661:
929:
4642:
810:
838:
These steps produced nothing more than official protests from the United
Kingdom and France; they were more serious about enforcing the economic provisions of the treaty than its military restrictions. Many Britons felt the restrictions placed on Germany in Versailles had been too harsh, and they
971:
Despite this, Hitler, encouraged by reluctance of major
European powers to stop his violation of post World War I treaties, was prepared to risk war. He was convinced that France would shrink back again, not fulfilling her treaty obligations to Czechoslovakia. His first order was to seize
968:. Czechoslovakia had a large and modern army backed with a sizable armament industry, and had military alliances with France and the Soviet Union. It also had informal links with the United Kingdom, largely due to the United Kingdom being militarily allied with France.
862:, a British historian, philosopher of history, research professor of International History at the London School of Economics and the University of London and author of numerous books. He was visiting Berlin at the time to address the Nazi Law Society. Toynbee accepted.
980:(western Czechoslovakia) in terms of territory, population and economy, and was claimed to be vital for Czechoslovakia's existence. With Austria in German hands, this part of Czechoslovakia—equipped with a defense system that was larger than the
1051:
1050:. The preparations for the Second World War were also made in the economic sphere, as the German government exerted pressure on weaker governments to place their economies at the disposal of the German war machine. One such case was the
1006:
When the French and
British negotiators informed the Czechoslovak representatives about the agreement, and that if Czechoslovakia would not accept it, France and Britain would consider Czechoslovakia to be responsible for war, President
293:
The victors blamed
Germany entirely for the war and all resulting damages; it was Germany that effectively started the war with an attack on France through Belgium. France had, in 1871, suffered a defeat in the
869:, and his desire for British understanding and cooperation. Toynbee was convinced of Hitler's sincerity, and endorsed Hitler's message in a confidential memorandum for British prime minister
1011:
capitulated. German forces entered the
Sudetenland unopposed, celebrated by the local ethnic German population. Soon after, Polish and Hungarian forces also invaded parts of Czechoslovakia.
173:
599:
Britain attempted to broker peace but failed; Mussolini was bent on conquest. Britain declared an arms embargo on both Italy and
Ethiopia, but cleared its warships from the
168:
823:—was in place, the Nazis turned their attention to foreign policy with several increasingly daring acts. The Nazis introduced a massive rearmament program to build up the
3213:
2958:
2566:
4564:
2582:
695:, citizens recalled the pre-war years under autocratic rule as prosperous but the post-war years under weak democratic rule as chaotic and economically disastrous.
2902:
2505:
2477:
1621:
775:, which included those with fascist leanings. It would prove to be a precursor to many of the tactics and methods employed in the Second World War, such as the
4543:
3222:
2909:
2043:
1003:". Czechoslovakia had already mobilized over one million men and was prepared to fight for independence, but was not allowed to participate in the conference.
3525:
2888:
2197:
1822:
2538:
2484:
1670:
5026:
2995:
2491:
2107:
827:
beyond the limits imposed by the
Versailles Treaty. On 16 March 1935, Hitler ignored the Versailles Treaty and ordered Germany to re-arm, reintroducing
1517:
147:
839:
believed that Hitler's aim was simply to undo the extremes of the treaty, not to go beyond that. This sentiment was underscored by the signing of the
4964:
2881:
2328:
2204:
2181:
1561:
2618:
1930:
639:
528:
389:
refused to recognize the legitimacy of the new
Central and Eastern European nation states, and demanded the return of Germany's lost territory.
2437:
1739:
445:
4436:
3229:
3192:
3169:
2690:
1612:
1582:
155:
2944:
1046:, separated from Germany since 1920 and annexed by Lithuania, was returned to Germany, under a German–Lithuanian treaty concluded after the
4877:
3322:
3178:
3162:
3134:
2382:
1589:
4079:
3146:
3058:
3002:
2965:
2247:
4695:
3051:
1783:
5057:
5053:
4557:
3185:
1575:
1533:
623:
404:
that the German Empire had not been defeated at the front and had been betrayed by "November criminals" such as socialists and Jews.
33:
1356:(1935) Essays by authorities from each nation that cover France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, Russia and the United States
4971:
4744:
4406:
2225:
1999:
1762:
1628:
1439:
455:
200:
126:
90:
660:
3098:
2135:
1635:
1547:
1483:
113:
3504:
3016:
1866:
1404:
4100:
4005:
3532:
3278:
3153:
2239:
2213:
2070:
1776:
1693:
1219:
1167:
40:
4926:
4333:
3740:
3626:
2791:
2258:
2254:
2232:
1836:
557:
to form a government on 29 October 1922. The fascists maintained an armed paramilitary wing, which they employed to fight
5103:
4898:
4248:
3712:
3044:
3030:
2243:
1183:
1031:
923:
748:. This enabled the President and Cabinet to bypass the Parliament. The Nazis grew in popularity due to the impact of the
521:
408:
4751:
4457:
4326:
4204:
3782:
3497:
3448:
3206:
2761:
2013:
1852:
1700:
1554:
1047:
784:
108:
1157:
1018:
area. Hitler continued to put pressure on the Czech government. On 14 March, Slovakia declared its independence under
4573:
3455:
3427:
3244:
2826:
2545:
2512:
1321:
928:
851:
466:
160:
21:
1728:
341:. Germany was forced to make territorial cessions to these new countries, giving part of its eastern territories of
4884:
4610:
3768:
3705:
2840:
2676:
1799:
741:
635:
588:, in return for an alliance against Hitler. There was little international protest. He then sent large forces into
2353:
4891:
4134:
3975:
3964:
3800:
3559:
3518:
3411:
3349:
2736:
2006:
1875:
1843:
855:
757:
651:
298:, and demanded compensation for financial devastation during the First World War, which ensured that the various
85:
80:
74:
69:
64:
59:
2523:
2091:
4688:
4520:
4492:
4370:
4163:
3400:
2851:
2777:
2573:
1944:
1663:
1568:
1453:
854:
on 7 March 1936. But, as before, Hitler's defiance was met with inaction, despite Poland's proposal to put the
514:
481:
314:
4580:
4513:
4464:
4395:
4220:
3726:
3677:
3441:
3434:
3037:
2798:
2589:
1642:
692:
218:
4758:
4870:
4654:
4550:
3925:
3886:
2805:
2640:
2625:
2552:
2531:
2349:
2027:
1813:
1806:
1790:
1501:
1460:
1432:
1280:
840:
792:
550:
498:
476:
318:
193:
121:
1243:
4957:
4617:
3941:
3893:
3511:
3483:
3336:
2951:
2930:
2451:
2114:
2020:
1510:
740:—the German parliament—obstructed parliamentary work, while different cabinets resorted to government by
737:
631:
612:
382:
330:
4992:
4415:
3911:
3830:
3775:
3663:
3619:
3269:
2895:
2819:
2721:
2598:
2470:
2463:
2423:
2396:
2128:
2061:
1656:
1467:
1397:
710:
354:
338:
4905:
4919:
4681:
4317:
4234:
4019:
3879:
3851:
3684:
3589:
3379:
2812:
1886:
1540:
733:
2084:
545:
had increased their public profile by highly visible punishment expeditions to supposedly crush the
5108:
4912:
4056:
4033:
3285:
3086:
3079:
2743:
2403:
2375:
2368:
1755:
881:
577:
263:
254:
5064:
2100:
2077:
5000:
4834:
4478:
4422:
4292:
4152:
3837:
3490:
3386:
3292:
2860:
2728:
2698:
2662:
2647:
2519:
2411:
2389:
2335:
2321:
2303:
1967:
1748:
1476:
1425:
828:
688:
471:
450:
186:
4813:
4170:
4063:
3865:
3816:
3719:
3612:
3582:
3365:
3253:
2979:
2770:
2361:
2342:
2312:
1859:
1829:
866:
326:
5069:
4806:
4661:
4384:
4227:
4123:
4093:
4049:
3789:
3754:
3747:
3670:
3568:
3009:
2986:
2833:
2444:
1981:
1721:
1707:
1390:
1305:
761:
493:
401:
393:
374:
362:
334:
271:
2279:
732:
The situation was further aggravated by the worldwide economic depression that followed the
4820:
4737:
4485:
4340:
3991:
3948:
3918:
3844:
3654:
3633:
2559:
2036:
1714:
987:
Following lengthy negotiations and blatant war threats from Hitler, British Prime
Minister
772:
303:
8:
4767:
4603:
4377:
4255:
4211:
3733:
2867:
2633:
2160:
1990:
1974:
1923:
1022:, which was recognized by France, Britain and other important powers. The following day,
988:
932:
893:
776:
753:
745:
664:
358:
295:
936:
5038:
4863:
4596:
4429:
4354:
4308:
4278:
4186:
4026:
3691:
3575:
3469:
3420:
3358:
3114:
3065:
2874:
2498:
2153:
1951:
1357:
1000:
973:
958:
With
Austria secured, Hitler turned his attention to the German-speaking population of
889:
771:, notably Britain and France, troops were sent by both Hitler and Mussolini to aid the
684:
593:
397:
370:
902:
of Austria, Germany announced the annexation on 12 March 1938, making it the province
5079:
4978:
4587:
4471:
4361:
4301:
4262:
4195:
4177:
4143:
4086:
4040:
3984:
3809:
3547:
3539:
3476:
3329:
2923:
2455:
1916:
1895:
1605:
1317:
1310:
1225:
1215:
1163:
859:
804:
768:
619:
604:
420:
995:
of 30 September 1938, the major European powers allowed German troops to occupy the
795:—but the civil war division of fascism versus democracy and communism was repeated.
568:
Within a few years, Mussolini had consolidated dictatorial power and Italy became a
357:
formed from the former German-speaking regions of Austria-Hungary. The treaty ceded
5046:
4827:
4799:
4730:
4704:
4506:
4499:
4443:
4107:
3872:
3858:
3761:
3698:
3649:
3462:
3315:
3262:
3072:
3023:
2937:
2167:
2144:
1677:
1377:
992:
952:
944:
749:
627:
585:
581:
554:
238:
4985:
1686:
4529:
4241:
4156:
4114:
4012:
3955:
3823:
3605:
3596:
3125:
2707:
2683:
1937:
1043:
1026:
accepted a German occupation of the remaining parts of the Czech lands. From the
907:
870:
819:
780:
702:
655:
608:
542:
321:
at the end of the First World War also resulted in the formation of numerous new
307:
226:
4641:
1008:
392:
The total defeat of the Imperial German Armed Forces had been unexpected due to
4775:
4536:
4072:
3998:
2050:
1909:
965:
948:
919:
279:
275:
230:
809:
687:
on the harshness of the Versailles Treaty, on faults of democracy, and on the
5097:
4347:
2272:
2121:
1960:
1229:
1027:
865:
In the meeting, Hitler emphasized his limited expansionist aim of building a
788:
729:, threatened the racial purity of Germany and would have to be exterminated.
600:
541:
After several liberal governments failed to deal with these threats, and the
386:
366:
350:
287:
267:
1023:
813:
Defence expenditures of major belligerents of World War II from 1930 to 1938
4646:
4450:
2750:
2655:
2286:
1649:
1413:
981:
940:
903:
874:
726:
680:
668:
573:
569:
428:
346:
322:
299:
259:
234:
222:
214:
1209:
701:
held that the world was composed of distinct races in a state of constant
5030:
4285:
4271:
3933:
2609:
2430:
2415:
1769:
1370:
960:
885:
242:
4792:
3640:
3393:
3372:
2265:
1598:
1526:
1019:
1015:
844:
832:
779:, which aimed to see how effective bombing of civilian areas could be.
706:
676:
843:, which authorized Germany to build a fleet one third the size of the
4784:
3903:
3308:
3105:
2916:
2714:
2669:
898:
824:
722:
562:
558:
546:
2190:
1162:(2 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 6–14.
976:
for a unification with Germany. This region formed about a third of
411:
was not lifted until the treaty was signed at the end of June 1919.
342:
4673:
2174:
1902:
378:
622:
began, seen by many as a proving ground for World War II, Germany
1072:
The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933-1939
977:
589:
1076:
The Lights that Failed: European International History 1919-1933
2784:
1382:
698:
283:
709:
inhabiting Germany needed to conquer new agricultural land in
630:'s nationalists. Italy also provided troops. On 7 April 1939,
603:, further allowing Italy unhindered access. Shortly after the
310:
and restrictions on Germany in the aftermath of World War I.
2972:
858:
into action. In 1936, Hitler demanded a private meeting with
718:
714:
1261:
353:
to Poland. It was also prohibited from merging with the
671:
presided over the abolition of German democracy in 1933
2044:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
1102:
Global Great Depression and the Coming of World War II
736:. Left- and right-wing anti-democratic parties in the
1128:
Encyclopedia of the Interwar Years: From 1919 to 1939
1214:(1 ed.). New York: Basic Books. pp. 8–10.
991:
with French leaders tried to appease Hitler. In the
817:
Meanwhile, in Germany, once political consolidation—
767:
While many states refused to become involved in the
572:. On 7 January 1935, he and French Foreign Minister
5027:
European foreign policy of the Chamberlain ministry
596:, the two Italian colonies that bordered Ethiopia.
1309:
1211:Bloodlands : Europe between Hitler and Stalin
721:, which he believed were responsible for creating
4965:German evacuation from Central and Eastern Europe
1159:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II
217:in Europe are closely tied to the bellicosity of
5095:
1070:For highly detailed coverage see Zara Steiner,
1141:A History of the World in the Twentieth Century
1115:A History of the World in the Twentieth Century
262:is generally viewed as having its roots in the
880:The first non-violent German conquest was the
4689:
1398:
522:
194:
888:which succeeded in assassinating Chancellor
618:Shortly after Italy conquered Ethiopia, the
611:, Italy attacked Ethiopia, resulting in the
896:, quickly removing the main obstacle of an
248:
4696:
4682:
1405:
1391:
713:to survive. Hitler also believed that the
529:
515:
201:
187:
1336:
1267:
1155:
927:
892:. After Italy had joined Germany in the
884:. As early as 1934 the Nazis arranged a
808:
659:
1304:
1184:"World War I: Treaties and Reparations"
645:
624:provided troops, weapons, and other aid
5096:
4906:Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine
3252:
3230:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
1207:
1156:Weinberg, Gerhard L. (28 March 2005).
798:
5054:History of Czechoslovakia (1918–1938)
4677:
4101:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
3533:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
3179:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
3135:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
2240:Rape during the occupation of Germany
1386:
4972:German expulsion from Czechoslovakia
4703:
3223:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
2255:Rape during the liberation of France
1151:
1149:
831:. The treaty had limited the German
1089:The Origins of the Second World War
1032:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
984:—was nearly surrounded by Germany.
972:Sudetenland, based on the right of
924:German occupation of Czechoslovakia
785:non-belligerent during World War II
638:was occupied and joined Italy in a
377:to Czechoslovakia, and allowed the
13:
5020:Events preceding the war in Europe
3449:German invasion of the Netherlands
1729:Weather events during World War II
1346:
1052:German–Romanian economic agreement
1048:1939 German ultimatum to Lithuania
414:
14:
5120:
4878:German invasion of Czechoslovakia
4080:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
1363:
1146:
913:
396:of German defeats. After the war
4885:Czechoslovak government-in-exile
4640:
1412:
1376:is available for viewing at the
1354:The Foreign Policy Of The Powers
580:, giving him a free hand in the
1330:
1298:
1273:
1236:
856:Franco-Polish Military Alliance
852:moved troops into the Rhineland
607:exonerated both parties in the
278:, was defeated, chiefly by the
148:Battle of Europe air operations
4327:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
2037:Territorial changes of Germany
1945:Indonesian National Revolution
1201:
1176:
1133:
1120:
1117:(Harvard UP, 1994) pp 160-251.
1107:
1094:
1081:
1064:
835:to 100,000 men with few arms.
315:dissolution of Austria-Hungary
1:
3727:Japanese invasion of Thailand
3678:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
3442:German invasion of Luxembourg
1823:Mediterranean and Middle East
1057:
693:post-Austro-Hungarian Austria
634:. After a short campaign the
306:would impose tough financial
4871:Second Czechoslovak Republic
4745:Parliamentary election, 1935
3634:Invasion of the Soviet Union
3323:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
2641:Independent State of Croatia
951:pictured before signing the
841:Anglo-German Naval Agreement
758:Adolf Hitler's rise to power
652:Adolf Hitler's rise to power
551:Victor Emmanuel III of Italy
241:. The peace movement led to
174:Surrender of the Axis armies
7:
4958:Third Czechoslovak Republic
4618:End of World War II in Asia
4458:Western invasion of Germany
3965:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
3942:Second Battle of El Alamein
3512:Hundred Regiments Offensive
3484:Battle of the Mediterranean
3337:Italian invasion of Albania
1511:Air warfare of World War II
1316:. Oxford University Press.
613:Second Italo-Abyssinian War
383:League of Nations territory
331:First Czechoslovak Republic
10:
5125:
5104:Chronology of World War II
4544:Naval bombardment of Japan
3912:First Battle of El Alamein
3831:Battle of Christmas Island
3776:Japanese invasion of Burma
3540:Italian invasion of Greece
3456:German invasion of Belgium
3428:German invasion of Denmark
3401:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
3270:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
1534:Comparative military ranks
1037:
1034:was proclaimed by Hitler.
917:
802:
711:Central and Eastern Europe
649:
418:
355:Republic of German-Austria
339:Central and Eastern Europe
252:
5058:Germans in Czechoslovakia
5011:
4938:
4920:Slovak invasion of Poland
4844:
4711:
4633:
4465:Bratislava–Brno offensive
4405:
4396:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
4133:
4020:Allied invasion of Sicily
3974:
3880:Aleutian Islands campaign
3852:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
3799:
3790:Greek famine of 1941–1944
3685:Second Battle of Changsha
3590:German invasion of Greece
3558:
3435:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
3410:
3348:
3243:
3124:
2850:
2760:
2608:
2311:
2302:
2060:
1885:
1777:North and Central Pacific
1738:
1500:
1493:
1420:
1372:All Nations Shaken By War
1312:Arnold J. Toynbee: A Life
1074:(2011) and Zara Steiner,
734:Wall Street Crash of 1929
169:United Kingdom home front
22:Timelines of World War II
4057:Allied invasion of Italy
4034:Solomon Islands campaign
3783:Third Battle of Changsha
3380:First Battle of Changsha
3286:Second Sino-Japanese War
2226:German military brothels
2092:United States war crimes
1281:"The Nazi Rise to Power"
1244:"World War I: Aftermath"
1208:Snyder, Timothy (2010).
882:Federal State of Austria
685:Germany's ruined economy
578:Franco-Italian Agreement
319:revolutions of 1917–1923
264:aftermath of World War I
255:Aftermath of World War I
249:Aftermath of World War I
4835:Sudeten German uprising
4479:Second Guangxi campaign
4334:Philippines (1944–1945)
3838:Battle of the Coral Sea
3741:Fall of the Philippines
3387:Battle of South Guangxi
3293:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
2699:Italian Social Republic
689:stab-in-the-back legend
4064:Armistice of Cassibile
3866:Battle of Dutch Harbor
3817:Battle of the Java Sea
3720:Attack on Pearl Harbor
3620:Syria–Lebanon campaign
3613:Battle of South Shanxi
3583:Invasion of Yugoslavia
3366:Battle of the Atlantic
2980:Korean Liberation Army
2693:(until September 1943)
2650:(until September 1944)
2628:(until September 1944)
1285:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
1248:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
1188:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
955:
873:and foreign secretary
867:Greater Germanic Reich
814:
672:
327:Second Polish Republic
5070:Arms and the Covenant
4946:(Mar 1945 – Dec 1973)
4852:(Nov 1938 – Sep 1939)
4752:Border fortifications
4719:(Oct 1925 – Sep 1938)
4228:Second Battle of Guam
4124:Bengal famine of 1943
4094:Second Battle of Kiev
4050:Battle of the Dnieper
3755:Battle of Wake Island
3627:East African campaign
3569:Battle of South Henan
3214:atrocities by Germans
2987:Korean Volunteer Army
1968:Occupation of Germany
1722:Music in World War II
931:
829:military conscription
812:
762:Chancellor of Germany
663:
632:Italy invaded Albania
402:stab-in-the-back myth
363:French Third Republic
335:Kingdom of Yugoslavia
213:The events preceding
4993:Paris Peace Treaties
4913:Slovak–Hungarian War
4821:Godesberg Memorandum
4738:Sudeten German Party
4514:Surrender of Germany
3992:Battle of West Hubei
3949:Guadalcanal campaign
3919:Battle of Stalingrad
3845:Battle of Madagascar
2619:Albania protectorate
2406:(formerly Swaziland)
2115:Wehrmacht war crimes
1931:Expulsion of Germans
1715:Art and World War II
1613:British contribution
1562:Governments in exile
773:Spanish Nationalists
691:. In Germany, as in
646:Rise of Nazi Germany
381:to be occupied as a
304:Treaty of Versailles
4899:Bohemia and Moravia
4768:Hossbach Memorandum
4604:Potsdam Declaration
4493:Italy (Spring 1945)
4256:Liberation of Paris
3713:Siege of Sevastopol
2731:(until August 1944)
2634:Wang Jingwei regime
2456:from September 1943
2416:from September 1944
2354:from September 1944
2214:Romanian war crimes
2205:Persecution of Jews
2191:Croatian war crimes
2161:Japanese war crimes
1975:Occupation of Japan
1924:First Indochina War
1636:Military production
1548:Declarations of war
1014:Poland annexed the
999:, for the sake of "
989:Neville Chamberlain
894:Anti-Comintern Pact
886:failed coup attempt
799:German expansionism
777:Bombing of Guernica
754:Paul von Hindenburg
746:Weimar Constitution
665:Paul von Hindenburg
409:blockade of Germany
398:German nationalists
387:German irredentists
302:, specifically the
296:Franco-Prussian War
114:Declarations of war
5039:Peace for our time
4864:First Vienna Award
4597:Surrender of Japan
4430:Battle of Iwo Jima
4279:Belgrade offensive
3692:Siege of Leningrad
3576:Battle of Shanggao
3505:British Somaliland
3470:Dunkirk evacuation
3421:Norwegian campaign
3359:Invasion of Poland
3186:Japanese prisoners
2154:Italian war crimes
2085:British war crimes
2000:Soviet occupations
1784:South-West Pacific
1671:Allied cooperation
1629:Military equipment
1352:Cambon, Jules, ed
1143:(1968) pp 423-463.
1113:J.A.S. Grenville,
1087:Richard J. Overy,
1054:of 23 March 1939.
1001:peace for our time
974:self-determination
964:border regions of
956:
890:Engelbert Dollfuss
815:
789:Spanish volunteers
764:in January 1933.
760:by appointing him
673:
594:Italian Somaliland
565:, and socialists.
407:The British naval
375:Hultschin District
371:Northern Schleswig
5091:
5090:
5080:Why England Slept
4979:Potsdam Agreement
4671:
4670:
4629:
4628:
4472:Battle of Okinawa
4371:Burma (1944–1945)
4205:Mariana and Palau
3985:Tunisian campaign
3810:Fall of Singapore
3734:Fall of Hong Kong
3477:Battle of Britain
3330:Operation Himmler
3239:
3238:
2903:Dutch East Indies
2546:Southern Rhodesia
2298:
2297:
2198:Genocide of Serbs
2101:German war crimes
2078:Soviet war crimes
2071:Allied war crimes
1917:Division of Korea
1896:Chinese Civil War
1694:Strategic bombing
1606:Manhattan Project
1221:978-0-465-02290-8
1169:978-0-521-61826-7
860:Arnold J. Toynbee
805:German rearmament
769:Spanish Civil War
620:Spanish Civil War
605:League of Nations
539:
538:
421:Fascism in Europe
245:and disarmament.
237:, as well as the
211:
210:
161:Manhattan Project
5116:
5084:
5074:
5065:Western betrayal
5060:
5049:
5047:Lesson of Munich
5042:
5033:
5022:
5004:
5001:Treaty of Prague
4996:
4988:
4981:
4974:
4967:
4960:
4947:
4931:
4922:
4915:
4908:
4901:
4894:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4853:
4837:
4830:
4828:Oster Conspiracy
4823:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4800:Runciman Mission
4795:
4788:
4779:
4770:
4763:
4754:
4747:
4740:
4733:
4731:Locarno Treaties
4720:
4705:Munich Agreement
4698:
4691:
4684:
4675:
4674:
4664:
4657:
4650:
4647:World portal
4645:
4644:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4590:
4583:
4576:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4532:
4523:
4516:
4509:
4507:Prague offensive
4502:
4500:Battle of Berlin
4495:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4460:
4453:
4446:
4444:Vienna offensive
4439:
4432:
4425:
4423:Battle of Manila
4418:
4398:
4389:
4380:
4373:
4364:
4357:
4350:
4343:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4313:
4304:
4297:
4288:
4281:
4274:
4267:
4258:
4251:
4244:
4237:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4207:
4200:
4191:
4182:
4173:
4166:
4164:Korsun–Cherkassy
4159:
4148:
4126:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4066:
4059:
4052:
4045:
4036:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4008:
4006:Bombing of Gorky
4001:
3994:
3987:
3967:
3960:
3951:
3944:
3937:
3928:
3921:
3914:
3907:
3896:
3889:
3882:
3875:
3873:Battle of Midway
3868:
3861:
3859:Battle of Gazala
3854:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3826:
3819:
3812:
3792:
3785:
3778:
3771:
3769:Battle of Borneo
3764:
3762:Malayan campaign
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3715:
3708:
3706:Bombing of Gorky
3701:
3699:Battle of Moscow
3694:
3687:
3680:
3673:
3666:
3659:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3622:
3615:
3608:
3599:
3592:
3585:
3578:
3571:
3551:
3542:
3535:
3528:
3521:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3463:Battle of France
3458:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3423:
3403:
3396:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3339:
3332:
3325:
3318:
3316:Munich Agreement
3311:
3304:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3272:
3265:
3250:
3249:
3232:
3225:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3201:Soviet prisoners
3195:
3188:
3181:
3172:
3165:
3156:
3149:
3142:
3141:German prisoners
3137:
3117:
3108:
3101:
3094:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3054:
3047:
3040:
3033:
3026:
3019:
3012:
3005:
2998:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2919:
2912:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2843:
2836:
2829:
2822:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2780:
2773:
2753:
2746:
2739:
2732:
2724:
2717:
2710:
2701:
2694:
2686:
2679:
2677:French Indochina
2672:
2665:
2658:
2651:
2643:
2636:
2629:
2621:
2601:
2592:
2585:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2524:from August 1944
2515:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2480:
2473:
2466:
2459:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2407:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2345:
2338:
2331:
2324:
2309:
2308:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2268:
2261:
2250:
2235:
2228:
2221:
2216:
2207:
2200:
2193:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2168:Nanjing Massacre
2163:
2156:
2147:
2145:Nuremberg trials
2138:
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2073:
2053:
2046:
2039:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2009:
2002:
1995:
1986:
1977:
1970:
1963:
1956:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1878:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1846:
1839:
1832:
1825:
1816:
1809:
1802:
1793:
1786:
1779:
1772:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1749:Asia and Pacific
1731:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1680:
1678:Mulberry harbour
1673:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1592:
1585:
1578:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1550:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1520:
1513:
1498:
1497:
1486:
1479:
1470:
1463:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1384:
1383:
1378:Internet Archive
1340:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1315:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1277:
1271:
1270:, p. 20-21.
1265:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1240:
1234:
1233:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1153:
1144:
1137:
1131:
1124:
1118:
1111:
1105:
1098:
1092:
1085:
1079:
1068:
993:Munich Agreement
953:Munich Agreement
906:of what was now
752:, and President
750:Great Depression
636:Albanian Kingdom
628:Francisco Franco
586:Ethiopian Empire
582:Abyssinia Crisis
555:Benito Mussolini
531:
524:
517:
425:
424:
239:Great Depression
203:
196:
189:
18:
17:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5118:
5117:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5109:1930s in Europe
5094:
5093:
5092:
5087:
5077:
5063:
5052:
5045:
5036:
5025:
5018:
5007:
4999:
4991:
4984:
4977:
4970:
4963:
4956:
4950:
4945:
4934:
4928:Generalplan Ost
4925:
4918:
4911:
4904:
4897:
4892:Slovak Republic
4890:
4883:
4876:
4869:
4862:
4856:
4851:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4819:
4814:Runciman Report
4812:
4805:
4798:
4791:
4782:
4773:
4766:
4757:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4729:
4723:
4718:
4707:
4702:
4672:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4639:
4637:
4625:
4616:
4609:
4602:
4595:
4586:
4579:
4572:
4563:
4558:Atomic bombings
4556:
4549:
4542:
4535:
4528:
4519:
4512:
4505:
4498:
4491:
4484:
4477:
4470:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4442:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4414:
4401:
4394:
4383:
4376:
4369:
4360:
4353:
4346:
4339:
4332:
4325:
4316:
4307:
4300:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4261:
4254:
4249:Eastern Romania
4247:
4242:Warsaw Uprising
4240:
4235:Tannenberg Line
4233:
4226:
4221:Western Ukraine
4219:
4210:
4203:
4194:
4185:
4176:
4169:
4162:
4151:
4142:
4129:
4122:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4039:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4013:Battle of Kursk
4011:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3970:
3963:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3901:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3850:
3843:
3836:
3829:
3824:St Nazaire Raid
3822:
3815:
3808:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3718:
3711:
3704:
3697:
3690:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3662:
3648:
3639:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3611:
3606:Anglo-Iraqi War
3604:
3597:Battle of Crete
3595:
3588:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3554:
3545:
3538:
3531:
3526:Eastern Romania
3524:
3517:
3510:
3503:
3496:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3468:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3426:
3419:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3364:
3357:
3344:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3268:
3261:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3212:
3205:
3200:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3168:
3161:
3152:
3145:
3140:
3133:
3120:
3113:
3104:
3097:
3092:
3087:Western Ukraine
3085:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3050:
3043:
3036:
3031:Northeast China
3029:
3022:
3015:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2985:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2922:
2915:
2908:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2880:
2873:
2866:
2859:
2846:
2839:
2832:
2825:
2818:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2769:
2756:
2749:
2742:
2737:Slovak Republic
2735:
2727:
2720:
2713:
2708:Empire of Japan
2706:
2697:
2689:
2682:
2675:
2668:
2661:
2654:
2646:
2639:
2632:
2624:
2617:
2604:
2597:
2588:
2581:
2572:
2565:
2558:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2518:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2483:
2476:
2469:
2462:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2429:
2422:
2410:
2402:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2374:
2367:
2360:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2294:
2285:
2278:
2271:
2264:
2253:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2220:Sexual violence
2219:
2212:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2180:
2173:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2143:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2069:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1989:
1980:
1973:
1966:
1959:
1950:
1943:
1938:Greek Civil War
1936:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1881:
1874:
1865:
1858:
1851:
1842:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1789:
1782:
1775:
1768:
1763:South-East Asia
1761:
1754:
1747:
1734:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1676:
1669:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1641:
1634:
1627:
1622:Military awards
1620:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1567:
1560:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1516:
1509:
1489:
1482:
1475:
1466:
1459:
1452:
1447:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1416:
1411:
1366:
1349:
1347:Further reading
1344:
1343:
1337:Weinberg (2005)
1335:
1331:
1324:
1303:
1299:
1289:
1287:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1262:
1252:
1250:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1222:
1206:
1202:
1192:
1190:
1182:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1154:
1147:
1138:
1134:
1126:Mark Grossman,
1125:
1121:
1112:
1108:
1100:John E. Moser,
1099:
1095:
1086:
1082:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1044:Memel Territory
1040:
926:
918:Main articles:
916:
908:Greater Germany
871:Stanley Baldwin
820:Gleichschaltung
807:
801:
781:Francoist Spain
705:, and that the
658:
656:Gleichschaltung
650:Main articles:
648:
609:Walwal incident
535:
503:
486:
460:
423:
417:
415:Rise of fascism
359:Alsace–Lorraine
308:war reparations
266:, in which the
257:
251:
227:Francoist Spain
207:
178:
165:
134:
131:
95:
79:
51:
12:
11:
5:
5122:
5112:
5111:
5106:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5075:
5061:
5050:
5043:
5034:
5023:
5015:
5013:
5012:Related topics
5009:
5008:
5006:
5005:
4997:
4989:
4982:
4975:
4968:
4961:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4939:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4923:
4916:
4909:
4902:
4895:
4888:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4849:
4845:
4842:
4841:
4839:
4838:
4831:
4824:
4817:
4810:
4807:Bled Agreement
4803:
4796:
4789:
4780:
4776:Heim ins Reich
4771:
4764:
4755:
4748:
4741:
4734:
4726:
4724:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4712:
4709:
4708:
4701:
4700:
4693:
4686:
4678:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4665:
4658:
4651:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4621:
4614:
4607:
4593:
4592:
4591:
4577:
4574:South Sakhalin
4570:
4569:
4568:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4510:
4503:
4496:
4489:
4482:
4475:
4468:
4461:
4454:
4447:
4440:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4411:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4374:
4367:
4366:
4365:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4314:
4305:
4298:
4289:
4282:
4275:
4268:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4238:
4231:
4224:
4217:
4208:
4201:
4192:
4183:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4149:
4139:
4137:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4120:
4119:
4118:
4111:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4053:
4046:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3999:Battle of Attu
3995:
3988:
3980:
3978:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3968:
3961:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3929:
3922:
3915:
3908:
3899:
3898:
3897:
3890:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3855:
3848:
3841:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3805:
3803:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3765:
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1364:External links
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1306:McNeill, W. H.
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920:Sudeten crisis
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4294:Market Garden
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3099:Quốc dân Đảng
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2122:The Holocaust
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2108:forced labour
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2003:
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1961:Marshall Plan
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1807:Western Front
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1701:Puppet states
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1643:Naval history
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1323:0-19-506335-X
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1268:Weinberg 2005
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1028:Prague Castle
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793:Eastern Front
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28:Chronological
27:
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5078:
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5019:
4927:
4848:Consequences
4783:
4774:
4759:
4655:Bibliography
4638:
4451:Project Hula
4416:Vistula–Oder
4385:
4318:
4309:
4293:
4263:
4212:
4196:
4187:
4178:
4144:
4041:
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3653:
3546:
3491:North Africa
3301:
3193:Soviet Union
3147:Soviet Union
3073:Soviet Union
2841:Vatican City
2751:Vichy France
2656:German Reich
2553:Soviet Union
2539:South Africa
2532:Sierra Leone
2485:Newfoundland
2304:Participants
2287:Marocchinate
1991:
1982:
1952:
1830:North Africa
1791:Indian Ocean
1650:Nazi plunder
1541:Cryptography
1414:World War II
1371:
1369:A film clip
1353:
1339:, p. 23
1332:
1311:
1300:
1288:. Retrieved
1284:
1275:
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1251:. Retrieved
1247:
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1210:
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1191:. Retrieved
1187:
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1096:
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1066:
1041:
1013:
1009:Edvard Beneš
1005:
996:
986:
982:Maginot Line
970:
959:
957:
897:
879:
875:Anthony Eden
864:
849:
837:
818:
816:
766:
731:
727:Soviet Union
697:
681:Adolf Hitler
674:
669:Adolf Hitler
617:
598:
574:Pierre Laval
570:police state
567:
540:
499:Bibliography
489:
429:World War II
406:
391:
373:to Denmark,
369:to Belgium,
347:West Prussia
325:such as the
312:
292:
260:World War II
258:
235:Soviet Union
223:Nazi Germany
215:World War II
212:
91:1945 onwards
45:
15:
5031:Appeasement
4386:Bodenplatte
4272:Gothic Line
3498:West Africa
3045:Philippines
3024:Netherlands
2889:Czech lands
2827:Switzerland
2771:Afghanistan
2722:Philippines
2590:Puerto Rico
2506:Philippines
2492:New Zealand
2478:Netherlands
2431:Free France
2182:Prosecution
1983:Osoaviakhim
1853:West Africa
1837:East Africa
1484:Conferences
1358:Online free
1139:D.C. Watt,
997:Sudetenland
961:Sudetenland
933:Chamberlain
904:Gau Ostmark
576:signed the
274:, with its
243:appeasement
5098:Categories
4793:May Crisis
4486:West Hunan
4319:Pointblank
3655:Silver Fox
3641:Summer War
3394:Winter War
3373:Phoney War
3154:Azerbaijan
3115:Yugoslavia
3010:Luxembourg
2852:Resistance
2599:Yugoslavia
2464:Luxembourg
2266:Sook Ching
2062:War crimes
1664:Technology
1657:Opposition
1599:Lend-Lease
1576:Australian
1569:Home front
1527:Blitzkrieg
1477:Casualties
1468:Commanders
1440:Operations
1058:References
1024:Emil Hácha
1020:Jozef Tiso
1016:Trans-Olza
845:Royal Navy
833:Reichswehr
787:—although
756:completed
742:Article 48
707:Aryan race
703:ethnic war
677:Nazi Party
563:communists
559:anarchists
435:Navigation
400:created a
394:censorship
333:, and the
286:, and the
272:Wilhelm II
233:, and the
139:By theatre
127:Operations
4785:Anschluss
4760:Fall Grün
4551:Manchuria
4437:Indochina
4213:Bagration
3664:Lithuania
3309:Anschluss
3106:Viet Minh
3003:Lithuania
2945:Hong Kong
2715:Manchukuo
2670:Azad Hind
2329:Australia
2129:Aftermath
1992:Paperclip
1887:Aftermath
1687:Total war
1555:Diplomacy
1518:In Europe
1290:22 August
1253:22 August
1230:688506397
1193:22 August
945:Mussolini
899:Anschluss
825:Wehrmacht
738:Reichstag
723:Communism
683:, blamed
679:, led by
584:with the
547:socialist
456:Equipment
451:Countries
446:Campaigns
109:Diplomacy
46:in Europe
4662:Category
4611:document
4521:document
4378:Ardennes
4362:Budapest
4310:Crossbow
4188:Overlord
4027:Smolensk
3245:Timeline
3080:Slovakia
3066:Thailand
2917:Ethiopia
2882:Bulgaria
2806:Portugal
2744:Thailand
2626:Bulgaria
2404:Eswatini
2397:Ethiopia
2350:Bulgaria
2175:Unit 731
2136:Response
1953:Keelhaul
1903:Cold War
1876:Americas
1867:timeline
1860:Atlantic
1740:Theaters
1308:(1989).
937:Daladier
725:and the
717:and the
553:invited
543:fascists
494:Category
467:Timeline
379:Saarland
317:and the
100:By topic
4715:Prelude
4588:Shumshu
4355:Hungary
4302:Estonia
4286:Lapland
4264:Dragoon
4197:Neptune
4179:Ichi-Go
4145:Tempest
4087:Changde
4042:Cottage
3934:Jubilee
3650:Finland
3548:Compass
3254:Prelude
3207:Finland
3093:Vietnam
3059:Romania
2931:Germany
2910:Estonia
2896:Denmark
2875:Belgium
2868:Austria
2861:Albania
2792:Ireland
2778:Andorra
2762:Neutral
2729:Romania
2663:Hungary
2648:Finland
2520:Romania
2412:Finland
2390:Denmark
2336:Belgium
2322:Algeria
2028:Romania
2014:Hungary
1770:Pacific
1494:General
1448:Leaders
1433:Battles
1426:Outline
1104:(2015).
1091:(2014).
1038:Baltics
978:Bohemia
850:Hitler
744:of the
590:Eritrea
472:Outline
361:to the
122:Battles
41:in Asia
34:Prelude
5083:(1940)
5073:(1938)
5003:(1973)
4995:(1947)
4565:Debate
4537:Taipei
4530:Borneo
4108:Tarawa
3302:Europe
3263:Africa
3052:Poland
3038:Norway
3017:Malaya
2996:Latvia
2938:Greece
2924:France
2820:Sweden
2785:Bhutan
2513:Poland
2499:Norway
2471:Mexico
2438:Greece
2424:France
2362:Canada
2343:Brazil
2313:Allies
2259:Serbia
2248:Poland
2021:Poland
2007:Baltic
1800:Europe
1502:Topics
1454:Allied
1374:(1938)
1320:
1228:
1218:
1166:
1130:(2000)
1078:(2007)
1030:, the
947:, and
941:Hitler
699:Nazism
349:, and
343:Poznań
329:, the
284:France
270:under
4341:Leyte
4171:Narva
4157:Anzio
4115:Makin
4073:Burma
3957:Torch
3926:Rzhev
3887:Kiska
2973:Korea
2959:Japan
2952:Italy
2834:Tibet
2813:Spain
2691:Italy
2452:Italy
2445:India
2369:China
2244:Japan
1844:Italy
1756:China
1708:Women
949:Ciano
719:Slavs
477:Lists
4407:1945
4135:1944
3976:1943
3904:Blue
3894:Attu
3801:1942
3560:1941
3412:1940
3350:1939
3279:Asia
3126:POWs
2966:Jews
2684:Iraq
2610:Axis
2560:Tuva
2376:Cuba
1461:Axis
1318:ISBN
1292:2022
1255:2022
1226:OCLC
1216:ISBN
1195:2022
1164:ISBN
1042:The
922:and
783:was
715:Jews
675:The
667:and
654:and
592:and
313:The
86:1944
81:1943
75:1942
70:1941
65:1940
60:1939
910:.
626:to
385:.
337:in
5100::
5067::
5056::
5029::
4155:/
1283:.
1246:.
1224:.
1186:.
1148:^
943:,
939:,
935:,
877:.
847:.
642:.
615:.
561:,
365:,
345:,
290:.
282:,
229:,
225:,
221:,
5041:"
5037:"
4697:e
4690:t
4683:v
3658:)
3652:(
2526:)
2522:(
2458:)
2454:(
2418:)
2414:(
2356:)
2352:(
1406:e
1399:t
1392:v
1326:.
1294:.
1257:.
1232:.
1197:.
1172:.
530:e
523:t
516:v
202:e
195:t
188:v
48:)
39:(
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