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1936:
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1020:, an easily accessible and relatively unused source. It is currently being used regularly to treat ulcers by closing the hole in the tissue that lines the stomach, but further research is currently being done by many universities as well as the U.S. Government for wounded soldier applications. As of early 2007, testing was being carried out on a military base in Texas. Scientists are using a powdered form on Iraq War veterans whose hands were damaged in the war.
29:
1006:
process. In human fetuses, for example, the extracellular matrix works with stem cells to grow and regrow all parts of the human body, and fetuses can regrow anything that gets damaged in the womb. Scientists have long believed that the matrix stops functioning after full development. It has been used in the past to help horses heal torn ligaments, but it is being researched further as a device for tissue regeneration in humans.
589:. MBVs cargo includes different protein molecules, lipids, DNA, fragments, and miRNAs. Similar to ECM bioscaffolds, MBVs can modify the activation state of macrophages and alter different cellular properties such as; proliferation, migration and cell cycle. MBVs are now believed to be an integral and functional key component of ECM bioscaffolds.
445:(swelling) force by absorbing significant amounts of water. Hyaluronic acid is thus found in abundance in the ECM of load-bearing joints. It is also a chief component of the interstitial gel. Hyaluronic acid is found on the inner surface of the cell membrane and is translocated out of the cell during biosynthesis.
1030:
Extracellular matrix proteins are commonly used in cell culture systems to maintain stem and precursor cells in an undifferentiated state during cell culture and function to induce differentiation of epithelial, endothelial and smooth muscle cells in vitro. Extracellular matrix proteins can also be
866:
Due to its diverse nature and composition, the ECM can serve many functions, such as providing support, segregating tissues from one another, and regulating intercellular communication. The extracellular matrix regulates a cell's dynamic behavior. In addition, it sequesters a wide range of cellular
946:
is the main ECM component, the matrix displays both structural and signaling properties. High-molecular weight hyaluronan acts as a diffusional barrier that can modulate diffusion in the extracellular space locally. Upon matrix degradation, hyaluronan fragments are released to the extracellular
2847:
The almost transparent collagen matrix consists of medically purified pig intestine, which is broken down by the scavenger cells (macrophages) of the immune system. After about 1 year the collagen has been almost completely (90-95%) replaced by normal body tissue: only the tiny metal framework
1005:
Extracellular matrix has been found to cause regrowth and healing of tissue. Although the mechanism of action by which extracellular matrix promotes constructive remodeling of tissue is still unknown, researchers now believe that Matrix-bound nanovesicles (MBVs) are a key player in the healing
986:
Fibronectins bind to ECM macromolecules and facilitate their binding to transmembrane integrins. The attachment of fibronectin to the extracellular domain initiates intracellular signalling pathways as well as association with the cellular cytoskeleton via a set of adaptor molecules such as
293:(hyaluronic acid is a notable exception; see below). Proteoglycans have a net negative charge that attracts positively charged sodium ions (Na), which attracts water molecules via osmosis, keeping the ECM and resident cells hydrated. Proteoglycans may also help to trap and store
476:
is the most abundant protein in the ECM, and is the most abundant protein in the human body. It accounts for 90% of bone matrix protein content. Collagens are present in the ECM as fibrillar proteins and give structural support to resident cells. Collagen is exocytosed in
1013:, the extracellular matrix serves two main purposes. First, it prevents the immune system from triggering from the injury and responding with inflammation and scar tissue. Next, it facilitates the surrounding cells to repair the tissue instead of forming scar tissue.
440:
consisting of alternating residues of D-glucuronic acid and N-acetylglucosamine, and unlike other GAGs, is not found as a proteoglycan. Hyaluronic acid in the extracellular space confers upon tissues the ability to resist compression by providing a counteracting
644:
of virtually all animals. Rather than forming collagen-like fibers, laminins form networks of web-like structures that resist tensile forces in the basal lamina. They also assist in cell adhesion. Laminins bind other ECM components such as collagens and
712:
Cells can sense the mechanical properties of their environment by applying forces and measuring the resulting backlash. This plays an important role because it helps regulate many important cellular processes including cellular contraction,
810:. The term was coined by Lo CM and colleagues when they discovered the tendency of single cells to migrate up rigidity gradients (towards more stiff substrates) and has been extensively studied since. The molecular mechanisms behind
168:
evolved independently in different multicellular lineages, the composition of ECM varies between multicellular structures; however, cell adhesion, cell-to-cell communication and differentiation are common functions of the ECM.
657:
There are many cell types that contribute to the development of the various types of extracellular matrix found in the plethora of tissue types. The local components of ECM determine the properties of the connective tissue.
2985:
Gospodarowicz D, Vlodovsky I, Greenburg G, Johnson LK (1979). "Cellular shape is determined by the extracellular matrix and is responsible for the control of cellular growth and function". In Sato GH, Ross R (eds.).
2370:
Wahbi, Wafa; Naakka, Erika; Tuomainen, Katja; Suleymanova, Ilida; Arpalahti, Annamari; Miinalainen, Ilkka; Vaananen, Juho; Grenman, Reidar; Monni, Outi; Al-Samadi, Ahmed; Salo, Tuula (February 2020).
664:
are the most common cell type in connective tissue ECM, in which they synthesize, maintain, and provide a structural framework; fibroblasts secrete the precursor components of the ECM, including the
585:
In 2016, Huleihel et al., reported the presence of DNA, RNA, and Matrix-bound nanovesicles (MBVs) within ECM bioscaffolds. MBVs shape and size were found to be consistent with previously described
1023:
Not all ECM devices come from the bladder. Extracellular matrix coming from pig small intestine submucosa are being used to repair "atrial septal defects" (ASD), "patent foramen ovale" (PFO) and
939:. They also detect elasticity and adjust their gene expression accordingly, which has increasingly become a subject of research because of its impact on differentiation and cancer progression.
1111:: plasmodesma) are pores that traverse the cell walls of adjacent plant cells. These channels are tightly regulated and selectively allow molecules of specific sizes to pass between cells.
776:(MSCs) have been shown to specify lineage and commit to phenotypes with extreme sensitivity to tissue-level elasticity. MSCs placed on soft matrices that mimic the brain differentiate into
569:, which releases the precursor molecule upon contact with a fiber of mature elastin. Tropoelastins are then deaminated to become incorporated into the elastin strand. Disorders such as
733:
blocks most of these effects, indicating that they are indeed tied to sensing the mechanical properties of the ECM, which has become a new focus in research during the past decade.
822:
that acts as the primary site of contact between the cell and the ECM. This complex contains many proteins that are essential to durotaxis including structural anchoring proteins (
1072:, but it is flexible enough to allow cell growth when needed; it also serves as a medium for intercellular communication. The cell wall comprises multiple laminate layers of
2533:
Liotta LA, Tryggvason K, Garbisa S, Hart I, Foltz CM, Shafie S (March 1980). "Metastatic potential correlates with enzymatic degradation of basement membrane collagen".
617:
to facilitate cell movement. Fibronectins are secreted by cells in an unfolded, inactive form. Binding to integrins unfolds fibronectin molecules, allowing them to form
983:. Integrins are cell-surface proteins that bind cells to ECM structures, such as fibronectin and laminin, and also to integrin proteins on the surface of other cells.
2831:
1310:"The cell wall polysaccharide metabolism of the brown alga Ectocarpus siliculosus. Insights into the evolution of extracellular matrix polysaccharides in Eukaryotes"
319:(PG) in which two or three HS chains are attached in close proximity to cell surface or ECM proteins. It is in this form that HS binds to a variety of protein
701:, from soft brain tissues to hard bone tissues. The elasticity of the ECM can differ by several orders of magnitude. This property is primarily dependent on
1139:
The importance of the extracellular matrix has long been recognized (Lewis, 1922), but the usage of the term is more recent (Gospodarowicz et al., 1979).
760:, whose contractile forces are transmitted through transcellular structures are thought to play key roles in the yet to be discovered molecular pathways.
537:, in contrast to collagens, give elasticity to tissues, allowing them to stretch when needed and then return to their original state. This is useful in
2811:
875:
activities that cause local release of such stores. This allows the rapid local growth-factor-mediated activation of cellular functions without
1599:
Gallagher JT, Lyon M (2000). "Molecular structure of
Heparan Sulfate and interactions with growth factors and morphogens". In Iozzo RV (ed.).
788:
levels. Similarly stiffer matrices that mimic muscle are myogenic, and matrices with stiffnesses that mimic collagenous bone are osteogenic.
188:
and act as a compression buffer against the stress placed on the ECM. Basement membranes are sheet-like depositions of ECM on which various
3107:
2703:
Soria FN, Paviolo C, Doudnikoff E, Arotcarena ML, Lee A, DannΓ© N, Mandal AK, Gosset P, Dehay B, Groc L, Cognet L, Bezard E (July 2020).
609:
that connect cells with collagen fibers in the ECM, allowing cells to move through the ECM. Fibronectins bind collagen and cell-surface
4127:
3530:
2328:
Wang HB, Dembo M, Wang YL (November 2000). "Substrate flexibility regulates growth and apoptosis of normal but not transformed cells".
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1027:. After one year, 95% of the collagen ECM in these patches has been replaced by the body with the normal soft tissue of the heart.
1034:
A class of biomaterials derived from processing human or animal tissues to retain portions of the extracellular matrix are called
1732:
Lodish H, Berk A, Matsudaira P, Kaiser CA, Krieger M, Scott MP, Zipursky SL, Darnell J (2008). "Integrating Cells Into
Tissues".
2860:
Kleinman HK, Luckenbill-Edds L, Cannon FW, Sephel GC (October 1987). "Use of extracellular matrix components for cell culture".
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components, like cellulose, in addition to more complex signaling molecules. Some single-celled organisms adopt multicellular
3069:
1813:"Mapping the ligand-binding sites and disease-associated mutations on the most abundant protein in the human, type I collagen"
1705:
1583:
1459:
1421:
2705:"Synucleinopathy alters nanoscale organization and diffusion in the brain extracellular space through hyaluronan remodeling"
2649:"Matrix density-induced mechanoregulation of breast cell phenotype, signaling and gene expression through a FAK-ERK linkage"
2372:"The critical effects of matrices on cultured carcinoma cells: Human tumor-derived matrix promotes cell invasive properties"
448:
Hyaluronic acid acts as an environmental cue that regulates cell behavior during embryonic development, healing processes,
2835:
4178:
263:. Once secreted, they then aggregate with the existing matrix. The ECM is composed of an interlocking mesh of fibrous
3404:
3051:
3026:
2999:
2795:
1616:
240:
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Discher DE, Janmey P, Wang YL (November 2005). "Tissue cells feel and respond to the stiffness of their substrate".
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concentrations, and it has recently been shown to play an influential role in regulating numerous cell functions.
3421:
1475:
Brownlee, Colin (October 2002). "Role of the extracellular matrix in cell-cell signalling: paracrine paradigms".
4188:
3523:
1099:. The components of the glycoprotein matrix help cell walls of adjacent plant cells to bind to each other. The
935:. Cells actively sense ECM rigidity and migrate preferentially towards stiffer surfaces in a phenomenon called
1514:"Bacterial biofilms: development, dispersal, and therapeutic strategies in the dawn of the postantibiotic era"
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space, where they function as pro-inflammatory molecules, orchestrating the response of immune cells such as
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1: Microfilaments 2: Phospholipid
Bilayer 3: Integrin 4: Proteoglycan 5: Fibronectin 6: Collagen 7: Elastin
180:. Interstitial matrix is present between various animal cells (i.e., in the intercellular spaces). Gels of
4214:
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3706:
3701:
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2011:"Force fluctuations within focal adhesions mediate ECM-rigidity sensing to guide directed cell migration"
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etc.) which cause changes in cell shape and actomyosin contractility. These changes are thought to cause
1221:
Theocharis AD, Skandalis SS, Gialeli C, Karamanos NK (February 2016). "Extracellular matrix structure".
892:. An understanding of ECM structure and composition also helps in comprehending the complex dynamics of
4219:
3898:
3834:
3777:
3749:
3739:
3669:
3602:
2897:"Insights into the origin of metazoan multicellularity from predatory unicellular relatives of animals"
1574:
The extracellular matrix and cell adhesion, in Cells (eds Lewin B, Cassimeris L, Lingappa V, Plopper G)
976:
2476:
Kanchanawong P, Shtengel G, Pasapera AM, Ramko EB, Davidson MW, Hess HF, Waterman CM (November 2010).
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so that they can function properly. Fibronectins also help at the site of tissue injury by binding to
101:
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3622:
3584:
3516:
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2314:
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2195:
2124:
2051:
1935:
1887:
1845:
1797:
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1342:
1119:
The extracellular matrix functionality of animals (Metazoa) developed in the common ancestor of the
3460:
3352:
2092:
1952:
Huleihel L, Hussey GS, Naranjo JD, Zhang L, Dziki JL, Turner NJ, Stolz DB, Badylak SF (June 2016).
1741:
959:
Many cells bind to components of the extracellular matrix. Cell adhesion can occur in two ways; by
932:
913:
769:
722:
509:. The collagen can be divided into several families according to the types of structure they form:
259:
Components of the ECM are produced intracellularly by resident cells and secreted into the ECM via
96:
84:
2810:
In 2009, the St. Francis Heart Center announced the use of the extracellular matrix technology in
3396:
3361:
3082:- July 19 interview discussing ECM and its uses in cardiac tissue repair (requires MP3 playback).
494:
324:
217:
2087:
1100:
1024:
773:
490:
300:
Described below are the different types of proteoglycan found within the extracellular matrix.
165:
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1000:
498:
478:
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1600:
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2158:
2079:
1965:
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785:
698:
772:, the process by which a cell changes from one cell type to another. In particular, naive
16:
Network of proteins and molecules outside cells that provides structural support for cells
8:
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1734:
370:
359:
2720:
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2493:
2162:
2083:
1969:
904:
as metastasis often involves the destruction of extracellular matrix by enzymes such as
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3253:
2988:
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2739:
2704:
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2617:
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2010:
1986:
1953:
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1513:
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1285:
1260:
1010:
909:
718:
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185:
2170:
1697:
1490:
3937:
3728:
3116:
3047:
3022:
2995:
2928:
2877:
2873:
2744:
2678:
2622:
2558:
2515:
2458:
2413:
2401:
2345:
2341:
2295:
2232:
2184:
2105:
2040:
1991:
1924:
1876:
1834:
1786:
1757:"Identification of hyaluronic acid binding sites in the extracellular domain of CD44"
1711:
1701:
1655:
1650:
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1612:
1601:
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1442:
1417:
1387:
1331:
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and acts as a local store for them. Changes in physiological conditions can trigger
586:
574:
550:
343:
332:
279:
268:
193:
177:
46:
34:
2971:
2307:
2211:"Close dependence of fibroblast proliferation on collagen scaffold matrix stiffness"
1667:
1440:
Alberts B, Bray D, Hopin K, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2004).
4052:
4047:
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2918:
2908:
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2505:
2497:
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2383:
2337:
2285:
2222:
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2117:
2097:
2030:
2022:
1981:
1973:
1914:
1868:
1824:
1776:
1768:
1693:
1688:
Hensch, Takao K. (2005). "Critical Period
Mechanisms in Developing Visual Cortex".
1645:
1533:
1525:
1486:
1377:
1369:
1321:
1280:
1272:
1230:
1158:
1080:
1054:
665:
213:
173:
2244:
1903:"Cbfa1 contributes to the osteoblast-specific expression of type I collagen genes"
1182:
745:. Although the mechanism by which this is done has not been thoroughly explained,
553:, and these tissues contain high amounts of elastins. Elastins are synthesized by
4173:
4030:
4025:
4020:
3616:
3578:
3276:
3016:
2819:
1451:
1069:
1035:
960:
905:
819:
742:
433:
397:
386:
308:
209:
89:
2387:
1811:
Di Lullo GA, Sweeney SM, Korkko J, Ala-Kokko L, San
Antonio JD (February 2002).
1529:
741:
Differing mechanical properties in ECM exert effects on both cell behaviour and
3660:
3374:
3207:
3182:
2729:
2608:
2290:
2273:
2026:
1234:
968:
928:
855:
815:
803:
714:
626:
502:
437:
413:
347:
312:
294:
181:
157:
2913:
2429:"ECM stiffness primes the TGFΞ² pathway to promote chondrocyte differentiation"
1872:
1859:
Karsenty G, Park RW (1995). "Regulation of type I collagen genes expression".
1373:
884:
Formation of the extracellular matrix is essential for processes like growth,
4203:
3961:
3925:
3543:
3288:
1128:
1104:
1088:
1084:
885:
868:
831:
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618:
606:
558:
538:
141:
138:
2444:
2101:
1572:
1103:
of the cell wall is chiefly governed by pectins in the glycoprotein matrix.
400:
have a variable sulfate content and, unlike many other GAGs, do not contain
4085:
2932:
2748:
2682:
2626:
2519:
2462:
2405:
2371:
2349:
2299:
2236:
2188:
2109:
2044:
1995:
1977:
1928:
1919:
1902:
1838:
1829:
1812:
1715:
1692:. Current Topics in Developmental Biology. Vol. 69. pp. 215β237.
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757:
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449:
328:
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221:
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161:
153:
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1880:
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used to support 3D cell culture in vitro for modelling tumor development.
843:
629:
and facilitating cell movement to the affected area during wound healing.
4163:
4092:
3828:
3773:
3436:
3187:
3130:
2664:
1120:
1076:
1017:
669:
602:
482:
401:
205:
42:
2501:
2396:
137:), also called intercellular matrix (ICM), is a network consisting of
3794:
3465:
3220:
3197:
3172:
2848:
remains. An entirely absorbable implant is currently under development.
1062:
943:
897:
677:
661:
570:
554:
336:
260:
251:
189:
38:
28:
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114:
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3177:
3070:
Extracellular matrix: review of its roles in acute and chronic wounds
2554:
2227:
2210:
1073:
1058:
1016:
For medical applications, the required ECM is usually extracted from
980:
948:
936:
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823:
811:
807:
797:
730:
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694:
673:
232:
3085:
2947:
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3562:
3426:
3271:
3135:
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Usage of
Extracellular Matrix from pigs to regrow human extremities
2859:
2770:"Pitt researchers solve mystery on how regenerative medicine works"
1220:
1096:
901:
889:
872:
839:
835:
702:
622:
610:
577:
are associated with deficient or absent elastin fibers in the ECM.
486:
473:
378:
351:
236:
197:
145:
2009:
Plotnikov SV, Pasapera AM, Sabass B, Waterman CM (December 2012).
1634:"Matrix proteoglycans: from molecular design to cellular function"
975:. This cell-to-ECM adhesion is regulated by specific cell-surface
456:
development. It interacts with a specific transmembrane receptor,
4168:
4159:
4107:
4080:
3975:
3951:
3915:
3903:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3639:
3539:
3325:
3320:
3293:
2832:"First Ever Implantation of Bioabsorbable Biostar Device at DHZB"
2475:
1754:
1511:
1308:
Michel G, Tonon T, Scornet D, Cock JM, Kloareg B (October 2010).
1261:"Remodelling the extracellular matrix in development and disease"
1148:
1124:
1066:
972:
847:
706:
646:
637:
534:
323:
and regulates a wide variety of biological activities, including
286:
264:
126:
2702:
2647:
Provenzano PP, Inman DR, Eliceiri KW, Keely PJ (December 2009).
239:
in which the cells are embedded in an ECM composed primarily of
4112:
3876:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3744:
3679:
3674:
3632:
3627:
3589:
3431:
3414:
2369:
2008:
1092:
777:
754:
442:
417:
405:
374:
320:
149:
1810:
1755:
Peach RJ, Hollenbaugh D, Stamenkovic I, Aruffo A (July 1993).
1183:"Matrix - Definition and Examples - Biology Online Dictionary"
4137:
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1046:
988:
964:
893:
750:
542:
453:
382:
355:
289:
and mostly attached to extracellular matrix proteins to form
225:
64:
2646:
1603:
Proteoglycans: structure, biology and molecular interactions
362:
are the main proteins to which heparan sulfate is attached.
4117:
3488:
3303:
3140:
2532:
2274:"Matrix elasticity directs stem cell lineage specification"
1740:(5th ed.). New York: WH Freeman and Company. pp.
1512:
Kostakioti M, Hadjifrangiskou M, Hultgren SJ (April 2013).
827:
781:
546:
506:
457:
409:
2147:"Cell movement is guided by the rigidity of the substrate"
1951:
1731:
3157:
2478:"Nanoscale architecture of integrin-based cell adhesions"
2272:
Engler AJ, Sen S, Sweeney HL, Discher DE (August 2006).
1900:
2271:
2215:
Journal of Tissue
Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
1439:
971:, connecting the ECM to intermediate filaments such as
3046:(5th ed.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. p. 553.
2208:
1307:
2593:"Mechanoregulation of gene expression in fibroblasts"
1901:
Kern B, Shen J, Starbuck M, Karsenty G (March 2001).
3041:
1947:
1945:
1065:. The cell wall provides lateral strength to resist
2591:Wang JH, Thampatty BP, Lin JS, Im HJ (April 2007).
2209:Hadjipanayi E, Mudera V, Brown RA (February 2009).
1954:"Matrix-bound nanovesicles within ECM bioscaffolds"
489:to allow extracellular assembly. Disorders such as
2987:
2590:
2426:
1607:. Marcel Dekker Inc. New York, New York. pp.
1571:
1441:
1061:is the relatively rigid structure surrounding the
854:rearrangements in order to facilitate directional
423:
2427:Allen JL, Cooke ME, Alliston T (September 2012).
2069:
1942:
373:contribute to the tensile strength of cartilage,
4201:
1409:
2330:American Journal of Physiology. Cell Physiology
2144:
1413:Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease
1258:
3042:Rieger R, Michaelis A, Green MM (2012-12-06).
2145:Lo CM, Wang HB, Dembo M, Wang YL (July 2000).
3524:
3101:
3044:Glossary of Genetics: Classical and Molecular
2994:. Coldspring Harbor Laboratory. p. 561.
2327:
1598:
1358:"Diverse evolutionary paths to cell adhesion"
1114:
33:Illustration depicting extracellular matrix (
2791:
2789:
2640:
2065:
2063:
2061:
1858:
763:
736:
315:found in all animal tissues. It occurs as a
3538:
2894:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2261:
2002:
1518:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
1259:Bonnans C, Chou J, Werb Z (December 2014).
826:) and signaling proteins (adhesion kinase (
688:
3531:
3517:
3108:
3094:
3080:Sound Medicine - Heart Tissue Regeneration
2834:. DHZB NEWS. December 2007. Archived from
1355:
561:cells. Elastins are highly insoluble, and
27:
2922:
2912:
2786:
2738:
2728:
2672:
2616:
2509:
2452:
2395:
2289:
2226:
2178:
2091:
2058:
2034:
1985:
1918:
1828:
1780:
1649:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1537:
1405:
1403:
1401:
1381:
1325:
1284:
1254:
1252:
927:of the ECM has important implications in
613:, causing a reorganization of the cell's
592:
580:
176:includes the interstitial matrix and the
2258:
1474:
1416:(7th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier.
994:
693:The ECM can exist in varying degrees of
485:), which is then cleaved by procollagen
342:In the extracellular matrix, especially
250:
37:and interstitial matrix) in relation to
3561:
2696:
2584:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
1569:
4202:
3014:
2796:'Pixie dust' helps man grow new finger
2321:
1727:
1725:
1687:
1554:
1398:
1265:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
1249:
814:are thought to exist primarily in the
676:and produce the cartilaginous matrix.
385:. They have also been known to affect
365:
164:support to surrounding cells. Because
3512:
3115:
3089:
3018:The extracellular matrix: an overview
2945:
1631:
1435:
1433:
2131:
802:Stiffness and elasticity also guide
784:profiles, cytoskeletal markers, and
780:-like cells, showing similar shape,
680:are responsible for bone formation.
4179:Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein
1907:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1861:International Reviews of Immunology
1817:The Journal of Biological Chemistry
1722:
1578:. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett.
1214:
13:
3063:
1430:
1356:Abedin M, King N (December 2010).
513:Fibrillar (Type I, II, III, V, XI)
428:
392:
303:
241:extracellular polymeric substances
14:
4231:
3405:Dense irregular connective tissue
2754:
2688:
2632:
2576:
2355:
2342:10.1152/ajpcell.2000.279.5.C1345
2313:
2250:
2194:
2123:
2050:
1934:
1886:
1844:
1796:
1673:
1651:10.1146/annurev.biochem.67.1.609
1478:Current Opinion in Plant Biology
1341:
1327:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03374.x
954:
274:
109:Anatomical terms of microanatomy
3422:Dense regular connective tissue
3035:
3008:
2978:
2948:"The adhesive quality of cells"
2939:
2888:
2853:
2824:
2800:
2762:
2526:
2469:
2420:
2363:
2202:
1894:
1852:
1804:
1748:
1681:
1625:
1592:
1505:
424:Non-proteoglycan polysaccharide
2895:Tikhonenkov, Denis V. (2020).
1468:
1349:
1301:
1223:Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
1197:"Body Tissues | SEER Training"
1189:
1175:
1009:In terms of injury repair and
652:
597:
196:in animals has a type of ECM:
184:and fibrous proteins fill the
1:
2433:Molecular Biology of the Cell
2171:10.1016/S0006-3495(00)76279-5
1698:10.1016/S0070-2153(05)69008-4
1638:Annual Review of Biochemistry
1491:10.1016/S1369-5266(02)00286-8
1410:Kumar; Abbas; Fausto (2005).
1169:
683:
3943:Cartilage associated protein
2874:10.1016/0003-2697(87)90538-0
1041:
791:
729:). Inhibition of nonmuscle
246:
160:that provide structural and
7:
3263:
2388:10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.111885
1761:The Journal of Cell Biology
1530:10.1101/cshperspect.a010306
1142:
977:cellular adhesion molecules
967:filaments of the cell, and
861:
522:Basement membrane (Type IV)
468:
463:
10:
4236:
2808:Humans Can Regrow Fingers?
2730:10.1038/s41467-020-17328-9
2609:10.1016/j.gene.2007.01.014
2376:Experimental Cell Research
2291:10.1016/j.cell.2006.06.044
2027:10.1016/j.cell.2012.11.034
1235:10.1016/j.addr.2015.11.001
1134:
1115:In Pluriformea and Filozoa
998:
795:
768:ECM elasticity can direct
640:are proteins found in the
632:
529:
525:Other (Type VI, VII, XIII)
519:Short chain (Type VIII, X)
404:. They are present in the
4152:
4068:
3974:
3924:
3653:
3570:
3550:
3474:
3451:
3395:
3360:
3351:
3344:
3262:
3244:
3233:
3206:
3165:
3156:
3149:
3123:
2990:Hormones and Cell Culture
2914:10.1186/s12915-020-0762-1
1873:10.3109/08830189509056711
1374:10.1016/j.tcb.2010.08.002
914:matrix metalloproteinases
806:, this process is called
764:Effect on differentiation
737:Effect on gene expression
516:Facit (Type IX, XII, XIV)
192:cells rest. Each type of
172:The animal extracellular
107:
95:
83:
75:
63:
58:
53:
26:
21:
1201:training.seer.cancer.gov
963:, connecting the ECM to
770:cellular differentiation
689:Stiffness and elasticity
2862:Analytical Biochemistry
2818:March 10, 2007, at the
2445:10.1091/mbc.E12-03-0172
2102:10.1126/science.1116995
1450:. New York and London:
931:, gene expression, and
495:osteogenesis imperfecta
436:(or "hyaluronan") is a
325:developmental processes
231:The plant ECM includes
218:loose connective tissue
3015:Mecham R, ed. (2011).
1978:10.1126/sciadv.1600502
1920:10.1074/jbc.M006215200
1830:10.1074/jbc.M110709200
1736:Molecular Cell Biology
1448:Essential cell biology
1362:Trends in Cell Biology
1101:selective permeability
774:mesenchymal stem cells
593:Cell adhesion proteins
581:Extracellular vesicles
565:are secreted inside a
491:Ehlers Danlos Syndrome
256:
144:and minerals, such as
70:matrix extracellularis
3957:Procollagen peptidase
2964:10.1002/ar.1090230708
2709:Nature Communications
1773:10.1083/jcb.122.1.257
1001:Regenerative medicine
995:Clinical significance
505:in collagen-encoding
499:epidermolysis bullosa
254:
4210:Extracellular matrix
2665:10.1038/onc.2009.299
1443:"Tissues and Cancer"
942:In the brain, where
786:transcription factor
371:Chondroitin sulfates
216:comprise the ECM of
204:comprise the ECM of
131:extracellular matrix
22:Extracellular matrix
2721:2020NatCo..11.3440S
2547:1980Natur.284...67L
2502:10.1038/nature09621
2494:2010Natur.468..580K
2163:2000BpJ....79..144L
2151:Biophysical Journal
2084:2005Sci...310.1139D
1970:2016SciA....2E0502H
1314:The New Phytologist
1185:. 24 December 2021.
910:threonine proteases
381:, and walls of the
366:Chondroitin sulfate
4215:Matrices (biology)
4123:Matrix gla protein
3934:Prolyl hydroxylase
1690:Neural Development
1570:Plopper G (2007).
1011:tissue engineering
747:adhesion complexes
719:cell proliferation
567:chaperone molecule
344:basement membranes
280:Glycosaminoglycans
269:glycosaminoglycans
257:
186:interstitial space
102:H2.00.03.0.02001
4220:Tissues (biology)
4197:
4196:
4148:
4147:
3970:
3969:
3938:Lysyl hydroxylase
3729:basement membrane
3506:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3447:
3446:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3229:
3228:
3117:Connective tissue
2946:Lewis WH (1922).
2078:(5751): 1139β43.
1707:978-0-12-153169-0
1632:Iozzo RV (1998).
1585:978-0-7637-3905-8
1461:978-0-8153-3481-1
1423:978-0-7216-0187-8
1164:Temporal feedback
575:Williams syndrome
551:ligamentum nuchae
333:blood coagulation
311:(HS) is a linear
194:connective tissue
178:basement membrane
123:
122:
118:
47:connective tissue
35:basement membrane
4227:
3568:
3567:
3559:
3558:
3533:
3526:
3519:
3510:
3509:
3358:
3357:
3349:
3348:
3277:Reticular fibers
3246:Ground substance
3242:
3241:
3163:
3162:
3154:
3153:
3110:
3103:
3096:
3087:
3086:
3058:
3057:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3012:
3006:
3005:
2993:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2943:
2937:
2936:
2926:
2916:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2857:
2851:
2850:
2844:
2843:
2828:
2822:
2804:
2798:
2793:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2780:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2758:
2752:
2742:
2732:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2692:
2686:
2676:
2644:
2638:
2637:
2636:
2630:
2620:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2580:
2574:
2555:10.1038/284067a0
2530:
2524:
2523:
2513:
2473:
2467:
2466:
2456:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2399:
2367:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2353:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2317:
2311:
2293:
2269:
2256:
2255:
2254:
2248:
2230:
2228:10.1002/term.136
2206:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2192:
2182:
2142:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2121:
2095:
2067:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2048:
2038:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1989:
1958:Science Advances
1949:
1940:
1939:
1938:
1932:
1922:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1890:
1884:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1848:
1842:
1832:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1794:
1784:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1739:
1729:
1720:
1719:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1677:
1671:
1653:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1606:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1577:
1567:
1552:
1551:
1541:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1472:
1466:
1465:
1445:
1437:
1428:
1427:
1407:
1396:
1395:
1385:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1339:
1329:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1288:
1256:
1247:
1246:
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1193:
1187:
1186:
1179:
1159:Perineuronal net
906:serine proteases
725:and cell death (
666:ground substance
501:are linked with
398:Keratan sulfates
297:within the ECM.
214:ground substance
210:reticular fibers
166:multicellularity
115:edit on Wikidata
112:
31:
19:
18:
4235:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4224:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4144:
4064:
3966:
3920:
3803:transmembrane:
3649:
3553:
3546:
3537:
3507:
3498:
3470:
3443:
3391:
3332:
3272:Collagen fibers
3258:
3236:
3225:
3208:Wandering cells
3202:
3145:
3119:
3114:
3066:
3064:Further reading
3061:
3054:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3013:
3009:
3002:
2983:
2979:
2944:
2940:
2893:
2889:
2858:
2854:
2841:
2839:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2820:Wayback Machine
2806:HowStuffWorks,
2805:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2778:
2776:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2753:
2701:
2697:
2687:
2659:(49): 4326β43.
2645:
2641:
2631:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2531:
2527:
2488:(7323): 580β4.
2474:
2470:
2439:(18): 3731β42.
2425:
2421:
2368:
2364:
2354:
2336:(5): C1345-50.
2326:
2322:
2312:
2270:
2259:
2249:
2207:
2203:
2193:
2143:
2132:
2122:
2068:
2059:
2049:
2007:
2003:
1964:(6): e1600502.
1950:
1943:
1933:
1899:
1895:
1885:
1867:(2β4): 177β85.
1857:
1853:
1843:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1753:
1749:
1730:
1723:
1708:
1686:
1682:
1672:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1568:
1555:
1510:
1506:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1452:Garland Science
1438:
1431:
1424:
1408:
1399:
1354:
1350:
1340:
1306:
1302:
1277:10.1038/nrm3904
1271:(12): 786β801.
1257:
1250:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1145:
1137:
1117:
1070:turgor pressure
1044:
1036:ECM Biomaterial
1025:inguinal hernia
1003:
997:
979:(CAM) known as
961:focal adhesions
957:
933:differentiation
864:
820:protein complex
800:
794:
766:
743:gene expression
739:
723:differentiation
691:
686:
655:
635:
600:
595:
583:
532:
503:genetic defects
471:
466:
434:Hyaluronic acid
431:
429:Hyaluronic acid
426:
395:
393:Keratan sulfate
387:neuroplasticity
368:
309:Heparan sulfate
306:
304:Heparan sulfate
277:
249:
182:polysaccharides
119:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4233:
4223:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4156:
4154:
4150:
4149:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4078:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3980:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3940:
3930:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3919:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3891:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3864:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3780:
3770:
3769:
3768:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3725:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3613:
3606:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3574:
3572:
3571:Fibril forming
3565:
3556:
3552:Extracellular
3548:
3547:
3544:scleroproteins
3536:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3513:
3504:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3480:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3463:
3457:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3419:
3418:
3417:
3412:
3401:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3382:
3372:
3366:
3364:
3355:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3301:
3296:
3289:Elastic fibers
3286:
3285:
3284:
3274:
3268:
3266:
3260:
3259:
3257:
3256:
3250:
3248:
3239:
3235:Extracellular
3231:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3183:Reticular cell
3180:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3160:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3125:
3121:
3120:
3113:
3112:
3105:
3098:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3077:
3072:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3052:
3034:
3027:
3007:
3000:
2977:
2958:(7): 387β392.
2938:
2887:
2852:
2823:
2812:repair surgery
2799:
2785:
2761:
2695:
2639:
2583:
2541:(5751): 67β8.
2525:
2468:
2419:
2362:
2320:
2257:
2201:
2130:
2093:10.1.1.318.690
2057:
2021:(7): 1513β27.
2001:
1941:
1913:(10): 7101β7.
1893:
1851:
1823:(6): 4223β31.
1803:
1747:
1721:
1706:
1680:
1624:
1617:
1591:
1584:
1553:
1524:(4): a010306.
1504:
1485:(5): 396β401.
1467:
1460:
1429:
1422:
1397:
1368:(12): 734β42.
1348:
1300:
1248:
1213:
1188:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1133:
1116:
1113:
1079:embedded in a
1043:
1040:
996:
993:
969:hemidesmosomes
956:
953:
929:cell migration
902:cancer biology
869:growth factors
863:
860:
816:focal adhesion
804:cell migration
796:Main article:
793:
790:
765:
762:
738:
735:
715:cell migration
690:
687:
685:
682:
654:
651:
634:
631:
627:blood clotting
599:
596:
594:
591:
582:
579:
531:
528:
527:
526:
523:
520:
517:
514:
470:
467:
465:
462:
438:polysaccharide
430:
427:
425:
422:
394:
391:
367:
364:
360:collagen XVIII
313:polysaccharide
305:
302:
295:growth factors
276:
273:
248:
245:
224:is the ECM of
158:hydroxyapatite
142:macromolecules
121:
120:
111:
105:
104:
99:
93:
92:
87:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
67:
61:
60:
56:
55:
51:
50:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4232:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4190:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4158:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3992:
3990:
3987:
3986:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3973:
3963:
3962:Lysyl oxidase
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3801:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3781:
3779:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3737:
3736:
3735:
3730:
3727:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3659:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3614:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3534:
3529:
3527:
3522:
3520:
3515:
3514:
3511:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3394:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3347:
3343:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3291:
3290:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3261:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3232:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3106:
3104:
3099:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3088:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3055:
3053:9783642753336
3049:
3045:
3038:
3030:
3028:9783642165559
3024:
3020:
3019:
3011:
3003:
3001:9780879691257
2997:
2992:
2991:
2981:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2942:
2934:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2838:on 2008-12-11
2837:
2833:
2827:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2803:
2797:
2792:
2790:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2757:
2750:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2691:
2684:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2643:
2635:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2603:(1β2): 1β15.
2602:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2579:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2472:
2464:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2382:(1): 111885.
2381:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2358:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2316:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2284:(4): 677β89.
2283:
2279:
2275:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2253:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2205:
2197:
2190:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2157:(1): 144β52.
2156:
2152:
2148:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2126:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2053:
2046:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1946:
1937:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1889:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1847:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1807:
1799:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1767:(1): 257β64.
1766:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1728:
1726:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1684:
1676:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1644:(1): 609β52.
1643:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1620:
1618:9780824703349
1614:
1610:
1605:
1604:
1595:
1587:
1581:
1576:
1575:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1471:
1463:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1436:
1434:
1425:
1419:
1415:
1414:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1393:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1352:
1344:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1304:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1255:
1253:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1217:
1202:
1198:
1192:
1184:
1178:
1174:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1140:
1132:
1130:
1129:Ichthyosporea
1126:
1122:
1112:
1110:
1106:
1105:Plasmodesmata
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1089:hemicellulose
1086:
1085:glycoproteins
1082:
1078:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1039:
1037:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1002:
992:
990:
984:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
962:
955:Cell adhesion
952:
950:
945:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
896:invasion and
895:
891:
887:
886:wound healing
882:
880:
879:
874:
870:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
799:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
761:
759:
756:
752:
748:
744:
734:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
710:
708:
704:
700:
696:
681:
679:
675:
672:are found in
671:
667:
663:
659:
650:
648:
643:
642:basal laminae
639:
630:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
607:glycoproteins
604:
590:
588:
578:
576:
572:
568:
564:
563:tropoelastins
560:
559:smooth muscle
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
539:blood vessels
536:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
511:
510:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
480:
475:
461:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
439:
435:
421:
419:
415:
411:
408:, cartilage,
407:
403:
399:
390:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
363:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
340:
338:
335:, and tumour
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
301:
298:
296:
292:
291:proteoglycans
288:
285:
281:
275:Proteoglycans
272:
270:
266:
262:
253:
244:
242:
238:
234:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
170:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:glycoproteins
151:
147:
143:
140:
139:extracellular
136:
132:
128:
116:
110:
106:
103:
100:
98:
94:
91:
88:
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
68:
66:
62:
57:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
30:
25:
20:
4086:Tropoelastin
4042:
4015:
3983:
3893:
3883:
3866:
3856:
3827:
3782:
3732:
3686:
3664:
3615:
3608:
3596:
3577:
3551:
3254:Tissue fluid
3234:
3043:
3037:
3021:. Springer.
3017:
3010:
2989:
2980:
2955:
2951:
2941:
2904:
2900:
2890:
2865:
2861:
2855:
2846:
2840:. Retrieved
2836:the original
2826:
2802:
2777:. Retrieved
2773:
2764:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2600:
2596:
2586:
2538:
2534:
2528:
2485:
2481:
2471:
2436:
2432:
2422:
2397:10138/325579
2379:
2375:
2365:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2281:
2277:
2221:(2): 77β84.
2218:
2214:
2204:
2154:
2150:
2075:
2071:
2018:
2014:
2004:
1961:
1957:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1820:
1816:
1806:
1764:
1760:
1750:
1735:
1689:
1683:
1641:
1637:
1627:
1602:
1594:
1573:
1521:
1517:
1507:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1447:
1412:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1320:(1): 82β97.
1317:
1313:
1303:
1268:
1264:
1226:
1222:
1216:
1204:. Retrieved
1200:
1191:
1177:
1154:Interstitium
1138:
1127:, after the
1118:
1108:
1087:, including
1077:microfibrils
1045:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1018:pig bladders
1015:
1008:
1004:
985:
958:
941:
918:
883:
876:
865:
852:cytoskeletal
801:
767:
758:cytoskeleton
740:
711:
692:
670:Chondrocytes
660:
656:
636:
615:cytoskeleton
603:Fibronectins
601:
584:
533:
472:
450:inflammation
447:
432:
396:
369:
348:multi-domain
341:
329:angiogenesis
317:proteoglycan
307:
299:
284:carbohydrate
278:
258:
230:
222:blood plasma
202:bone mineral
171:
134:
130:
124:
69:
4164:Cytokeratin
4093:Vitronectin
3774:multiplexin
3476:Specialized
3466:Mesenchymal
3437:Aponeurosis
3188:Tendon cell
3150:Composition
3131:Soft tissue
2901:BMC Biology
2868:(1): 1β13.
2774:EurekAlert!
2715:(1): 3440.
1121:Pluriformea
1051:tessellated
881:synthesis.
678:Osteoblasts
662:Fibroblasts
653:Development
598:Fibronectin
555:fibroblasts
483:procollagen
402:uronic acid
282:(GAGs) are
206:bone tissue
200:fibers and
162:biochemical
59:Identifiers
43:endothelium
4204:Categories
3795:Endostatin
3784:type XVIII
3221:Macrophage
3198:Melanocyte
3173:Fibroblast
3124:Physiology
2907:(39): 39.
2842:2008-08-05
2779:2017-03-01
1206:12 January
1170:References
1131:diverged.
1063:plant cell
1049:cells are
999:See also:
944:hyaluronan
925:elasticity
898:metastasis
818:, a large
699:elasticity
684:Physiology
571:cutis laxa
549:, and the
412:, and the
337:metastasis
261:exocytosis
190:epithelial
76:Acronym(s)
39:epithelium
4174:Reticulin
3867:type VIII
3484:Cartilage
3453:Embryonic
3410:Submucosa
3370:Reticular
3299:Fibrillin
3216:Mast cell
3193:Adipocyte
3178:Fibrocyte
2414:211035510
2088:CiteSeerX
1074:cellulose
1059:cell wall
1042:In plants
981:integrins
949:microglia
937:durotaxis
921:stiffness
856:migration
844:Ξ±-actinin
824:integrins
812:durotaxis
808:durotaxis
798:Durotaxis
792:Durotaxis
731:myosin II
727:apoptosis
695:stiffness
674:cartilage
623:platelets
611:integrins
487:proteases
479:precursor
379:ligaments
350:proteins
247:Structure
233:cell wall
4189:diseases
4185:See also
4128:Tectorin
3947:Leprecan
3857:type VII
3687:type XII
3610:type III
3563:Collagen
3427:Ligament
3166:Resident
3141:Scarring
3136:Fibrosis
2972:84566330
2952:Anat Rec
2933:32272915
2816:Archived
2749:32651387
2683:19826415
2653:Oncogene
2627:17331678
2520:21107430
2463:22833566
2406:32017929
2350:11029281
2308:16109483
2300:16923388
2237:19051218
2189:10866943
2110:16293750
2045:23260139
1996:27386584
1929:11106645
1839:11704682
1716:16243601
1668:14638091
1548:23545571
1499:12183177
1392:20817460
1336:20618907
1295:25415508
1243:26562801
1229:: 4β27.
1143:See also
1109:singular
1097:extensin
1053:to form
890:fibrosis
873:protease
862:Function
840:paxillin
836:vinculin
749:and the
703:collagen
647:nidogens
638:Laminins
587:exosomes
535:Elastins
474:Collagen
469:Collagen
464:Proteins
352:perlecan
287:polymers
271:(GAGs).
265:proteins
237:biofilms
198:collagen
146:collagen
4169:Gelatin
4160:Keratin
4108:Decorin
4081:Elastin
3976:Laminin
3952:ADAMTS2
3926:Enzymes
3916:COL28A1
3911:COL27A1
3904:COL11A2
3899:COL11A1
3894:type XI
3888:COL10A1
3829:type VI
3826:other:
3820:COL25A1
3815:COL23A1
3810:COL17A1
3805:COL13A1
3790:COL18A1
3778:COL15A1
3734:type IV
3722:COL22A1
3717:COL21A1
3712:COL20A1
3707:COL19A1
3702:COL16A1
3697:COL14A1
3691:COL12A1
3665:type IX
3645:COL26A1
3640:COL24A1
3598:type II
3540:Protein
3375:Adipose
3326:Elaunin
3321:EMILIN1
3294:Elastin
2924:7147346
2882:3314585
2740:7351768
2717:Bibcode
2674:2795025
2618:2893340
2571:4356057
2563:6243750
2543:Bibcode
2511:3046339
2490:Bibcode
2454:3442419
2180:1300921
2159:Bibcode
2118:9036803
2080:Bibcode
2072:Science
2036:3821979
1987:4928894
1966:Bibcode
1881:7650420
1791:8314845
1782:2119597
1660:9759499
1539:3683961
1383:2991404
1286:4316204
1149:Anoikis
1135:History
1125:Filozoa
1067:osmotic
1055:tissues
973:keratin
878:de novo
848:GTPases
707:elastin
633:Laminin
625:during
530:Elastin
418:animals
375:tendons
321:ligands
243:(EPS).
150:enzymes
127:biology
90:D005109
54:Details
4113:FAM20C
3884:type X
3877:COL8A2
3872:COL8A1
3861:COL7A1
3850:COL6A5
3845:COL6A3
3840:COL6A2
3835:COL6A1
3765:COL4A6
3760:COL4A5
3755:COL4A4
3750:COL4A3
3745:COL4A2
3740:COL4A1
3680:COL9A3
3675:COL9A2
3670:COL9A1
3633:COL5A3
3628:COL5A2
3623:COL5A1
3617:type V
3603:COL2A1
3590:COL1A2
3585:COL1A1
3579:type I
3554:matrix
3461:Mucoid
3432:Tendon
3415:Dermis
3353:Proper
3282:COL3A1
3264:Fibers
3237:matrix
3050:
3025:
2998:
2970:
2931:
2921:
2880:
2747:
2737:
2681:
2671:
2625:
2615:
2569:
2561:
2535:Nature
2518:
2508:
2482:Nature
2461:
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