131:
The introduction of the executive order followed the introduction of two acts in
Congress – the Anti-Semitism Awareness Act of 2018 and the Anti-Semitism Awareness Act of 2019. These bills aimed to broaden the definition of antisemitism in attempts to enable its enforcement as a Title VI violation.
148:
praised the order, while others objected to defining
Judaism as a nationality (as the order was initially indicated to do, though it ultimately did not), claiming that "Trump's reclassification of Judaism mirrored sentiments used by
136:(ACLU) to write a letter opposing the initial bill from 2018. In the letter, the ACLU argued that the definition of antisemitism used in the bill extended to criticism of Israel and Zionism, thus limiting free speech.
75:
toward Jews. Rhetorical and physical manifestations of anti-Semitism are directed toward Jewish or non-Jewish individuals and/or their property, toward Jewish community institutions and religious facilities."
193:
was revived later in his presidency. In
October 2022 Trump called for American Jews to "appreciate Israel before it's too late", aligning with his past claims that American Jews no longer love Israel.
95:
in the United States, but the order which was ultimately released did not contain this definition of
Judaism. The new order did not define Judaism as a nationality nor did it define Judaism as an
157:" and that "the move appears to question whether Jews are really American". Some decried the order as a political stunt, and called on Trump to more directly address the threat of
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violations are handled. The act does not mean that all antisemitic incidents can be classified as a Title VI violation, it only specifies that the
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342:"Questions and Answers on Executive Order 13899 (Combating Anti-Semitism) and OCR's Enforcement of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964"
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found that antisemitism persisted on college campuses. In the recommendations of the report, the USCCR called for the
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359:"Findings and Recommendations of the United States Commission on Civil Rights Regarding Campus Anti-Semitism"
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to vigorously enforce Title VI against recipients that deny equal educational opportunities to all students.
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According to the executive order, cases of antisemitism have increased since 2013. A 2006 report by the
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447:"Trump attacks American Jews, says they must 'get their act together' on Israel 'before it's too late'"
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Throughout his presidency, Donald Trump was accused of antisemitism numerous times. In a speech at the
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by making it easier to use laws which prohibit institutional discrimination against people based on
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The order set off a firestorm of criticism among many Jewish and
Palestinian leaders. Some
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67:. The definition of antisemitism which is used in the executive order was written by the
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These acts were controversial at their times of introduction in
Congress, prompting the
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347:. United States Department of Education - Office for Civil Rights. January 19, 2021.
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289:"Trump to sign executive order targeting college anti-Semitism, Israel boycotts"
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must review incidents to determine if they should be enforced under Title VI.
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395:"Jews angry over Trump's reported decision to define Judaism as nationality"
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in his appeal to Jewish voters. Discourse around Trump's relationship with
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36:
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Stracqualursi, Veronica; LeBlanc, Paul; Klein, Betsy (December 11, 2019).
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announced on
December 10, 2019, and signed the next day by U.S. President
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312:. International Holocaust Remembrance Association. 2016. Archived from
263:"Trump Targets Anti-Semitism and Israeli Boycotts on College Campuses"
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Office of the
Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Antisemitism
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Maugham
Elementary School Adolf Hitler assignment controversy
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Crossing the Line 2: The New Face of Anti-Semitism on Campus
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421:"Trump Goes Full Anti-Semite in Room Full of Jewish People"
234:"Trump to sign order to interpret Judaism as a nationality"
364:. United States Commission on Civil Rights. April 3, 2006.
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231:
16:
Executive order announced by U.S. President Donald Trump
126:
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261:
Baker, Peter; Haberman, Maggie (December 10, 2019).
99:, nor did it change the way in which complaints of
83:official had indicated that the order would define
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1072:Opposition to antisemitism in the United States
630:2002 Los Angeles International Airport shooting
35:. The said purpose of the order was to prevent
955:U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism
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904:Committee of Catholics to Fight Anti-Semitism
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260:
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208:History of antisemitism in the United States
960:Executive Order on Combating Anti-Semitism
871:Yale Program for the Study of Antisemitism
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475:Executive Order on Combating Anti-Semitism
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21:Executive Order on Combating Anti-Semitism
651:2017 Jewish Community Center bomb threats
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65:without opposition to other nation-states
591:1939 Nazi rally at Madison Square Garden
117:United States Commission on Civil Rights
950:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
445:Concepcion, Summer (October 16, 2022).
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661:2017–18 Bergen County eruv controversy
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59:uniquely as a Jewish nationstate (the
853:Journal for the Study of Antisemitism
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376:"Anti-Semitism Awareness Act of 2018"
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860:Journal of Contemporary Antisemitism
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625:1997 Empire State Building shooting
393:Perper, Rosie (December 11, 2019).
127:Anti-Semitism Acts of 2018 and 2019
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1077:Trump administration controversies
287:Smith, Allan (December 11, 2019).
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61:right of a Jewish country to exist
14:
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512:Antisemitism in the United States
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203:Antisemitism in the United States
185:in 2019 Trump referenced classic
51:to punish discrimination against
1067:Executive orders of Donald Trump
419:Levin, Bess (December 9, 2019).
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173:were supportive of the order.
134:American Civil Liberties Union
69:Holocaust Remembrance Alliance
1:
672:Pittsburgh synagogue shooting
646:2011 Manhattan terrorism plot
620:1994 Brooklyn Bridge shooting
213:
110:
1082:Zionism in the United States
742:Israel-Hamas war encampments
139:
7:
985:Nazism in the United States
929:Southern Poverty Law Center
555:General Order No. 11 (1862)
532:racism in the United States
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167:Republican Jewish Coalition
10:
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919:Hollywood Anti-Nazi League
737:2023 Congressional hearing
641:2005 Los Angeles bomb plot
55:, including opposition to
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684:2019 Jersey City shooting
666:Murder of Blaze Bernstein
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689:Monsey Hanukkah stabbing
678:Poway synagogue shooting
608:Murder of Neal Rosenblum
183:Israeli-American Council
924:Simon Wiesenthal Center
713:Attack on Matt Greenman
701:Attack on Joseph Borgen
635:Murder of Ariel Sellouk
307:"Romanian Chairmanship"
121:Office for Civil Rights
105:Office for Civil Rights
899:Anti-Defamation League
791:Anti-Zionism on Campus
707:Austin synagogue arson
177:Trump and antisemitism
163:Anti-Defamation League
818:Gentlemen's Agreement
656:Unite the Right rally
161:. Groups such as the
25:Executive Order 13899
1057:2019 in American law
79:CNN reported that a
747:Columbia University
585:Massena blood libel
319:on October 24, 2017
768:Triple parentheses
614:Crown Heights riot
596:Knickerbocker Case
267:The New York Times
191:Judaism in America
187:antisemitic tropes
151:white nationalists
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833:Protocols of Zion
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763:Franklin Prophecy
550:List of incidents
477:at Whitehouse.gov
159:white nationalism
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1036:Washington, D.C.
978:Related articles
934:StopAntisemitism
894:AMCHA Initiative
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724:Higher education
565:Samuel Bierfield
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23:, officially
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528:antisemitism
454:. Retrieved
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428:. Retrieved
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404:December 11,
402:. Retrieved
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321:. Retrieved
314:the original
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243:December 11,
241:. Retrieved
237:
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155:Nazi Germany
143:
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37:antisemitism
33:Donald Trump
24:
20:
18:
1011:Connecticut
598:(1945–1950)
456:October 27,
430:October 27,
425:Vanity Fair
323:October 27,
89:nationality
81:White House
1051:Categories
1026:New Jersey
943:Government
880:Opposition
214:References
169:, and the
111:Background
990:Alt-right
805:Berlin 36
783:Reactions
571:Leo Frank
560:Lynchings
140:Reception
97:ethnicity
1031:Virginia
1021:Maryland
451:NBC News
293:NBC News
197:See also
101:Title VI
93:religion
27:, is an
1016:Florida
542:History
523:Part of
85:Judaism
715:(2022)
709:(2021)
703:(2021)
697:(2021)
691:(2019)
680:(2019)
674:(2018)
668:(2018)
637:(2003)
616:(1991)
610:(1986)
604:(1971)
587:(1928)
581:(1908)
573:(1915)
567:(1868)
165:, the
73:hatred
57:Israel
822:novel
362:(PDF)
345:(PDF)
317:(PDF)
310:(PDF)
87:as a
45:color
914:HIAS
826:film
458:2022
432:2022
406:2019
380:ACLU
325:2022
245:2019
153:and
41:race
19:The
238:CNN
47:or
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449:.
423:.
397:.
378:.
333:^
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253:^
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222:^
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43:,
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820:(
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