Ewelina Hańska - Knowledge

44: 930:, for assistance. As they worked one evening, he complained of a headache. "I'll make it go away," she said, and began massaging his forehead. As he wrote later: "There are certain magnetic effluvia, in such situations, of which the effect is that the matter does not stop there." Her affair with the man twenty years her junior was brief, but it provided a tremendous release to Hańska, who had spent decades with older men in various states of ill health. She began partaking of the social life around her. "The night before last I laughed as I have never done before," she wrote in 1851. "Oh, how wonderful it is not to know anyone or have to worry about anyone, to have one's independence, liberty on the mountain-tops, and to be in Paris!" 831: 782: 367: 514: 474: 724: 918:. Hańska sponsored new editions of his works and was involved in editing some of them, even adding occasional content. Balzac's debt, meanwhile, still exceeded 200,000 francs, which Hańska paid while also providing for his mother's living expenses. One of her letters at the time gives voice to her frustrations: "In nursing my husband's incurable malady I ruined my health, just as I have ruined my private fortune in accepting the inheritance of debts and embarrassments which he left me." Anna and Jerzy moved into a nearby house in Paris. 638: 900: 827:

in the spring of 1847. As soon as she was back in Ukraine, however, a new wrinkle unfolded. Hańska had long been unhappy with the presence of Balzac's housekeeper, Louise Breugniot, and he promised to break with her before marrying. He wrote with alarm to Hańska explaining that Breugninot had stolen her letters to him and blackmailed the author for 30,000 francs. Biographers disagree about truth of this story; Robb suggests it was "a convincing hysterical performance put on for the benefit of his jealous fiancée".

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renewed their vows of love and planned to marry as soon as she won her lawsuit. In early October he returned to Paris. Soon afterwards, she wrote a story based on her own experience writing to Balzac for the first time. Unhappy with it, she threw it into the fire, but the French author begged her to rewrite it so he could adapt it. He assured her that she would "know something of the joys of authorship when you see how much of your elegant and delightful writing I have preserved". Her story became

863:, for which her doctor prescribed an unusual treatment: "Every other day she has to thrust her feet into the body of a sucking-pig which has only just been slit open, because it is necessary that the entrails should be quivering." She recovered, but he did not. They returned to Paris in late May, and his health improved slightly at the start of summer. By July, however, he was confined to his bed. Hańska nursed him constantly, as a stream of visitors – including the writers 489:(Wierzchownia). Their marriage was a union of wealthy families, not of passion. His estate covered 21,000 acres (85 km) and owned over 3,000 serfs, including 300 domestic servants. The manor had been designed by a French architect, and its owner filled it with luxuries from around the world: paintings from galleries in Milan and London, dinnerware from China, and a library of 25,000 books in a variety of languages. Hański boasted that none of the furniture was Russian. 1064:, referred to her as "one of the best women of the epoch", and that while there are those who deride her influence on Balzac, and question her feelings and motivations, few deny she had a crucial impact on him, and, for most, the "Great Balzac" emerged only after meeting her in early 1830s. Czerny concludes by saying: "However one could analyze her and their relationship, the impact of her love on Balzac was persistent, all-enveloping and decisive". 773:

meantime, two urgent problems began to complicate their plans. One was his health, which had been deteriorating for years. In October 1843 he wrote to her about "horrible suffering which has its seat nowhere; which cannot be described; which attacks both heart and brain". Balzac's other problem was financial: despite his illness, he could not afford to relax his work schedule, since he owed more than 200,000 francs to various creditors.

566:), however, Hańska was appalled by the coarse depiction of Foedora, the so-called "femme sans cœur" ("woman without a heart"). She felt that Balzac had lost the reverence shown in his earlier works, and worried that he had based Foedora on a real woman from his life. Motivated partly by concern, partly by boredom, and partly by a desire to influence the life of a great writer (as her sister Karolina had done), she wrote to Balzac. 676:

demanded an explanation. Balzac wrote to Hański claiming that it was nothing more than a game: "One evening, in jest, she said to me that she would like to know what a love-letter was. This was said wholly without meaning.... I wrote those two unfortunate letters to Vienna, supposing that she remembered our joke...." Hański apparently accepted the explanation, and invited Balzac to visit them in Vienna, which he did in May 1835.

668:, about a hermaphroditic angel united by the love of a mortal man for a compassionate and sensual woman. Balzac explained that she was his model for the latter. It was clear to all that Hański was in ill health, and Hańska began to think about her future with the French author. In the meantime, she asked Balzac to begin collecting for her autographs of the famous people he spent time with in Paris and elsewhere. 2454: 798:

Balzac was overjoyed, certain that they would have a boy, and insisting on the name Victor-Honoré. The thought of having a son, he wrote, "stirs my heart and makes me write page upon page". To avoid scandal, he would have to marry Hańska in secret, to hide the fact that their child was conceived out of wedlock. In the meantime, Anna married Jerzy Mniszech on 13 October in

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his wife, and retired early. He was generally dour, and lived with a depressed condition that Hańska referred to as "blue devils". Although she was surrounded by opulence, Hańska found herself dissatisfied with her new life and with her husband's emotional distance in particular. As one biographer put it: "He loved Eve but he was not deeply in love with her."

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to the Swiss village of Neuchâtel, to visit the family of her daughter's governess. Contradicting her vow of eternal anonymity, she suggested a meeting. Balzac agreed immediately, and began to make preparations for the journey. Also, sometime in 1833, Balzac wrote his first confession of love to her, despite being at that time in another relationship.

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and feel that were I to set eyes upon you I should exclaim, 'That is he!' Your outward semblance probably does not reveal your brilliant imagination; you have to be moved, the sacred fire of genius has to be lit, if you are to show yourself as you really are, and you are what I feel you to be—a man superior in his knowledge of the human heart.

424:. They shared a passion for philosophical discussions, especially related to love and religion. Hańska's other brothers, Adam and Ernest, both pursued military careers. Hańska's eldest sister, Karolina, was admired as a child for her beauty, intellect, and musical talent. She later married a man 34 years her senior, a landowner from 759:, she was impressed by his musical talent and his good looks. "He is an extraordinary mixture", she wrote in her diary, "and I enjoy studying him." They saw one another on several occasions, but she ultimately rejected his advances. One biographer says that their last meeting "gives striking evidence of her loyalty to Balzac". 809:, was not soothed, either, by Balzac's disregard for financial stability. For years he had planned to buy a house for them to share, but in August 1846 she sent him a stern admonition. Until his debts were paid, she wrote, "we must postpone buying any property". One month later he purchased a house on the 878:

and began having fits of delirium. At one point he called out for Horace Bianchon, the fictional doctor he had included in many novels. But he also expressed great worry for Hańska, once telling Hugo: "My wife is more intelligent than I, but who will support her in her solitude? I have accustomed her

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began one week after his return. Back in Wierzchownia, Hańska lost 80,000 francs due to a granary fire, and her time was consumed with three lawsuits. These complications, and Balzac's constant debt, meant that their finances were unstable, and she hesitated anew at the idea of marriage. In any case,

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In November, Hańska suffered a miscarriage; she wrote to Balzac with the tragic news. He wanted to visit her, but Anna wrote asking him to remain in Paris. The emotion involved, she wrote, "would be fatal". Hańska made plans to return to Wierzchownia, but Balzac begged her to visit him, which she did

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Hańska and Balzac were determined, however, and in 1845 she visited him in Paris with Anna and Jerzy. In April of the following year they visited Italy; Balzac joined them for a tour of Rome, and they proceeded to Geneva. Soon after he returned to Paris, she wrote with the news that she was pregnant.

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In late July 1843 Balzac visited her in St. Petersburg, the first time they had seen one another in eight years. He was struck by Hańska's resilient beauty, but his condition had deteriorated over the years. Biographers agree that she was much less physically attracted to him at this time. Still they

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The estate at Wierzchownia was isolated. Hańska was bored by visits to the court at St. Petersburg, and even more bored by noble guests in her own home. She found nothing in common with the ladies of high society, and longed for the stimulating discussions she had enjoyed with her brother Henryk. She

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Hański was more than twenty years older than Ewelina, who was a teenager at the time of their wedding, and his personality clashed with her youthful vigor. He spent most of the day supervising the grounds, by some accounts with an iron fist. After dinner he was usually too fatigued to spend time with

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In addition to Eveline, her daughter Anna, sister Alina, aunt Rozalia, first love (Tadeusz Wyleżyński), and several other figures that she introduced Balzac to or told him about, were also incorporated into his works. After they met, Poland, Polish topics, Polish names, and Polish (Slavic) mysticism

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Hańska lived with Balzac's mother for a time after his death, in the house he had spent so much time and expense furnishing. The elder Mme. Balzac moved in with a friend after several months, and Hańska approached the remains of her late husband's writing. Several works had been left incomplete, and

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started work on a bust of Hańska. In the summer of 1834 they returned to Vienna, where they would stay for another year. During this time Balzac continued writing to Hańska, and by accident two especially amorous letters fell into the hands of her husband. He wrote to the French author, furious, and

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Arriving in Geneva on 26 December, the Christmas Eve, Balzac stayed at the Auberge de l'Arc, near the Maison Mirabaud where the Hański family had settled for the season. She left a ring for him at the hotel, with a note asking for a new promise of love. He gave it, and described how he began wearing

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described her this way: "Her beauty was imposing and noble, somewhat massive, a little fleshy, but even in stoutness she retained a very lively charm which was spiced with a delightful foreign accent and a striking hint of sensuality." As she began sorting through Balzac's papers, she called on his

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In her next letter Hańska made arrangements for a trusted courier to collect letters from Balzac, and thereby allow for a direct correspondence. Before long she sent him the news that she and her husband would be traveling Europe, and visiting Vienna, Hanski's childhood home. They would also travel

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Your soul embraces centuries, Monsieur; its philosophical concepts appear to be the fruit of long study matured by time; yet I am told that you are still young. I would like to know you, but feel that I have no need to do so. I know you through my own spiritual instinct; I picture you in my own way

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considered her behavior scandalous and declared her dangerously disloyal. As a result, Hańska and the other Rzewuski women were watched carefully by police when they visited the Russian capital of St Petersburg. Hańska's younger sisters, Alina and Paulina, married early into comfortable upper-class

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Eveline was an inspiration for many of Balzac's characters. She can be seen as the model for La Fosseuse, Mme Claes, Modeste Mignon, Ursule Mirouët, Adeline Hulot, and especially Eugénie Grandet and Mme de Mortsauf. There is less agreement among scholars on whether she was also the inspiration for

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Balzac returned to Wierzchownia in October, and immediately fell ill with heart issues. His condition deteriorated throughout 1849, and doubts persisted in her mind about their union. Biographers generally agree that Hańska was convinced by Balzac's frail state and endless devotion. One wrote: "It

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to "Sarah". Balzac also corresponded with Hański; while most of their family disapproved of Balzac, Hański respected him, and the two exchanged letters on literature and agronomy. Meanwhile, Hańska was experiencing a renewal of religious interest, partly because her daughter's governess, Henriette

386:. Although scholars agree that Hańska was born on 6 January, the year is disputed. Her biographers and those of Balzac offer conflicting evidence of her age, taken from correspondence, family records, and testimonies from descendants. Most estimates range between 1801 and 1806. Balzac's biographer 956:

when she hired him in 1851 to paint Anna's portrait. They began a relationship that lasted many years, but never married. Over the next thirty years, Hańska and particularly her spend-thrift daughter spent the remainder of their fortune on fine clothing and jewelry. Jerzy, meanwhile, succumbed to

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Also in 1844 Hańska won her lawsuit. The wealth of her late husband's estate would go to Anna, who had become engaged to a Polish Count, Jerzy Mniszech. They planned to marry in 1846, after which time Hańska would bestow the inheritance. Thus Hańska's marriage to Balzac would have to wait. In the

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was especially disdainful. To make matters worse, her late husband's uncle protested Hański's will, which left her the entire estate. Horrified that her daughter would be robbed of everything, Hańska insisted that she must end her relationship with Balzac. "You are free", she wrote to him. As she

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After her husband died in 1841, a series of complications obstructed Hańska's marriage to Balzac. Chief of these was the estate and her daughter Anna's inheritance, both of which might be threatened if she married him. Anna married a Polish count, easing some of the pressure. About the same time,

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Still, Balzac believed that keeping her letters was dangerous and, in a moment of characteristic impulse, threw them into the fire. He described it to her as "the saddest and most frightful day of my life ... I am looking at the ashes as I write to you, and I tremble seeing how little space

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In the late 1820s, Hańska began reading Balzac's novels, and in 1832, she sent him an anonymous letter. This began a decades-long correspondence in which Hańska and Balzac expressed a deep mutual affection. In 1833, they met for the first time, in Switzerland. Soon afterward he began writing the

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was charity, as much as love or fame, which finally turned the scale." Robb indicates that the wedding was "surely an act of compassion on her part". To avoid rumors and suspicion from the Tsar, Hańska transferred ownership of the estate to her daughter. On 14 March 1850 they traveled to

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In the first five years of their marriage, Hańska gave birth to five children, four of whom died as infants. The surviving daughter, Anna, was a welcome joy to Hańska, and she trusted her care to a young governess named Henriette Borel who had moved to Wierzchownia from the Swiss town of

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a wedding would be impossible without approval from the Tsar, which he did not grant until spring of 1850. On 2 July 1849 Russian authorities responding to Balzac's request in December 1847 to marry Hańska stated that he could do so, but that Hańska could not keep her land.

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for Christmas; Balzac agreed to visit before the end of the year. Before he left Nauchâtel, she sent a passionate letter to his hotel: "Villain! Did you not see in my eyes all that I longed for? But have no fear, I felt all the desire that a woman in love seeks to provoke".

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made plans to protest the uncle's interference in St. Petersburg, Balzac wrote back to offer his help. He suggested that he could become a Russian citizen and "go to the Czar myself and ask him to sanction our marriage". She asked for his patience, which he offered anew.

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Robb, p. 377. He adds: "Whether or not Louise Breugniot actually resorted to blackmail, Balzac's righteous horror at her evil deeds, the contradictions in the details he gave to Eveline, and his decision not to prosecute all point to a furious burning of

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She insisted, however, that they could never meet, and indeed that he should never know her name: ("For you I am The Stranger, and shall remain so all my life.") Still, she wished for him to write back, so she advised him to place a notice in

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Balzac's biographers agree that, despite his vows of loyalty to Hańska, he conducted affairs with several women during the 1830s, and may have fathered children with two of them. One was an Englishwoman named Sarah who had married the Count

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more negative characters such as Foedora and Lady Dudley, as Balzac seems to have used her mostly as a model for more positive personas. His works also mention numerous characters named Eve or Eveline, and have several dedications to her.

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Quoted in Maurois, p. 539. The doctor goes on to suggest that Hańska's noble position obviates concern for the animal: "No need to describe the agonized squeals of the little pig, which does not realize the honour that is being done

577:. She urged a return to the glowing representations in his earlier novels, and signed enigmatically: "L'Étrangère" ("The Stranger" or "The Foreigner"). Balzac was intrigued by the letter; he took out a personal advertisement in the 890:

attributes her absence to the nature of their relationship: "From the first day by the lakeside at Neuchâtel theirs had been a Romantic love and Eve wanted to guard it to the end against that terrible taint of corruption."

630:, where she and her family were staying. He looked up and saw her face at the window, then – as he described it later – he "lost all bodily sensation". They met later that day (25 September) at a spot overlooking 739:" ("I could not perhaps wish to have received any other from you, in spite of the sad things you tell me about yourself and your health"). He made plans to visit Dresden in May, and obtain a visa to visit her in Russia. 543:, it was the first work to which he signed his own name. Hańska was intrigued by the glowing portrayal of the female protagonist, driven by true love to protect the object of her desire. She also enjoyed Balzac's 843:

fifteen years takes up." On 5 September 1847 he left Paris to join her for the first time in Wierzchownia. They spent several happy months together, but financial obligations required his presence in France. The

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mental disorders and died in 1881, leaving behind a trail of debts. Hańska was forced to sell the house, but was allowed to continue living there. She died on 11 April 1882 and was buried in Balzac's grave at

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Soon after she arrived in the Russian capital of St. Petersburg, in order to resolve some of the litigation issues surrounding her inheritance, she took Anna to a recital by the Hungarian composer and pianist

634:; according to legend, he noticed a woman reading one of his books. He was overwhelmed with her beauty, and she wrote soon afterwards to her brother, describing Balzac as "cheerful and lovable just like you". 715:. Balzac treated this attack of devotion with the sharpest disapproval. When Balzac sent her works in progress, her only replies were moral queries, rather than the stylistic criticism for which he hoped. 1503:

Some sources suggest that Hańska had her daughter's governess write the actual letter as she dictated. See Cronin, pp. 158–159 and Gerson (who suggests an elaborate plan involving Hańska's cousins), pp.

653:, Hański went to arrange lunch, leaving his wife and Balzac alone. In the shade of a large oak tree, they kissed and exchanged vows of patience and fidelity. She told him of the family's plan to visit 1156:

Robb, p. 226. He states: "Eveline Hanska, the fourth of seven children, came from a historic Polish family, the Rzewuskis, many of them brilliant warriors, statesmen, adventurers and lunatics."

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Like her brothers and sisters, Hańska was educated by her parents about family lineage and religion. Her mother was a devout Catholic, but her father also taught the children about

420:(better known as Karolina Sobańska) and Paulina. Hańska was closest to her brother Henryk, who later became famous for his work in the genre of Polish folk literature known as 933:

Champfleury was intimidated by her vitality and jealousy, and removed himself from her life. On his recommendation, she turned creative control of Balzac's unfinished novels

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Robb, p. 227; Pierrot, pp. 12–16; Korwin-Piotrowska (1933), pp. 20–21. Even the date of 6 January is contentious, and is complicated by the transition at the time from the

949:. Rabou added extensively to them and published both books in 1854. To soothe the publisher, Hańska falsely claimed that Balzac had chosen Rabou as his literary successor. 649:

Hańska and Balzac met several times over the next five days, and her husband became enchanted with Balzac as well, inviting him to meals with the family. During a trip to

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writes: "Balzac chose 1806 as her date of birth and he was probably right." Roger Pierrot's 1999 biography of Hańska, however, contends that she was born in 1804.

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Pierrot, pp. 151–152. The cause of his death remains unclear, and sources disagree on the date. Pierrot says 29 November is "le plus vraisemblable" (most likely).

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the ring on his left hand, "with which I hold my paper, so that the thought of you clasps me tight." At this time he began working on a philosophical novel,

1053: 684:. Hańska wrote to Balzac about these rumors in 1836, and he flatly denied them. Her suspicion was raised again, however, when he later dedicated his novel 282:

when she was a teenager. Hański, who was about 20 years her senior, suffered from depression. They had five children, but only a daughter, Anna, survived.

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for 50,000 francs. Having collected finery from his many travels, he searched across Europe for items to properly complete the furnishings: carpets from

302:. In 1850 they finally married, and moved to Paris, but he died six months later. Though she never remarried, she took several lovers, and died in 1882. 743: 1021: 811: 432:. They separated after two years, and she began a series of passionate affairs with some of her many suitors. These included the Russian general 871: – came to pay their respects. When Balzac's vision started to give out, she began to act as his secretary, helping him with his writing. 1449:

Cronin, p. 156; Robb, p. 227; Gerson, p. 153; Maurois, p. 220. Gerson suggests Hańska may have lost five or six children before Anna was born.

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As most of Balzac's biographers point out, Hańska was not in the room when he died. Robb says she "must have retired for a moment", while

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After leaving Geneva on 8 February, the Hański family spent several months visiting the major cities of Italy. In Florence the sculptor

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notes that she had been by his side for weeks with no way of knowing how long it would continue, and "there was nothing to be done".

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Robb, pp. 404–407; Maurois, pp. 543–546. Robb debunks the rumor that Eve made love to Jean Gigoux while Balzac slipped toward death.

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indicating his receipt of an anonymous letter and expressing regret for being unable to reply. She probably never saw this notice.

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Hańska wrote to Balzac several times during 1832. On 7 November she posted a seven-page letter filled with praise and flattery:

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The future, however, was not as simple as Balzac wanted to believe. Hańska's family did not approve of the French author; her

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Hańska's husband died in November 1841. She sent Balzac a letter, sealed in black, with the news. He instantly wrote back: "

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je n'en aurais peut-être pas voulu recevoir d'autre de vous, malgré ce que vous me dites de triste sur vous et votre santé

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for a market gathering, during which Rzewuski sold grain and her mother purchased clothing and supplies for the estate.

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Borel, left to join a nunnery in Paris. Hańska taught her daughter Anna from the works of Christian scholars including

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with no return address. In it, she praised Balzac for his work, but scolded him for the negative portrayal of women in

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rationality. The family was secluded in Pohrebyszcze, with only occasional trips away. Once a year, the family visited

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Robb, pp. 415–416; Maurois, pp. 557–558; Cronin, p. 212. Cronin claims that Hańska moved in with Anna before she died.

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and, accompanied by Anna and Jerzy, were married in a small ceremony at the parish church of St. Barbara.

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Robb, p. 409. He suggests that this was "surely a humorous recognition that nothing now could save him".

347:. He was rewarded with a comfortable position in the ranks of the empire. Moving between assignments in 1310:

Pierrot, pp. 12–16; Floyd, p. 203; Cronin, p. 153. Maurois implies on p. 219 that she was born in 1799.

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to find cheap paper for a publishing enterprise, Balzac crossed into Switzerland and registered at the

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Despite her obligations, Hańska was a beautiful unmarried woman of means living in Paris. The writer

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under the name Marquis d'Entragues. He sent word to Hańska that he would visit the garden of the

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Maurois, p. 218; Dargan, p. 29; Robb, pp. 223–224. "L'Étrangère" can also mean "The Foreigner".

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which gives his birth date as 24 December 1804. Eveline was born roughly one year earlier.

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Hańska became a controversial figure among the biographers and researchers of Balzac. As

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began to appear much more frequently in his works, as exemplified by such characters as

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Both Hańska and Balzac took ill after the wedding; she suffered from a severe attack of

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Maurois, pp. 229–231; Robb, pp. 240–242; Cronin, pp. 168–170; Gerson, pp. 168–173.

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Robb, p. 226; Pierrot, p. 12. Note that spelling changes for the feminine form of

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Hańska's first husband Wacław Hański was more than twenty years older than her.

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to "L'É" from "H.B.". He purchased a notice similar to the earlier one in the

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gives 24 December 1805 (Julian) which converts to 5 January 1806 (Gregorian).

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Cronin (p. 194) and Maurois (p. 502) insist that blackmail was indeed afoot.

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Robb, pp. 226–227; Cronin, pp. 158–159; Korwin-Piotrowska (1938), pp. 68–70.

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Pierrot, p. 14. His certainty is cited to an entry for Adam Rzewuski in the

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publishers inquired about releasing a final edition of his grand collection

868: 769:, Balzac's 1844 novel about a young woman who writes to her favorite poet. 529:. After laboring in pseudonymous obscurity for ten years, Balzac published 93: 58: 2424: 2409: 2311: 2293: 2260: 1669:

Maurois, p. 253; Cronin, pp. 174–175; Gerson, pp. 201–203; Pierrot, p. 92.

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Robb, p. 224; Maurois, p. 218; Gerson, p. 155. Cronin says on p. 163 that

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spent her time reading the books her husband imported from faraway lands.

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The house Balzac bought for Hańska (with her money) was built before the

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After her first husband's death, Hańska rejected advances from composer

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was one of the only French newspapers allowed into Russia at the time.

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Cronin, p. 161; Robb, p. 224. The exact number of letters is unknown.

979: 853: 799: 708: 696: 650: 539:) in 1829. A tale of star-crossed love amidst a royalist uprising in 525:

One of the writers who most enchanted Hańska was the French novelist

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and St. François de Sales. Her religious interest was more towards

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Hańska spent her last thirty years in a relationship with painter

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at the end of the 18th century, Rzewuski swore his allegiance to

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Balzac et le monde slave: madame Hanska et l'œuvre Balzacienne

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Cronin, p. 153; Robb, p. 226; Korwin-Piotrowska (1938), p. 21.

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Cronin, pp. 176–177; Robb, pp. 266–267; Maurois, pp. 305–313.

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Hańska met Balzac for the first time in the Swiss village of

2324:. Trans. Norman Denny. New York: Carroll & Graf, 1965. 2268:

The Prodigal Genius: The Life and Times of Honoré de Balzac

860: 445: 402: 348: 699:

than mainstream religions; she corresponded with Baroness

461:

became a renowned composer. Paulina married a banker from

618:

In September 1833, after traveling to the French city of

27:

Polish noblewoman, Honoré de Balzac's wife (c. 1805–1882)

2270:. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1972. 2068:

Robb, pp. 409–410; Cronin, p. 210; Maurois, pp. 548–549.

1838:

Cronin, p. 188; Maurois, pp. 462–466; Robb, pp. 360–361.

339:

gained control of lands owned by the family through the

2160: 1892:

Maurois, pp. 476 and 485; Cronin, p. 190; Robb, p. 371.

1692:

HAŃSKI Wacław (1782–1841) marszałek szlachty wołyńskiej

998:

notes, the "mysterious Pole" was criticized by some (

1114:

Heroic imagination: the creative genius of Europe...

508: 2288:. Paris: Librairie Ancienne Honoré Champion, 1933. 1301:

calendar. See Floyd, p. 203 and Pierrot, pp. 12–16.

834:Before Balzac's death, Hańska was visited often by 2004:Cronin, pp. 196–200; Maurois, pp. 529–530 and 539. 1416:Robb, p. 227; Gerson, pp. 151–152; Cronin, p. 155. 319:and his wife, Justyna Rzewuska (née Rdułtowska). 449:families. Alina married a wealthy landowner from 2525:People from the Russian Empire of Polish descent 2466: 1558:Maurois, p. 219; Cronin, p. 163; Gerson, p. 156. 776: 569:On 28 February 1832 Hańska posted a letter from 378:She was born in the Pohrebyszcze castle, in the 315:Hańska was the fourth of seven children born to 606:, and signed it according to her instructions. 296:Hańska gave Balzac the idea for his 1844 novel 270:best known for her marriage to French novelist 2360:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1994. 2142:Quoted in Maurois, p. 556; and Cronin, p. 211. 1910:Cronin, p. 190; Robb, p. 371; Maurois, p. 478. 1721:Maurois, p. 448; Robb, p. 340; Cronin, p. 186. 1694:, Polski Słownik Biograficzny, t. 9 p. 287-288 1545: 1543: 1407:Robb, p. 227; Maurois, p. 219; Cronin, p. 155. 964: 370:One historian compares the Rzewuski estate in 292:, which includes a character based on Hańska. 1633:Maurois, pp. 238–239 and 244; Cronin, p. 173. 879:to so much love." He died on 18 August 1850. 521:: "My heart has leapt as I read your works." 2154: 1549:Translation quoted in Maurois, pp. 218–219. 1540: 1369: 1367: 1365: 1363: 989: 2255:. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1921. 2217:. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1966. 2138: 2136: 2134: 1829:Maurois, pp. 453–455; Cronin, pp. 186–187. 1594:Maurois, pp. 229–230; Cronin, pp. 168–169. 1394: 1392: 1390: 1388: 1344: 1342: 1340: 1338: 1182: 1180: 42: 2380:Madame Hanska: Le dernier amour de Balzac 2103: 2101: 1537:Original is quoted in Pierrot, pp. 67–68. 1531: 1433: 1431: 517:In her November 1832 letter, Hańska told 1937:Maurois, pp. 488–492; Robb, pp. 374–375. 1360: 1205: 1203: 1201: 898: 894: 829: 780: 722: 636: 512: 472: 365: 310: 278:(now Ukraine), Hańska married landowner 2306:. Paris: Librairie Armand Colin, 1938. 2131: 2115: 2113: 1964: 1962: 1802:Robb, pp. 354–355; Cronin, pp. 183–184. 1445: 1443: 1385: 1335: 1269: 1267: 1265: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1257: 1255: 1253: 1251: 1249: 1247: 1245: 1243: 1241: 1239: 1237: 1235: 1177: 195: 1850; died 1850) 14: 2467: 2098: 1874:Cronin, p. 188; Robb, pp. 362 and 364. 1602: 1600: 1428: 1278:HAŃSKA Ewelina (1800–1882) dama polska 1233: 1231: 1229: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1215: 1073: 331:, was a famous writer and Grand Crown 2301:L'Étrangère: Èveline Hanska de Balzac 2252:Women in the Life of Honoré de Balzac 2128:Maurois, p. 555; Cronin, pp. 210–212. 1198: 1102: 468: 274:. Born at the Wierzchownia estate in 247: 2110: 1959: 1458:Gerson, p. 154; Cronin, pp. 157–158. 1440: 1373:Pierrot, pp. 28–48; Maurois, p. 219. 1195:Pierrot, pp. 3–7; Robb, pp. 226–227. 2419:. New York: The Macmillan Company. 2230:Honoré de Balzac: A Force of Nature 1597: 1212: 24: 2372: 874:In mid-August Balzac succumbed to 755:. Although she did not succumb to 25: 2541: 2505:Burials at Père Lachaise Cemetery 2446: 718: 613: 2452: 2161:William Richard Morfill (1893). 1757:Maurois, p. 431; Cronin, p. 182. 1476:Cronin, p. 158; Maurois, p. 155. 2342:. Paris: Éditions Stock, 1999. 2235:The University of Chicago Press 2167:. G. P. Putnam's sons. p. 2145: 2122: 2089: 2080: 2071: 2062: 2053: 2044: 2034: 2025: 2016: 2007: 1998: 1989: 1980: 1971: 1950: 1940: 1931: 1922: 1913: 1904: 1895: 1886: 1877: 1868: 1859: 1850: 1841: 1832: 1823: 1814: 1805: 1796: 1787: 1778: 1769: 1760: 1751: 1742: 1733: 1724: 1715: 1706: 1697: 1681: 1672: 1663: 1654: 1645: 1636: 1627: 1618: 1609: 1588: 1579: 1570: 1561: 1552: 1522: 1507: 1497: 1488: 1479: 1470: 1461: 1452: 1419: 1410: 1401: 1376: 1351: 1322: 1313: 1304: 1287: 923:Jules Amédée Barbey d'Aurevilly 192: 2515:People from Berdichevsky Uyezd 2322:Prometheus: The Life of Balzac 2299:Korwin-Piotrowska, Sophie de. 2281:Korwin-Piotrowska, Sophie de. 2203:. French version available at 2031:Maurois, p. 539; Robb, p. 403. 1986:Robb, p. 378; Maurois, p. 510. 1977:Quoted in Cronin, pp. 194–195. 1865:Maurois, p. 478; Robb, p. 372. 1567:Maurois, p. 228; Robb, p. 229. 1330:Dictionary of Polish Biography 1189: 1168: 1159: 1150: 1137: 485:, a noble who lived nearby at 392:Polish Biographical Dictionary 13: 1: 2485:19th-century French novelists 2398:Honoré de Balzac: A Biography 2185: 1811:Robb, p. 355; Cronin, p. 185. 805:Hańska, living for a time in 777:Second marriage and widowhood 556:When she read his 1831 novel 263: – 11 April 1882) was a 257: 77: 2495:19th-century Polish nobility 416:, and three sisters: Alina, 408:Ewelina had three brothers: 305: 7: 2434:. New York: Octagon Books. 1282:Polski Słownik Biograficzny 1099:. Retrieved 8 October 2011. 1082:Women in the Life of Balzac 1042:Sophie de Korwin-Piotrowska 965:Influence on Balzac's works 384:Russian partition of Poland 10: 2546: 2119:Quoted in Maurois, p. 555. 1928:Quoted in Maurois, p. 488. 1901:Quoted in Maurois, p. 478. 1820:Quoted in Maurois, p. 454. 1784:Quoted in Maurois, p. 448. 1766:Quoted in Maurois, p. 433. 1615:Quoted in Maurois, p. 231. 1576:Quoted in Maurois, p. 229. 1467:Quoted in Maurois, p. 218. 1028:), and praised by others ( 551:The Physiology of Marriage 50:Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller 2500:19th-century Polish women 2490:19th-century French women 2396:Hunt, Herbert J. (1957). 2385:. Tours: Arrault et Cie. 1624:Quoted in Cronin, p. 173. 1133:Retrieved 8 October 2011. 1120:New York University Press 682:Emilio Guidoboni-Visconti 440:, and the Russian writer 230: 213: 205: 155: 130: 118: 104: 69: 57: 41: 34: 2520:People from Pohrebyshche 2378:Arrault, Albert (1949). 2193:Letters to Madame Hanska 1067: 990:Defenders and detractors 481:In 1819 Eveline married 317:Adam Wawrzyniec Rzewuski 218:Adam Wawrzyniec Rzewuski 172:(died 1841) 2430:Rogers, Samuel (1953). 2228:Dargan, Edwin Preston. 2059:Quoted in Robb, p. 409. 1883:Quoted in Robb, p. 371. 1585:Quoted in Robb, p. 240. 1062:Spoelberch de Lovenjoul 1018:Józef Ignacy Kraszewski 952:Hańska met the painter 693:Jean Baptiste Massillon 509:Becoming "The Stranger" 2432:Balzac & the Novel 2415:Oliver, E. J. (1964). 959:Père Lachaise Cemetery 908: 839: 794: 732: 646: 593: 546:Physiologie du mariage 522: 478: 375: 374:to "a little kingdom". 234:Justyna Rdułtowska h. 124:Père Lachaise Cemetery 2249:Floyd, Juanita Helm. 1919:Maurois, pp. 482–483. 902: 895:Later years and death 833: 784: 726: 640: 588: 516: 476: 434:Ivan Ossipovitch Witt 369: 311:Family and early life 2461:at Wikimedia Commons 2402:University of London 1712:Cronin, pp. 178–179. 1425:Robb, p. 452 note 7. 1348:Cronin, pp. 153–154. 1088:Kessinger Publishing 1079:Juanita Helm Floyd, 1046:Tadeusz Boy-Żeleński 942:Les Petits Bourgeois 701:Barbara von Krüdener 341:Partitions of Poland 148:Balzac (by marriage) 145:Hański (by marriage) 2358:Balzac: A Biography 2191:Balzac, Honoré de. 2164:The story of Poland 1690:Andrzej Biernacki, 1398:Pierrot, pp. 56–59. 1357:Pierrot, pp. 49–55. 945:to another writer, 459:Stanisław Moniuszko 323:was established as 1995:Robb, pp. 383–384. 1284:, t. 9 p. 286-287 1186:Robb, pp. 226–227. 1054:Juanita Helm Floyd 1038:Barbey d'Aurevilly 915:La Comédie humaine 909: 845:Revolution of 1848 840: 795: 733: 647: 575:La Peau de chagrin 559:La Peau de chagrin 523: 479: 469:Marriage to Hański 465:named Jan Riznič. 436:, the Polish poet 376: 2457:Media related to 2366:978-0-393-03679-4 2348:978-2-234-05050-1 2330:978-0-88184-023-0 1097:978-1-4191-9481-8 1050:Tadeusz Grabowski 1030:Philippe Bertault 1014:Adolf Nowaczyński 1009:La Mort de Balzac 936:Le Député d'Arcis 787:French Revolution 673:Lorenzo Bartolini 580:Gazette de France 442:Alexander Pushkin 430:Hieronim Sobański 422:gawęda szlachecka 359:in the region of 241: 240: 16:(Redirected from 2537: 2510:Honoré de Balzac 2456: 2417:Honoré de Balzac 2384: 2341: 2335:Pierrot, Roger. 2305: 2287: 2266:Gerson, Noel B. 2215:The Romantic Way 2180: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2158: 2152: 2149: 2143: 2140: 2129: 2126: 2120: 2117: 2108: 2105: 2096: 2093: 2087: 2086:Maurois, p. 548. 2084: 2078: 2075: 2069: 2066: 2060: 2057: 2051: 2048: 2042: 2038: 2032: 2029: 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