First Great Awakening

2963:. He was noted for preaching to African enslaved people who converted to Christianity in unusually large numbers, and he is credited with the first sustained proselytization of enslaved people in Virginia. Davies wrote a letter in 1757 in which he refers to the religious zeal of an enslaved man whom he had encountered during his journey. "I am a poor slave, brought into a strange country, where I never expect to enjoy my liberty. While I lived in my own country, I knew nothing of that Jesus I have heard you speak so much about. I lived quite careless what will become of me when I die; but I now see such a life will never do, and I come to you, Sir, that you may tell me some good things, concerning Jesus Christ, and my Duty to GOD, for I am resolved not to live any more as I have done." 1861: 31: 1643:. Historian Sydney Ahlstrom described Frelinghuysen as "an important herald, if not the father of the Great Awakening". A pietist, Frelinghuysen believed in the necessity of personal conversion and living a holy life. The revivals he led in the Raritan Valley were "forerunners" of the Great Awakening in the Middle Colonies. Under Frelinghuysen's influence, Tennent came to believe that a definite conversion experience followed by assurance of salvation was the key mark of a Christian. By 1729, Tennent was seeing signs of revival in the Presbyterian churches of New Brunswick and Staten Island. At the same time, Gilbert's brothers, William and John, oversaw a revival in Freehold, New Jersey. 1817:, who proved to be more controversial than either Tennent or Whitefield. His rants and attacks against "unconverted" ministers inspired much opposition, and he was arrested in Connecticut for violating a law against itinerant preaching. At his trial, he was found mentally ill and deported to Long Island. Soon after, he arrived in Boston and resumed his fanatical preaching, only to once again be declared insane and expelled. The last of Davenport's radical episodes took place in March 1743 in New London, when he ordered his followers to burn wigs, cloaks, rings, and other vanities. He also ordered the 1652: 2912:

Brought from Africa to America." Wheatley became so influenced by the revivals and especially George Whitefield that she dedicated a poem to him after his death in which she referred to him as an "Impartial Saviour". Sarah Osborn adds another layer to the role of women during the Awakening. She was a Rhode Island schoolteacher, and her writings offer a glimpse into the spiritual and cultural upheaval of the time period, including a 1743 memoir, various diaries and letters, and her anonymously published

2812:; others deeply sobbing, hardly able to contain, others crying in a most dolorous manner, many others more silently weeping. ... And sometimes the soul exercises of some, thought comparatively but very few, would so far affect their bodies, as to occasion some strange, unusual bodily motions." Moderate evangelicals took a cautious approach to this issue, neither encouraging nor discouraging these responses, but they recognized that people might express their conviction in different ways. 2011: 7144: 431: 1147: 7132: 2609: 2833:

message. Following this illumination, converts placed their faith in Christ, depending on him alone for salvation. At the same time, a hatred of sin and a commitment to eliminate it from the heart would take hold, setting the foundation for a life of repentance or turning away from sin. Revivalists distinguished true conversion (which was motivated by love of God and hatred of sin) from false conversion (which was motivated by fear of

1105: 1272:. His preaching attracted large crowds who were drawn to his simple message of the necessity of the new birth as well as by his manner of delivery. His style was dramatic, and his preaching appealed to his audience's emotions. At times, he wept or impersonated Bible characters. By the time he left England for the colony of Georgia in December 1737, Whitefield had become a 2801:

The revivalists use of "indiscriminate" evangelism—the "practice of extending the gospel promises to everyone in their audiences, without stressing that God redeems only those elected for salvation"—was contrary to these notions. While they preached indiscriminately, however, revivalists continued to affirm Calvinist doctrines of election and predestination.

1766:, Philadelphia's Anglican Church, and then preached to a large outdoor crowd from the courthouse steps. He then preached in many Presbyterian churches. From Philadelphia, Whitefield traveled to New York and then to the South. In the Middle Colonies, he was popular in the Dutch and German communities as well as among the British. Lutheran pastor 1963:

the New Side and the numerical decline of the Old Side. In 1741, the pro-revival party had around 22 ministers, but this number had increased to 73 by 1758. While the fervor of the Awakening would fade, the acceptance of revivalism and insistence on personal conversion would remain recurring features in 18th- and 19th-century Presbyterianism.

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intention to abolish slavery. He lobbied to have slavery reinstated in Georgia and proceeded to become a slaveholder himself. Whitefield shared a common belief held among evangelicals that, after conversion, slaves would be granted true equality in heaven. Despite his stance on slavery, Whitefield became influential among many Africans.

1287:. Wesley was impressed by their faith and piety, especially their belief that it was normal for a Christian to have assurance of faith. The failure of his mission and encounters with the Moravians led Wesley to question his own faith. He wrote in his journal, "I, who went to America to convert others, was never myself converted to God." 1849:

fainting and weeping. There was a greater emphasis on prayer and devotional reading, and the Puritan ideal of converted church membership was revived. It is estimated that between 20,000 and 50,000 new members were admitted to New England's Congregational churches even as expectations for members increased.

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believed that strict adherence to orthodoxy was meaningless if one lacked a personal religious experience, a sentiment expressed in Tennent's 1739 sermon "The Danger of an Unconverted Ministry". Whitefield's tour had helped the revival party grow but only worsened the controversy. When the Presbyterian

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on October 29. Whitefield's assessment of New England's churches and clergy prior to his intervention was negative. "I am verily persuaded," he wrote, "the Generality of Preachers talk of an unknown, unfelt Christ. And the Reason why Congregations have been so dead, is because dead Men preach to them."

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preachers converted both white and black people. Some were enslaved at their time of conversion, while others were free. Caucasians began to welcome dark-skinned individuals into their churches, taking their religious experiences seriously while also admitting them to active roles in congregations as

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sense of decency. Eventually, however, Wesley changed his mind, claiming that "all the world my parish". On April 2, 1739, Wesley preached to about 3,000 people near Bristol. From then on, he continued to preach wherever he could gather an assembly, taking the opportunity to recruit followers to the

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While the Evangelical Revival united evangelicals across various denominations around shared beliefs, it also led to division in existing churches between those who supported the revivals and those who did not. Opponents accused the revivals of fostering disorder and fanaticism within the churches by

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Evangelical leaders in the southern colonies had to deal with the issue of slavery more frequently than those in the North. Still, many leaders of the revivals proclaimed that slaveholders should educate enslaved people so that they could become literate and be able to read and study the Bible. Many

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The Awakening played a major role in the lives of women, though they were rarely allowed to preach or take leadership roles. A deep sense of religious enthusiasm encouraged women, especially to analyze their feelings, share them with other women, and write about them. They became more independent in

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Revival preaching was controversial among Calvinists. Because Calvinists believed in election and predestination, some thought it inappropriate to preach to strangers that they could repent and receive salvation. For some, such preaching was only acceptable within their own churches and communities.

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While divisions between the Old and New Lights remained, the New Lights became less radical over time, and evangelicalism became more mainstream. By 1758, the Old Side–New Side split in the Presbyterian Church had been healed, and the two factions had reunited. In part, this was due to the growth of

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The evangelicals responded vigorously to opposition—both literary criticism and even mob violence—and thrived despite the attacks against them. John Wesley's organizational skills during and after the peak of revivalism established him as the primary founder of the Methodist movement. By the time of

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was common in Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland, but it was unheard of in England. Further, Whitefield violated protocol by preaching in another priest's parish without permission. Within a week, he was preaching to crowds of 10,000. By March, Whitefield had moved on to preach elsewhere. By May,

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The emotional worship of the revivals appealed to many Africans, and African leaders started to emerge from the revivals in substantial numbers soon after they converted. These figures paved the way for the establishment of the first black congregations and churches in the American colonies. Before

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an essential characteristic of American Christianity. While the Awakening divided many Protestant churches between Old and New Lights, it also unleashed a strong impulse towards interdenominational unity among the various Protestant denominations. Evangelicals considered the new birth to be "a bond

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The Baptists benefited the most from the Great Awakening. Although numerically small before the outbreak of revival, Baptist churches experienced growth during the last half of the 18th century. By 1804, there were over 300 Baptist churches in New England. This growth was primarily due to an influx

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Whitefield then traveled to Northampton at the invitation of Jonathan Edwards. He preached twice in the parish church, and Edwards was so moved that he wept. He then spent time in New Haven, Connecticut, where he preached at Yale University. From there, he traveled down the coast, reaching New York

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Davies became accustomed to hearing such excitement from many black people who were exposed to the revivals. He believed that black people could attain knowledge equal to that of white people if given an adequate education, and he promoted the importance of allowing slaveholders to permit enslaved

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George Whitefield's sermons reiterated an egalitarian message but only translated into spiritual equality for Africans in the colonies, who mostly remained enslaved. Whitefield was known to criticize slaveholders who treated enslaved people cruelly and those who did not educate them, but he had no

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broke out between the anti-revival "Old Side" and the pro-revival "New Side". At issue was the place of revivalism in American Presbyterianism, specifically the "relation between doctrinal orthodoxy and experimental knowledge of Christ." The New Side, led by Gilbert Tennent and Jonathan Dickinson,

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Whitefield met Gilbert Tennent on Staten Island and asked him to preach in Boston to continue the revival there. Tennent accepted and, in December, began a three-month-long preaching tour throughout New England. Besides Boston, Tennent preached in towns throughout Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and

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increased, especially among the town's young people. Edwards wrote to Boston minister Benjamin Colman that the town "never was so full of Love, nor so full of Joy, nor so full of distress as it has lately been. ... I never saw the Christian spirit in Love to Enemies so exemplified, in all my

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was controversial. Many pulpits were closed to him, and he had to struggle against Anglicans who opposed the Methodists and the "doctrine of the New Birth". Whitefield wrote of his opponents, "I am fully convinced there is a fundamental difference between us and them. They believe only an outward

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was the first published black female poet, and she was converted to Christianity as a child after she was brought to America. Her beliefs were overt in her works; she describes the journey of being taken from a Pagan land to be exposed to Christianity in the colonies in a poem entitled "On Being

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Congregationalists in New England experienced 98 schisms, which in Connecticut also affected which group would be considered "official" for tax purposes. It is estimated in New England that in the churches there were about one-third each of New Lights, Old Lights, and those who saw both sides as

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work of the Holy Spirit, providing someone with "a new awareness of the beauty of Christ, new desires to love God, and a firm commitment to follow God's holy law." The reality of regeneration was discerned through self-examination, and while it occurred instantly, a convert might only gradually

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exchanges between two ministers. Through their efforts, New England experienced a "great and general Awakening" between 1740 and 1743, characterized by a greater interest in religious experience, widespread emotional preaching, and intense emotional reactions accompanying conversion, including

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Regeneration was always accompanied by saving faith, repentance, and love for God—all aspects of the conversion experience, which typically lasted several days or weeks under the guidance of a trained pastor. True conversion began when the mind opened to a new awareness and love of the gospel

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he was preaching to London crowds of 50,000. He left his followers in Bristol in the care of John Wesley. Whitefield's notoriety was increased through the use of newspaper advertisements to promote his revivals. Wesley was at first uneasy about preaching outdoors, as it was contrary to his

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preachers and leaders. Methodist preachers focused particularly on evangelizing people who had been "neglected" by the established Church of England. Wesley and his assistant preachers organized the new converts into Methodist societies. These societies were divided into groups called

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of the world, God determined who would be saved (the elect) on the basis of his own choosing. The preaching of these doctrines resulted in the convicted feeling both guilty and totally helpless, since God was in complete control over whether they would be saved or not.

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because the 18th-century revivals were only regional events that occurred in only half of the American colonies, and their effects on American religion and society were minimal. Historians have debated whether the Awakening had a political impact on the

2879:, the last sign addressed by Edwards was "Christian practice", and it was this sign to which he gave the most space in his treatise. The search for assurance required conscious effort on the part of a convert and took months or even years to achieve. 1550:, the Anglican Church was officially established, though there were significant numbers of Baptists, Quakers, and Presbyterians. At the same time, church membership was low because it had failed to keep up with population growth, and the influence of 1922:, which they felt infringed on congregational autonomy. Because they threatened Congregationalist uniformity, the Separatists were persecuted, and in Connecticut they were denied the same legal toleration enjoyed by Baptists, Quakers, and Anglicans. 1773:

In 1740, Whitefield began touring New England. He landed in Newport, Rhode Island, on September 14, 1740, and preached several times in the Anglican church. He then moved on to Boston, Massachusetts, where he spent a week. There were prayers at

1252:). Scougal wrote that many people mistakenly understood Christianity to be "Orthodox Notions and Opinions", "external Duties" or "rapturous Heats and extatic Devotion". Rather, Scougal wrote, "True Religion is an Union of the Soul with God ... 1724:

experiences. Edwards cautiously defended these experiences as long as they led individuals to a greater belief in God's glory than in self-glorification. Similar experiences would appear in most of the major revivals of the 18th century.

393:. The Moravians came to Herrnhut as refugees, but under Zinzendorf's guidance, the group enjoyed a religious revival. Soon, the community became a refuge for other Protestants as well, including German Lutherans, Reformed Christians, and 1375:, a key feature of early Methodism. Growth in numbers and increasing hostility impressed upon the revival converts a deep sense of their corporate identity. Three teachings that Methodists saw as the foundation of Christian faith were: 1898:. New Lights accused Old Lights of being more concerned with social status than with saving souls and even questioned whether some Old Light ministers were even converted. They also supported itinerant ministers who disregarded 3454: 2845:

True conversion meant that a person was among the elect, but even a person with saving faith might doubt his election and salvation. Revivalists taught that assurance of salvation was the product of Christian maturity and

1616:. The first revival to receive widespread publicity was that precipitated by an earthquake in 1727. As they began to be publicized more widely, revivals transformed from merely local to regional and transatlantic events. 2944:

The message of spiritual equality appealed to many enslaved people, and, as African religious traditions continued to decline in North America, black people accepted Christianity in large numbers for the first time.

3042:'Great Awakening' is a largely American term for the transatlantic revivals of the eighteenth century. British Christians usually refer to the revivals—collectively and more simply—as 'the evangelical revival. 2745:

Conviction of sin was the stage that prepared someone to receive salvation, and this stage often lasted weeks or months. When under conviction, nonbelievers realized they were guilty of sin and under divine

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long, yet I never knew what true religion was" until he read Scougal. From that point on, Whitefield sought a new birth. After a period of spiritual struggle, Whitefield experienced conversion during

6493: 7176: 2773:, humans are naturally inclined to rebel against God and are unable to initiate or merit salvation, according to the doctrine of original sin. Unconditional election relates to the doctrine of 1959:

of fellowship that transcended disagreements on fine points of doctrine and polity", allowing Anglicans, Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and others to cooperate across denominational lines.

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in their lives. The revivalists believed regeneration, or the new birth, was not simply an outward profession of faith or conformity to Christianity. They believed it was an instantaneous,

1705:(that one had been chosen by God for salvation). While a Christian might have several conversion moments as part of this process, Edwards believed there was a single point in time when God 2856:

by Jonathan Edwards was written to help converts examine themselves for the presence of genuine "religious affections" or spiritual desires, such as selfless love of God, certitude in the

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Whitefield, Tennent, and Davenport would be followed by a number of both clerical and lay itinerants. However, the Awakening in New England was primarily sustained by the efforts of

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personally." In the 1710s and 1720s, revivals became more frequent among New England Congregationalists. These early revivals remained local affairs due to the lack of coverage in

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Life as I have seen it within this half-year." The revival ultimately spread to 25 communities in western Massachusetts and central Connecticut until it began to wane in 1737.

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unleashed by the Awakening as disruptive to church order, preferring formal worship and a settled, university-educated ministry. They mocked revivalists as being ignorant,

7169: 1306:. Wesley recounted that "I felt my heart strangely warmed. I felt I did trust in Christ, Christ alone for salvation, and an assurance was given me that he had taken away 314:

Evangelical preachers "sought to include every person in conversion, regardless of gender, race, and status". Throughout the North American colonies, especially in the

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and then outside of it to about 8,000 people who could not gain entrance. The next day, he preached outdoors again to about 15,000 people. On Tuesday, he preached at

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theology were popular among some Congregational clergy, Edwards held to traditional Calvinist doctrine. He understood conversion to be the experience of moving from

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perceived as spiritually dry. Significantly, the Pietists placed less emphasis on traditional doctrinal divisions between Protestant churches, focusing rather on

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John Wesley returned to England in September 1738. Both John and Charles preached in London churches. Whitefield stayed in Georgia for three months to establish

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Pietism prepared Europe for revival, and it usually occurred in areas where pietism was strong. The most important leader of the Awakening in central Europe was

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and feature "marathon extemporaneous preaching and excessive popular enthusiasm." In the 18th century, the Evangelical Revival was led by ministers such as

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On anti-Methodist literary attacks see Brett C. McInelly, "Writing the Revival: The Intersections of Methodism and Literature in the Long 18th Century".

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It was not enough, however, to simply reflect on past experiences. Revivalists taught that assurance could only be gained by actively seeking to grow in

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study, church attendance, and personal moral improvement. While no human action could produce saving faith, revivalists taught that the means of grace

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By 1745, the Awakening had begun to wane. Revivals would continue to spread to the southern backcountry and slave communities in the 1750s and 1760s.

1573:. The churches in New England had fallen into a "staid and routine formalism in which experiential faith had been a reality to only a scattered few." 5465: 7358: 4677:

Goff, Philip; Heimert, Alan (December 1998). "Revivals and Revolution: Historiographic Turns Since Alan Heimert's Religion and the American Mind".

2586: 1798:. After traveling as far as Portsmouth, New Hampshire, he returned to Boston on October 12 to preach to 30,000 people before continuing his tour. 397:. The church began to grow, and Moravian societies would be established in England, where they would help foster the Evangelical Revival as well. 7233: 2637: 1806:

Connecticut. Like Whitefield's, Tennent's preaching produced large crowds, many conversions, and much controversy. While antirevivalists such as

5434:"The Joseph Bellamy House: The Great Awakening in Puritan New England", a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places (TwHP) lesson plan 6211: 5958: 3080: 1978:, originally established to train Native American boys for missionary work among their own people. While initially resistant, well-established 2924:

The First Great Awakening led to changes in Americans' understanding of God, themselves, the world around them, and religion. In the southern

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The Great Awakening inspired the creation of evangelical educational institutions. In 1746, New Side Presbyterians founded what would become

1367:—intimate meetings where individuals were encouraged to confess their sins to one another and to build each other up. They also took part in 657: 231:

that transcended denominational boundaries and helped forge a common evangelical identity. Revivalists added to the doctrinal imperatives of

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An Elegiac Poem On the Death of that celebrated Divine, and eminent Servant of Jesus Christ, the Reverend and Learned Mr. George Whitefield.

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In February 1739, parish priests in Bath and Bristol refused to allow Whitefield to preach in their churches on the grounds that he was a

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their decisions, as in the choice of a husband. This introspection led many women to keep diaries or write memoirs. The autobiography of

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Another issue that had to be addressed was the intense physical and emotional reactions to conviction experienced during the Awakening.

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feeling within the Congregational churches of New England. Around 100 Separatist congregations were organized throughout the region by

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told of a German woman who heard Whitefield preach and, though she spoke no English, later said she had never before been so edified.

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were founded in the South in Virginia, South Carolina, and Georgia; two black Baptist churches were founded in Petersburg, Virginia.

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The Great Awakening was not the first time that Protestant churches had experienced revival; however, it was the first time a common

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Winiarski, Douglas L. (2005). "Jonathan Edwards, Enthusiast? Radical Revivalism and the Great Awakening in the Connecticut Valley".

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Revivalists counseled those under conviction to apply the means of grace to their lives. These were spiritual disciplines such as

1298:. In May 1738, Wesley attended a Moravian meeting on Aldersgate Street, where he felt spiritually transformed during a reading of 7498: 6249: 4806:

Lacey, Barbara E. (April 1988). "The World of Hannah Heaton: The Autobiography of an Eighteenth-Century Connecticut Farm Woman".

1742:. The publication of his account made Edwards a celebrity in Britain and influenced the growing revival movement in that nation. 1174: 864: 682: 7094: 6962: 6206: 6114: 5845: 5765: 5713: 5511: 4945: 2084: 1507: 600: 288: 1882:

between supporters of revival, known as "New Lights", and opponents of revival, known as "Old Lights". The Old Lights saw the

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Schmotter, James W. "The Irony of Clerical Professionalism: New England's Congregational Ministers and the Great Awakening",

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Revivalism and Separatism in New England, 1740–1800: Strict Congregationalists and Separate Baptists in the Great Awakening

2755: 2571: 2456: 2214: 1762:. Whitefield returned to the Colonies in November 1739. His first stop was in Philadelphia, where he initially preached at 1661: 722: 38: 7963: 7185: 6695: 2705:

tradition, which held that religion was not only an intellectual exercise but also had to be felt and experienced in the

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to be an evangelical conversion, and it provided him with the assurance he had been seeking. Afterwards, he traveled to

6293: 6196: 3000:, which took place soon after. Alan Heimert sees a major impact, but most historians think it had only a minor impact. 2441: 1834: 7409: 7391: 6932: 5344: 5308:

McLoughlin, William G. "Essay Review: the American Revolution as a Religious Revival: 'The Millennium in One Country.

5282: 5157: 5073: 4905: 4749: 4492: 4471: 2096: 1934: 1755: 1440: 915: 595: 292: 2850:. Converts were encouraged to seek assurance through self-examination of their own spiritual progress. The treatise 1619:

In the 1720s and 1730s, an evangelical party took shape in the Presbyterian churches of the Middle Colonies, led by

1225:, prayer, and accountability. All three men experienced a spiritual crisis in which they sought true conversion and 7463: 6710: 6609: 6068: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5451: 1076: 561: 308: 7851: 7148: 6795: 6525: 6264: 6221: 6104: 6094: 5904: 5867: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5506: 2189: 2111: 1860: 1694: 1640: 1411: 1044: 941: 287:

would develop out of the ministries of Whitefield and Wesley. In the American colonies, the Awakening caused the

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and fostered introspection and commitment to a new standard of personal morality. Revival theology stressed that

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but what supporters believed were signs of the Holy Spirit. Services became more emotional, and some people had

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George Whitefield joined the Holy Club in 1733 and, under the influence of Charles Wesley, read German pietist

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in Britain. In England, the major leaders of the Evangelical Revival were three Anglican priests: the brothers

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an abridged version of Jeffrey H. Richards' article. from historicpolegreen.org. Retrieved April 8, 2012.

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Darkness Falls on the Land of Light: Experiencing Religious Awakenings in Eighteenth-Century New England

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and subsequently faced feelings of sorrow and anguish. When revivalists preached, they emphasized God's

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to highlight the holiness of God and to spark conviction in the unconverted. Jonathan Edwards' sermon "

2709:. This moderate revival theology consisted of a three-stage process. The first stage was conviction of 2541: 1670: 882: 331: 326:

who were exposed to (and subsequently converted to) Christianity. It also inspired the founding of new

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people to become literate so that they could become more familiar with the instructions of the Bible.

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came to embrace revivalism and played a leading role in American evangelicalism for the next century.

7780: 7608: 7307: 7082: 6565: 6029: 5919: 4558:(September 1982). "Enthusiasm Described and Decried: The Great Awakening as Interpretative Fiction". 2929: 2726: 2690: 2655: 2576: 2089: 1911: 1907: 1627:, where he trained nearly 20 Presbyterian revivalists for the ministry, including his three sons and 1421: 1345:. In response, he began open-air field preaching in the mining community of Kingswood, near Bristol. 1059: 622: 228: 125: 4835:

Lambert, Frank (Winter 2002). "'I Saw the Book Talk': Slave Readings of the First Great Awakening".

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Wesley's death in 1791, there were an estimated 71,668 Methodists in England and 43,265 in America.

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The Great Awakening aggravated existing conflicts within the Protestant churches, often leading to

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sees the Great Awakening as part of a "great international Protestant upheaval" that also created

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The conviction stage lasted so long because potential converts were waiting to find evidence of

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Faced with growing evangelistic and pastoral responsibilities, Wesley and Whitefield appointed

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Revivals, Awakenings, and Reform: An Essay on Religion and Social Change in America, 1607–1977

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met in May 1741, the Old Side expelled the New Side, which then reorganized itself into the

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of former New Light Congregationalists who became convinced of Baptist doctrines, such as

1681:, and the community's response was extraordinary. Signs of religious commitment among the 430: 8: 7775: 7593: 7583: 7218: 7213: 7044: 7025: 6765: 6760: 6687: 6405: 6380: 6259: 6239: 6186: 6087: 5985: 5882: 5850: 5794: 4875:

The Rise of Public Woman: Woman's Power and Woman's Place in the United States, 1630–1970

3009: 2997: 2972: 2809: 2725:. The second stage was conversion, in which a person experienced spiritual illumination, 2491: 1868:, was built between 1750 and 1753 after the split between Old and New Side Presbyterians. 1295: 1109: 1066: 1039: 374: 5424:

The Great Awakening Comes to Weathersfield, Connecticut: Nathan Cole's Spiritual Travels

5103:

The Indian Great Awakening: Religion and the Shaping of Native Cultures in Early America

7816: 7703: 7676: 7598: 7588: 7523: 7335: 6992: 6742: 6672: 6589: 6577: 6554: 6350: 6124: 5965: 5909: 5899: 5701: 5485: 5429:"I Believe It Is Because I Am a Poor Indian": Samsom Occom's Life as an Indian Minister 5317: 5256: 5213: 5137: 5032: 5024: 4965: 4860: 4852: 4823: 4702: 4694: 4575: 4457: 4243: 2925: 2857: 2546: 2401: 2386: 2296: 2266: 2206: 1994: 1887: 1795: 1759: 1476: 1346: 1334: 1330: 1226: 1119: 1054: 786: 773: 743: 553: 509: 414: 343: 268: 6063: 5120: (March 1954). "The Theological Effects of the Great Awakening in New England". 2406: 1844:

ministers. Sometimes revival would be initiated by regular preaching or the customary

7618: 7613: 7368: 7350: 7302: 7228: 6917: 6836: 6831: 6785: 6725: 6594: 6390: 5775: 5696: 5634: 5395: 5379: 5340: 5278: 5153: 5084: 5069: 5036: 4993: 4972: 4949: 4921: 4901: 4879: 4864: 4792: 4769: 4745: 4716: 4706: 4663: 4638: 4619: 4600: 4530: 4509: 4488: 4467: 3426: 2674: 2468: 2416: 2396: 2371: 2311: 2281: 2162: 2079: 1975: 1943: 1919: 1873: 1830: 1589: 1547: 1499: 1435:

The origins of revivalism in Scotland stretch back to the 1620s. The attempts by the

1198: 1162: 1005: 970: 874: 714: 617: 495: 327: 315: 280: 247:

gave listeners a sense of deep personal conviction about their need for salvation by

236: 216: 173: 165: 6780: 4545: 1810:

heavily criticized Tennent's preaching, most of Boston's ministers were supportive.

1256:." Whitefield wrote that "though I had fasted, watched and prayed, and received the 196:

is most often used, while in the United Kingdom, the movement is referred to as the

7866: 7760: 7633: 6677: 6617: 6005: 5990: 5691: 5671: 5666: 5649: 5629: 5205: 5129: 5016: 4844: 4815: 4686: 4567: 2908: 2751: 2391: 2321: 2246: 2225: 2179: 2015: 1971: 1915: 1818: 1775: 1767: 1651: 1460: 1452: 1394: 652: 647: 382: 184:

and religious devotion. The Great Awakening marked the emergence of Anglo-American

4345: 1424:

experienced a religious conversion and began preaching to large crowds throughout

7912: 7907: 7856: 7686: 7568: 7552: 7542: 7508: 7381: 7266: 7050: 6952: 6890: 6632: 6583: 6129: 5784: 4987: 4939: 4915: 4873: 4763: 4653: 4593: 4524: 4503: 4482: 4461: 4364: 3478: 2706: 2682: 2511: 2446: 1979: 1865: 1826: 1632: 1620: 1581: 1515: 1468: 1380: 975: 733: 480: 386: 212: 48: 1338:

Christ, we further believe that He must be inwardly formed in our hearts also."

255:

was not only intellectual assent to correct Christian doctrine but had to be a "

7897: 7770: 7681: 7327: 7284: 7054: 7040: 7015: 7010: 6801: 6775: 6705: 6520: 6422: 6417: 6400: 6340: 6234: 6181: 6010: 5930: 5779: 4759: 2847: 2774: 2722: 2718: 2651: 2501: 2376: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2326: 2301: 2172: 1807: 1734:, which was published in England through the efforts of prominent evangelicals 1636: 1539: 1523: 1319: 1205:. They had been members of a religious society at Oxford University called the 1194: 1158: 1020: 960: 814: 801: 697: 692: 185: 5020: 4765:

The Great Awakening: The Roots of Evangelical Christianity in Colonial America

4358:"Samuel Davies and the Transatlantic Campaign for Slave Literacy in Virginia," 1833:" ministers, Davenport's mental state apparently improved, and he published a 1333:

before returning to England in December. While enjoying success, Whitefield's

27:

Christian revivals in Britain and the Thirteen Colonies in the 1730s and 1740s

7937: 7917: 7729: 6957: 6894: 6883: 6770: 6657: 6560: 6548: 6412: 6385: 6325: 5804: 5624: 5059:

Under the Cope of Heaven: Religion, Society, and Politics in Colonial America

4941:

The Divine Dramatist: George Whitefield and the Rise of Modern Evangelicalism

2894: 2602: 2536: 2526: 2351: 2341: 2306: 2286: 2056: 2027: 2019: 1841: 1600:

that placed greater importance "on seasons of revival, or outpourings of the

1417: 1299: 1291: 1241: 1166: 1098: 985: 980: 869: 854: 849: 839: 536: 531: 451: 189: 177: 4917:

The First Great Awakening: Redefining Religion in British America, 1725–1775

3482: 1279:

John Wesley left for Georgia in October 1735 to become a missionary for the

7892: 7887: 7765: 7719: 7696: 7691: 7493: 6982: 6912: 6790: 6599: 6570: 6437: 6134: 5877: 5836: 5352:

The Great Awakening: Documents Illustrating the Crisis and Its Consequences

5267:

The First Great Awakening in Colonial American Newspapers: A Shifting Story

5081:

The Rhetoric of the Revival: The Language of the Great Awakening Preachers.

4526:

Sarah Osborn's World: The Rise of Evangelical Christianity in Early America

2976: 2825: 2762: 2667: 2598: 2521: 2411: 2256: 2142: 2046: 2010: 1955: 1930:. In some cases, entire Separatist congregations accepted Baptist beliefs. 1566: 1531: 1511: 1436: 1094: 859: 829: 758: 748: 548: 248: 5443: 5339:

Collected contemporary comments and letters; 1972, Yale University Press,

4898:

The Rise of Evangelicalism: The Age of Edwards, Whitefield and the Wesleys

4718:

Religion and the American Mind: From the Great Awakening to the Revolution

2905:, her intellectual and spiritual development, and daily life on the farm. 188:

as a trans-denominational movement within the Protestant churches. In the

7628: 7243: 6622: 6483: 6454: 6395: 6370: 6365: 6229: 6144: 6038: 6019: 5728: 5196: (1995). "The First Great Awakening: Whose Interpretive Fiction?". 4935: 4848: 4814:(2). Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture: 280–304. 2770: 2730: 2473: 2271: 2051: 2023: 1822: 1739: 1624: 1613: 1554: 1448: 1444: 1425: 1351: 1190: 1154: 796: 768: 470: 465: 435: 394: 300: 240: 220: 5028: 2991:

as vague and exaggerated. He suggested that historians abandon the term

2941:

exhorters, deacons, and even preachers, although the last was a rarity.

1146: 7724: 7659: 7638: 7603: 7002: 6752: 6700: 6505: 6335: 5980: 5809: 5753: 5748: 5428: 5423: 5260: 5141: 4856: 4827: 4737: 4698: 4579: 4555: 4547:

The Silver Bluff Church: A History of Negro Baptist Churches in America

4484:

Evangelicalism in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s

3852: 2988: 2901:, tells of her experiences in the Great Awakening, her encounters with 2663: 2659: 2496: 2381: 1895: 1735: 1713: 1577: 1368: 1218: 1210: 738: 637: 323: 204: 5321: 5217: 5066:"What Must I Do to Be Saved?": The Great Awakening in Colonial America 4394: 2737:. This process generally takes place over an extended period of time. 1673:

revival of 1734–1735, under the leadership of Congregational minister

7437: 7419: 6997: 6947: 6873: 6868: 6642: 6627: 6355: 6345: 6048: 6034: 5758: 5186:

Pedlar in Divinity: George Whitefield and the Transatlantic Revivals;

4893: 2959:

was a Presbyterian minister who later became the fourth president of

2937: 2808:

described such responses to his preaching in 1740: "Several would be

2747: 2698: 2506: 2276: 2031: 1891: 1721: 1387: 1372: 1273: 1257: 1206: 1202: 1150: 422: 284: 256: 5133: 4819: 4690: 4571: 7200: 7131: 6841: 6720: 6360: 6139: 6053: 5799: 5789: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5209: 4550:(electronic ed.). University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. 4430: 3521: 2608: 2551: 1864:

Philadelphia's Second Presbyterian Church, ministered by New Light

1690: 1535: 1527: 1323: 1249: 390: 351: 259:" experienced in the heart. Revivalists also taught that receiving 7184: 4318:

To the Inhabitants of Maryland, Virginia, North and South Carolina

3422:

Recovering the Love Feast: Broadening Our Eucharistic Celebrations

1712:

The Northampton revival featured instances of what critics called

1283:. Wesley made contact with members of the Moravian Church, led by 176:

in the 1730s and 1740s. The revival movement permanently affected

6878: 6808: 6468: 6432: 4635:

Theologies of the American Revivalists: From Whitefield to Finney

3174: 2933: 2702: 2694: 1813:

Tennent was followed in the summer of 1741 by itinerant minister

1746:

would become a model on which other revivals would be conducted.

1709:

an individual, even if the exact moment could not be pinpointed.

1585: 1576:

In response to these trends, ministers influenced by New England

1558: 1543: 1519: 1472: 1265: 1104: 490: 347: 304: 296: 208: 5375:

Religion in America, ed. Edwin S. Gaustad. New York, Arno, 1969.

4791:. Bedford Series in History and Culture. Bedford/ St. Martin's. 4505:

Strangers & Pilgrims: Female Preaching in America, 1740–1845

3402: 3400: 3398: 2987:

The idea of a "great awakening" has been contested by historian

2654:

identity had emerged based on a fairly uniform understanding of

1954:

Historian John Howard Smith noted that the Great Awakening made

389:

to live and worship on his estates, establishing a community at

5894: 5814: 5681: 5368:

New Haven, CN: Whitmore and Buckingham, and H. Mansfield, 1834.

4744:(2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. 3924: 3836: 3388:

John Wesley the Methodist: a plain account of his life and work

3205: 2786: 1899: 1879: 1845: 1456: 1269: 5179:

God of Liberty: A Religious History of the American Revolution

358:

of continental Europe. Pietism emphasized heartfelt religious

295:

churches to split, while strengthening both the Methodist and

6442: 3395: 3338: 2790: 1682: 1593: 1562: 1546:

churches all competed with each other on equal terms. In the

1359: 1290:

Back in London, Wesley became friends with Moravian minister

543: 526: 181: 3714: 3599: 2949:

Africans were finally provided with some sort of education.

1933:

As revivalism spread through the Presbyterian churches, the

1754:

George Whitefield first came to America in 1738 to serve at

1209:

and "Methodists" due to their methodical piety and rigorous

5246:

Holy Fairs: Scotland and the Making of American Revivalism

4595:

Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People

3876: 3864: 3164: 3162: 3160: 1677:. In the fall of 1734, Edwards preached a sermon series on 1416:

The Evangelical Revival first broke out in Wales. In 1735,

1261: 5096:

Jonathan Edwards, Religious Tradition and American Culture

4418: 3945: 3943: 3826: 3824: 3811: 3809: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3755: 3753: 3656: 3654: 3589: 3587: 3081:"Slavery and African American Religion | Encyclopedia.com" 3049: 2761:

As Calvinists, revivalists also preached the doctrines of

1596:. The blending of these three traditions would produce an 1451:

throughout southern and western Scotland, centered on the

4967:

The American Evangelical Story: A History of the Movement

4599:. Studies in Cultural History. Harvard University Press. 4188: 4152: 4080: 4046: 4044: 4042: 4015: 2710: 1605: 1185:

in the United States, the movement is referred to as the

4104: 3545: 3511: 3509: 3262: 3260: 3157: 1447:. In addition, radical Presbyterian clergy held outdoor 4200: 4003: 3979: 3967: 3955: 3940: 3912: 3888: 3821: 3806: 3777: 3765: 3750: 3690: 3666: 3651: 3584: 3385:

Hurst, J. F. (1903). "Chapter IX – Society and Class".

3328: 3326: 3145: 3097: 2914:

The Nature, Certainty and Evidence of True Christianity

1153:

leaders active in the Evangelical Revival (clockwise):

7060:

Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America

4382: 4212: 4176: 4164: 4140: 4128: 4116: 4092: 4068: 4056: 4039: 3991: 3794: 3121: 3109: 1318:

from the law of sin and death." Wesley understood his

299:

denominations. It had little immediate impact on most

7120: 4027: 3738: 3726: 3702: 3639: 3574: 3572: 3506: 3366: 3301: 3299: 3257: 3245: 3233: 3195: 3193: 1749: 1728:

Edwards wrote an account of the Northampton revival,

279:

would grow into an important constituency within the

5439:

Edwards, "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" text

4735: 4614:

Butler, Jon; Wacker, Grant; Balmer, Randall (2003).

3858: 3527: 3354: 3323: 3133: 3061: 2018:

in Geneva, featuring prominent Reformed theologians

5361:

Edited by Albert Barnes. 3 vols. 1845. reprint 1967

4789:

The Great Awakening: A Brief History with Documents

4406: 4327: 4286: 4259:" (London: 1773). Massachusetts Historical Society. 3615: 3533: 3311: 1482: 4964: 4715: 4613: 4592: 4400: 4298: 4274: 4262: 3900: 3678: 3569: 3557: 3296: 3284: 3272: 3221: 3190: 2673:The major figures of the Great Awakening, such as 1778:(at the time an Anglican church) and preaching at 4224: 3627: 1829:. Following the intervention of two pro-revival " 1669:The most influential evangelical revival was the 400: 377:, a Saxon noble who studied under Pietist leader 7935: 7359:Conservative Congregational Christian Conference 5296:(U of North Carolina Press, 2017). xxiv, 607 pp. 4989:American Colonies: The Settling of North America 4729:Evangelicals in the Church of England, 1734–1984 4655:Christian Confessions: A Historical Introduction 2587:North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council 307:, and non-Protestants, but later gave rise to a 263:was a normal expectation in the Christian life. 203:Building on the foundations of older traditions— 7234:General Association of Regular Baptist Churches 318:, the revival movement increased the number of 7186:Evangelical Protestantism in the United States 7170: 5459: 2631: 2582:International Conference of Reformed Churches 1689:At a time when Enlightenment rationalism and 1294:and joined a Moravian small group called the 1127: 385:. In 1722, Zinzendorf invited members of the 133: 7949:History of Christianity in the United States 5165:The Democratization of American Christianity 4740:; Lindberg, Carter; Robert, Dana L. (1998). 4726: 4348:from princeton.edu. Retrieved April 8, 2012. 4246:" (London: 1773). Poems By Phillis Wheatley. 3406: 2693:, were moderate evangelicals who preached a 1443:led to national protests in the form of the 7224:Conservative Baptist Association of America 5473: 4742:Christianity: A Social and Cultural History 4676: 4440: 3501:Textual Warfare and the Making of Methodism 2982: 1623:, Sr. He established a seminary called the 1201:. Together, they founded what would become 7428:Christian Reformed Church in North America 7177: 7163: 5466: 5452: 5394: 5378: 5373:The Life of the Reverend Devereux Jarratt. 4616:Religion in American Life: A Short History 4480: 4463:A Religious History of the American People 3551: 3425:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 159. 3168: 3103: 2638: 2624: 1786:. On September 20, Whitefield preached at 1631:. While pastoring a church in New Jersey, 1134: 1120: 140: 126: 7832:Evangelical and Ecumenical Women's Caucus 7822:Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood 7341:Christian Churches and Churches of Christ 5337:The Great-Awakening: A Faithful Narrative 5172:The Transformation of Virginia, 1740–1790 5098:University of North Carolina Press. 1995. 5006: 3934: 3378: 1281:Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge 5122:The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 4920:. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. 4871: 4651: 4632: 4456: 4310: 4244:On Being Brought From Africa to America. 4218: 4194: 4182: 4170: 4158: 4146: 4134: 4122: 4098: 4086: 4074: 4062: 4050: 4033: 4021: 4009: 3997: 3985: 3973: 3961: 3949: 3918: 3894: 3882: 3870: 3830: 3815: 3800: 3788: 3771: 3759: 3696: 3672: 3660: 3593: 3418: 3127: 3115: 3055: 2875:of sin and using the means of grace. In 2733:, which was searching for and receiving 1859: 1650: 1264:in 1735. In 1736, he began preaching in 1145: 577:Explanatory Notes Upon the New Testament 180:as adherents strove to renew individual 29: 7499:Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy 6884:Fostering of early experimental science 5224: 5191: 5115: 4962: 4837:The Journal of African American History 4834: 4713: 4466:(2nd ed.). Yale University Press. 4436: 4388: 4377:Letters from the Reverend Samuel Davies 4351: 4292: 4110: 3515: 3466: 3464: 3372: 3266: 3215: 3184: 3151: 3139: 3035: 3031: 3029: 1906:valid. The Awakening aroused a wave of 14: 7936: 6988:Fundamentalist – Modernist controversy 4985: 4946:William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company 4586: 4554: 4543: 4522: 4508:. University of North Carolina Press. 4501: 4424: 4412: 4304: 4268: 4206: 3067: 2713:, which was spiritual preparation for 2085:Republication of the Covenant of Works 1646: 1514:, whereas in the religiously tolerant 1471:of 1742), and James Robe (minister at 1455:. These revivals would also spread to 362:in reaction to an overly intellectual 227:articulated a theology of revival and 215:—major leaders of the revival such as 7158: 5447: 4934: 4913: 4805: 4230: 3930: 3906: 3846: 3609: 3578: 3563: 3539: 3384: 3360: 3332: 3180: 1405: 613:Four sources of theological authority 337: 7847:National Association of Evangelicals 7504:Fundamentalist–modernist controversy 7298:Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) 7257:Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod 5419:Lesson plan on First Great Awakening 5402:(1976). Houghton, S. M. (ed.). 5335:Jonathan Edwards, (C. Goen, editor) 5275:The Protestant Evangelical Awakening 5272: 5050: 4892: 4782: 4758: 4333: 4321: 4280: 3842: 3744: 3732: 3720: 3708: 3684: 3645: 3633: 3621: 3605: 3470: 3461: 3419:Stutzman, Paul Fike (January 2011). 3348: 3344: 3317: 3305: 3290: 3278: 3251: 3239: 3227: 3211: 3199: 3026: 2919: 2756:Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God 2740: 2572:World Communion of Reformed Churches 2215:Institutes of the Christian Religion 1662:Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God 1467:(the minister who presided over the 723:The Sunday Service of the Methodists 39:Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God 5406:. Edinburgh: Banner of Truth Trust. 5350:Alan Heimert and Perry Miller ed.; 3391:. New York: Methodist Book Concern. 2758:" is an example of such preaching. 1985: 1659:, commemorating the location where 1557:was leading many people to turn to 1489:Evangelicalism in the United States 1371:, which allowed for the sharing of 1248:(the latter work was a favorite of 24: 5366:Memoirs of Rev. George Whitefield. 5328: 5110:The Great Awakening in New England 5083:2016, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 5045: 4944:. Library of Religious Biography. 4544:Brooks, Walter Henderson (2000) . 3474:Early Methodists Under Persecution 2666:. Revival theology focused on the 1750:Whitefield, Tennent, and Davenport 1479:ministers held evangelical views. 1246:The Life of God in the Soul of Man 1213:. This society was modeled on the 25: 7975: 7410:Christian and Missionary Alliance 7392:Church of God (Anderson, Indiana) 5412: 5301: 5255:, 31 (1979), a statistical study 5152:1987, Wesleyan University Press, 4736:Kee, Howard C.; Frost, Jerry W.; 2882: 2729:, and faith. The third stage was 1493: 1441:bishops on the Church of Scotland 916:Methodist Church of Great Britain 588:Distinctive beliefs and practices 7944:History of the Thirteen Colonies 7817:Christianity Today International 7464:Association of Vineyard Churches 7252:Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod 7142: 7130: 5390:. London: Banner of Truth Trust. 4633:Caldwell, Robert W. III (2017). 4401:Butler, Wacker & Balmer 2003 4320:(Philadelphia: 1740); quoted in 3503:(Oxford University Press, 2014). 2614:Reformed Christianity portal 2607: 2009: 1483:Great Awakening in North America 1428:. Their preaching initiated the 1103: 1077:Ordination of women in Methodism 663:Sanctification (growth in grace) 429: 174:thirteen North American colonies 7852:National Religious Broadcasters 5231:Inventing the "Great Awakening" 4449: 4370: 4339: 4249: 4236: 3489: 3446: 3412: 2190:Westminster Confession of Faith 1641:Theodorus Jacobus Frelinghuysen 1498:In the early 18th century, the 1412:Evangelical revival in Scotland 7827:Evangelical Climate Initiative 7275:Presbyterian Church in America 6847:Separation of church and state 6516:Formal and material principles 6501:Separation of church and state 5359:Sermons on Important Subjects. 5277:. Cambridge University Press. 5105:Oxford University Press, 2012. 4727:Hylson-Smith, Kenneth (1992). 3499:12.1 (2015): 12–21; McInelly, 3073: 2840: 2097:Logical order of God's decrees 1326:and met Zinzendorf in person. 1011:Conservative holiness movement 401:Evangelical Revival in Britain 13: 1: 7801:Transformational Christianity 6511:Hymnody of continental Europe 5662:Apostles in the New Testament 5061:Oxford University Press, 1988 4523:Brekus, Catherine A. (2013). 4502:Brekus, Catherine A. (1998). 4481:Bebbington, David W. (1989). 3015: 2815: 2797:make conversion more likely. 2195:Westminster Shorter Catechism 1935:Old Side–New Side Controversy 1821:by religious authors such as 1502:were religiously diverse. In 1254:It is Christ formed within us 942:Other Methodist denominations 109: 94: 79: 64: 7746:Apostolic-Prophetic Movement 7574:Baptism with the Holy Spirit 7446:Seventh-day Adventist Church 5404:Letters of George Whitefield 5388:George Whitefield's Journals 4963:Sweeney, Douglas A. (2005). 3455:A short history of Methodism 3020: 2897:(1721–1794), a farm wife of 2200:Westminster Larger Catechism 1949: 1679:justification by faith alone 1379:People are all, by nature, " 683:Baptism with the Holy Spirit 569:Sermons on Several Occasions 7: 7837:Fuller Theological Seminary 7313:Pentecostal Holiness Church 7209:Southern Baptist Convention 5959:Eastern Orthodox opposition 4914:Smith, John Howard (2015). 4878:. Oxford University Press. 4722:. Harvard University Press. 4618:. Oxford University Press. 4560:Journal of American History 3471:Barr, Josiah Henry (1916). 3003: 1855: 1475:). A substantial number of 1285:August Gottlieb Spangenberg 1072:Homosexuality and Methodism 835:William Williams Pantycelyn 608:Priesthood of all believers 311:that persists to this day. 10: 7980: 7964:18th-century Protestantism 7862:World Vision United States 7670:Contemporary worship music 7548:Los Angeles Crusade (1949) 7469:Calvary Chapel Association 5976:Art patronage of Julius II 5174:1982, emphasis on Baptists 5068:1976, Thomson Publishing, 4808:William and Mary Quarterly 3477:. Methodist book concern. 2701:heavily influenced by the 1970:. In 1754, the efforts of 1871: 1701:in the knowledge of one's 1486: 1409: 1393:Faith produces inward and 1045:Methodist views on alcohol 405: 332:Baptist Missionary Society 7875: 7809: 7781:New Apostolic Reformation 7738: 7712: 7652: 7609:Christianity and abortion 7561: 7481: 7454: 7436: 7418: 7400: 7367: 7349: 7326: 7308:Pentecostal Church of God 7283: 7265: 7242: 7199: 7192: 7068: 6903: 6822: 6751: 6686: 6608: 6539: 6479:Calvinist–Arminian debate 6453: 6220: 6103: 5939: 5830: 5712: 5610: 5499: 5481: 5198:The New England Quarterly 5021:10.1017/s0009640700100861 4872:Matthews, Glenna (1992). 4768:. Yale University Press. 4652:Campbell, Ted A. (1996). 4529:. Yale University Press. 2860:of the gospel, and other 2829:realize it had occurred. 2577:World Reformed Fellowship 2090:Baptist Covenant Theology 1974:led to what would become 1912:Strict Congregationalists 1837:of his earlier excesses. 1598:evangelical Protestantism 1177:(1895 Welsh illustration) 623:Substitutionary atonement 233:Reformation Protestantism 7903:Charles Grandison Finney 7786:Neo-charismatic movement 7756:Christian fundamentalism 7456:Nondenominational Family 7351:Congregationalist Family 7149:Evangelical Christianity 6968:Christian existentialism 3723:, pp. 13–14, 15–16. 2983:Scholarly interpretation 2899:North Haven, Connecticut 2887: 2337:Friedrich Schleiermacher 1388:justified by faith alone 1240:and Scottish theologian 1050:Methodist local preacher 729:Covenant Renewal Service 601:Conditional preservation 364:Protestant scholasticism 245:Extemporaneous preaching 5475:History of Christianity 5237:McLoughlin, William G. 4441:Goff & Heimert 1998 4346:Presidents of Princeton 2075:Theology of John Calvin 1635:became acquainted with 1508:Congregational churches 1430:Welsh Methodist revival 1238:Against the Fear of Man 1221:) used by pietists for 1110:Christianity portal 1016:Holiness Pentecostalism 936:Global Methodist Church 931:World Methodist Council 926:United Methodist Church 330:societies, such as the 7883:Aimee Semple McPherson 7796:Seven Mountain Mandate 7536:Fourth Great Awakening 7519:Second Great Awakening 7377:Church of the Nazarene 7036:Fourth Great Awakening 6923:Second Great Awakening 6162:Fall of Constantinople 5954:Development of primacy 5292:Winiarski, Douglas L. 4714:Heimert, Alan (1966). 4637:. InterVarsity Press. 4379:(London, 1757), p. 19. 2977:black Baptist churches 2767:unconditional election 2735:assurance of salvation 2252:Johannes Oecolampadius 1869: 1758:in Savannah and found 1666: 1234:August Hermann Francke 1178: 1175:Countess of Huntingdon 865:Countess of Huntingdon 840:Benjamin Titus Roberts 628:Imparted righteousness 379:August Hermann Francke 261:assurance of salvation 42: 7959:Christian terminology 7842:Moody Bible Institute 7791:Red-Letter Christians 7531:Third Great Awakening 7514:First Great Awakening 7387:Free Methodist Church 7328:Restorationist Family 7318:Apostolic Pentecostal 7293:Assemblies of God USA 7137:Reformed Christianity 7031:Reformed epistemology 6973:Third Great Awakening 6943:Seventh-day Adventist 6864:First Great Awakening 6737:Book of Common Prayer 6531:Protestant work ethic 6074:Independent Catholics 6025:Monastery dissolution 5314:New England Quarterly 5244:Schmidt, Leigh Eric. 4986:Taylor, Alan (2001). 4660:Westminster John Knox 2871:and holiness through 2810:overcome and fainting 2262:Peter Martyr Vermigli 2185:Westminster Standards 2003:Reformed Christianity 1940:Synod of Philadelphia 1872:Further information: 1863: 1780:Brattle Street Church 1654: 1487:Further information: 1410:Further information: 1320:Aldersgate experience 1304:Epistle to the Romans 1149: 1033:Other relevant topics 921:Free Methodist Church 825:John William Fletcher 668:Sunday Sabbatarianism 476:First Great Awakening 277:evangelical Anglicans 267:enabling uneducated, 154:First Great Awakening 33: 7751:Bapticostal movement 7665:Contemporary worship 7644:Second work of grace 7624:Evangelical theology 7489:Azusa Street Revival 6854:Edicts of toleration 6663:Three Forms of Unity 6428:Bohemian Reformation 6001:Catholic Reformation 5858:Roman state religion 5677:Council of Jerusalem 5316:1967 40(1): 99–110. 5273:Ward, W. R. (2002). 5094:Conforti, Joseph A. 5057:Bonomi, Patricia U. 4849:10.1086/JAAHv87n1p12 4316:Whitefield, George. 4255:Wheatley, Phillis. " 4242:Wheatley, Phillis. " 3085:www.encyclopedia.com 2961:Princeton University 2877:Religious Affections 2853:Religious Affections 2532:New England theology 2517:Mercersburg theology 2442:Continental Reformed 2168:Heidelberg Catechism 2158:Three Forms of Unity 2153:Helvetic Confessions 2112:Regulative principle 1968:Princeton University 1884:religious enthusiasm 1794:and on Wednesday at 1744:A Faithful Narrative 1731:A Faithful Narrative 1657:Enfield, Connecticut 1588:began calling for a 1512:established religion 1343:religious enthusiast 1082:Bishops in Methodism 845:Walter Ashbel Sellew 764:Brush arbour revival 678:Second work of grace 673:Christian perfection 562:Articles of Religion 456:in the United States 368:religious experience 309:schism among Quakers 273:religious enthusiasm 253:religious conversion 7776:Post-evangelicalism 7594:Biblical patriarchy 7584:Biblical literalism 7267:Presbyterian Family 7219:Missionary Baptists 7214:Independent Baptist 7026:Liberation theology 6933:Jehovah's Witnesses 6766:Radical Reformation 6494:Resistance theories 6381:Christian mysticism 6376:Early Scholasticism 6088:Ecclesial community 5986:Counter-Reformation 5851:Constantinian shift 5371:Jarratt, Devereux. 5101:Fisher, Linford D. 4458:Ahlstrom, Sydney E. 4427:, pp. 322–323. 4403:, pp. 112–113. 3885:, pp. 292–293. 3873:, pp. 290–291. 3861:, pp. 415–416. 3058:, pp. 280–330. 3010:American philosophy 2998:American Revolution 2973:American Revolution 2242:List of theologians 2221:Systematic theology 1914:. Objecting to the 1888:itinerant preaching 1647:Northampton revival 1604:, and on converted 1335:itinerant preaching 1296:Fetter Lane Society 1187:Evangelical Revival 1181:While known as the 1040:Saints in Methodism 518:Doctrinal standards 375:Nicolaus Zinzendorf 269:itinerant preachers 239:outpourings of the 198:Evangelical Revival 162:Evangelical Revival 18:Evangelical revival 7954:Christian revivals 7599:Biblical womanhood 7589:Biblical inerrancy 7524:Cane Ridge Revival 7336:Churches of Christ 7285:Pentecostal Family 7100:Oriental Orthodoxy 6743:King James Version 6555:Ninety-five Theses 6351:Apostolic Brethren 6125:Church of the East 6120:Oriental Orthodoxy 5966:Crusading movement 5486:Early Christianity 5380:Whitefield, George 5253:American Quarterly 5108:Gaustad, Edwin S. 5079:Choiński, Michał. 4971:. Baker Academic. 4363:2016-03-04 at the 4324:, pp. 112–115 3845:, pp. 28–29; 3497:Literature Compass 2858:divine inspiration 2687:Jonathan Dickinson 2547:Princeton theology 2387:H. Richard Niebuhr 2297:Franciscus Gomarus 2267:Heinrich Bullinger 2207:Barmen Declaration 1928:believer's baptism 1870: 1796:Harvard University 1760:Bethesda Orphanage 1695:spiritual deadness 1667: 1477:Church of Scotland 1406:Wales and Scotland 1347:Open-air preaching 1331:Bethesda Orphanage 1302:'s preface to the 1227:assurance of faith 1179: 1055:Itinerant preacher 966:General Conference 774:Watchnight service 596:Assurance of faith 344:Sydney E. Ahlstrom 338:Continental Europe 166:Christian revivals 164:, was a series of 43: 7931: 7930: 7619:Decision theology 7614:Christian Zionism 7579:Believers' Church 7477: 7476: 7402:Keswickian Family 7303:Foursquare Church 7229:Free Will Baptist 7118: 7117: 7095:Eastern Orthodoxy 6963:Finnish Awakening 6918:Holiness movement 6859:Congregationalism 6818: 6817: 6678:Metrical psalters 6115:Eastern Orthodoxy 6059:Neo-Scholasticism 5766:Canon development 5667:Jewish Christians 5163:Hatch, Nathan O. 5089:978-3-525-56023-5 5051:Scholarly studies 4999:978-0-14-200210-0 4992:. Penguin Books. 4978:978-1-58558-382-9 4955:978-0-8028-0154-8 4927:978-1-61147-714-6 4900:, Inter-Varsity, 4885:978-0-19-995131-4 4798:978-0-312-45225-4 4775:978-0-300-11887-2 4669:978-0-664-25650-0 4644:978-0-8308-5164-5 4625:978-0-19-983269-9 4606:978-0-674-05601-5 4536:978-0-300-18832-5 4515:978-0-8078-2441-2 4209:, pp. 27–33. 4197:, pp. 39–41. 4161:, pp. 32–34. 4113:, pp. 48–49. 4089:, pp. 22–24. 4024:, pp. 6, 20. 3747:, pp. 21–23. 3735:, pp. 19–20. 3711:, pp. 76–78. 3648:, pp. 10–11. 3432:978-1-4982-7317-6 3409:, pp. 17–21. 3407:Hylson-Smith 1992 3254:, pp. 84–85. 3242:, pp. 88–89. 3154:, pp. 36–37. 2920:African Americans 2862:Christian virtues 2777:—that before the 2741:Conviction of sin 2675:George Whitefield 2648: 2647: 2417:Donald G. Bloesch 2397:Cornelius Van Til 2312:Samuel Rutherford 2282:Zacharias Ursinus 2163:Belgic Confession 2080:Covenant theology 1976:Dartmouth College 1944:Synod of New York 1920:Saybrook Platform 1874:Old and New Light 1548:Southern Colonies 1500:Thirteen Colonies 1465:William M'Culloch 1215:collegia pietatis 1199:George Whitefield 1197:and their friend 1163:George Whitefield 1144: 1143: 1006:Holiness movement 971:Methodist Circuit 875:George Whitefield 705: 704: 618:Covenant theology 496:Wesleyan theology 356:Reformed churches 281:Church of England 217:George Whitefield 150: 149: 16:(Redirected from 7971: 7923:Jonathan Edwards 7867:Youth for Christ 7761:Evangelical left 7634:Kingdom theology 7438:Adventist Family 7197: 7196: 7179: 7172: 7165: 7156: 7155: 7147: 7146: 7145: 7135: 7134: 7126: 6537: 6536: 5924:Non-Chalcedonian 5905:Constantinople I 5697:General epistles 5692:Pauline epistles 5672:Paul the Apostle 5650:Great Commission 5468: 5461: 5454: 5445: 5444: 5407: 5399: 5391: 5357:Davies, Samuel. 5311: 5288: 5234: 5228: 5221: 5195: 5184:Lambert, Frank. 5177:Kidd, Thomas S. 5145: 5119: 5040: 5003: 4982: 4970: 4959: 4931: 4910: 4889: 4868: 4831: 4802: 4786: 4779: 4755: 4732: 4723: 4721: 4710: 4673: 4648: 4629: 4610: 4598: 4590: 4583: 4551: 4540: 4519: 4498: 4477: 4444: 4434: 4428: 4422: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4368: 4355: 4349: 4343: 4337: 4331: 4325: 4314: 4308: 4302: 4296: 4290: 4284: 4278: 4272: 4266: 4260: 4253: 4247: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4222: 4216: 4210: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4180: 4174: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4144: 4138: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4054: 4048: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4007: 4001: 3995: 3989: 3983: 3977: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3953: 3947: 3938: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3819: 3813: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3775: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3748: 3742: 3736: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3712: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3682: 3676: 3670: 3664: 3658: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3631: 3625: 3619: 3613: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3582: 3576: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3519: 3513: 3504: 3493: 3487: 3486: 3468: 3459: 3450: 3444: 3443: 3441: 3439: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3393: 3392: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3270: 3264: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3225: 3219: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3188: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3131: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3101: 3095: 3094: 3092: 3091: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3045: 3041: 3033: 2909:Phillis Wheatley 2679:Jonathan Edwards 2668:way of salvation 2640: 2633: 2626: 2612: 2611: 2469:Reformed Baptist 2392:Reinhold Niebuhr 2332:Jonathan Edwards 2322:Francis Turretin 2247:Huldrych Zwingli 2226:Metrical psalter 2180:Scots Confession 2016:Reformation Wall 2013: 1990: 1989: 1986:Revival theology 1972:Eleazar Wheelock 1916:Halfway Covenant 1819:burning of books 1768:Henry Muhlenberg 1675:Jonathan Edwards 1592:of religion and 1461:Ebenezer Erskine 1453:communion season 1395:outward holiness 1136: 1129: 1122: 1108: 1107: 653:Prevenient grace 648:Outward holiness 515: 514: 433: 410: 409: 383:Halle University 370:and affections. 271:and encouraging 225:Jonathan Edwards 142: 135: 128: 114: 113: 1960–1980 111: 99: 98: 1855–1930 96: 84: 83: 1790–1840 81: 69: 68: 1730–1755 66: 49:Great Awakenings 45: 44: 35:Jonathan Edwards 21: 7979: 7978: 7974: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7969: 7968: 7934: 7933: 7932: 7927: 7913:Franklin Graham 7908:Dwight L. Moody 7871: 7857:Promise Keepers 7805: 7734: 7708: 7704:Sinner's prayer 7687:Revival meeting 7677:Mourner's bench 7648: 7569:Baptism by fire 7557: 7553:Revival of 1800 7543:Healing revival 7509:Great Awakening 7473: 7450: 7432: 7420:Reformed Family 7414: 7396: 7382:Wesleyan Church 7369:Holiness Family 7363: 7345: 7322: 7279: 7261: 7244:Lutheran Family 7238: 7188: 7183: 7153: 7143: 7141: 7129: 7121: 7119: 7114: 7064: 7051:Christian right 6953:Oxford Movement 6928:Restorationists 6899: 6814: 6747: 6682: 6633:Presbyterianism 6604: 6584:Book of Concord 6535: 6459: 6457: 6449: 6216: 6106: 6099: 5935: 5834: 5826: 5785:Clement of Rome 5715: 5708: 5612: 5606: 5495: 5477: 5472: 5415: 5410: 5397: 5364:Gillies, John. 5331: 5329:Primary sources 5326: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5285: 5229: (1998). 5226: 5193: 5134:10.2307/1895863 5117: 5064:Bumsted, J. M. 5053: 5048: 5046:Further reading 5043: 5000: 4979: 4956: 4928: 4908: 4886: 4820:10.2307/1922328 4799: 4787: (2008). 4784: 4776: 4760:Kidd, Thomas S. 4752: 4691:10.2307/3169849 4670: 4645: 4626: 4607: 4591: (1990). 4588: 4572:10.2307/1893821 4537: 4516: 4495: 4474: 4452: 4447: 4435: 4431: 4423: 4419: 4411: 4407: 4399: 4395: 4387: 4383: 4375: 4371: 4365:Wayback Machine 4356: 4352: 4344: 4340: 4332: 4328: 4315: 4311: 4303: 4299: 4291: 4287: 4279: 4275: 4267: 4263: 4254: 4250: 4241: 4237: 4229: 4225: 4217: 4213: 4205: 4201: 4193: 4189: 4181: 4177: 4169: 4165: 4157: 4153: 4145: 4141: 4133: 4129: 4121: 4117: 4109: 4105: 4097: 4093: 4085: 4081: 4073: 4069: 4061: 4057: 4049: 4040: 4032: 4028: 4020: 4016: 4008: 4004: 3996: 3992: 3984: 3980: 3972: 3968: 3960: 3956: 3948: 3941: 3929: 3925: 3917: 3913: 3905: 3901: 3893: 3889: 3881: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3859:Kee et al. 1998 3857: 3853: 3841: 3837: 3829: 3822: 3814: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3787: 3778: 3770: 3766: 3758: 3751: 3743: 3739: 3731: 3727: 3719: 3715: 3707: 3703: 3695: 3691: 3683: 3679: 3671: 3667: 3659: 3652: 3644: 3640: 3632: 3628: 3620: 3616: 3604: 3600: 3592: 3585: 3577: 3570: 3562: 3558: 3552:Bebbington 1989 3550: 3546: 3538: 3534: 3528:Kee et al. 1998 3526: 3522: 3514: 3507: 3494: 3490: 3469: 3462: 3451: 3447: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3417: 3413: 3405: 3396: 3383: 3379: 3371: 3367: 3359: 3355: 3343: 3339: 3331: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3304: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3277: 3273: 3265: 3258: 3250: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3226: 3222: 3210: 3206: 3198: 3191: 3183:, p. 110; 3179: 3175: 3169:Bebbington 1989 3167: 3158: 3150: 3146: 3138: 3134: 3126: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3104:Bebbington 1989 3102: 3098: 3089: 3087: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3066: 3062: 3054: 3050: 3043: 3039: 3038:, p. 186: 3034: 3027: 3023: 3018: 3006: 2993:Great Awakening 2985: 2922: 2890: 2885: 2843: 2818: 2743: 2683:Gilbert Tennent 2644: 2606: 2592: 2591: 2567: 2557: 2556: 2512:Marrow Brethren 2487: 2479: 2478: 2437: 2427: 2426: 2407:Jürgen Moltmann 2292:William Perkins 2239: 2231: 2230: 2135: 2127: 2126: 2070: 2062: 2061: 2042: 2034: 1988: 1980:Yale University 1952: 1876: 1866:Gilbert Tennent 1858: 1827:Increase Mather 1815:James Davenport 1752: 1649: 1633:Gilbert Tennent 1621:William Tennent 1584:, and European 1582:Presbyterianism 1516:Middle Colonies 1496: 1491: 1485: 1469:Cambuslang Work 1414: 1408: 1183:Great Awakening 1140: 1102: 1088: 1087: 1086: 1034: 1026: 1025: 1001: 993: 992: 976:Pastoral charge 956: 948: 947: 911: 910: 894: 893: 892: 806: 789: 779: 778: 744:Mourner's bench 734:Revival service 717: 707: 706: 602: 583: 580: 554:Apostles' Creed 512: 502: 501: 500: 459: 446: 438: 408: 403: 387:Moravian Church 340: 235:an emphasis on 213:Presbyterianism 194:Great Awakening 158:Great Awakening 146: 112: 97: 82: 67: 37:' 1741 sermon " 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7977: 7967: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7929: 7928: 7926: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7898:C. 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Scofield 7895: 7890: 7885: 7879: 7877: 7873: 7872: 7870: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7813: 7811: 7807: 7806: 7804: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7771:Jesus movement 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7742: 7740: 7736: 7735: 7733: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7716: 7714: 7710: 7709: 7707: 7706: 7701: 7700: 7699: 7694: 7684: 7682:Prayer warrior 7679: 7674: 7673: 7672: 7662: 7656: 7654: 7650: 7649: 7647: 7646: 7641: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7616: 7611: 7606: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7571: 7565: 7563: 7559: 7558: 7556: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7539: 7538: 7533: 7528: 7527: 7526: 7516: 7506: 7501: 7496: 7491: 7485: 7483: 7479: 7478: 7475: 7474: 7472: 7471: 7466: 7460: 7458: 7452: 7451: 7449: 7448: 7442: 7440: 7434: 7433: 7431: 7430: 7424: 7422: 7416: 7415: 7413: 7412: 7406: 7404: 7398: 7397: 7395: 7394: 7389: 7384: 7379: 7373: 7371: 7365: 7364: 7362: 7361: 7355: 7353: 7347: 7346: 7344: 7343: 7338: 7332: 7330: 7324: 7323: 7321: 7320: 7315: 7310: 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6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6614: 6612: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6602: 6597: 6592: 6587: 6580: 6575: 6574: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6545: 6543: 6534: 6533: 6528: 6523: 6521:Law and Gospel 6518: 6513: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6497: 6496: 6486: 6481: 6476: 6471: 6465: 6463: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6447: 6446: 6445: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6410: 6409: 6408: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6358: 6353: 6348: 6343: 6338: 6333: 6328: 6323: 6318: 6313: 6312: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6276: 6275: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6226: 6224: 6218: 6217: 6215: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6202:Ottoman Empire 6199: 6194: 6189: 6184: 6179: 6174: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6153: 6152: 6147: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6111: 6109: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6097: 6092: 6091: 6090: 6076: 6071: 6066: 6061: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6032: 6027: 6022: 6017: 6016: 6015: 6014: 6013: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5962: 5961: 5956: 5945: 5943: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5933: 5931:Biblical canon 5928: 5927: 5926: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5886: 5885: 5880: 5870: 5865: 5860: 5855: 5854: 5853: 5842: 5840: 5832:Late antiquity 5828: 5827: 5825: 5824: 5819: 5818: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5780:Church Fathers 5773: 5768: 5763: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5720: 5718: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5706: 5705: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5653: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5622: 5616: 5614: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5503: 5501: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5493: 5488: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5471: 5470: 5463: 5456: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5414: 5413:External links 5411: 5409: 5408: 5392: 5376: 5369: 5362: 5355: 5348: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5324: 5305: 5303: 5302:Historiography 5300: 5298: 5297: 5290: 5283: 5270: 5263: 5249: 5242: 5235: 5222: 5210:10.2307/365880 5204:(4): 650–659. 5189: 5182: 5175: 5168: 5161: 5146: 5128:(4): 681–706. 5113: 5106: 5099: 5092: 5077: 5062: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5041: 5015:(4): 683–739. 5009:Church History 5004: 4998: 4983: 4977: 4960: 4954: 4932: 4926: 4911: 4906: 4890: 4884: 4869: 4832: 4803: 4797: 4780: 4774: 4756: 4750: 4733: 4724: 4711: 4685:(4): 695–721. 4679:Church History 4674: 4668: 4649: 4643: 4630: 4624: 4611: 4605: 4584: 4566:(2): 305–325. 4552: 4541: 4535: 4520: 4514: 4499: 4493: 4478: 4472: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4445: 4429: 4417: 4405: 4393: 4381: 4369: 4350: 4338: 4336:, p. 217. 4326: 4309: 4297: 4285: 4273: 4261: 4248: 4235: 4223: 4211: 4199: 4187: 4175: 4163: 4151: 4139: 4127: 4115: 4103: 4091: 4079: 4067: 4055: 4038: 4026: 4014: 4012:, p. 194. 4002: 3990: 3988:, p. 290. 3978: 3976:, p. 289. 3966: 3964:, p. 275. 3954: 3952:, p. 273. 3939: 3935:Winiarski 2005 3923: 3921:, p. 293. 3911: 3899: 3897:, p. 272. 3887: 3875: 3863: 3851: 3835: 3833:, p. 286. 3820: 3818:, p. 285. 3805: 3793: 3791:, p. 284. 3776: 3774:, p. 283. 3764: 3762:, p. 271. 3749: 3737: 3725: 3713: 3701: 3699:, p. 282. 3689: 3677: 3675:, p. 270. 3665: 3663:, p. 269. 3650: 3638: 3626: 3624:, p. xiv. 3614: 3608:, p. 30; 3598: 3596:, p. 287. 3583: 3568: 3556: 3544: 3532: 3530:, p. 412. 3520: 3505: 3488: 3460: 3452:Wesley, John. 3445: 3431: 3411: 3394: 3377: 3365: 3363:, p. 112. 3353: 3351:, p. 102. 3347:, p. 45; 3337: 3335:, p. 110. 3322: 3320:, p. 102. 3310: 3295: 3283: 3271: 3256: 3244: 3232: 3220: 3214:, p. 42; 3204: 3189: 3173: 3156: 3144: 3132: 3130:, p. 127. 3120: 3118:, p. 263. 3108: 3096: 3072: 3070:, p. 354. 3060: 3048: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3017: 3014: 3013: 3012: 3005: 3002: 2984: 2981: 2921: 2918: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2883:Social effects 2881: 2848:sanctification 2842: 2839: 2817: 2814: 2775:predestination 2742: 2739: 2723:means of grace 2646: 2645: 2643: 2642: 2635: 2628: 2620: 2617: 2616: 2594: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2568: 2563: 2562: 2559: 2558: 2555: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2502:Federal Vision 2499: 2494: 2488: 2485: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2477: 2476: 2471: 2466: 2464:Congregational 2461: 2460: 2459: 2454: 2444: 2438: 2433: 2432: 2429: 2428: 2425: 2424: 2422:Michael Horton 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2402:T. F. Torrance 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2377:Geerhardus Vos 2374: 2369: 2367:B. B. Warfield 2364: 2362:Herman Bavinck 2359: 2357:Abraham Kuyper 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2327:Richard Baxter 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2302:William Twisse 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2254: 2249: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2229: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2211: 2210: 2209: 2204: 2203: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2182: 2177: 2176: 2175: 2173:Canons of Dort 2170: 2165: 2155: 2145: 2136: 2133: 2132: 2129: 2128: 2125: 2124: 2119: 2117:Predestination 2114: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2093: 2092: 2087: 2077: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2064: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2014: 2006: 2005: 1999: 1998: 1987: 1984: 1951: 1948: 1857: 1854: 1808:Timothy Cutler 1751: 1748: 1648: 1645: 1637:Dutch Reformed 1580:, Scots-Irish 1540:Congregational 1524:Dutch Reformed 1495: 1494:Early revivals 1492: 1484: 1481: 1422:Daniel Rowland 1407: 1404: 1399: 1398: 1391: 1384: 1195:Charles Wesley 1159:Charles Wesley 1142: 1141: 1139: 1138: 1131: 1124: 1116: 1113: 1112: 1090: 1089: 1085: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1036: 1035: 1032: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1023: 1021:Evangelicalism 1018: 1013: 1008: 1002: 1000:Related groups 999: 998: 995: 994: 991: 990: 989: 988: 978: 973: 968: 963: 961:Connexionalism 957: 954: 953: 950: 949: 946: 945: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 912: 909: 908: 905: 901: 900: 899: 896: 895: 891: 890: 885: 879: 878: 877: 872: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 842: 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 815:Francis Asbury 812: 807: 805: 804: 802:Charles Wesley 799: 793: 790: 785: 784: 781: 780: 777: 776: 771: 766: 761: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 731: 726: 718: 713: 712: 709: 708: 703: 702: 701: 700: 698:Works of mercy 695: 693:Works of piety 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 598: 590: 589: 585: 584: 582: 581: 574: 572: 565: 558: 557: 556: 551: 541: 540: 539: 534: 523: 520: 519: 513: 508: 507: 504: 503: 499: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 462: 461: 460: 450: 447: 444: 443: 440: 439: 434: 426: 425: 419: 418: 407: 404: 402: 399: 339: 336: 320:African slaves 289:Congregational 186:evangelicalism 148: 147: 145: 144: 137: 130: 122: 119: 118: 117: 116: 101: 86: 71: 53: 52: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7976: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7941: 7939: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7918:Jerry Falwell 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7880: 7878: 7876:Major figures 7874: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7808: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7743: 7741: 7737: 7731: 7730:Televangelism 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7717: 7715: 7711: 7705: 7702: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7689: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7671: 7668: 7667: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7657: 7655: 7651: 7645: 7642: 7640: 7637: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7605: 7602: 7600: 7597: 7595: 7592: 7590: 7587: 7585: 7582: 7580: 7577: 7575: 7572: 7570: 7567: 7566: 7564: 7560: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7537: 7534: 7532: 7529: 7525: 7522: 7521: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7511: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7495: 7492: 7490: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7480: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7461: 7459: 7457: 7453: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7441: 7439: 7435: 7429: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7421: 7417: 7411: 7408: 7407: 7405: 7403: 7399: 7393: 7390: 7388: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7374: 7372: 7370: 7366: 7360: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7352: 7348: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7329: 7325: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7290: 7288: 7286: 7282: 7276: 7273: 7272: 7270: 7268: 7264: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7249: 7247: 7245: 7241: 7235: 7232: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7198: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7180: 7175: 7173: 7168: 7166: 7161: 7160: 7157: 7150: 7140: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7127: 7124: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7105:Protestantism 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7075: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7067: 7061: 7058: 7056: 7052: 7049: 7046: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7006: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6978:Azusa Revival 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6958:Laestadianism 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6902: 6896: 6895:Old Lutherans 6892: 6889: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6848: 6845: 6844: 6843: 6840: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6821: 6811: 6810: 6806: 6804: 6803: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6758: 6756: 6754: 6750: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6738: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6693: 6691: 6689: 6685: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6611: 6607: 6601: 6598: 6596: 6593: 6591: 6588: 6586: 6585: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6561:Diet of Worms 6559: 6557: 6556: 6552: 6551: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6538: 6532: 6529: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6495: 6492: 6491: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6462: 6461:Protestantism 6456: 6452: 6444: 6441: 6440: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6357: 6354: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6344: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6332: 6329: 6327: 6324: 6322: 6319: 6317: 6314: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6280: 6277: 6271: 6268: 6267: 6266: 6263: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6219: 6213: 6212:North America 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6185: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6175: 6173: 6170: 6168: 6165: 6163: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6110: 6108: 6102: 6096: 6093: 6089: 6086: 6085: 6084: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6072: 6070: 6067: 6065: 6062: 6060: 6057: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5951: 5950: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5932: 5929: 5925: 5921: 5918: 5917: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5875: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5833: 5829: 5823: 5822:Early African 5820: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5805:Justin Martyr 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5782: 5781: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5726: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5711: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5627: 5626: 5625:Life of Jesus 5623: 5621: 5618: 5617: 5615: 5613:Apostolic Age 5609: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5555: 5553: 5550: 5548: 5545: 5543: 5540: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5498: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5483: 5480: 5476: 5469: 5464: 5462: 5457: 5455: 5450: 5449: 5446: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5405: 5401: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5374: 5370: 5367: 5363: 5360: 5356: 5353: 5349: 5346: 5345:0-300-01437-6 5342: 5338: 5334: 5333: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5307: 5306: 5295: 5291: 5286: 5284:0-521-89232-5 5280: 5276: 5271: 5268: 5265:Smith, Lisa. 5264: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5247: 5243: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5199: 5190: 5187: 5183: 5180: 5176: 5173: 5170:Isaac, Rhys. 5169: 5166: 5162: 5159: 5158:0-8195-6133-9 5155: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5100: 5097: 5093: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5075: 5074:0-03-086651-0 5071: 5067: 5063: 5060: 5056: 5055: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5005: 5001: 4995: 4991: 4990: 4984: 4980: 4974: 4969: 4968: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4942: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4923: 4919: 4918: 4912: 4909: 4907:1-84474-001-3 4903: 4899: 4895: 4894:Noll, Mark A. 4891: 4887: 4881: 4877: 4876: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4809: 4804: 4800: 4794: 4790: 4781: 4777: 4771: 4767: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4751:0-13-578071-3 4747: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4731:. Bloomsbury. 4730: 4725: 4720: 4719: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4684: 4680: 4675: 4671: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4656: 4650: 4646: 4640: 4636: 4631: 4627: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4608: 4602: 4597: 4596: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4548: 4542: 4538: 4532: 4528: 4527: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4507: 4506: 4500: 4496: 4494:0-415-10464-5 4490: 4487:. Routledge. 4486: 4485: 4479: 4475: 4473:0-385-11164-9 4469: 4465: 4464: 4459: 4455: 4454: 4442: 4438: 4433: 4426: 4421: 4414: 4409: 4402: 4397: 4391:, p. 14. 4390: 4385: 4378: 4373: 4366: 4362: 4359: 4354: 4347: 4342: 4335: 4330: 4323: 4319: 4313: 4306: 4301: 4294: 4289: 4283:, p. 19. 4282: 4277: 4270: 4265: 4258: 4252: 4245: 4239: 4232: 4227: 4221:, p. 38. 4220: 4219:Matthews 1992 4215: 4208: 4203: 4196: 4195:Caldwell 2017 4191: 4185:, p. 39. 4184: 4183:Caldwell 2017 4179: 4173:, p. 38. 4172: 4171:Caldwell 2017 4167: 4160: 4159:Caldwell 2017 4155: 4149:, p. 42. 4148: 4147:Caldwell 2017 4143: 4137:, p. 30. 4136: 4135:Caldwell 2017 4131: 4125:, p. 28. 4124: 4123:Caldwell 2017 4119: 4112: 4107: 4101:, p. 25. 4100: 4099:Caldwell 2017 4095: 4088: 4087:Caldwell 2017 4083: 4077:, p. 22. 4076: 4075:Caldwell 2017 4071: 4065:, p. 20. 4064: 4063:Caldwell 2017 4059: 4053:, p. 29. 4052: 4051:Caldwell 2017 4047: 4045: 4043: 4035: 4034:Caldwell 2017 4030: 4023: 4022:Caldwell 2017 4018: 4011: 4010:Campbell 1996 4006: 4000:, p. 11. 3999: 3998:Caldwell 2017 3994: 3987: 3986:Ahlstrom 2004 3982: 3975: 3974:Ahlstrom 2004 3970: 3963: 3962:Ahlstrom 2004 3958: 3951: 3950:Ahlstrom 2004 3946: 3944: 3936: 3933:, p. 3; 3932: 3927: 3920: 3919:Ahlstrom 2004 3915: 3908: 3903: 3896: 3895:Ahlstrom 2004 3891: 3884: 3883:Ahlstrom 2004 3879: 3872: 3871:Ahlstrom 2004 3867: 3860: 3855: 3848: 3844: 3839: 3832: 3831:Ahlstrom 2004 3827: 3825: 3817: 3816:Ahlstrom 2004 3812: 3810: 3803:, p. 14. 3802: 3801:Caldwell 2017 3797: 3790: 3789:Ahlstrom 2004 3785: 3783: 3781: 3773: 3772:Ahlstrom 2004 3768: 3761: 3760:Ahlstrom 2004 3756: 3754: 3746: 3741: 3734: 3729: 3722: 3717: 3710: 3705: 3698: 3697:Ahlstrom 2004 3693: 3687:, p. 13. 3686: 3681: 3674: 3673:Ahlstrom 2004 3669: 3662: 3661:Ahlstrom 2004 3657: 3655: 3647: 3642: 3635: 3630: 3623: 3618: 3611: 3607: 3602: 3595: 3594:Ahlstrom 2004 3590: 3588: 3580: 3575: 3573: 3565: 3560: 3554:, p. 33. 3553: 3548: 3542:, p. 70. 3541: 3536: 3529: 3524: 3518:, p. 40. 3517: 3512: 3510: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3475: 3467: 3465: 3457: 3456: 3449: 3434: 3428: 3424: 3423: 3415: 3408: 3403: 3401: 3399: 3390: 3389: 3381: 3375:, p. 42. 3374: 3369: 3362: 3357: 3350: 3346: 3341: 3334: 3329: 3327: 3319: 3314: 3308:, p. 44. 3307: 3302: 3300: 3293:, p. 99. 3292: 3287: 3281:, p. 97. 3280: 3275: 3269:, p. 39. 3268: 3263: 3261: 3253: 3248: 3241: 3236: 3230:, p. 43. 3229: 3224: 3218:, p. 40. 3217: 3213: 3208: 3202:, p. 73. 3201: 3196: 3194: 3187:, p. 37. 3186: 3182: 3177: 3171:, p. 20. 3170: 3165: 3163: 3161: 3153: 3148: 3142:, p. 36. 3141: 3136: 3129: 3128:Campbell 1996 3124: 3117: 3116:Ahlstrom 2004 3112: 3106:, p. 12. 3105: 3100: 3086: 3082: 3076: 3069: 3064: 3057: 3056:Ahlstrom 2004 3052: 3037: 3032: 3030: 3025: 3011: 3008: 3007: 3001: 2999: 2994: 2990: 2980: 2978: 2974: 2968: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2957:Samuel Davies 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2917: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2895:Hannah Heaton 2880: 2878: 2874: 2873:mortification 2870: 2865: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2854: 2849: 2838: 2836: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2813: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2769:. Due to the 2768: 2764: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2738: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2691:Samuel Davies 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2641: 2636: 2634: 2629: 2627: 2622: 2621: 2619: 2618: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2604: 2603:Protestantism 2600: 2596: 2595: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2569: 2566: 2565:Organizations 2561: 2560: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2537:New Calvinism 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2527:Neo-Calvinism 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2475: 2472: 2470: 2467: 2465: 2462: 2458: 2457:United States 2455: 2453: 2450: 2449: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2439: 2436: 2435:Denominations 2431: 2430: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2352:Charles Hodge 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2342:Philip Schaff 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2307:Moses Amyraut 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2287:Theodore Beza 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2248: 2245: 2244: 2243: 2235: 2234: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2205: 2201: 2198: 2196: 2193: 2191: 2188: 2187: 2186: 2183: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2160: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2149: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2140: 2139: 2138:List of texts 2131: 2130: 2123: 2122:Scholasticism 2120: 2118: 2115: 2113: 2110: 2108: 2107:Lord's Supper 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2088: 2086: 2083: 2082: 2081: 2078: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2066: 2065: 2058: 2057:Protestantism 2055: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2045: 2044: 2038: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2028:Theodore Beza 2025: 2021: 2020:William Farel 2017: 2012: 2008: 2007: 2004: 2001: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1991: 1983: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1964: 1960: 1957: 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1348: 1344: 1339: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1300:Martin Luther 1297: 1293: 1292:Peter Boehler 1288: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1242:Henry Scougal 1239: 1235: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1176: 1172: 1171:John Fletcher 1168: 1167:Joseph Benson 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1137: 1132: 1130: 1125: 1123: 1118: 1117: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1100: 1099:Protestantism 1096: 1092: 1091: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1061: 1060:Circuit rider 1058: 1057: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1030: 1029: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1003: 997: 996: 987: 986:Penitent band 984: 983: 982: 981:Class meeting 979: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 958: 952: 951: 944: 943: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 913: 906: 903: 902: 898: 897: 889: 886: 884: 881: 880: 876: 873: 871: 870:Phoebe Palmer 868: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 855:Albert Outler 853: 851: 850:Howell Harris 848: 846: 843: 841: 838: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 821: 818: 816: 813: 811: 810:Richard Allen 808: 803: 800: 798: 795: 794: 792: 791: 788: 783: 782: 775: 772: 770: 767: 765: 762: 760: 757: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 724: 720: 719: 716: 711: 710: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 658:Real presence 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 616: 614: 611: 609: 606: 604: 603:of the saints 599: 597: 594: 593: 592: 591: 587: 586: 579: 578: 573: 571: 570: 566: 564: 563: 559: 555: 552: 550: 547: 546: 545: 542: 538: 537:New Testament 535: 533: 532:Old Testament 530: 529: 528: 525: 524: 522: 521: 517: 516: 511: 506: 505: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 486:Nonconformism 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 463: 457: 453: 449: 448: 442: 441: 437: 432: 428: 427: 424: 421: 420: 416: 412: 411: 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C. 5125: 5121: 5109: 5102: 5095: 5080: 5065: 5058: 5012: 5008: 4988: 4966: 4940: 4936:Stout, Harry 4916: 4897: 4874: 4843:(1): 12–25. 4840: 4836: 4811: 4807: 4788: 4764: 4741: 4728: 4717: 4682: 4678: 4654: 4634: 4615: 4594: 4563: 4559: 4546: 4525: 4504: 4483: 4462: 4450:Bibliography 4437:Heimert 1966 4432: 4420: 4408: 4396: 4389:Lambert 2002 4384: 4376: 4372: 4353: 4341: 4329: 4317: 4312: 4300: 4293:Lambert 2002 4288: 4276: 4264: 4251: 4238: 4226: 4214: 4202: 4190: 4178: 4166: 4154: 4142: 4130: 4118: 4111:Sweeney 2005 4106: 4094: 4082: 4070: 4058: 4036:, p. 8. 4029: 4017: 4005: 3993: 3981: 3969: 3957: 3926: 3914: 3909:, p. 8. 3902: 3890: 3878: 3866: 3854: 3849:, p. 2. 3838: 3796: 3767: 3740: 3728: 3716: 3704: 3692: 3680: 3668: 3641: 3636:, p. 8. 3629: 3617: 3612:, p. 2. 3601: 3581:, p. 2. 3566:, p. 1. 3559: 3547: 3535: 3523: 3516:Sweeney 2005 3500: 3496: 3491: 3473: 3453: 3448: 3436:. 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Packer 2257:Martin Bucer 2213: 2143:Geneva Bible 2047:Christianity 1965: 1961: 1956:sectarianism 1953: 1932: 1924: 1904: 1902:boundaries. 1877: 1851: 1839: 1812: 1804: 1800: 1788:First Church 1784:South Church 1772: 1753: 1743: 1729: 1727: 1711: 1688: 1668: 1665:was preached 1660: 1655:Monument in 1629:Samuel Blair 1618: 1575: 1571:Universalism 1567:Unitarianism 1532:Presbyterian 1497: 1449:conventicles 1437:Stuart Kings 1434: 1415: 1400: 1364: 1357: 1340: 1328: 1315: 1314:, and saved 1311: 1307: 1289: 1278: 1253: 1245: 1237: 1231: 1214: 1186: 1182: 1180: 1095:Christianity 1093: 955:Organization 940: 860:James Varick 830:Orange Scott 759:Tent revival 749:Camp meeting 721: 688:Views on sin 575: 567: 560: 549:Nicene Creed 475: 372: 341: 313: 293:Presbyterian 265: 249:Jesus Christ 237:providential 202: 197: 193: 161: 157: 156:, sometimes 153: 151: 103: 88: 73: 59: 58: 7629:Full Gospel 7110:Catholicism 7047:Protestants 7041:Evangelical 6716:39 Articles 6711:Elizabethan 6688:Anglicanism 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2492:Afrikaners 2382:Karl Barth 2347:John Nevin 2041:Background 1908:separatist 1835:retraction 1736:John Guyse 1714:enthusiasm 1610:God's love 1578:Puritanism 1439:to impose 1386:They are " 1355:movement. 1211:asceticism 754:Tabernacle 739:Altar call 445:Background 342:Historian 328:missionary 205:Puritanism 51:in America 7739:Movements 7653:Practices 6998:Ecumenism 6948:Adventism 6938:Mormonism 6874:Millerism 6869:Methodism 6824:1640–1789 6726:Civil War 6673:Orthodoxy 6628:Huguenots 6610:Calvinism 6595:Eucharist 6590:Orthodoxy 6474:Eucharist 6406:Five Ways 6356:Dulcinian 6309:Pomerania 6235:Gregory I 6079:Vatican I 6069:Modernism 6054:Molinists 6044:Guadalupe 5915:Chalcedon 5910:Ephesus I 5900:Augustine 5776:Apostolic 5759:Montanism 5724:Diversity 5500:Centuries 5037:162865349 4865:142221704 4707:162370757 4460:(2004) . 4334:Kidd 2007 4322:Kidd 2008 4281:Kidd 2008 3843:Kidd 2007 3745:Kidd 2007 3733:Kidd 2007 3721:Kidd 2007 3709:Noll 2004 3685:Kidd 2007 3646:Kidd 2007 3634:Kidd 2007 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I 5868:Councils 5800:Irenaeus 5795:Ignatius 5790:Polycarp 5744:Donatism 5739:Docetism 5734:Arianism 5635:Ministry 5382:(1960). 5029:27644661 4938:(1991). 4896:(2004), 4762:(2007). 4361:Archived 3004:See also 2916:(1753). 2779:creation 2721:and the 2697:form of 2552:Puritans 2542:Pilgrims 2474:Anglican 2069:Theology 1995:a series 1993:Part of 1856:Conflict 1722:mystical 1703:election 1691:Arminian 1536:Lutheran 1528:Anglican 1324:Herrnhut 1250:Puritans 1173:and the 907:Churches 510:Doctrine 415:a series 413:Part of 391:Herrnhut 352:Lutheran 172:and its 7562:Thought 7482:History 7123:Portals 7083:Martyrs 6879:Pietism 6809:Ausbund 6781:Müntzer 6706:Cranmer 6653:Baptism 6618:Zwingli 6469:Erasmus 6418:Avignon 6401:Aquinas 6391:Francis 6386:Dominic 6346:Cathars 6341:Bosnian 6331:Bernard 6326:Abelard 6299:Moravia 6284:Bohemia 6270:Iceland 6192:Serbian 6172:Georgia 6167:Armenia 6105:Eastern 6006:Jesuits 5682:Gospels 5630:Baptism 5386:(ed.). 5261:2712305 5241:(1978). 5181:(2010). 5142:1895863 4857:1562488 4828:1922328 4699:3169849 4662:Press. 4580:1893821 2934:Baptist 2703:Puritan 2102:Baptism 1880:schisms 1718:visions 1606:sinners 1590:revival 1586:Pietism 1559:atheism 1544:Baptist 1520:Quakers 1473:Kilsyth 1365:classes 1266:Bristol 1067:Steward 883:Bishops 715:Worship 491:Pietism 452:History 406:England 350:in the 348:Pietism 305:Quakers 297:Baptist 209:Pietism 170:Britain 160:or the 6771:Grebel 6623:Calvin 6549:Luther 6443:Synods 6321:Anselm 6304:Poland 6260:Gothic 6255:Franks 6240:Celtic 6207:Russia 6187:Syriac 6177:Greece 6064:Teresa 6011:Xavier 5949:Papacy 5895:Jerome 5815:Origen 5716:period 5491:Spread 5400: 5396: 5343: 5322:363855 5320: 5281: 5269:(2012) 5259: 5248:(2001) 5225: 5218:365880 5216: 5192: 5188:(1994) 5156: 5140: 5116: 5112:(1957) 5087: 5072: 5035: 5027: 4996: 4975: 4952: 4924: 4904: 4882: 4863: 4855: 4826: 4795: 4783: 4772: 4748: 4705: 4697: 4666: 4641: 4622: 4603: 4587: 4578: 4533: 4512: 4491: 4470: 3481: 3429: 2787:prayer 2689:, and 2662:, and 2030:, 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