678:
355:
was enjoying a resurgence. In 1864, the
General Synod's constitution was amended to require synods to accept the Augsburg Confession as a correct presentation of fundamental doctrines. By 1913, all of the Lutheran confessions had been officially adopted by the General Synod. While doctrines and
380:
The constitution required a convention to be held every two years. Member synods were entitled to send an equal number of clerical and lay delegates to conventions in proportion to the number of ministers belonging to each synod. For every ten ministers it possessed, a synod was awarded one
377:. The General Synod was also responsible for creating general boards to oversee the missionary and benevolent activities of the church, such as foreign and home missions. It could offer advice on doctrinal or disciplinary disputes when requested to by synods, congregations or ministers.
305:, with some parts deemed "fundamental" doctrines and others labeled "non-fundamental". Fundamental doctrines alone were required to be believed. Fundamental doctrines included biblical teachings with which other Protestants agreed, and the General Synod did stand in opposition to the
171:
denomination in the United States. Established in 1820, it was the first national
Lutheran body to be formed in the U.S. and by 1918 had become the third largest Lutheran group in the nation. In 1918, the General Synod merged with other Lutheran denominations to create the
381:
additional clerical delegate and an equal number of lay delegates. An ordained minister was elected to preside over the convention as president. A secretary and a treasurer were also elected from among the deputies. Their term of office ended when the next convention met.
364:
The
General Synod was structured as a voluntary association of regional Lutheran church bodies called district synods. As a result, its authority over member synods was limited by its constitution. The General Synod was responsible for adopting
231:, meanwhile, had ceased operations and would not become active again until 1837. Nevertheless, the second convention of the General Synod took place in 1823, with the newly established West Pennsylvania Synod becoming a member.
17:
356:
practices contradicting the confessions were still tolerated in the
General Synod, the moves toward a more orthodox and confessional position made a merger with the Lutheran General Council a real possibility.
348:
theology, a development that was termed "American
Lutheranism" or "New School Lutheranism". The Platform specifically sought to eliminate references to baptismal regeneration and the real presence.
1174:
687:
Domestic missionary work was conducted by member synods. The
General Synod sponsored foreign missions in Liberia and India, where it established the Arthur G. Watts Memorial College at
251:
89:
1194:
204:, and the Synod of Maryland and Virginia. The Pennsylvania Ministerium had suggested the creation of a general synod two years earlier and took the lead in organizing it. The
242:. In 1863, the southern synods were offended over Civil War resolutions passed by the General Synod. In response, they withdrew and formed a General Synod for the
1110:
1136:
Definite
Platform, Doctrinal and Disciplinarian, for Evangelical Lutheran District Synods: Constructed in Accordance with the Principles of the General Synod
1179:
1184:
1189:
269:. By the time of the merger, the General Synod ranked third in size among the largest Lutheran bodies in America. In 1916, it reported 477,434
677:
258:. This was about two-thirds of the entire Lutheran population in America. The resulting numerical losses totaled 76,000 communicants.
205:
1101:
Proceedings of the Forty-Eighth
Convention of the General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the United States of America
1035:
732:
266:
177:
209:
261:
In 1918, the
General Synod, the General Council and the United Synod of the South were reunited with the formation of the
1077:
1047:
262:
173:
102:
340:
proposed revisions to the
Augsburg Confession in order to make it more acceptable to American sensibilities, namely
254:
was formed by dissatisfied members of the General Synod. Before these secessions, the General Synod claimed 164,000
691:
in 1885. The Synod also sponsored a number of orphanages and nursing homes. Educational institutions included:
243:
329:
235:
224:
1134:
289:
The early history of the General Synod has been characterized as one of loose commitment to Lutheran
247:
83:
61:
454:
352:
228:
197:
176:. Both the General Synod and the United Lutheran Church are predecessor bodies to the contemporary
148:
1130:
727:
321:
310:
648:
Created by the merger of the Synod of New York & New Jersey (which had split off from the
1088:
709:
649:
345:
298:
219:
In 1823, the Pennsylvania Ministerium withdrew itself to pursue plans for a union with the
201:
189:
8:
1151:
1072:(revised and expanded ed.). Waco, Texas: Baylor University Press. pp. 605–606.
704:
428:
302:
1153:
The Lutherans in America; a story of struggle, progress, influence and marvelous growth.
1111:"General Synod of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the United States of America, The"
737:
722:
700:
681:
489:
239:
1090:
The United Lutheran Church (General Synod, General Council, United Synod in the South)
1093:. American Lutheranism. Vol. 2. St. Louis, Missouri: Concordia Publishing House.
1073:
1043:
325:
220:
714:
695:
234:
Like many Protestant denominations, the General Synod was split over the issue of
1159:
1099:
1065:
653:
1168:
616:
Included congregations in Nebraska, Kansas, Missouri, Colorado, the Dakotas.
314:
250:). In 1866, the General Synod further split over theological issues when the
274:
213:
131:
306:
278:
255:
138:
1038:. In Hill, Samuel S.; Lippy, Charles H.; Wilson, Charles Reagan (eds.).
18:
Evangelical Lutheran General Synod of the United States of North America
41:
193:
370:
366:
341:
290:
309:
making inroads into other Lutheran bodies. The doctrines concerning
270:
252:
General Council of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in North America
168:
124:
90:
General Council of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in North America
51:
857:
855:
853:
161:
Evangelical Lutheran General Synod of the United States of America
227:. The New York Ministerium, which was started with the help of
212:
refused to join, citing concerns that the new body would be too
1109:
Lueker, Erwin L.; Poellot, Luther; Jackson, Paul, eds. (2000).
920:
918:
850:
688:
564:
Formed in 1845 as a conference of the East Pennsylvania Synod.
374:
294:
978:
966:
954:
942:
930:
915:
1175:
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America predecessor churches
1104:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Lutheran Publication Society.
1042:(2nd ed.). Mercer University Press. pp. 472–474.
838:
301:. Furthermore, distinctions were made between parts of the
867:
513:
Included congregations in Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin.
1195:
Lutheran denominations established in the 19th century
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
903:
891:
828:
826:
824:
822:
809:
807:
805:
766:
1108:
861:
1011:
990:
879:
819:
802:
790:
778:
1139:. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Miller and Burlock.
457:who advocated the use of English & revivals.
1166:
442:Included congregations in western Pennsylvania.
575:Included congregations in Kansas and Missouri.
238:and the political and military conflict of the
1097:
984:
972:
960:
948:
936:
924:
844:
743:The General Synod published two periodicals:
293:. Its constitution lacked references to the
192:, as a union or federation of four regional
1180:Religious organizations established in 1820
188:The General Synod was organized in 1820 at
1033:
873:
719:Martin Luther Seminary (Lincoln, Nebraska)
328:and interdenominational agencies like the
223:in Pennsylvania based on the model of the
1129:
897:
1185:1820 establishments in the United States
676:
627:Included Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico.
1190:Lutheran denominations in North America
1066:"Schmucker, Samuel S(imon) (1799-1873)"
14:
1167:
1063:
909:
267:Evangelical Lutheran Church in America
178:Evangelical Lutheran Church in America
1086:
1040:Encyclopedia of Religion in the South
1017:
1005:
885:
832:
813:
796:
784:
772:
427:Originally an English branch of the
749:Lutheran Church Worker and Observer
453:Organized by former members of the
24:
1144:
862:Lueker, Poellot & Jackson 2000
33:Evangelical Lutheran General Synod
25:
1206:
263:United Lutheran Church in America
174:United Lutheran Church in America
103:United Lutheran Church in America
27:Historical American Lutheran body
1064:Balmer, Randall Herbert (2004).
200:, the North Carolina Synod, the
1027:
672:
359:
1070:Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism
1034:Armentrout, Donald S. (2005).
13:
1:
754:
497:Olive Branch Synod of Indiana
244:Confederate States of America
1117:. Concordia Publishing House
330:American Sunday School Union
7:
682:Muhlenberg Mission, Liberia
488:Organized by professors of
334:Definite Synodical Platform
10:
1211:
1156:New York: J.A. Hill, 1889.
656:, and Melanchthon Synods.
590:Wartburg Synod of Illinois
518:Central Pennsylvania Synod
284:
225:Prussian Union of churches
183:
1087:Bente, Friedrich (1919).
248:United Synod of the South
147:
117:
109:
98:
84:United Synod of the South
77:
67:
62:National Lutheran Council
57:
47:
37:
32:
1160:Lutheran Witness Vol. 32
759:
482:Wittenberg Synod of Ohio
455:Pennsylvania Ministerium
353:Confessional Lutheranism
317:were rejected, however.
229:Johann Christopher Kunze
198:Pennsylvania Ministerium
163:, commonly known as the
1131:Schmucker, Samuel Simon
632:Southern Illinois Synod
507:Northern Illinois Synod
447:East Pennsylvania Synod
411:West Pennsylvania Synod
351:By the 1850s, however,
265:, a predecessor of the
1098:General Synod (1917).
745:The Lutheran Quarterly
728:Susquehanna University
684:
548:Central Illinois Synod
538:Northern Indiana Synod
311:baptismal regeneration
710:Hamma Divinity School
680:
652:) with the Hartwick,
610:German Nebraska Synod
277:members, and 260,720
1150:Wolf, Edmund Jacob.
1115:Christian Cyclopedia
650:New York Ministerium
621:Rocky Mountain Synod
346:American evangelical
299:Lutheran confessions
202:New York Ministerium
190:Hagerstown, Maryland
73:Hagerstown, Maryland
705:Gettysburg Seminary
661:West Virginia Synod
462:Miami Synod of Ohio
429:Joint Synod of Ohio
386:
322:Samuel S. Schmucker
303:Augsburg Confession
246:(later renamed the
206:Joint Synod of Ohio
167:, was a historical
985:General Synod 1917
973:General Synod 1917
961:General Synod 1917
949:General Synod 1917
937:General Synod 1917
925:General Synod 1917
845:General Synod 1917
738:Wittenberg College
701:Gettysburg College
685:
490:Wittenberg College
384:
240:American Civil War
1036:"Lutheran Church"
715:Hartwick Seminary
670:
669:
558:Susquehanna Synod
324:, a supporter of
273:members, 366,728
221:Reformed churches
157:
156:
16:(Redirected from
1202:
1154:
1140:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1105:
1094:
1083:
1060:
1058:
1056:
1021:
1015:
1009:
1003:
988:
982:
976:
970:
964:
958:
952:
946:
940:
934:
928:
922:
913:
907:
901:
895:
889:
883:
877:
871:
865:
859:
848:
842:
836:
830:
817:
811:
800:
794:
788:
782:
776:
775:, p. 12–13.
770:
733:Western Seminary
696:Carthage College
600:California Synod
472:Pittsburgh Synod
387:
385:District Synods
383:
30:
29:
21:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1165:
1164:
1152:
1147:
1145:Further reading
1120:
1118:
1080:
1054:
1052:
1050:
1030:
1025:
1024:
1016:
1012:
1004:
991:
987:, pp. 4–8.
983:
979:
971:
967:
959:
955:
947:
943:
935:
931:
923:
916:
908:
904:
896:
892:
884:
880:
874:Armentrout 2005
872:
868:
860:
851:
843:
839:
831:
820:
812:
803:
795:
791:
783:
779:
771:
767:
762:
757:
723:Midland College
675:
436:Allegheny Synod
421:East Ohio Synod
362:
332:, proposed the
287:
210:Tennessee Synod
186:
72:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1208:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1163:
1162:
1157:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1141:
1127:
1106:
1095:
1084:
1078:
1061:
1048:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1010:
989:
977:
975:, p. 374.
965:
963:, p. 378.
953:
951:, p. 377.
941:
939:, p. 376.
929:
927:, p. 375.
914:
912:, p. 606.
902:
898:Schmucker 1855
890:
878:
876:, p. 473.
866:
849:
847:, p. 112.
837:
818:
801:
789:
777:
764:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
741:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
717:
712:
707:
698:
674:
671:
668:
667:
665:
662:
658:
657:
646:
643:
642:New York Synod
639:
638:
636:
633:
629:
628:
625:
622:
618:
617:
614:
611:
607:
606:
604:
601:
597:
596:
594:
591:
587:
586:
584:
581:
580:Nebraska Synod
577:
576:
573:
570:
566:
565:
562:
559:
555:
554:
552:
549:
545:
544:
542:
539:
535:
534:
532:
529:
525:
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522:
519:
515:
514:
511:
508:
504:
503:
501:
498:
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493:
486:
483:
479:
478:
476:
473:
469:
468:
466:
463:
459:
458:
451:
448:
444:
443:
440:
437:
433:
432:
425:
422:
418:
417:
415:
412:
408:
407:
405:
402:
401:Maryland Synod
398:
397:
394:
391:
361:
358:
286:
283:
185:
182:
155:
154:
151:
145:
144:
143:
142:
135:
128:
119:
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
100:
96:
95:
94:
93:
87:
79:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
59:
55:
54:
49:
45:
44:
39:
38:Classification
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1207:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1138:
1137:
1132:
1128:
1116:
1112:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1085:
1081:
1079:9781932792041
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1051:
1049:9780865547582
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1031:
1020:, p. 19.
1019:
1014:
1008:, p. 16.
1007:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
986:
981:
974:
969:
962:
957:
950:
945:
938:
933:
926:
921:
919:
911:
906:
899:
894:
888:, p. 31.
887:
882:
875:
870:
863:
858:
856:
854:
846:
841:
835:, p. 18.
834:
829:
827:
825:
823:
816:, p. 17.
815:
810:
808:
806:
799:, p. 13.
798:
793:
787:, p. 20.
786:
781:
774:
769:
765:
752:
750:
746:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
708:
706:
702:
699:
697:
694:
693:
692:
690:
683:
679:
666:
663:
660:
659:
655:
651:
647:
644:
641:
640:
637:
634:
631:
630:
626:
623:
620:
619:
615:
612:
609:
608:
605:
602:
599:
598:
595:
592:
589:
588:
585:
582:
579:
578:
574:
571:
568:
567:
563:
560:
557:
556:
553:
550:
547:
546:
543:
540:
537:
536:
533:
530:
527:
526:
523:
520:
517:
516:
512:
509:
506:
505:
502:
499:
496:
495:
491:
487:
484:
481:
480:
477:
474:
471:
470:
467:
464:
461:
460:
456:
452:
449:
446:
445:
441:
438:
435:
434:
430:
426:
423:
420:
419:
416:
413:
410:
409:
406:
403:
400:
399:
395:
392:
389:
388:
382:
378:
376:
372:
368:
357:
354:
349:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
316:
315:real presence
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
232:
230:
226:
222:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
181:
179:
175:
170:
166:
165:General Synod
162:
153:1,451 in 1916
152:
150:
146:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
121:
120:
116:
113:1,848 in 1916
112:
110:Congregations
108:
104:
101:
97:
91:
88:
85:
82:
81:
80:
76:
70:
66:
63:
60:
56:
53:
50:
46:
43:
40:
36:
31:
19:
1135:
1119:. Retrieved
1114:
1100:
1089:
1069:
1053:. Retrieved
1039:
1028:Bibliography
1013:
980:
968:
956:
944:
932:
905:
893:
881:
869:
840:
792:
780:
768:
748:
744:
742:
686:
673:Institutions
569:Kansas Synod
379:
363:
360:Organization
350:
337:
333:
319:
288:
279:communicants
260:
256:communicants
233:
218:
214:hierarchical
187:
164:
160:
158:
139:communicants
58:Associations
1055:October 10,
910:Balmer 2004
307:rationalism
99:Merged into
78:Separations
48:Orientation
1169:Categories
1121:October 7,
1018:Bente 1919
1006:Bente 1919
886:Bente 1919
833:Bente 1919
814:Bente 1919
797:Bente 1919
785:Bente 1919
773:Bente 1919
755:References
528:Iowa Synod
367:catechisms
326:revivalism
42:Protestant
654:Franckean
393:Organized
371:liturgies
342:Calvinist
320:In 1855,
291:orthodoxy
275:confirmed
149:Ministers
132:confirmed
1133:(1855).
747:and the
396:Comment
338:Platform
313:and the
297:and the
271:baptized
208:and the
169:Lutheran
137:260,720
130:366,728
125:baptized
123:477,434
52:Lutheran
375:hymnals
285:Beliefs
236:slavery
184:History
141:in 1916
134:members
127:members
118:Members
1076:
1046:
689:Guntur
336:. The
196:: the
194:synods
105:(1918)
92:(1866)
86:(1863)
68:Origin
760:Notes
390:Synod
295:Bible
71:1820
1123:2016
1074:ISBN
1057:2016
1044:ISBN
703:and
664:1912
645:1908
635:1901
624:1891
613:1891
603:1891
593:1876
583:1873
572:1868
561:1867
551:1867
541:1855
531:1855
521:1855
510:1851
500:1848
485:1847
475:1845
465:1844
450:1842
439:1842
424:1836
414:1825
404:1820
344:and
159:The
373:or
1171::
1113:.
1068:.
992:^
917:^
852:^
821:^
804:^
751:.
492:.
431:.
369:,
281:.
216:.
180:.
1125:.
1082:.
1059:.
900:.
864:.
20:)
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