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about the effectiveness of nutrition interventions for young children, is fundamentally important. The
Evidence Aid summary points to troubling news about the treatment of children in the home when food is scarce. The review found food was commonly redistributed within the family; when feeding was home-delivered, children benefited from only 36% of the energy given in the supplement. However, when the supplementary food was given in day care centers or feeding compounds, leakage was reduced; children took in 85% of the energy provided in the supplement. Supplementary food was more effective for younger children (under two years old) and for those who were poorer or less well-nourished. Quality supervision within feeding programs was found to result in a greater proportion of required daily food for energy. These discrepancies were less common in high-income countries, where two studies found no benefits for growth.
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may be known in the medical, scientific or academic communities, this same information may not be available or easily found by communities or countries in crisis. Evidence Aid and its volunteers search the literature identifying relevant systematic reviews and works with others to produce short evidence summaries so that the information can be easily understood and applied by end users, in this case, those who have suffered as a result of disasters or those facing or who are experiencing humanitarian crises. The organization then uploads them to the searchable resource page where they are offered for the use of all. Additional resources are added as the needs are identified. For example, "Landslides: A draft chapter from the upcoming book Koenig and
Schultz's Disaster Medicine: Comprehensive Principles and Practice, 2nd Edition" was made available as free access for Evidence Aid.
196:
Director, is a professor at Queen's
University and also has a position at the Centre for Global Health, Trinity College Dublin. Jeroen Jansen, Evidence Aid's first Director, is based in London and Oxford overseeing the day-to-day management and activities of Evidence Aid, and Claire Allen, Operations Manager, who works from home in Weymouth, UK, channels the integration with the world in need and brings the project and research together to facilitate evidence-based aid when nations are at their most vulnerable. They are supported by Jane Higgins, part-time Office Administrator, based in Oxford, UK. The impact of Evidence Aid is currently undergoing impact evaluation by Dominic Mellon, a Public Health Specialty Registrar based in Bristol, UK, as part of a PhD research project supervised by Mike Clarke at Queen's.
121:. Evidence Aid was formed to provide systematic reviews on the effects of interventions and actions of relevance prior to, in the course of and during the aftermath of disasters or other humanitarian emergencies, in order to improve health-related outcomes; their aim is to work with those who need and use this evidence (those preparing for and responding to disasters and humanitarian emergencies – policy-makers, guideline developers, trainers, as well as aid agencies and independent consultants), as well as working with researchers and publishers to facilitate freely accessible materials to meet the information needs for those facing humanitarian emergencies and disasters. Evidence Aid works in collaboration with other organizations including
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also a movement to professionalize the field. Evidence Aid plays a role in this by: conducting systematic evidence reviews to identify optimal interventions and; providing this information in an easily accessible format to decision-makers and front-line relief workers. Evidence Aid bases their resources on epidemiological and evidence-based information (via systematic reviews) to meet the needs of the populations addressed.
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right to receive humanitarian aid that has been proven to be effective and not harmful. With an increasing demand for "value for money", proof of impact and effectiveness in the provision of humanitarian aid it is essential to ensure that decisions and activities are evidence-based. They keep this information up to date where it can serve as a provision to other agencies, planning groups and
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are easy to understand and are accessible. The vision of
Evidence Aid is to create and satisfy an increasing demand for evidence to improve the impact of humanitarian aid by stimulating the use of an evidence-based approach. Evidence Aid was founded in 2004. It is currently a project that is housed by the
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contributed to the deaths of more than three million children in 2011. Malnutrition leads to higher infection risks, plus it impairs physical and mental development making the undernourished child more susceptible to chronic disease in adulthood. A Cochrane systematic review pointed out that evidence
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Evidence Aid works with partners to provide a context-specific resource for the evidence needs that arise during the subsequent weeks and months. This is critical because no disaster will be identical and the needs of the people and nations can change over time and context. It is possible to continue
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Evidence Aid also provides collections of evidence which are topic specific, such as collections for Ebola, the Health of
Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Europe, Windstorms and Earthquakes. These collections contain evidence-based guidelines, randomised controlled trials, and other useful information.
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Evidence Aid collates knowledge from systematic reviews to provide a portal of resources for decision-makers. The systematic reviews seek to highlight which interventions work, which do not work, which need more research, and which, no matter how well meaning, might be harmful. Those in need have the
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in 2013, Evidence Aid packaged together a new set of relevant resources within 48 hours, providing responders in the
Philippines with information on the health problems they might encounter. The link to the resources was promoted actively to those responding to the typhoon, both on the ground and at
290:
Evidence Aid was awarded funds by the
International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie) for a scoping study, "What evidence is available and what is required, in humanitarian assistance?" in 2014. This report was published to coincide with the anniversary of the 2004 tsunami. The aim of the study
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Evidence Aid seeks to bring together systematic reviews of relevance to disasters, humanitarian crises, and major healthcare emergencies, in a single online resource where they can be accessed free of charge and are available to anyone. Though information on best practice and low-cost interventions
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for use in the event of disasters and other humanitarian emergencies. The method of using systematic reviews (a collection of available evidence on any given topic) is to provide evidence for use by policy makers, clinicians, regulators, and even the general public who benefit when these materials
659:
In
September 2013, Evidence Aid received the "Unorthodox Prize 2013". It was one of 250 international submissions. Billions of dollars are spent annually on international humanitarian responses, yet aid budgets are not keeping pace with the increasing frequency and severity of disasters. There is
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explore the effects unconditional cash transfers for assistance in humanitarian disasters have on the use of health services and health outcomes for individuals in low- and middle-income countries. The studies found that although early in the disaster benefits are present, additional high-quality
337:
Evidence Aid works with partners, contributors, and volunteers from multiple nations to achieve its aim of providing people and organizations with the knowledge tools they need to make well-informed decisions and choices in their efforts to improve health, increase the quality of life and reduce
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Gathering information about the need for evidence and to seek to ensure that this need is met through up-to-date systematic reviews of the relevant research. Systematic
Reviews are identified and included in the Evidence Aid resources. Evidence Aid works with volunteers and authors of systematic
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In addition to the core team, Evidence Aid is supported by volunteers who work in various aspects of public health, humanitarian relief, and systematic reviews, where they collaborate from multiple locations around the world. Evidence Aid welcomes volunteers who are self-motivated and who can be
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around the local or national health care culture. This presents a public health issue as chronic health issues or respiratory infections including TB are untreated. The pregnant women may have had no prenatal care and the conflict and persecution they flee from may take its toll on their mental
195:
Evidence Aid's office is based with the Centre for
Evidence-Based Medicine (Oxford, UK) and it also has a desk in Cochrane (London, UK). The core team of four are based in two different locations. Mike Clarke, who founded the initiative and is now the chair of the board of trustees and Research
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The arrival in a host country is not always the refuge of safety the displaced person hopes for. During the passage they face the challenges of substandard shelter and sanitation, and dangerously long waits for food and water through treacherous weather and with disease ridden companions. Many
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Evidence Aid helped set priorities for the Humanitarian Evidence Programme by the identification and prioritization of themes to meet the top 30 research needs for the sector for health outcomes in humanitarian response, this strategy is one way they can work with communities to ascertain what
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resulted in positive impacts on psycho-motor development. However evidence on mental development was mixed. Disasters, war and famine increase risk for food shortages and decreased family incomes both during the disaster and in the aftermath therefore getting food to children and vulnerable
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was to provide an independent analysis of the evidence base of evaluations in humanitarian assistance. It identifies areas where there are key gaps and where there is a need to prioritize rigorous evidence on issues that are most important and valuable. Evidence Aid worked with 3ie, the
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flexible about the tasks assigned to them. Evidence Aid, as a Charity, registered with the Charity Commission in the UK also has a board of trustees which comprises Professor Mike Clarke (chair), Dr Phil Davies, Lady Deborah Dixon (Treasurer), Mr Michael Stone, and Mrs Sue Wolstenholme.
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and tsunami in March 2011, Evidence Aid provided access to its online resources via The Cochrane Library, which were subsequently translated into Japanese. Evidence Aid was approached by the WHO to assist with the drafting of new public health guidelines for large-scale radiation
395:, given Cochrane Review evidence that this intervention is not effective, and, if anything, might be harmful. This decision not only led to better health for the affected population but also saved resources that were used in the deployment of more effective interventions.
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in 2012 said "Evidence Aid has provided governments, agencies, NGOs, and individuals with the most reliable information in order to take the right choices in difficult circumstances… the work you are doing is important for mankind", and a priority setting meeting in
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In 2016, Evidence Aid partnered with Cochrane and MSF to respond to the European migrant crisis by collating information for a collection titled the Health of Refugees and Asylum Seekers in Europe. Cochrane also collated their own reviews which resides alongside the
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Through its resources, it provides an urgent response to the evidence needs that arise pre, during and post event. Prior to the disaster, during and in the short-term after the event, Evidence Aid can bundle together very brief summaries of the findings of
406:(WHO) with a comprehensive list of effective and efficient interventions for wound management, mental health, and infectious diseases. Evidence Aid worked with the WHO again in late 2010 to identify reviews that could assist with the widespread floods in
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Evidence Aid has raised the profile of evidence-based actions in the humanitarian sector through international conferences in Oxford in 2011 with the Centre for Evidence Based Medicine, Brussels in 2012 with the Belgian Red Cross–Flanders, at which
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1567:
Hadgkiss EJ, Renzaho AMN. The physical health status, service utilisation and barriers to accessing care for asylum seekers residing in the community: a systematic review of the literature. Australian Health Review 2014 May;38(2):142-159
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to learn from each disaster in order to adapt useful and relevant problem-solving strategies to meet the current needs. As information about what works best is shared the resources should also be useful as part of the planning for
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Malaria in endemic countries is a threat in disasters as stagnant water and people crowded in temporary housing can increase malaria risk. Evidence Aid has provided a free collection of references and evidence-based guidance on
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health. Evidence Aid has made evidence available to assist regulators, clinicians, and organizations to increase the ability of host nations to assist refugees settled or in flight. This initiative is a collaboration between
465:
A delicate concern for consideration and balance in Humanitarian aid settings is how to make aid flexible enough to meet individual needs and yet structured enough to reduce fraudulent use of limited disaster relief funds.
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In addition to core staff and volunteer support, Evidence Aid has traditionally been financed by philanthropic organisations including, but not restricted to the McCall MacBain Foundation, the C&A FoundatioN,
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in the latter half of 2014. It pulled together a multitude of freely accessible resource sites into a single resource, and identified both ongoing and published systematic reviews relevant to Ebola.
455:
has partnered with publishers to deliver temporary free access to major biomedical publications for healthcare professionals responding to the earthquake in Nepal. Access is available at
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In low and middle-income countries, research has found that providing additional food to children aged three months to five years may result in modest gains in weight and height, and
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and WHO responses. Evidence Aid compiled resources to supply guidance for ways that those on the ground could increase ways to provide effective care in the aftermath of the tragedy.
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Fazel M, Wheeler J, Danesh J. Prevalence of serious mental disorder in 7000 refugees resettled in western countries: a systematic review. Lancet 2005 Apr 9–15;365(9467):1309-1314
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Separately, Evidence Aid has partnered with Cochrane to co-ordinate and administer four special collections covering: flooding and poor water sanitation; earthquakes; burns; and
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Evidence Aid's purpose is to create and satisfy an increasing demand for evidence to improve the impact of humanitarian aid by stimulating the use of an evidence-based approach.
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reviews to produce short summaries of each systematic review to help decision-makers to decide whether reading the full review is useful for their area of focus in the disaster.
307:
522:, wrote about using evidence in dealing with humanitarian crises in a post, "In the decade since the Asian tsunami, we're marshalling the evidence with far better effect."
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The scope of this research goes beyond the question of impact evaluation, key recommendations were made to move the provision of evidence forward in the sector, including:
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1631:, A. Stein. Mental health of displaced and refugee children resettled in low and middle-income countries: risk and protective factors The Lancet 2011 379(9812):250-265.
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looks at how rehabilitation can be managed in the course of a natural disaster where functional resources, skilled health care personnel and equipment may be limited
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1757:
1509:
1396:
1307:"Unconditional cash transfers for assistance in humanitarian disasters: effect on use of health services and health outcomes in low- and middle-income countries"
1621:, A. Stein. Mental health of displaced and refugee children resettled in high-income countries: risk and protective factors The Lancet 2011 379(9812):266-282.
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are unable to communicate in the host country language and their customs and culture may be at odds with the values commonly understood and practiced. Many
1412:"Food supplementation for improving the physical and psychosocial health of socio-economically disadvantaged children aged three months to five years"
917:"Prioritization of Themes and Research Questions for Health Outcomes in Natural Disasters, Humanitarian Crises or Other Major Healthcare Emergencies"
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was the inspiration for the founding of Evidence Aid. Evidence Aid works with a number of organizations in different capacities. Caroline Fiennes, a
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Evidence Aid has developed recommendations on evidence in humanitarian assistance which identify critical research needs and prioritizes them.
1487:
Clarke, M; Baille, K; Connolly, S; Murray, L (2013). "Clinical epidemiology and evidence-based medicine". In Yarnell, J; O'Reilly, D (eds.).
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726:"The Use of Systematic Reviews and Other Research Evidence in Disasters and Related Areas: Preliminary Report of a Needs Assessment Survey"
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1514:
967:
304:
118:
1722:
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Landslides: A draft chapter from the upcoming book Koenig and Schultz's Disaster Medicine: Comprehensive Principles and Practice
1777:
1356:"A resource for those preparing for and responding to natural disasters, humanitarian crises, and major healthcare emergencies"
1222:
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evidence is needed to inform best practice and policy for unconditional cash transfers in terms of timing and distribution.
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along with Cochrane and working with Evidence Aid, released resources and a call for disaster relief collaboration on the
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Khan, Fary; Amatya, Bhasker; Gosney, James; Farooq Rathore, Farooq; Frederick Burkle Jr, Frederick (19 February 2015).
130:
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This presents numerous challenges for the host countries as the conditions may not be common to their population, the
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Cochrane does a series of podcasts on migrant health which are useful for health care professionals and the public
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Raise the capacity and commitment of those who guide the humanitarian sector to implement an evidence-based approach
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1685:
1695:
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that counsellors should not use 'brief debriefing' (a single-session counselling service designed to prevent
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114:
1529:"Estimating infectious disease in UK asylum seekers and refugees: a systematic review of prevalence studies"
117:. Evidence Aid was established by several members of the international Cochrane Collaboration following the
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Evidence Aid is able to provide a response to disasters and humanitarian emergencies, examples as follows:
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330:
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in 2013. In addition, and in partnership with the South Asian Cochrane Centre, Evidence Aid offered its
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Optimal Evidence in Difficult Settings: Improving Health Interventions and Decision Making in Disasters
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Koenig, Kristi; Carl H. Schultz, Carl; Kennedy, Iain; Petley, David; Murray, Virginia (28 April 2015).
49:
864:"Optimal evidence in difficult settings: Improving health intentions and decision making in disasters"
279:, and the Unorthodox Prize. Evidence Aid works to provide optimal evidence that is location specific.
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Identify the gaps in evidence for humanitarian aid and build the resources and network to address them
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403:
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Guidelines for pre-departure and post-arrival medical screening and treatment of U.S.-bound refugees
1577:"Asylum seekers, violence and health: a systematic review of research in high-income host countries"
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Vandekerckhove, P; Clarke, M; De Buck, E; Allen, C (2013). "Prioritizing evidence in disaster aid".
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596:
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evidence is needed. This exercise is being co-ordinated by the Feinstein International Centre at
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250:
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is an international platform that was formed out of the need to deliver time sensitive access to
968:"What evidence is available and what is required, in humanitarian assistance? 3ie Scoping Paper"
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1618:
217:
110:
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Evidence Aid worked with various individuals to create a resource for those responding to the
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1397:"In the decade since the Asian tsunami, we're marshaling the evidence with far better effect"
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populations in safe, effective and efficient ways is an important priority in crisis relief.
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Improved accessibility to evidence: through a one–stop portal and better classification; and
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511:
388:
384:
276:
221:
134:
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8:
343:
158:
1075:"Humanitarian Evidence Synthesis and Communication Programme: Abridged Inception Report"
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Common guidelines and standards: through templates and standards for data collection.
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The case for evidence: agreement from policy makers on the need for an evidence base;
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Kristjansson, E; Francis, DK; Liberato, S; Benkhalti Jandu, M; et al. (2015).
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688:
639:, Kevin Pottie, Leo Ho and Evidence Aid and incorporates the contributions of many
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150:
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Oxman, A; Lavis, L; Fretheim, A (2007). "Use of evidence in WHO recommendations".
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In supporting this mission, Evidence Aid has undertaken the following activities:
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535:
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Diagnosis, management and prevention of infections in recently arrived refugees
1155:"Psychological debriefing for preventing post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)"
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Clarke, M; Allen, C; Archer, F; Wong, D; Eriksson, A; Puri, J (December 2014).
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of fellow travelers and family members. This leaves the refugees vulnerable to
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63:
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and alleviating the impact of a disaster. For an example, see the response to
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Ott, E; Krystalli, RC; Stites, E; Timmins, N; et al. (6 February 2015).
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Establish and increase an evidence-based approach towards humanitarian action
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1001:"What methods may be used in impact evaluations of humanitarian assistance?"
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What evidence is available and what is required in humanitarian assistance?"
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participated in the production of these collections and they are housed on
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Evidence-Based Preventative Care Checklist For New Immigrants and Refugees
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across geographical areas, diverse populations and in different conditions
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Uphold and promote the value of evidence in health outcomes across sectors
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in partnership with the Feinstein International Center. Archived from
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Second Evidence Aid Conference: Prioritizing Evidence in Disaster Aid
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Puri, J; Aladysheva, A; Iversen, V; Ghorpade, Y; et al. (2014).
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339:
154:
242:
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1027:"Medical Rehabilitation in Natural Disasters: A Systematic Review"
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1006:. New Delhi: International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie)
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1109:
331:
Medical Rehabilitation in Natural Disasters: A Systematic Review
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Gardin, M; Clarke, M; Allen, C; Kayabu, B; et al. (2014).
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59:
38:
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Evidence-based clinical guidelines for immigrants and refugees
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1200:"Evidence Aid: Knowledge saves lives after natural disasters"
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Kalt, A; Hossain, M; Kiss, L; Zimmerman, C (March 2013).
1286:. The International Network for Knowledge about Wellbeing
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including the children will witness the death, abuse and
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depending on the nature of the event being responded to.
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1723:
Non-communicable health concerns: migrant health guide
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Epidemiology and Disease Prevention: A Global Approach
1153:
Rose, S; Bisson, J; Churchill, R; Wesseley, S (2002).
125:; Red Cross Flanders, International Rescue Committee;
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934:
10.1371/currents.dis.c9c4f4db9887633409182d2864b20c31
743:
10.1371/currents.dis.ed42382881b3bf79478ad503be4693ea
975:
International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie)
375:One of Evidence Aid's first projects was to inform
676:
366:
1738:Development charities based in the United Kingdom
1729:
1403:
1112:Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness
1031:Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
1223:"Disaster Information Management Relief Center"
426:policy level, including those coordinating the
323:Priorities for evidence: a suggested framework;
1758:International medical and health organizations
1672:Australasian Society for Infectious Diseases.
1229:. National Library of Medicine. Archived from
338:human errors in disaster management following
1304:
603:and they may also be exposed to violence and
1748:International responses to natural disasters
1462:"2013 Unorthodox Prize goes to Evidence Aid"
915:Evidence Aid Priority Setting Group (2013).
723:
1714:Communicable diseases: migrant health guide
1526:
1311:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1159:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
775:
773:
771:
457:NLM Emergency Access Initiative: User Login
1692:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1686:Infectious Disease Assessment for Migrants
1253:"Philippines typhoon travel health advice"
1227:US Department of Health and Human Services
510:, India – fitting since responding to the
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1544:
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1371:
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891:
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477:how to treat malaria and control malaria
119:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami
1417:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
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164:The objectives of Evidence Aid are to:
1730:
1705:Migrant health guide: countries A to Z
1527:Clark, RC; Mytton, J (December 2007).
1520:
1353:
1277:
724:Kayabu, Bonnix; Clarke, Mike (2013).
349:
1654:
646:
626:and they are unable to navigate the
483:
346:, and major healthcare emergencies.
269:
203:
1394:
1305:Pega, F; LIU, S; Walter, S (2015).
13:
1503:
1360:Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine
827:"McCall MacBain Foundation |"
241:of relevance to, for example, the
227:
131:Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine
14:
1794:
1783:Organizations established in 2004
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161:or major healthcare emergencies.
453:The National Library of Medicine
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1454:
1388:
1298:
1271:
1245:
1220:
1214:
1191:
1146:
1103:
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1018:
655:Awarded "Unorthodox Prize 2013"
525:
367:International aid contributions
1753:2004 establishments in England
1430:10.1002/14651858.CD009924.pub2
1323:10.1002/14651858.CD011247.pub2
1280:"Evidence Aid Pays it Forward"
959:
908:
837:
819:
791:
670:
303:. The first scoping paper is "
1:
1778:Organisations based in Oxford
1627:R. Reed, M. Fazel, L. Jones,
693:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60675-8
663:
449:Nepal Earthquake Evidence Aid
214:posttraumatic stress disorder
1633:Full Access via Evidence Aid
1623:Full Access via Evidence Aid
1563:Full Access via Evidence Aid
1278:Price, Amy (26 March 2014).
883:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001632
402:, Evidence Aid provided the
398:Within 24 hours of the 2010
185:
7:
1251:
573:vaccine-preventable disease
415:Great East Japan earthquake
391:) as a means of preventing
127:Centers for Disease Control
94:http://www.evidenceaid.org/
10:
1799:
1044:10.1016/j.apmr.2015.02.007
140:
115:Queen's University Belfast
50:International organization
1167:10.1002/14651858.CD000560
404:World Health Organization
89:
79:
69:
55:
45:
34:
26:
1593:10.2105/AJPH.2012.301136
1533:Journal of Public Health
504:third conference in 2014
1493:Oxford University Press
1198:Heneghan, Carl (2011).
643:and experts in health.
575:, skin disease such as
561:mental health disorders
493:, the President of the
259:European migrant crisis
251:disaster risk reduction
190:
218:Cochrane Collaboration
111:Cochrane Collaboration
16:International platform
1773:Health in Oxfordshire
1719:Public Health England
1710:Public Health England
1701:Public Health England
1679:16 March 2016 at the
1546:10.1093/pubmed/fdm063
1257:Public Health England
845:"Unorthodox Prize #2"
831:www.mccallmacbain.org
293:Karolinska Institutet
123:Public Health England
1124:10.1017/dmp.2013.109
550:Refugee resettlement
536:Food supplementation
512:Indian Ocean tsunami
468:Three recent studies
389:psychological trauma
385:Indian Ocean tsunami
310:23 June 2017 at the
243:impact of windstorms
222:The Cochrane Library
135:University of Oxford
1743:Disaster management
1617:M. Fazel, R. Reed,
1468:. 13 September 2013
849:Unorthodox Prize #2
344:humanitarian crises
159:humanitarian crises
23:
1688:(Irish guidelines)
1581:Am J Public Health
1521:Systematic Reviews
1373:10.1111/jebm.12127
1259:. 15 November 2013
787:. 22 January 2013.
413:On the day of the
383:responding to the
350:Setting priorities
239:systematic reviews
106:systematic reviews
21:
1655:Useful Guidelines
1495:. pp. 67–86.
1464:(Press release).
1354:Allen, C (2014).
647:Cochrane Podcasts
616:displaced persons
491:Herman van Rompuy
484:Raising awareness
297:Monash University
270:Financial support
204:Special Resources
99:
98:
1790:
1763:Health campaigns
1650:
1649:
1647:Official website
1614:
1604:
1558:
1548:
1497:
1496:
1491:(2nd ed.).
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381:psychotherapists
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151:first responders
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620:repatriation
618:fear forced
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605:sexual abuse
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520:Third Sector
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22:Evidence Aid
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1721:– GOV.UK –
1712:– GOV.UK –
781:"Resources"
628:bureaucracy
532:haemoglobin
462:Collection.
439:West Africa
85:Mike Clarke
1732:Categories
1202:. Guardian
680:The Lancet
664:References
641:volunteers
585:Cellulitis
569:depression
563:including
421:Following
133:; and the
35:Founded at
1284:ThinkWell
624:detention
508:Hyderabad
340:disasters
186:Resources
155:disasters
75:Worldwide
41:, England
27:Formation
1677:Archived
1663:(Canada)
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577:Impetigo
408:Pakistan
308:Archived
257:and the
81:Director
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1010:7 April
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1466:Wiley
1221:HHS.
1136:S2CID
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1082:Oxfam
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637:Wiley
593:snake
435:Ebola
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