and no verdict had yet been handed over.

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was an independent office within the ECCC staffed by both Cambodian and international personnel provided by the

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AO An served as the Central Zone Deputy Secretary and the Sector 41 Secretary during the Khmer Rouge regime.

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lists the number of counts (if any) of crimes under Cambodian law with which an individual has been charged.

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The ECCC received broad public support. Under the early leadership of the ECCC's Helen Jarvis and the UN's

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Pre-Trial Chamber's Considerations on the Appeals against the Closing Orders issued on 17 September 2021

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time already spent in the custody of the ECCC. The sentence was extended to life in prison on appeal.

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Pre-Trial Chamber's Considerations on the Appeals against the Closing Orders issued on 7 April 2021

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services. The office was also responsible for managing the ECCC's relationships with UNAKRT donors.

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is one of only seven known survivors of the Khmer Rouge imprisonment in the S-21 Tuol Sleng camp.

921: 486: 125: 5632: 5510: 5485: 5378: 3433: 2752:"Why are we having trials now? How will the Khmer Rouge Trials benefit the people of Cambodia?" 1841: 1779: 586: 4168: 3541:"Top Khmer Rouge leaders found guilty of crimes against humanity, sentenced to life in prison" 2884: 5576: 4662:"The Co-Investigating Judges issued two separate closing orders in the case against Yim Tith" 3113: 1035: 885:), was a court established to try the senior leaders and the most responsible members of the 722: 3061: 1626: 1565: 5765: 5571: 5311: 4720: 4024: 2633: 897:. Although it was a national court, it was established as part of an agreement between the 775: 607: 4507: 3567: 3303: 3008: 2469: 1639: 1507: 8: 5770: 5411: 5358: 5321: 4804: 4583: 4464: 2595: 1048: 906: 707: 593: 439: 390: 5617: 2491:

Ieng Thirith was found to be mentally unfit to stand trial, due to Alzheimer's disease.

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Nuon Chea died on 4 August 2019 while appealing his conviction for genocide against the

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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

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Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict

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On 7 August 2014, in Case 002/1, the Trial Chamber found Nuon Chea guilty of numerous

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Served sentence of life imprisonment in Cambodia until his death on 2 September 2020

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during the third day of preliminary hearing on fitness to stand trial, 31 August 2011

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requesting assistance to set up trial proceedings against the senior leaders of the

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The remit of the Extraordinary Chambers extended to serious violations of Cambodian

5642: 5424: 5373: 5032:. Human Rights Centre, University of California Berkeley, School of Law. p. 26 4978: 4933: 4783: 3103:"Legacy at the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia: Research Overview" 1136: 963: 523: 5024: 4487:"Ieng Thirith, sister-in-law of late Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot, dies in Cambodia" 5490: 5291: 5057: 4609:"Dueling Decisions at the Khmer Rouge Trials Could Mean a Suspect Avoids Justice" 4560: 3756: 3009:"Office of the Co-Prosecutors – Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia" 2265: 1474: 856: 810: 697: 401: 245: 5235:

Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law

5234: 5226: 2598:, while his Case 003, as it is known, continues to be opposed by Prime Minister 2170: 5922: 5612: 5186: 4975:"Information for Media | Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia" 4241: 3645: 3142: 2773: 2647: 1176: 1075: 902: 864: 581: 562: 557: 496: 260: 3780:"002/19-09-2007: Termination of the Proceedings against the Accused Ieng Sary" 2361: 2329:, or "Comrade Duch", was one of the leaders of the Khmer Rouge. He headed the 905:, and its members included both local and foreign judges. It was considered a 5937: 5871: 5790: 5680: 5239: 4750:"Recent Developments at the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia" 4272: 4056:"Mam Nay, Duch's former deputy: amnesia and serious accommodation with truth" 2812: 2513: 2506: 2450:

fled to Thailand and was convicted of genocide and sentenced to death by the

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Flickr photostream of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia

4767: 4444:"Ex-official of Khmer Rouge and wife arrested for crimes against humanity" 1013:. There were also Reserve judges who were sometimes called upon to serve. 5876: 5820: 5745: 5697: 4937: 4081: 2418: 2407: 1391: 971: 952: 886: 5196: 3203: 2634:

Failure of the Government of Cambodia to prosecute the crime of genocide

1614: 1511: 5785: 5637: 3079: 2338: 2334: 1416: 925: 491: 314: 4641:"Considerations on the Appeals against the Closing Orders in Case 003" 2502: 5891: 5886: 5866: 5750: 5675: 5670: 5591: 5566: 5521: 5400: 2446: 2439: 2383: 2373: 2365: 2041: 1957: 1849: 1787: 1095: 1068: 994: 466: 5081:"Khmer Rouge trial is failing Cambodian victims of Pol Pot's regime" 5001:"Survey of Cambodian Public Opinion, January 27 – February 26, 2008" 2928: 1990:

Served sentence of life imprisonment in Cambodia until his death on

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Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide

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United Nations Assistance to the Khmer Rouge Trials – Official site

2376:, party's chief ideologist, acted as the right-hand man of leader, 2330: 1833: 1618: 1488: 1467: 1449: 1436: 1429: 1409: 1336: 1318: 1300: 1282: 1211: 1197: 1169: 1156: 1149: 1129: 1109: 967: 929: 4993: 4463:. Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia. Archived from 4373:. Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia. Archived from 3139: 2912:. Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia. Archived from 2728:. Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia. Archived from 5830: 5722: 5685: 5665: 5018: 4153: 3665:

002/14-08-2006: Closing order indicting Kaing Guek Eav alias Duch

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Rupert Abbott (Officer-in-Charge) (November 2010 – February 2011)

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In 1997, Cambodia's two Co-Prime Ministers wrote a letter to the

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Chambres extraordinaires au sein des tribunaux cambodgiens (CETC)

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Cambodian–UN court established in 1997 to try Khmer Rouge leaders

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All 482 seats in the public gallery are occupied, 29 August 2013

5835: 5760: 5690: 5659: 5385: 5126:"Khmer Rouge Tribunal Seeks More Money for Controversial Cases" 4676:"Considerations on the Five Appeals against the Closing Orders" 3646:"Cambodia genocide: Khmer Rouge prison chief Comrade Duch dies" 2910:"Andrew T. Cayley appointed as new international Co-Prosecutor" 2705:- The 1979 trial, in-absentia, of Pol Pot and Ieng Sary by the 1371: 1088: 434: 424: 90:. The reason given is: Tribunal concluded and wound up in 2022. 5025:

Phuong Pham; Patrick Vinck; Mychelle Balthazard; Sokhom Hean.

4530:"Cambodian Court Upholds Life Terms for 2 Khmer Rouge Leaders" 4105:"Life for Comrade Duch, a milestone for international justice" 1856:

the number of counts of destruction of cultural property, and

5154: 4890:"Consideration of the Five Appeals against the Closing Order" 4728:"Cambodia war crimes judge threatens suit against prosecutor" 3825:

Supreme Court Chamber's Decision on Termination of Case 004/2

419: 333: 4398:"Ieng Sary, Khmer Rouge Leader Tied to Genocide, Dies at 87" 2588: 1512:

United Nations Assistance to the Khmer Rouge Trials (UNAKRT)

4755:. Open Society Foundations. June 2011. pp. 2–3, 15, 29 3204:"CJA: The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia" 1596:

Nisha Valabhji (Officer-in-Charge, March 2011 – March 2012)

239:

Chambres extraordinaires au sein des tribunaux cambodgiens

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International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

3719: 3717: 3715: 3713: 3545: 3193:, Rupert Abbott, DSS Officer-in-Charge, 30 November 2010. 2124: 2120: 2114: 2079: 2075: 2069: 2046: 2029: 2006: 1991: 1985: 1962: 1945: 1922: 1892: 5470:

International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals

4698:"Cambodian judges against arresting war crimes suspect" 4261:"Nuon Chea, Khmer Rouge's Chief Ideologist, Dies at 93" 4242:"Khmer Rouge leaders found guilty of Cambodia genocide" 2546: 1552:

Michael Bohlander, International Co-Investigating Judge

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Cambodia's Khmer Rouge Tribunal: Mission Accomplished?

5164:– The Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia 5099:"Cambodia's Khmer Rouge Tribunal Draws New Criticisms" 5053:"Cambodia's Khmer Rouge Trials Are a Shocking Failure" 4323:"Khmer Rouge Tribunal: Death Stops Defendant's Appeal" 4017:"Cambodian genocide trial hears from S21 interrogator" 3710: 2302:

Dismissal Order by the National Co-Investigating Judge

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Indictment by the International Co-Investigating Judge

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Dismissal Order by the National Co-Investigating Judge

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Indictment by the International Co-Investigating Judge

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Dismissal Order by the National Co-Investigating Judge

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Indictment by the International Co-Investigating Judge

4832:"Surprise Resignation of Judge Adds to Tribunal Woes" 1994:; remaining proceedings terminated on 13 August 2019 4183:"Former Khmer Rouge leader denies role in genocide" 974:leaders. The judges were sworn in early July 2006. 5425:International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Trials) 4510:. Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia 4128:"Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia" 3620:001/18-07-2007/ECCC/SC: Summary of Appeal Judgment 3570:. Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia 2967:. Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia 2754:. Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia 1872: 1768: 5197:General ECCC Watch/ECCC Reparations Process Watch 4805:"Under-fire German judge quits Cambodia tribunal" 2989:. Extraordinary Chambers in the Court of Cambodia 5935: 5913:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia 5455:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia 5430:International Military Tribunal for the Far East 5227:Procedural history note and audiovisual material 5006:. International Republican Institute. p. 44 4923: 3186: 3184: 1897: 1814: 1002:whether or not the case would proceed to trial. 849:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia 372:The tribunal's main building with the court room 234:Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia 1882: 997:pre-trial detention hearing on 11 February 2010 18:Extraordinary Chamber in the Courts of Cambodia 5269: 4149:"FACTBOX: Nuon Chea, Pol Pot's right-hand man" 4122: 4120: 977:In June 2009, the international Co-Prosecutor 5537: 5255: 4969: 4967: 4965: 3181: 828: 5222:by Tom Fawthrop reprinted from The Diplomat 4776:"Judges Rap Prosecutor at Khmer Rouge Trial" 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 1602:Richard Rogers (August 2008 – November 2010) 1555:You Bunleng, National Co-Investigating Judge 237: 5091: 4236: 4234: 4117: 3923:Order dismissing the Case against MEAS Muth 2959: 2957: 2680:alliances towards the end of the conflict. 1605:Rupert Skilbeck (August 2006 – August 2008) 880: 252: 66:Learn how and when to remove these messages 5544: 5530: 5440:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda 5262: 5248: 5159: 4962: 4924:Ciorciari, John D.; Heindel, Anne (2014). 4014: 3976:Order Dismissing the Case against YIM Tith 3404:"Information and Communication Technology" 2858: 2703:People's Revolutionary Tribunal (Cambodia) 893:and serious crimes perpetrated during the 835: 821: 345: 269: 5460:Special Panels of the Dili District Court 4291: 4289: 3588: 3525: 3422: 3156: 3150: 2589:Controversy surrounding Cases 003 and 004 2509:before the Cambodia Tribunal in July 2009 2199:Proceedings terminated on 10 August 2020 1796:Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 1647:Directors of the Office of Administration 869:អង្គជំនុំជម្រះវិសាមញ្ញក្នុងតុលាការកម្ពុជា 254:អង្គជំនុំជម្រះវិសាមញ្ញក្នុងតុលាការកម្ពុជា 217:Learn how and when to remove this message 199:Learn how and when to remove this message 5964:Courts and tribunals established in 1997 5050: 4502: 4500: 4231: 2954: 2646: 2609: 2501: 2468: 2433: 2360: 2314: 1711:Information and Communication Technology 1613: 1540:Office of Co-Investigating Judges (OCIJ) 989: 367: 5123: 4829: 4415: 3863:Order Dismissing the Case against AO An 3688: 3686: 3538: 3270: 3031: 3029: 2936:"Office of the Co-Investigating Judges" 2162:Proceedings terminated on 28 June 2018 1011:Secretary-General of the United Nations 949:Secretary-General of the United Nations 14: 5936: 5551: 5117: 5051:Campbell, Charlie (14 February 2014). 4855: 4395: 4286: 4258: 4102: 4096: 3318: 3100: 3094: 2882: 2798: 2571: 2368:before the tribunal on 5 December 2011 2034:Serving sentence of life imprisonment 135:Please improve this article by adding 5525: 5243: 5078: 4849: 4797: 4773: 4497: 3613: 3611: 3296: 3208:Center for Justice and Accountability 3159:"Bringing the Khmer Rouge to Justice" 3133: 2698:Mass killings under Communist regimes 1496: 5207:"Justice Denied" by Douglas Gillison 5044: 4977:. ECCC. 30 July 2014. Archived from 4823: 4695: 4453: 3683: 3026: 2642: 2547:Meas Muth alias Achar Nen - Case 003 2372:During the rule of the Khmer Rouge, 1734:Office of Administration as a whole. 985: 108: 72: 31: 4858:"Khmer Rouge crimes in legal limbo" 4053: 4015:Carmichael, Robert (14 July 2009). 3806:Case 004/1 Pre-Trial Considerations 3582: 3448: 3396: 3344: 3244: 3196: 3108:. Documentation Center of Cambodia. 3001: 2458:breaches of the Geneva Convention. 2322:before the tribunal on 20 July 2009 1574:Bringing the Khmer Rouge to Justice 24: 5974:International courts and tribunals 4295: 3608: 3370: 2799:Mydans, Seth (22 September 2022). 2669:University of California, Berkeley 2665:International Republican Institute 2494:Ieng Thirith died in August 2015. 1910: 1887: 1529:Chea Leang, National Co-Prosecutor 1508:Office of the Co-Prosecutors (OCP) 275:Emblem of the Khmer Rouge Tribunal 25: 5985: 5146: 5124:Khemara, Sok (24 February 2012). 4211:"Appeal Judgement in Case 002/01" 3994:"Accused Persons: Kaing Guek Eav" 2866:"Judges sworn in for Khmer Rouge" 1593:Isaac Endeley (April 2012 – 2022) 1534:Office of Co-Investigating Judges 47:This article has multiple issues. 5918:Documentation Center of Cambodia 5173:The Khmer Rouge Trial Task Force 5079:Adams, Brad (23 November 2011). 4461:"Indicted Persons: Ieng Thirith" 3595:D+C, development and cooperation 3591:"No justice without remembering" 2497: 1877: 1801: 1655:Knut Røsandhaug, Deputy Director 1481: 1460: 1442: 1422: 1402: 1384: 1364: 1329: 1311: 1293: 1275: 1257: 1239: 1204: 1183: 1162: 1142: 1122: 1102: 1081: 1061: 1041: 804: 400: 113: 77: 36: 5949:1997 establishments in Cambodia 5908:People's Revolutionary Tribunal 5072: 4917: 4903: 4882: 4742: 4689: 4668: 4654: 4633: 4619: 4601: 4576: 4548: 4522: 4479: 4437: 4423:"Accused Persons: Ieng Thirith" 4389: 4363: 4341: 4315: 4252: 4203: 4175: 4161: 4141: 4070: 4054:Gée, Stéphanie (16 July 2009). 4047: 4008: 3986: 3967: 3948: 3930: 3914: 3898: 3873: 3854: 3835: 3816: 3797: 3772: 3744: 3656: 3638: 3560: 3539:McKirdy, Euan (7 August 2014). 3500: 3474: 3222: 3068: 3054: 2979: 2464: 2452:People's Revolutionary Tribunal 2310: 1769:Jurisdiction and applicable law 957:United Nations General Assembly 55:or discuss these issues on the 5608:Killing caves of Phnom Sampeau 5501:International humanitarian law 5445:Special Court for Sierra Leone 5192:The Cambodian Genocide Project 4856:Ferrie, Jared (24 July 2011). 4396:Mydans, Seth (14 March 2013). 4259:Mydans, Seth (4 August 2019). 4103:Vlasic, Mark (13 March 2012). 2902: 2883:Lesley, Elena (23 June 2009). 2876: 2826: 2792: 2766: 2744: 2718: 2707:People's Republic of Kampuchea 1774:of Cambodia, crimes under the 918:international humanitarian law 662:Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998) 633:People's Republic of Kampuchea 13: 1: 4588:International Justice Monitor 3726:002/19-09-2007: Closing Order 3157:Kozlovski, Mary (June 2012). 3101:Bialek, Tessa (Summer 2011). 2712: 2674: 1815:Charged persons and Indictees 1627:Victims Support Section (VSS) 1582:International Bar Association 1566:Defence Support Section (DSS) 1526:, International Co-Prosecutor 728:Cambodian–Thai border dispute 137:secondary or tertiary sources 5708:Liberation Army of Kampuchea 5703:Communist Party of Kampuchea 5465:Special Tribunal for Lebanon 5450:International Criminal Court 5183:Khmer Rouge Tribunal Updates 4930:University of Michigan Press 4448:International Herald Tribune 4425:. Cambodian Tribunal Monitor 4349:"Accused Persons: Ieng Sary" 4298:"Chea is 'legally innocent'" 4171:. Cambodia Tribunal Monitor. 2839:. 2 May 2003. Archived from 2429: 2388:Communist Party of Kampuchea 2356: 2123:; proceedings terminated on 2078:; proceedings terminated on 1832:the number of counts of the 1502:Office of the Co-Prosecutors 899:Royal Government of Cambodia 7: 5506:International speech crimes 5287:Customary international law 4774:Eckel, Mike (18 May 2011). 4351:. Cambodia Tribunal Monitor 3996:. Cambodia Tribunal Monitor 2691: 2533: 1819: 1652:Kranh Tony, Acting Director 1456:Pen Pichsaly : Reserve 673:United Nations Transitional 667:1991 Paris Peace Agreements 638:exiled coalition government 10: 5990: 5327:Convention Against Torture 5271:International criminal law 3589:Sun Narin (4 March 2017). 3352:"Court Management Section" 3304:"Office of Administration" 2726:"Introduction to the ECCC" 1576:in the June 2012 issue of 889:for alleged violations of 5900: 5849: 5738: 5651: 5600: 5559: 5496:Joint criminal enterprise 5478: 5409: 5340: 5277: 5178:Cambodia Tribunal Monitor 3926:. ECCC. 28 November 2018. 3910:. ECCC. 28 November 2018. 3732:. ECCC. 15 September 2010 3252:"Victims Support Section" 3062:"Defence Support Section" 942: 881: 871:), commonly known as the 868: 544:Independence and conflict 502:Nguyễn Kingdom's invasion 358: 353: 328: 320: 310: 305:Supreme Court of Cambodia 300: 292: 284: 280: 268: 253: 233: 86:This article needs to be 5416:(in order of foundation) 4169:"Trial Proceedings: 002" 3456:"Public Affairs Section" 2538: 1848:the number of counts of 1840:the number of counts of 1640:Office of Administration 1634:Office of Administration 1325:Thou Mony : Reserve 1265:United States of America 1191:United States of America 1056:Chandra Nihal Jayasinghe 628:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 5623:Thổ Chu Island massacre 5354:Crimes against humanity 3869:. ECCC. 16 August 2020. 3850:. ECCC. 16 August 2018. 3626:. ECCC. 3 February 2012 3568:"Victims Participation" 3513:. ECCC. 27 October 2004 3482:"Security & Safety" 2426:finding of not guilty. 2399:crimes against humanity 1842:crimes against humanity 1794:, and crimes under the 1780:crimes against humanity 1610:Victims Support Section 1560:Defence Support Section 1547:Co-Investigating Judges 1398:Prak Kimsan (President) 970:tribunal for surviving 922:crimes against humanity 5633:Eastern Zone massacres 5511:Universal jurisdiction 5486:Command responsibility 5379:Incitement to genocide 5317:United Nations Charter 4080:. ECCC. Archived from 4058:. Khmernz.blogspot.com 3831:. ECCC. 8 August 2020. 3484:. ECCC. Archived from 3458:. ECCC. Archived from 3432:. ECCC. Archived from 3406:. ECCC. Archived from 3380:. ECCC. Archived from 3354:. ECCC. Archived from 3328:. ECCC. Archived from 3280:. ECCC. Archived from 3254:. ECCC. Archived from 3121:Cite journal requires 3078:. ECCC. Archived from 2885:"Robert Petit resigns" 2652: 2510: 2477: 2443: 2369: 2323: 2264:31 August 2020 at the 1622: 998: 860: 373: 238: 148:"Khmer Rouge Tribunal" 124:relies excessively on 5959:Judiciary of Cambodia 4371:"Case 002: Ieng Sary" 4302:www.phnompenhpost.com 3982:. ECCC. 28 June 2019. 3963:. ECCC. 28 June 2019. 3844:Case 004/2 Indictment 3785:. ECCC. 14 March 2013 3671:. ECCC. 8 August 2008 2657:Peter Wickwire Foster 2650: 2610:Resignation of judges 2505: 2472: 2437: 2364: 2318: 1617: 1580:, the journal of the 1036:Maureen Harding Clark 1020:Supreme Court Chamber 993: 723:2003 Phnom Penh riots 482:Cambodian–Spanish War 477:Siamese-Cambodian War 371: 5944:Khmer Rouge Tribunal 5766:John Dawson Dewhirst 5412:International courts 5312:Nuremberg principles 4956:10.3998/mpub.4773450 4938:10.3998/mpub.4773450 4708:on 30 September 2015 4584:"Khmer Rouge Trials" 4450:), 12 November 2007. 4446:, Associated Press ( 4157:. 19 September 2007. 4084:on 16 September 2011 3326:"Budget and Finance" 1790:), crimes under the 1271:Nil Nonn (President) 877:Khmer Rouge Tribunal 718:Khmer Rouge Tribunal 608:Democratic Kampuchea 497:Loss of Mekong Delta 5771:Joseph Chhmar Salas 5359:Crime of aggression 5322:Genocide Convention 5105:. 25 September 2011 4830:Sothanarith, Kong. 4615:. 18 December 2018. 4564:. 22 September 2022 4467:on 21 February 2014 4248:. 16 November 2018. 3957:Case 004 Indictment 3907:Case 003 Indictment 3760:. 22 September 2022 3652:. 2 September 2020. 2987:"Judicial Chambers" 2965:"Judicial Chambers" 2889:The Phnom Penh Post 2780:. 22 September 2022 2596:Battambang province 2572:Yim Tith - Case 004 1782:, crimes under the 1757:Security and Safety 935:Upon the denial of 811:Cambodia portal 766:Humanitarian crisis 689:Khmer Rouge PGNUNSC 594:Cambodian Civil War 531:Japanese occupation 519:French protectorate 487:Cambodian–Dutch War 5954:Cambodian genocide 5882:Mengly Jandy Quach 5553:Cambodian genocide 5364:Crime of apartheid 5302:Geneva Conventions 5213:, 23 November 2011 4958:– via JSTOR. 4911:"Dr. Helen Jarvis" 4870:on 11 October 2012 4696:Crothers, Lauren. 4536:. 23 November 2016 4402:The New York Times 4265:The New York Times 4188:The New York Times 3378:"General Services" 2805:The New York Times 2653: 2511: 2478: 2444: 2370: 2324: 2093:15 September 2010 1784:Geneva Conventions 1663:Budget and Finance 1623: 1497:Organs of the ECCC 1360:Olivier Beauvallet 1355:Country of origin 1230:Country of origin 1030:Country of origin 999: 895:Cambodian genocide 882:សាលាក្ដីខ្មែរក្រហម 733:2013–2014 protests 621:Cambodian genocide 599:Fall of Phnom Penh 568:Cambodian campaign 457:Post-Angkor period 445:Đại Việt–Khmer War 374: 5969:War crimes trials 5931: 5930: 5826:Paul Tep Im Sotha 5587:Khmer nationalism 5519: 5518: 5345:international law 5307:Nuremberg Charter 5297:Hague Conventions 4811:. 10 October 2011 4493:. 22 August 2015. 4491:The Straits Times 4377:on 27 August 2011 3230:"Victims Support" 2643:Domestic response 2527:Vietnamese people 2415:Vietnamese people 2404:Vietnamese people 2337:(S-21) prison in 2308: 2307: 2303: 2299: 2252: 2248: 2219:28 November 2018 2208: 2204: 2047:15 September 2010 2007:15 September 2010 1986:19 September 2007 1963:15 September 2010 1834:crime of genocide 1494: 1493: 1345:Pre-Trial Chamber 1342: 1341: 1217: 1216: 1016:The judges were: 986:Judicial chambers 891:international law 873:Cambodia Tribunal 845: 844: 738:COVID-19 pandemic 553:Post-independence 366: 365: 324:Parliamentary Act 227: 226: 219: 209: 208: 201: 183: 107: 106: 70: 16:(Redirected from 5981: 5796:Michael S. Deeds 5643:Dangrek genocide 5618:Ba Chúc massacre 5572:Marxism–Leninism 5546: 5539: 5532: 5523: 5522: 5479:Related concepts 5417: 5374:Genocidal intent 5264: 5257: 5250: 5241: 5240: 5163: 5158: 5157: 5155:Official website 5141: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5130:Voice of America 5121: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5103:Voice of America 5095: 5089: 5088: 5076: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5065: 5048: 5042: 5041: 5039: 5037: 5031: 5022: 5016: 5015: 5013: 5011: 5005: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4971: 4960: 4959: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4894: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4875: 4866:. Archived from 4853: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4836:Voice of America 4827: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4816: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4784:Associated Press 4771: 4765: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4754: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4724: 4718: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4704:. Archived from 4693: 4687: 4686: 4680: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4645: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4629:. 18 March 2021. 4623: 4617: 4616: 4605: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4569: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4541: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4515: 4504: 4495: 4494: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4457: 4451: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4430: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4410: 4408: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4382: 4367: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4329:. 14 August 2019 4319: 4313: 4312: 4310: 4308: 4293: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4238: 4229: 4228: 4226: 4224: 4215: 4207: 4201: 4200: 4198: 4196: 4179: 4173: 4172: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4124: 4115: 4114: 4100: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4035:on 15 April 2016 4034: 4028:. 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Archived from 3154: 3148: 3147: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3124: 3119: 3117: 3109: 3107: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3082:on 30 April 2016 3072: 3066: 3065: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3049: 3047: 3033: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3005: 2999: 2998: 2996: 2994: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2974: 2972: 2961: 2952: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2938:. Archived from 2932: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2906: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2880: 2874: 2873: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2853: 2851: 2845: 2838: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2770: 2764: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2722: 2476:on trial in 2011 2301: 2297: 2250: 2246: 2206: 2202: 2126: 2122: 2116: 2115:12 November 2007 2081: 2077: 2071: 2070:12 November 2007 2048: 2031: 2030:19 November 2007 2008: 1993: 1987: 1964: 1947: 1924: 1912: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1863: 1862: 1695:General Services 1679:Court Management 1588:Heads of the DSS 1487: 1485: 1484: 1466: 1464: 1463: 1448: 1446: 1445: 1428: 1426: 1425: 1408: 1406: 1405: 1390: 1388: 1387: 1370: 1368: 1367: 1349: 1348: 1335: 1333: 1332: 1317: 1315: 1314: 1299: 1297: 1296: 1281: 1279: 1278: 1263: 1261: 1260: 1245: 1243: 1242: 1224: 1223: 1210: 1208: 1207: 1189: 1187: 1186: 1168: 1166: 1165: 1148: 1146: 1145: 1137:Mong Monichariya 1128: 1126: 1125: 1108: 1106: 1105: 1087: 1085: 1084: 1067: 1065: 1064: 1047: 1045: 1044: 1024: 1023: 964:Justice Minister 884: 883: 870: 837: 830: 823: 809: 808: 807: 771:Military history 761:Economic history 678: 677:(UNTAC, 1992–93) 535:Cambodia in 1945 524:French Indochina 404: 394: 376: 375: 349: 344: 341: 339: 337: 335: 273: 264: 256: 255: 249: 241: 231: 230: 222: 215: 204: 197: 193: 190: 184: 182: 141: 117: 109: 102: 99: 93: 81: 80: 73: 62: 40: 39: 32: 21: 5989: 5988: 5984: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5979: 5978: 5934: 5933: 5932: 5927: 5896: 5845: 5734: 5647: 5596: 5555: 5550: 5520: 5515: 5491:Superior orders 5474: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5405: 5347: 5344: 5336: 5292:Peremptory norm 5273: 5268: 5153: 5152: 5149: 5144: 5134: 5132: 5122: 5118: 5108: 5106: 5097: 5096: 5092: 5077: 5073: 5063: 5061: 5049: 5045: 5035: 5033: 5029: 5023: 5019: 5009: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4998: 4994: 4984: 4982: 4981:on 12 July 2017 4973: 4972: 4963: 4948: 4922: 4918: 4909: 4908: 4904: 4892: 4888: 4887: 4883: 4873: 4871: 4854: 4850: 4840: 4838: 4828: 4824: 4814: 4812: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4788: 4786: 4772: 4768: 4758: 4756: 4752: 4748: 4747: 4743: 4733: 4731: 4726: 4725: 4721: 4711: 4709: 4694: 4690: 4678: 4674: 4673: 4669: 4660: 4659: 4655: 4643: 4639: 4638: 4634: 4625: 4624: 4620: 4607: 4606: 4602: 4592: 4590: 4582: 4581: 4577: 4567: 4565: 4561:The_Independent 4554: 4553: 4549: 4539: 4537: 4528: 4527: 4523: 4513: 4511: 4508:"Khieu Samphan" 4506: 4505: 4498: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4470: 4468: 4459: 4458: 4454: 4442: 4438: 4428: 4426: 4421: 4420: 4416: 4406: 4404: 4394: 4390: 4380: 4378: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4354: 4352: 4347: 4346: 4342: 4332: 4330: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4306: 4304: 4294: 4287: 4277: 4275: 4257: 4253: 4240: 4239: 4232: 4222: 4220: 4213: 4209: 4208: 4204: 4194: 4192: 4181: 4180: 4176: 4167: 4166: 4162: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4132: 4130: 4126: 4125: 4118: 4101: 4097: 4087: 4085: 4076: 4075: 4071: 4061: 4059: 4052: 4048: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4019: 4013: 4009: 3999: 3997: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3979: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3889: 3887: 3885:www.eccc.gov.kh 3879: 3878: 3874: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3855: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3828: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3812:. 28 June 2018. 3809: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3788: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3763: 3761: 3757:The Independent 3750: 3749: 3745: 3735: 3733: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3711: 3701: 3699: 3696: 3692: 3691: 3684: 3674: 3672: 3668: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3644: 3643: 3639: 3629: 3627: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3609: 3599: 3597: 3587: 3583: 3573: 3571: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3551: 3549: 3537: 3526: 3516: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3505: 3501: 3491: 3489: 3480: 3479: 3475: 3465: 3463: 3462:on 8 March 2016 3454: 3453: 3449: 3439: 3437: 3436:on 7 March 2016 3428: 3427: 3423: 3413: 3411: 3410:on 8 March 2016 3402: 3401: 3397: 3387: 3385: 3376: 3375: 3371: 3361: 3359: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3335: 3333: 3324: 3323: 3319: 3309: 3307: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3287: 3285: 3276: 3275: 3271: 3261: 3259: 3258:on 7 March 2016 3250: 3249: 3245: 3235: 3233: 3228: 3227: 3223: 3213: 3211: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3189: 3182: 3172: 3170: 3169:on 4 March 2016 3155: 3151: 3138: 3134: 3122: 3120: 3111: 3110: 3105: 3099: 3095: 3085: 3083: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3060: 3059: 3055: 3045: 3043: 3041:www.eccc.gov.kh 3035: 3034: 3027: 3017: 3015: 3013:www.eccc.gov.kh 3007: 3006: 3002: 2992: 2990: 2985: 2984: 2980: 2970: 2968: 2963: 2962: 2955: 2945: 2943: 2942:on 10 June 2011 2934: 2933: 2929: 2919: 2917: 2916:on 10 June 2020 2908: 2907: 2903: 2893: 2891: 2881: 2877: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2836: 2834:"A/RES/57/228B" 2832: 2831: 2827: 2817: 2815: 2797: 2793: 2783: 2781: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2757: 2755: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2735: 2733: 2732:on 27 July 2011 2724: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2694: 2677: 2645: 2636: 2612: 2591: 2574: 2549: 2541: 2536: 2500: 2467: 2432: 2359: 2313: 2266:Wayback Machine 2175:16 August 2018 1907:Current status 1903: 1822: 1817: 1804: 1771: 1499: 1482: 1480: 1477: : Reserve 1475:Steven J. Bwana 1461: 1459: 1443: 1441: 1423: 1421: 1403: 1401: 1385: 1383: 1365: 1363: 1330: 1328: 1312: 1310: 1294: 1292: 1276: 1274: 1258: 1256: 1253:Martin Karopkin 1240: 1238: 1205: 1203: 1200: : Reserve 1184: 1182: 1179: : Reserve 1163: 1161: 1143: 1141: 1123: 1121: 1103: 1101: 1082: 1080: 1062: 1060: 1042: 1040: 988: 945: 937:Khieu Samphan's 841: 805: 803: 785: 742: 698:Modern Cambodia 680: 676: 674: 649: 511:Colonial period 506: 451: 440:Khmer–Cham wars 392: 385: 362:Judge Kong Srim 332: 276: 258: 251: 250: 243: 236: 235: 223: 212: 211: 210: 205: 194: 188: 185: 142: 140: 134: 130:primary sources 118: 103: 97: 94: 91: 82: 78: 41: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5987: 5977: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5925: 5923:Bophana Center 5920: 5915: 5910: 5904: 5902: 5901:Investigations 5898: 5897: 5895: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5859: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5846: 5844: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5828: 5823: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5793: 5788: 5783: 5778: 5773: 5768: 5763: 5758: 5753: 5748: 5742: 5740: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5694: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5655: 5653: 5649: 5648: 5646: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5613:Killing Fields 5610: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5597: 5595: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5563: 5561: 5557: 5556: 5549: 5548: 5541: 5534: 5526: 5517: 5516: 5514: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5482: 5480: 5476: 5475: 5473: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5421: 5419: 5410: 5407: 5406: 5404: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5350: 5348: 5343:Crimes against 5341: 5338: 5337: 5335: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5283: 5281: 5275: 5274: 5267: 5266: 5259: 5252: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5220: 5219: 5214: 5211:Foreign Policy 5204: 5199: 5194: 5189: 5187:Genocide Watch 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5148: 5147:External links 5145: 5143: 5142: 5116: 5090: 5071: 5043: 5017: 4992: 4961: 4946: 4916: 4902: 4881: 4848: 4822: 4796: 4766: 4741: 4719: 4688: 4667: 4653: 4632: 4618: 4600: 4575: 4547: 4521: 4496: 4478: 4452: 4436: 4414: 4388: 4362: 4340: 4314: 4296:Chheng, Niem. 4285: 4251: 4230: 4202: 4191:. 19 July 2007 4174: 4160: 4140: 4116: 4095: 4069: 4046: 4007: 3985: 3966: 3947: 3929: 3913: 3897: 3872: 3853: 3834: 3815: 3796: 3771: 3743: 3709: 3682: 3655: 3637: 3607: 3581: 3559: 3524: 3499: 3473: 3447: 3421: 3395: 3384:on 12 May 2016 3369: 3358:on 11 May 2016 3343: 3317: 3295: 3269: 3243: 3221: 3210:. 26 July 2014 3195: 3180: 3163:Global Insight 3149: 3143:Cambodia Daily 3132: 3123:|journal= 3093: 3067: 3053: 3025: 3000: 2978: 2953: 2927: 2901: 2875: 2872:. 3 July 2006. 2857: 2846:on 3 July 2007 2825: 2791: 2765: 2743: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2710: 2709: 2700: 2693: 2690: 2676: 2673: 2644: 2641: 2635: 2632: 2611: 2608: 2590: 2587: 2573: 2570: 2548: 2545: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2499: 2496: 2466: 2463: 2438:Nuon Chea and 2431: 2428: 2358: 2355: 2312: 2309: 2306: 2305: 2295: 2292: 2289: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2268: 2255: 2254: 2244: 2241: 2238: 2235: 2232: 2229: 2226: 2223: 2220: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2200: 2197: 2194: 2191: 2188: 2185: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2173: 2167: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2151: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2130: 2129: 2127: 2125:22 August 2015 2121:22 August 2015 2117: 2112: 2109: 2106: 2103: 2100: 2097: 2094: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2082: 2072: 2067: 2064: 2061: 2058: 2055: 2052: 2049: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2032: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2004: 1998: 1997: 1995: 1988: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1960: 1954: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1925: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1908: 1905: 1900: 1895: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1867: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1803: 1800: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1762: 1761: 1760: 1751: 1750: 1747: 1746: 1745: 1742:Public Affairs 1736: 1735: 1731: 1730: 1729: 1720: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1705: 1704: 1700: 1699: 1698: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1673: 1672: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1657: 1656: 1653: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1578:Global Insight 1557: 1556: 1553: 1531: 1530: 1527: 1518:Co-Prosecutors 1498: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1478: 1471: 1470: 1457: 1453: 1452: 1439: 1433: 1432: 1419: 1413: 1412: 1399: 1395: 1394: 1381: 1375: 1374: 1361: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1340: 1339: 1326: 1322: 1321: 1308: 1304: 1303: 1290: 1286: 1285: 1272: 1268: 1267: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1236: 1232: 1231: 1228: 1215: 1214: 1201: 1194: 1193: 1180: 1173: 1172: 1159: 1153: 1152: 1139: 1133: 1132: 1119: 1113: 1112: 1099: 1092: 1091: 1078: 1076:Florence Mumba 1072: 1071: 1058: 1052: 1051: 1038: 1032: 1031: 1028: 987: 984: 944: 941: 903:United Nations 843: 842: 840: 839: 832: 825: 817: 814: 813: 800: 799: 798: 797: 787: 786: 784: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 752: 749: 748: 744: 743: 741: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 704: 701: 700: 694: 693: 692: 691: 686: 681: 671: 669: 664: 656: 655: 651: 650: 648: 647: 646: 645: 640: 630: 625: 624: 623: 618: 604: 603: 602: 601: 591: 590: 589: 582:Khmer Republic 578: 577: 576: 575: 570: 565: 563:Sihanouk Trail 560: 549: 546: 545: 541: 540: 539: 538: 528: 527: 526: 513: 512: 508: 507: 505: 504: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 463: 460: 459: 453: 452: 450: 449: 448: 447: 442: 437: 427: 422: 416: 413: 412: 406: 405: 397: 396: 387: 386: 379: 364: 363: 360: 356: 355: 351: 350: 330: 326: 325: 322: 318: 317: 312: 308: 307: 302: 298: 297: 294: 290: 289: 286: 282: 281: 278: 277: 274: 266: 265: 225: 224: 207: 206: 121: 119: 112: 105: 104: 85: 83: 76: 71: 45: 44: 42: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5986: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5924: 5921: 5919: 5916: 5914: 5911: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5899: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5872:Haing S. Ngor 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5848: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5792: 5791:Ly Theam Teng 5789: 5787: 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5737: 5729: 5728:Tang Sin Hean 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5715: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5681:Khieu Samphan 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5650: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5599: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5547: 5542: 5540: 5535: 5533: 5528: 5527: 5524: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5477: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5446: 5443: 5441: 5438: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5413: 5408: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5391:Slave trading 5389: 5387: 5384: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5371: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5339: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5265: 5260: 5258: 5253: 5251: 5246: 5245: 5242: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5198: 5195: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5162: 5156: 5151: 5150: 5131: 5127: 5120: 5104: 5100: 5094: 5086: 5082: 5075: 5060: 5059: 5054: 5047: 5028: 5021: 5002: 4996: 4980: 4976: 4970: 4968: 4966: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4947:9780472901319 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4920: 4912: 4906: 4898: 4891: 4885: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4859: 4852: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4810: 4806: 4800: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4770: 4751: 4745: 4729: 4723: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4692: 4684: 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