3079:(between the painting and the painting's subject), and by drawing an animal doing some kind of action, the artist believed they were exerting that same action onto the animal. That is, by being the master of the image, they could master the animal itself. The hunting magic model – and the idea that art was magical and utilitarian in Cro-Magnons society – gained much popularity in the following decades. In this model, herbivorous prey items were depicted as having been wounded prior to a hunt in order to cast a spell over them; some animals were incompletely depicted to enfeeble them; geometric designs were traps; and human/animal hybrids were sorcerers dressed as animals to gain their power, or were gods ruling over the animals. Many animals were depicted as completely healthy and intact, and sometimes pregnant, which this model interprets as fertility magic to promote reproduction; however, if the animal was a carnivore, then this model says that the depiction served to destroy the animal. By the mid-20th century, this model was being contested because of how few depictions of wounded animals exist; the collection of consumed animal bones in decorated caves often did not match types of animals depicted in terms of abundance; and the magic model does not explain hand stencils.
2395:
2077:
2909:. These were typically constructed following the LGM after 22,000 years ago by Epi-Gravettian peoples; the earliest hut identified comes from the Molodova I site, Ukraine, which was dated to 44,000 years ago (making it possible it was built by Neanderthals). Typically, these huts measured 5 m (16 ft) in diameter, or 4 m Ă 6 m (13 ft Ă 20 ft) if oval shaped. Huts could get as small as 3 m Ă 2 m (9.8 ft Ă 6.6 ft). One of the largest huts has a diameter of 12.5 m (41 ft) – a 25,000 year old hut identified in Kostenki, Russia – and was constructed out of 64 mammoth skulls, but given the little evidence of occupation, this is postulated to have been used for food storage rather than as a living space. Some huts have burned bones, which has typically been interpreted as bones used as fuel for fireplaces due to the scarcity of firewood, and/or disposal of waste. A few huts, however, have evidence of wood burning, or mixed wood/bone burning.
4454:
4580:
2301:
Europeans stemmed from Near
Eastern and Siberian introgression occurring predominantly in the Neolithic and the Bronze Age (though beginning by 14,000 years ago), but all Cro-Magnons specimens including and following Kostenki-14 contributed to the present-day European genome and were more closely related to present-day Europeans than East Asians. Earlier Cro-Magnons (10 tested in total), on the other hand, did not seem to be ancestral to any present-day population, nor did they form any cohesive group in and of themselves, each representing either completely distinct genetic lineages, admixture between major lineages, or have highly divergent ancestry. Because of these, the study also concluded that, beginning roughly 37,000 years ago, Cro-Magnons descended from a single founder population and were reproductively isolated from the rest of the world. The study reported that an Aurignacian individual from
2152:
4355:
3630:
3187:
4374:
3086:, the study of cave art took on a much more statistical approach, analysing and quantifying items such as the types and distribution of animals depicted, cave topography, and cave wall morphology. Based on such structuralist tests, horses and bovines seem to have been preferentially clustered together typically in a central position, and such binary organisation led to the suggestion that this was sexual symbolism, and some animals and iconography were designated by Cro-Magnons as either male or female. This conclusion has been heavily contested as well, due to the subjective definition of association between two different animals, and the great detail the animals were depicted in, permitting sexual identification (and further, the hypothesis that bison were supposed to be feminine contradicts the finding that many are male).
2059:
4213:, France, dating to 14 to 12 thousand years ago, measuring 16 cm (6.3 in) long and decorated with geometric incisions. In the mammoth-bone houses at Mezine, Ukraine, an 80 cm Ă 20 cm (31.5 in Ă 7.9 in) thigh-bone, a 53 cm Ă 50 cm (21 in Ă 20 in) jawbone, a 57 cm Ă 63 cm (22 in Ă 25 in) shoulder blade, and a 63 cm Ă 43 cm (25 in Ă 17 in) pelvis of a mammoth bear evidence of paint and repeated percussion. These were first proposed by archaeologist Sergei Bibikov to have served as drums, with either a reindeer antler or mammoth tusk fragment also found at the site being used as a drum stick, though this is contested. Other European sites have yielded potential
3618:
4071:
3143:
2041:
1736:
44:
4439:
3455:
3439:
4546:
into a position of high status. However, about 75% of Cro-Magnon skeletons were men, which sharply contrasts with the predominance of depictions of women in art. Because of the great amount of time, labour, and resources all these grave goods would have required, it has been hypothesised that the grave goods were made long in advance of the ceremony. Because of such planning for multiple burials as well as their abundance in the archaeological record, the seemingly purposeful presence of both sexes, and an apparent preference for individuals with some congenital disorder (about a third of identified burials), it is generally speculated that these cultures practiced
3712:. Beads could be manufactured in numerous different styles, such as conical, elliptical, drop-shaped, disc-shaped, ovoid, rectangular, trapezoidal, and so on. Beads may have been used to facilitate social communication, to display the wearer's socio-economic status, as they could have been capable of communicating labour costs (and thereby, a person's wealth, energy, connections, etc.) simply by looking at them. The distribution of ornaments on buried Gravettian individuals, and the likeliness that most of the buried were dressed with whatever they were wearing upon death, indicates that jewellery was primarily worn on the head as opposed to the neck or the torso.
3734:
3419:
2140:
3649:
4493:), pigments, the legs and jaws (possibly with meat still on them) of red and roe deer, and a red deer antler positioned upright. The trench and offerings were then filled in with dirt, and a seemingly flower-like arrangement of bright cylindrical pieces of red, yellow, and green pigments was placed on top. This was then buried with clay, stone slabs, and bone spearpoints. The clay shell was covered by a 900 kg (2,000 lb) slab of limestone supported by large flat stones. Somewhat similar structures associated with some representation of a human have also been found elsewhere in Magdalenian Spain, such as at
3919:
4704:
3931:
3240:) most dating from 29 to 23 thousand years ago. Almost all Venuses depict naked women, and are generally hand-held sized. They feature a downturned head, no face, thin arms which end at or cross over voluminous breasts, rotund buttocks, a distended abdomen (interpreted as pregnancy), tiny and bent legs, and pegged or unnaturally short feet. Venuses vary in proportions which may represent limitations using certain materials over others, or intentional design choices. Eastern European Venuses seem to have more of an emphasis on the breasts and stomach, whereas western European ones emphasise the hips and thighs.
4677:
4647:
least 1 skull cup was transported from a different site. In addition, Gough's Cave also yielded a human radius with a zig-zag engraving. Compared to other artefacts in the cave or common to the
Magdalenian period, the radius was modified quite little, with the engraving probably quickly etched on (indicated by scrape marks not recorded on any other Magdalenian engraving), and the bone broken and discarded soon thereafter. This may indicate the bone's only function was as a tool in some cannibalistic and/or funerary ritual, rather than being prepared to be carried around by the group as an ornament or tool.
4596:
2586:
3746:
4033:
2706:(and matriarchal) society. Matriarchs were then conquered by patriarchs at the dawn of civilisation. The switch from matriarchy to patriarchy and the hypothetical adoption of monogamy was seen as a leap forward. However, when the first Palaeolithic representations of humans were discovered, the so-called Venus figurines – which typically feature pronounced breasts, buttocks, and vulvas (areas generally sexualised in present-day Western Culture) – they were initially interpreted as pornographic in nature. The first Venus discovered was named the "
3287:
3947:
3319:
3159:
4526:
to
Siberia, whereas the latter conspicuously restricted to Italy, Germany, and southwest France. About half of buried Gravettians were infants, whereas infant burials were much less common post-LGM, but it is debated if this was due to social differences or infant mortality rates. Graves are also commonly associated with animal remains and tools, but it is unclear if this was intentional or was coincidentally a part of the filler. They are much less common post-LGM, and post-LGM graves are more commonly associated with ornaments than Gravettian graves.
3586:
3403:
3518:
3387:
4565:
3375:
4182:
2561:). Post-LGM peoples tend to have a higher rate of nutrient deficiency related ailments, including a reduction in height, which indicates these bands (probably due to decreased habitable territory) had to consume a much broader and less desirable food range to survive. The popularisation of game drive systems may have been an extension of increasing food return. In particularly southwestern France, Cro-Magnons depended heavily upon reindeer, and so it is hypothesised that these communities followed the herds, with occupation of the
3303:
3335:
2791:
3722:
2809:, and if western and northern Europe were less mobile. Some cultural practices such as creating Venus figurines or specific burial rituals during the Gravettian stretched 2,000 km (1,200 mi) across the continent. Genetic evidence suggests that, despite strong evidence of cultural transmission, Gravettian Europeans did not introgress into Siberians, meaning there was a movement of ideas but not people between Europe and Siberia. At the 30,000 year old Romanian Poiana CireĆului site, perforated shells of the
3688:
raw materials over other ones, and they seem to have upheld local bead making traditions for a very long time. For example, Mediterranean communities used specific types of marine shells to make beads and pendants for more than 20,000 years; and central and western
European communities often used pierced animal (and less commonly human) teeth. In the Aurignacian, beads and pendants were being made of shells, teeth, ivory, stone, bone, and antler; and there are a few examples of use of fossil materials including a
3534:
4003:
2022:
3061:) or by applying paint to the hand and then sticking it to the wall. Some hand stencils are missing fingers, but it is unclear if the artist was actually missing the finger or simply excluded it from the stencil. It has generally been assumed that the larger prints were left by men and the smaller ones by boys, but the exclusion of women entirely may be improbable. Though many hypotheses have been proposed for the symbolism of cave art, it is still debated why these works were created in the first place.
4018:
1344:
2890:
3072:, in which a group or a group member identifies with a certain animal associated with certain powers, and honours or respects this animal in some way such as by not hunting it. If this were the case, then Cro-Magnons communities within a region would have subdivided themselves into, for example, a "horse clan", a "bison clan", a "lion clan", and so forth. This was soon contested as some caves contain depictions of animals wounded by projectiles, and generally multiple species are represented.
4314:" or "God of Les Trois FrĂšres" seems to bear human legs and feet, paws, a deer head with antlers, a fox or horse tail, a beard, and a flaccid penis, interpreted as dancing on all-fours. Another smaller sorcerer with a bison head, human legs and feet, and upright posture stands above several animal depictions, and is interpreted as holding and playing a musical bow to herd all the animals. The third sorcerer has a seemingly bison upper body and human lower body with testicles and an erection.
4118:
2671:
4166:. The part near the elbow joint had two V-shaped carvings, presumably a mouthpiece. Ivory flutes would have required a great time investment to make, as it requires more skill and precision to craft compared to a bird bone flute. A section of ivory must be sawed off to the correct size, cut in half so it can be hollowed out, and then the two pieces have to be refitted and stuck together by an adhesive in an air-tight seal. Cro-Magnons also created bone whistles out of deer phalanges.
2957:
3602:
2491:" became associated with this event and early modern cultures. It is largely agreed that the Upper Palaeolithic seems to feature a higher rate of technological and cultural evolution than the Middle Palaeolithic, but it is debated if behavioural modernity was truly an abrupt development or was a slow progression initiating far earlier than the Upper Paleolithic, especially when considering the non-European archaeological record. Practices considered modern include: the production of
4390:
3271:
2858:
4099:
3175:
3899:
12275:
4420:
3502:
4298:, where a figure with a bison upper body and human lower body was drawn onto a stalactite, facing a depiction of a vulva with two tapering legs. The 17,000 year old Grotte de Lascaux, France, has a seemingly dead bird-human hybrid between a rhino and a charging bison, with a bird on top of a pole placed near the figure's right hand. A bird on a stick is used as a symbol of mystical power by some modern shamanistic cultures who believe that birds are
12299:
3486:
4542:, Italy, and Brno, Czech Republic), and the grave of these two children is unique in bearing any functional implements (the spears) as well as a bone from another individual (a partial femur). The 5 other buried individuals from Sungir did not receive nearly as many grave goods, with one seemingly given no formal treatment whatsoever. However, most Gravettian graves feature few ornaments, and the buried were probably wearing them before death.
3764:
4657:
2925:, jaws, and the spine. Long bones were often used as poles, commonly placed on the end of another long bone or in the cavity of where tusk used to be. Foundation may have extended as far as 40 cm (16 in) underground. Generally, multiple huts were built in a locality, placed 1â20 m (3â70 ft) apart depending on location. Tusks may have been used to make entrances, skins pulled over for roofing, and the interior sealed up by
3203:
4612:
2832:, which can only be manufactured in heat in excess of 900 °C (1,650 °F), which was probably impossible for Cro-Magnons; this means they likely encountered natural hausmannite which is known to be found 250 km (160 mi) away in the Pyrenees. Unless there was a hausmannite source much closer to Lascaux which has since been depleted, this could mean that there was a local economy based on manganese ores. Also, at
2774:
less than 100 depictions of males in the Cro-Magnons archaeological record (of them, about a third are depicted with erections.) On the other hand, most individuals which received a burial (which may have been related to social status) were men. Anatomically, the robustness of limbs (which is an indicator of strength) between Cro-Magnon men and women were consistently not appreciably different from each other. Such low levels of
4341:". A 28,000 year old "puppet" was identified at Brno, Czech Republic, consisting of an isolated head piece, torso piece, and left arm piece. It is presumed that the head and torso were connected by a rod, and the torso and arm by some string allowing the arm to move. Because it was found in a grave, this is speculated to have belonged to a shaman for use in rituals involving the dead. A 14,000 year old large stone from
1631:
1437:
2251:, seems to have descended from a common ancestor about 6â10 thousand years ago somewhere in northern Europe. Such a late timing was potentially caused by overall low population and/or low cross-continental movement required for such an adaptive shift in skin, hair, and eye colouration. However, KITLG experienced positive selection in Cro-Magnons (as well as East Asians) beginning approximately 30,000 years ago.
1711:
12287:
11336:
2212:). This has variously been explained as: retention of a hypothetically tall ancestral condition; higher-quality diet and nutrition due to the hunting of megafauna which later became uncommon or extinct; functional adaptation to increase stride length and movement efficiency while running during a hunt; increasing territorialism among later Cro-Magnons reducing gene flow between communities and increasing
2208:
sample of 21 and 15 late Upper
Palaeolithic western European men and women (after the Last Glacial Maximum), the averages were 165.6 cm (5 ft 5 in) and 153.5 cm (5 ft), similar to pre-industrial modern humans. It is unclear why earlier Cro-Magnons were taller, especially considering that cold-climate creatures are short-limbed and thus short-statured to better retain body heat (
3365:, or tattooing. The purpose of perforated batons has been debated, which suggestions for spiritual or religious purposes, ornamentation or status symbol, currency, drumsticks, tent holders, weaving tools, spear straighteners, spear throwers, or dildos. Unperforated phallic batons, measuring just a few centimetres long to up to 30 cm (12 in), were interpreted as sex toys quite early on.
3476:. Of the discernible figures, most represent mammoths and lions, and a few horses, bison, possibly a rhino, waterfowl, fish, and small mammals. These sculptures are hand-sized and would have been portable works, and some figurines were made into wearable pendants. Some figurines also featured enigmatic engravings, dots, marks, lines, hooks, and criss-cross patterns.
2495:, the common use of bone and antler, the common use of grinding and pounding tools, high quality evidence of body decoration and figurine production, long-distance trade networks, and improved hunting technology. In regard to art, the Magdalenian produced some of the most intricate Palaeolithic pieces, and they even elaborately decorated normal, everyday objects.
4051:
2557:. There are also multiple examples of consumption of seasonally abundant fish, becoming more prevalent in the mid-Upper-Palaeolithic. Nonetheless, Magdalenian peoples appear to have had a greater dependence on small animals, aquatic resources, and plants than predecessors, probably due to the relative scarcity of European big game following the LGM (
3660:. For Cro-Magnons, it is typically assumed that ochre was used for some symbolic purposes, most notably for cosmetics such as body paint. This is because ochre in some sites had to be imported from very long distances, and it is also associated with burials. It is unclear why they specifically chose red ochre instead of other colours. In terms of
1406:(which developed from the Bohunician) which existed 41,000 to 37,000 years ago; or from the Ahmarian or similar cultures from the Near East or the Caucasus that existed before 40,000 years ago. It is further debated where the earliest occurrence is identified, with the former hypothesis arguing for Germany about 37,500 years ago, and the latter
2410:~50kya) split from the common Eurasian lineage before the divergence of Western and Eastern Eurasians, but after the divergence of the hypothetical Basal-Eurasians. This earliest sample did not cluster with any modern human population, including Africans, and died out without leaving ancestry to modern peoples. The second wave (represented by
4120:
4124:
4123:
4119:
2870:
the same time, or if the site was used multiple times. Cro-Magnons are thought to have been quite mobile, indicated by the great lengths of trade routes, and such a lifestyle was likely supported by the constructions of temporary shelters in open environments, such as huts. Evidence of huts is typically associated with a hearth.
4125:
3672:". It is also possible that ochre was chosen for its utility, such as an ingredient for adhesives, hide tanning agent, insect repellent, sunscreen, medicinal properties, dietary supplement, or as a soft hammer. Cro-Magnons appear to have been using grinding and crushing tools to process ochre before applying it to the skin.
4736:. Cavemen are often represented in front of a cave or fighting a dangerous animal; wielding stone, bone, or wooden tools usually for combat; and dressed in an exposing fur cloak. Men often are depicted with unkempt, unstyled, shoulder-length or longer hair, usually with a beard. Cavemen first appeared in visual media in
3989:(a strip of cloth bordering around the tops of the breasts) with some even featuring straps connecting it to around the neck; these seem to be absent in western European Venuses. Some also wear belts: in eastern Europe, these are seen on the waist; whereas in central and western Europe they are worn on the low hip. The
5032:, a Siberian individual who showed no genetic continuity to later Eurasians. This contrasts with the ~40,000-year-old East Asian individual from Tianyuan whose genome is more closely related to many present-day Asians and Native Americans than to Europeans. From Europe, only the partial genome of an individual called
3679:, which they speculated might have been used in tattooing. Hypothesised depictions of penises from most commonly the Magdalenian (though a few dating back to the Aurignacian) appear to be decorated with tattoos, scarification, and piercings. Designs include lines, plaques, dots or holes, and human or animal figures.
1776:) people in Britain, or was swept far from the inhabited lands farther south by the powerful floodwaters. Buckland assumed the specimen was a woman because he was adorned with jewellery (shells, ivory rods and rings, and a wolf-bone skewer), and Buckland also stated (possibly in jest) the jewellery was evidence of
147:(LGM), Cro-Magnons had overall low population density, tall stature similar to post-industrial humans, and expansive trade routes stretching as long as 900 km (560 mi), and hunted big game animals. Cro-Magnons had much higher populations than the Neanderthals, possibly due to higher fertility rates;
4345:, Spain, seems to have been carved to be the conjoined face of a man on the right and a big cat on the left (when facing it). The man half seems to feature a moustache and a beard. The cat half (either a leopard or a lion) has slanting eyes, a snout, a fang, and spots on the muzzle suggestive of whiskers.
8038:
Seguin-Orlando, A.; Korneliussen, T. S.; Sikora, M.; Malaspinas, A.-S.; Manica, A.; Moltke, I.; Albrechtsen, A.; Ko, A.; Margaryan, A.; Moiseyev, V.; Goebel, T.; Westaway, M.; Lambert, D.; Khartanovich, V.; Wall, J. D.; Nigst, P. R.; Foley, R. A.; Lahr, M. M.; Nielsen, R.; Orlando, L.; Willerslev, E.
4122:
2869:
Cro-Magnon cave sites quite often feature distinct spatial organisation, with certain areas specifically designated for specific activities, such as hearth areas, kitchens, butchering grounds, sleeping grounds, and trash pile. It is difficult to tell if all material from a site was deposited at about
2191:
For 28 modern human specimens from 190 to 25 thousand years ago, average brain volume was estimated to have been about 1,478 cc (90.2 cu in), and for 13 Cro-Magnons about 1,514 cc (92.4 cu in). In comparison, present-day humans average 1,350 cc (82 cu in),
1417:
III rockshelter in Crimea about 38 to 36 thousand years ago. In either case, the appearance of the
Gravettian coincides with a significant temperature drop. Also around 37,000 years ago, the founder population of all later early modern humans existed, and Europe would remain in genetic isolation from
1398:
culture, the close of the
Aurignacian is poorly defined. "Aurignacoid" or "Epi-Aurignacian" tools are identified as late as 18 to 15 thousand years ago. It is also unclear where the Gravettian originated from as it diverges strongly from the Aurignacian (and therefore may not have descended from it).
4646:
as those from
Neolithic Europe, with incisions being made along the midline of the skull (whereas the Native American method of scalping involved a circular incision around the crown). Earlier examples of non-ritual cannibalism in Europe do not seem to have followed the same method of defleshing. At
4545:
Due to such rich material culture and the marked difference of treatment between different individuals, it has been suggested that these peoples had a complex society beyond band level, and with social class distinction. In this model, young individuals given elaborate funerals were potentially born
4317:
Some drawn human figures feature lines radiating out. These are generally interpreted as wounded people, with the lines representing pain or spears, possibly related to some initiation process for shamans. One such "wounded man" at Grotte de
Cougnac, France, is drawn on the chest of a red Irish elk.
4262:
and colleagues postulated that among "Nostratic languages", frequently used words more often have speculated cognates, and that this was evidence that 23 identified words were "ultraconserved" and supposedly changed very little in use and pronunciation, descending from a common ancestor about 15,000
4169:
Such sophisticated music technology could potentially speak to a much longer musical tradition than the archaeological record indicates, as modern hunter-gatherers have been documented to create instruments out of: more biodegradable materials (less likely to fossilise) such as reeds, gourds, skins,
3857:
in
European sites. Ivory needles are found in most late Upper Palaeolithic sites, which could correlate to frequent sewing, and the predominance of small needles (too small to tailor clothes out of hide and leather) could indicate work on softer woven fabrics or accessory stitching and embroidery of
3356:
out of horn, bone, or stone, most commonly through the Solutrean and Magdalenian. Such batons disappear from the archaeological record at the Magdalenian's close. Some batons seem phallic in nature. By 2010, about 60 batons had been hypothesised to be representations of penises (all with erections),
2804:
The Upper Palaeolithic is characterised by evidence of expansive trade routes and the great distances at which communities could maintain interactions. The early Upper Palaeolithic is especially known for highly mobile lifestyles, with Gravettian groups (at least those analysed in Italy and Moravia,
2422:
compared to Europeans, suggesting that this lineage split initially after the formation of Eastern Eurasians, and migrated instead northwestwards into Europe. This lineage similarly did not contribute ancestry to later populations, and was replaced by a West-Eurasian lineage (~40kya), which expanded
2207:
In early Upper Palaeolithic western Europe (before the Last Glacial Maximum), 20 men and 10 women were estimated to have averaged 176.2 cm (5 ft 9 in) and 162.9 cm (5 ft 4 in), respectively. This is similar to post-industrial modern northern Europeans. In contrast, in a
151:
for both species was typically under 40 years. Following the LGM, population density increased as communities travelled less frequently (though for longer distances), and the need to feed so many more people in tandem with the increasing scarcity of big game caused them to rely more heavily on small
4525:
Most burials are dated to the Gravettian (most notably 31â29 thousand years ago) and towards the end of the Magdalenian (from 14 to 11 thousand years ago). None are identified during the Aurignacian. Gravettian burials seem to differ from post-LGM ones. The former ranged across Europe from Portugal
4521:
Cro-Magnons buried their dead, commonly with a variety symbolic grave goods as well as red ochre, and multiple people were often buried in the same grave. However, the archaeological record has yielded few graves, less than 5 preserved per millennium, which could indicate burials were seldom given.
3040:
Cro-Magnons are well known for having painted or engraved geometric designs, hand stencils, plants, animals, and seemingly human/animal hybrid creatures on cave walls deep inside caves. Typically the same species are represented in caves which have such art, but the total number of species is quite
2988:
from Siberia – which could indicate there were multiple attempts at domesticating European wolves. These "dogs" had a wide size range, from over 60 cm (2 ft) in height in eastern Europe to less than 30â45 cm (1 ftâ1 ft 6 in) in central and western Europe, and
2390:
7.3%) Neanderthal DNA, indicating a Neanderthal ancestor up to four to six generations earlier, but this hybrid Romanian population does not appear to have made a substantial contribution to the genomes of later Europeans. Therefore, it is possible that interbreeding was common between Neanderthals
2171:
Cro-Magnons are physically similar to present-day humans, with a globular braincase, completely flat face, gracile brow ridge, and defined chin. However, the bones of Cro-Magnons are somewhat thicker and more robust. The earliest Cro-Magnons often display features that are reminiscent of those seen
4537:
canines, ivory pins, disc pendants, ivory animal figurines, and mammoth tusk spears. The beads were a third the size of those found with a man from the same site, which could indicate these small beads were specifically designed for the children. Only two other Upper Palaeolithic graves were found
3687:
Cro-Magnons produced beads, which are typically assumed to have been attached to clothing or portable items as body decoration. Beads had already been in use since the Middle Palaeolithic, but production dramatically increased in the Upper Palaeolithic. It is unclear why communities chose specific
2773:
site in Brno, Czech Republic (it is also the only statuette found in a Palaeolithic grave). 2-D Magdalenian engravings from 15 to 11 thousand years ago do depict males, indicated by an erect penis and facial hair, though profiles of women with an exaggerated buttock are much more common. There are
2722:
goddess of beauty, in itself implies an erotic function. Such a pattern in the representation of the human form led to suggestions that human forms were generally pornography for men, meaning men were primarily responsible for artwork and craftsmanship in the Palaeolithic whereas women were tasked
2625:
made of mammoth tusk was identified in Poland (though it may have been unable to return to the thrower), and dating to 23,000 years ago, it would be the oldest known boomerang. Stone spearheads with leaf- and shouldered-points become more prevalent in the Solutrean. Both large and small spearheads
2540:
were possibly seasonally plagued by insects rendering fur sometimes unsuitable for hideworking. There is much evidence that Cro-Magnons, especially in western Europe following the LGM, corralled large prey animals into natural confined spaces (such as against a cliff wall, a cul-de-sac, or a water
2427:. Proper Aurignacian people (40-26kya) were still part of a large Western Eurasian "meta-population", related to Paleolithic Siberian and Western Asian populations. Earlier samples (such as the Bacho Kiro sample) were relatively closer to East Asians and Australasians, although distinct from them.
2121:
Native Americans which live in cold climates and applied to this to Cro-Magnons; and assumed that population density continually increased with time calculated by the change in the number of total sites per time period. The study calculated that: from 40 to 30 thousand years ago the population was
3255:
for Cro-Magnons involved obesity, or that the Venuses were used by men as erotica due to the exaggeration of body parts typically sexualised in Western Culture (as well as the lack of detail to individualising traits such as the face and limbs). Extending present-day Western norms to Palaeolithic
2569:
only occurring in the summer. Epi-Gravettian communities, in contrast, generally focused on hunting one species of large game, most commonly horse or bison. It is possible that human activity, in addition to the rapid retreat of favourable steppeland, inhibited recolonisation of most of Europe by
3575:
Czech archaeologist Bohuslav KlĂma speculated a complex engraving on a mammoth tusk he discovered in the Gravettian Pavlov site, Czech Republic, as being a map, showing a meandering river centre-left, a mountain centre-right, and a living grounds at the centre indicated by a double circle. A few
2300:
from 45,000 years ago, found no evidence of a "Basal Eurasian" component to the genome, nor did they find evidence of Mal'taâBuret' introgression when looking at a wider range of Cro-Magnons from the entire Upper Palaeolithic. The study instead concluded that such a genetic makeup in present-day
1718:
The number of individuals at the Cro-Magnon rock shelter has eluded scientists for over a century. The original workers reported that they found 15 skeletons. In his report, Lartet identified five individuals based on the skulls, three of them males (designated Cro-Magnon 1, 3 and 4), one female
7988:
Sikora, Martin; Seguin-Orlando, Andaine; Sousa, Vitor C.; Albrechtsen, Anders; Korneliussen, Thorfinn; Ko, Amy; Rasmussen, Simon; Dupanloup, Isabelle; Nigst, Philip R.; Bosch, Marjolein D.; Renaud, Gabriel; Allentoft, Morten E.; Margaryan, Ashot; Vasilyev, Sergey V.; Veselovskaya, Elizaveta V.;
7441:
p.204-205: "Conversely, the earliest anatomically modern human skulls from Europe often exhibit features reminiscent of Neanderthals (see Chapter 7). In addition, some typical Neanderthal features are found in diverse living populations such as Bushmen from Southern Africa, Finns and Saami from
5096:
Whereas the earliest modern humans in Europe did not contribute substantially to present-day Europeans, all individuals between ~37,000 and ~14,000 years ago descended from a single founder population which forms part of the ancestry of present-day Europeans." (...) "First, at least some of the
4153:
from Hohle Fels measures 21.8 cm (8.6 in) in length and 0.8 cm (0.31 in) in diameter. The bone had been smoothed down and was pierced with holes. These finger holes exhibit cut marks, which could indicate the exact placement of these holes was specifically measured to create
3026:, Spain, in 1879. The "art for art's sake" model came apart by the turn of the century as more examples of cave art were found in hard-to-reach places in western Europe such as Combarelles and Font-de-Gaume, for which the idea of it being simply a leisure activity became increasingly untenable.
2815:
sea snail were recovered, which is significant as it inhabits the Mediterranean at nearest 900 km (560 mi) away. Such interlinkage may have been an important survival tool, with the steadily deteriorating climate. Given low estimated population density, this may have required a rather
5433:
Smith, Geoff M.; Ruebens, Karen; Zavala, Elena Irene; Sinet-Mathiot, Virginie; Fewlass, Helen; Pederzani, Sarah; Jaouen, Klervia; Mylopotamitaki, Dorothea; Britton, Kate; Rougier, HélÚne; Stahlschmidt, Mareike; Meyer, Matthias; Meller, Harald; Dietl, Holger; Orschiedt, Jörg; Krause, Johannes;
3017:
When examples of Upper Palaeolithic art were first discovered in the 19th century in the form of engraved objects, they were assumed to have been "art for art's sake" as Palaeolithic peoples were widely conceived as having been uncultured savages. This model was primarily championed by French
2486:
There is a notable technological complexification coinciding with the replacement of Neanderthals with Cro-Magnons in the archaeological record, and so the terms "Middle Palaeolithic" and "Upper Palaeolithic" were created to distinguish between these two time periods. Largely based on western
2819:
By and following the LGM, population densities are thought to have been much higher with the marked decrease of habitable lands, resulting in more regional economies. Decreased land availability could have increased travel distance, as habitable refugia may have been few and far between, and
2006:
movement – which fought to remove political and cultural bias from science and had begun about a century earlier – had gained popular support in European anthropology. Due to this movement and raciology's associations with Nazism, raciology fell out of practice.
4144:
out of hollow bird bones as well as mammoth ivory, first appearing in the archaeological record with the Aurignacian about 40,000 years ago in the German Swabian Jura. The Swabian Jura flutes appear to have been able to produce a wide range of tones. One virtually complete flute made of the
2101:
The beginning of the Upper Palaeolithic is thought to have been characterised by a major population increase in Europe, with the human population of western Europe possibly increasing by a factor of 10 in the Neanderthal/modern human transition. The archaeological record indicates that the
3005:
and probably died between 19 and 23 weeks of age. It would have required extensive human care to survive without being able to contribute anything, suggesting that, at this point, humans and dogs were connected by emotional or symbolic ties rather than purely materialistic personal gain.
2873:
Magdalenian peoples, especially, are thought to have been highly migratory, following herds while repopulating Europe, and several cave and open-air sites indicate the area was abandoned and revisited regularly. The 19,000 year old Peyre Blanque site, France, and at least the 260 km
2768:
Looking at the archaeological record, depictions of women are markedly more common than of men. In contrast to the commonplace Venuses in the Gravettian, Gravettian depictions of men are rare and contested, the only reliable one being a fragmented ivory figurine from the grave of a
4453:
5559:
Benazzi, S.; Douka, K.; Fornai, C.; Bauer, C.C.; Kullmer, O.; Svoboda, J.Ă.; Pap, I.; Mallegni, F.; Bayle, P.; Coquerelle, M.; Condemi, S.; Ronchitelli, A.; Harvati, K.; Weber, G.W. (2011). "Early dispersal of modern humans in Europe and implications for Neanderthal behaviour".
1863:" (Native American descent, customs). The racial classification system was quickly extended to fossil specimens, including both Cro-Magnons and the Neanderthals, after the true extent of their antiquity was recognised. In 1869, Lartet had proposed the subspecies classification "
2840:
in their paintings, which they possibly mined out of the cave itself. Based on the distribution of Mediterranean and Atlantic seashell jewellery even well inland, there may have been a network during the Late Glacial Interstadial (14 to 12 thousand years ago) along the rivers
2747:. Consequently, by the mid-20th century, the Venuses were primarily interpreted as evidence of some Palaeolithic fertility cult. Such claims died down in the 1970s as archaeologists moved away from the highly speculative models produced by the previous generation. Through the
3555:
Cro-Magnons also made purely symbolic engravings. There are several plaques of bone or antler (referred to as polishers, spatulas, palettes, or knives) which feature series of equidistantly placed notches, most notably the well-preserved 32,000 year old Blanchard plaque from
3572:. In 1972, Marshack postulated they may be calendars. Also in 1972, Marshack identified 15 to 13 thousand year old Magdalenian plaques bearing small, abstract symbols seemingly into organised blocks or sets, which he interpreted as representing an early writing system.
4474:
Spanish archaeologists Leslie G. Freeman and JoaquĂn GonzĂĄlez Echegaray argued that Cueva del Juyo was specifically modified to serve as a sanctuary site to carry out rituals. They said the inhabitants dug out a triangular trench and filled it with offerings including
1938:, superior to other races, who descended from Scandinavia and Germany. Further race theories revolved around progressively lighter, blonder, and superior races evolving in Central Europe and spreading out in waves to replace their darker ancestors, culminating in the "
2517:, which focuses almost entirely on the importance of male contributions of food to the group. As this was published during the second-wave feminism movement, this was quickly met with backlash from many female anthropologists. Among these was Australian archaeologist
1660:, animal bones, and human remains. Berthoumeyrou ordered his men to halt the work and informed the government officials of the discovery. He also informed a local geologist, Abel Laganne, who recovered ornaments, more flints, and two human skulls. As assigned by the
3968:
seems to be wearing a cap, possibly woven fabric or made from shells, featuring at least seven rows and an additional two half-rows covering the nape of the neck. It may have been made starting at a knotted centre and spiraling downward from right to left, and then
2874:(100 sq mi) area around it may have been revisited for thousands of years. In the Magdalenian, stone lined rectangular areas typically 6â15 m (65â161 sq ft) were interpreted as having been the foundations or flooring of huts. At Magdalenian
2992:
At the 27 to 24 thousand year old PĆedmostĂ site, Czech Republic, 3 "dogs" were identified with their skulls perforated (probably to extract the brain), and 1 had a mammoth bone in its mouth. The discoverers interpreted this as a burial ritual. The 14,500-year-old
1922:), popularised the view in European thought that the civilised white man had descended from primitive, low browed ape ancestors through a series of savage races. Prominent brow-ridges were classified as an ape-like trait; consequently, Neanderthals (as well as
2912:
Mammoth hut foundations were generally made by pushing a great quantity of mammoth skulls into the ground (most commonly, though not always, with the tusks facing up to possibly be used as further supports), and the walls by putting into the ground vertically
5611:
Higham, T.; Compton, T.; Stringer, C.; Jacobi, R.; Shapiro, B.; Trinkaus, E.; Chandler, B.; Gröning, F.; Collins, C.; Hillson, S.; O'Higgins, P.; Fitzgerald, C.; Fagan, M. (2011). "The earliest evidence for anatomically modern humans in northwestern Europe".
2878:, France, small, circular dwellings were speculated to have existed based on the spacing of stone tools and bones; these sometimes featured an indoor hearth, work area, or sleeping space (but not all at the same time). A 23,000 year old hut from the Israeli
3789:, Czech Republic, yielded many clay fragments with textile impressions. These indicate a highly sophisticated and standardised textile industry, including the production of: single-ply, double-ply, triple-ply, and braided string and cordage; knotted nets;
3127:
4249:
Though Cro-Magnon languages likely contributed to present-day languages, it is unclear what early languages would have sounded like because words denature and are replaced by entirely original words quite rapidly, making it difficult to identity language
2941:
or zigzag pattern in 2 huts, and long bones were stacked to create horizontal or vertical lines in respectively 1 and 2 huts. The chevron was a commonly used symbol on the Russian Plain, painted or engraved on bones, tools, figurines, and mammoth skulls.
2122:
roughly 1,700â28,400 (average 4,400); from 30 to 22 thousand years ago roughly 1,900â30,600 (average 4,800); from 22 to 16.5 thousand years ago roughly 2,300â37,700 (average 5,900); and 16.5â11.5 thousand years ago roughly 11,300â72,600 (average 28,700).
1727:, from which the name "Old Man" became popularly used. After complete analyses of individual bones by early 2000s, it became generally agreed that the rock shelter contained 140 human remains from at least eight individuals: four adults and four infant.
139:, and bigger teeth, compared to the present-day average. The earliest Cro-Magnon specimens also exhibit some features that are reminiscent of those found in Neanderthals. The first Cro-Magnons would have had darker skin tones than most modern Europeans;
2609:. It is possible that Aurignacian craftsmen further hafted bone barbs onto the spearheads, but firm evidence of such technology is recorded earliest 23,500 years ago, and does not become more common until the Mesolithic. Aurignacian craftsmen produced
2102:
overwhelming majority of Palaeolithic people (both Neanderthals and modern humans) died before reaching the age of 40, with few elderly individuals recorded. It is possible the population boom was caused by a significant increase in fertility rates.
1537:, Near Eastern genes began showing up in the indigenous Europeans, indicating the end of Europe's genetic isolation. Possibly due to the continual reduction of European big game, the Magdalenian and Epi-Gravettian were completely replaced by the
6157:
Kitagawa, K.; Julien, M.-A.; Krotova, O.; et al. (2017). "Glacial and post-glacial adaptations of hunter-gatherers: Investigating the late Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic subsistence strategies in the southern steppe of Eastern Europe".
4550:
either in fear, disdain, or worship of those with abnormal features, like in many present-day and historical societies. Intricate funerals, in addition to evidence of shamanism and ritualism, has also provoked hypotheses of the belief of an
2989:
32â41 kg (71â90 lb) in all of Europe. These "dogs" are identified by having a shorter snout and skull, and wider palate and braincase than contemporary wolves. Nonetheless, an Aurignacian origin for domestication is controversial.
3057:, and brushes may have included reeds, bristles, and twigs, and possibly a blowgun was used to spray paint over less accessible areas. Hand stencils could either be made by holding the hand to the wall and spitting paint over it (leaving a
4254:(a word in multiple different languages which descended from a common ancestor) which originated before 9 to 5 thousand years ago. Nonetheless, it has been controversially hypothesised that Eurasian languages are all related and form the "
2600:
For weapons, Cro-Magnons crafted spearpoints using predominantly bone and antler, possibly because these materials were readily abundant. Compared to stone, these materials are compressive, making them fairly shatterproof. These were then
1293:
in France, dated in 2022 to between 56,800 and 51,700 years ago. The Neronian is one of the many industries associated with modern humans classed as transitional between the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic. Beyond this there is the Balkan
2525:, who argued that women play a vital role in these communities by gathering more reliable food plants and small game, as big game hunting has a low success rate. The concept of "Woman the Gatherer" has since gained significant support.
4217:
made of mammoth bone or reindeer antler. It is speculated that some Cro-Magnons marked certain sections of caves with red paint which could be struck to produce a note that would resonate throughout the cave chamber, somewhat like a
3852:
fibres with plant-based dyes, including yellow, red, pink, blue, turquoise, violet, black, brown, gray, green, and khaki. The emergence of textiles in the European archaeological record also coincides with the proliferation of the
4405:
1379:
culture. In the Danube Valley, Aurignacian sites are few and far between, compared to later traditions, until 35,000 years ago. From here, the "Typical Aurignacian" becomes quite prevalent, and extends until 29,000 years ago.
1926:) were considered a lowly race. These European fossils were considered to have been the ancestors to specifically living European races. Among the earliest attempts to classify Cro-Magnons was done by racial anthropologists
7989:
Borutskaya, Svetlana B.; Deviese, Thibaut; Comeskey, Dan; Higham, Tom; Manica, Andrea; Foley, Robert; Meltzer, David J.; Nielsen, Rasmus; Excoffier, Laurent; Mirazon Lahr, Marta; Orlando, Ludovic; Willerslev, Eske (2017).
2288:" lineage which split from the common ancestor of present-day Europeans and East Asians before they split from each other; and another related to a 24,000-year-old individual from the Siberian Mal'taâBuret' culture (near
5028:, Czechia. We found that she belonged to a population that appears to have contributed genetically neither to later Europeans nor to Asians. (...) A complete genome has been produced from the ~45,000-year-old remains of
4522:
Consequently, it is unclear if they represent isolated burials or form a much more generalised mortuary tradition. Across Europe, some graves contained multiple individuals, in this case most often featuring both sexes.
2076:
222:, Dordogne, France, after the area was accidentally discovered while a road was constructed for a railway station. Remains of Palaeolithic cultures have been known for centuries, but they were initially interpreted in a
4121:
2613:-shaped (diamond-like) spearheads. By 30,000 years ago, spearheads were manufactured with a more rounded-off base, and by 28,000 years ago spindle-shaped heads were introduced. During the Gravettian, spearheads with a
2391:
and Cro-Magnons which did not contribute to the present-day genome. The percentage of Neanderthal genes gradually decreased with time, which could indicate they were maladaptive and were selected out of the gene pool.
8409:
Seguin-Orlando, Andaine; Korneliussen, Thorfinn S.; Sikora, Martin; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Manica, Andrea; Moltke, Ida; Albrechtsen, Anders; Ko, Amy; Margaryan, Ashot; Moiseyev, Vyacheslav; Goebel, Ted (2014-11-28).
1259:, Greece, represent modern humans rather than Neanderthals – indicating these populations have an unexpectedly deep history – but this was disputed in 2020 by French paleoanthropologist
2350:
emerged about 35 to 30 thousand years ago, either in Europe or West Asia. Mt-haplogroup U5 arose in Europe just prior to the LGM, between 35 and 25 thousand years ago. The 14,000 year old Villabruna 1 skeleton from
3231:
Venus figurines are commonly found associated with Cro-Magnons and are the earliest well-acknowledged representation of human figures. These are most frequently found in the Gravettian (notably in the French Upper
2738:
movement, who attacked the patriarchy by making Darwinist arguments of a supposed natural egalitarian or matrifocal state of human society instead of patriarchal, as well as interpreting the Venuses as evidence of
1645:, Dordogne, southwestern France. In 1868, M. François Berthoumeyrou, a contractor, was commissioned to make a road along the railway connecting the new Les Eyzies train station. In March, the road workers dug up a
4263:
years ago at the end of the LGM. Archaeologist Paul Heggarty said that Pagel's data was subjective interpretation of supposed cognates, and the extreme volatility of sound and pronunciation of words (for example,
7665:
Eiberg, H.; Troelson, J.; et al. (2008). "Blue eye color in humans may be caused by a perfectly associated founder mutation in a regulatory element located within the HERC2 gene inhibiting OCA2 expression".
3260:
properties over the subject, and that such a depiction of a pregnant woman would facilitate fertility and fecundity. This is also contested as it assumes women are only thought of in terms of child rearing.
1594:(EEF). EEF contribute about 30% of ancestry to present-day Baltic populations, and up to 90% in present-day Mediterranean populations. The latter may have inherited WHG ancestry via EEF introgression. The
2634:
was possibly invented in the Solutrean, though less ambiguous bow technology is first reported in the Mesolithic. Bone technology was revitalised in the Magdalanian, and long-range technology as well as
2125:
Following the LGM, Cro-Magnons are thought to have been much less mobile and featured a higher population density, indicated by seemingly shorter trade routes as well as symptoms of nutritional stress.
3049:, France, dating to 36,000 years ago. Cave art is found in dark cave recesses, and the artists either lit a fire on the cave floor or used portable stone lamps to see. Drawing materials include black
3186:
2105:
A 2005 study estimated the population of Upper Palaeolithic Europe by calculating the total geographic area which was inhabited based on the archaeological record; averaged the population density of
8283:
Fu, Q.; Hajdinjak, M.; Moldovan, O. T.; Constantin, S.; Mallick, S.; Skoglund, Pontus; Patterson, N.; Rohland, N.; Lazaridis, I.; Nickel, B.; Viola, B.; PrĂŒfer, Kay; Meyer, M.; Kelso, J.; Reich, D;
2216:
rate; or statistical bias due to small sample size or because taller people were more likely to achieve higher status in a group before the LGM and thus were more likely to be buried and preserved.
3053:
and red and yellow ochre crayons, but they, along with a variety of other minerals, could also be ground into powder and mixed with water to create paint. Large, flat rocks may have been used as
2882:
was identified as having used grasses as flooring or possibly bedding, but it is unclear if Cro-Magnons also lined their huts with grass or instead used animal pelts. A 13,800 year old slab from
2394:
4373:
4354:
1317:, Germany, up to 47,500 years old; and the next-oldest fossils date to roughly 44,000 years ago in Bulgaria, Italy, and Britain. It is unclear, while migrating westward, if they followed the
2265:
While anatomically modern humans have been present outside of Africa during some isolated time intervals potentially as early as 250,000 years ago, present-day non-Africans descend from the
1494:
dominating the Mediterranean coast. Consequently, large swathes of Europe were uninhabitable, and two distinct cultures emerged with unique technologies to adapt to the new environment: the
3629:
3438:
3045:
where over half of the animals are bison. Images could be drawn on top of one another. Landscapes were never depicted, with the exception of a supposed depiction of a volcanic eruption at
5717:
Giaccio, B. et al., High-precision 14C and 40Ar/39Ar dating of the Campanian Ignimbrite (Y-5) reconciles the time-scales of climatic-cultural processes at 40 ka. Sci Rep 7, 45940 (2017).
3009:
The exact utility of these proto-dogs is unclear, but they may have played a vital role in hunting, as well as domestic services such as transporting items or guarding camp or carcasses.
9603:
Thalmann, O.; Shapiro, B.; Cui, P.; Schuenemann, V. J.; Sawyer, S. K.; et al. (2013). "Complete Mitochondrial Genomes of Ancient Canids Suggest a European Origin of Domestic Dogs".
5105:, failed to contribute appreciably to the current European gene pool. Only from around 37,000 years ago do all the European individuals analyzed share ancestry with present-day Europeans
3418:
2901:
Over 70 dwellings constructed by Cro-Magnons out of mammoth bones have been identified, primarily from the Russian Plain, possibly semi-permanent hunting camps. They seem to have built
5663:
Douka, Katerina; Grimaldi, Stefano; Boschian, Giovanni; Angiolo; Higham, Thomas F. G. (2012). "A new chronostratigraphic framework for the Upper Palaeolithic of Riparo Mochi (Italy)".
76:) to settle in Europe, migrating from western Asia, continuously occupying the continent possibly from as early as 56,800 years ago. They interacted and interbred with the indigenous
4579:
4286:
Several Upper Palaeolithic caves feature depictions of seemingly part-human, part-animal chimaeras (typically part bison, reindeer, or deer), variously termed "anthropozoomorphs", "
2702:
was not widely practiced in ancient times – thus, the paternal line was resultantly more difficult to keep track of than the maternal – resulting in a
9475:
Iakovleva, L. (2015). "The architecture of mammoth bone circular dwellings of the Upper Palaeolithic settlements in Central and Eastern Europe and their socio-symbolic meanings".
3142:
2040:
3101:). Opponents mainly attack the comparisons made between Palaeolithic cultures and present-day shamanistic societies for being in some way inaccurate. In 1988, archaeologists
3617:
2058:
1274:
3 began, characterised by oscillating climatic patterns, causing sudden retreat and recolonisation phases in vegetation, fluctuating between forestland and open steppeland.
9122:
Riel-Salvatore, J.; Gravel-Miguel, C. (2013). "Upper Paleolithic mortuary practices in Eurasia: A critical look at the burial record". In Tarlow, S.; Stutz, L. N. (eds.).
8094:
Caramelli, D.; Lalueza-Fox, C.; Vernesi, C.; Lari, M.; Casoli, A.; Mallegni, F.; Chiarelli, B.; Dupanloup, I.; Bertranpetit, J.; Barbujani, G.; Bertorelle, G. (May 2003).
1260:
2820:
increasing population density within these few refugia would have made long-distance travel less economic. This trend continued into the Mesolithic with the adoption of
11119:
Marginedas, F.; RodrĂquez-Hidalgo, A.; et al. (2020). "Making skull cups: Butchering traces on cannibalised human skulls from five European archaeological sites".
3817:, it is possible they could also produce wall hangings, blankets, bags, shawls, shirts, skirts, and sashes. These people used plant rather than animal fibres, possibly
2180:
in particular featured a higher proportion of traits somewhat reminiscent of Neanderthals, such as (though not limited to) a slightly flattened skullcap and consequent
1375:(which covered eastern Europe in ash). The Aurignacian culture rapidly replaced others across the continent. This wave of modern humans replaced Neanderthals and their
4302:, and can move between the land of the living and the land of the dead. In these cultures, they believe the shaman can either transform into a bird or use a bird as a
3454:
4290:", or "sorcerers". These have typically been interpreted as being the centre of some shamanistic ritual, and to represent some cultural revolution and the origins of
2528:
It has typically been assumed that Cro-Magnons closely studied prey habits in order to maximise return depending on the season. For example, large mammals (including
2184:
protruding from the back of the skull (the latter could be quite defined). Their frequency significantly diminished in Gravettians, and in 2007, palaeoanthropologist
4329:
sculpture. It is 30 cm (12 in) tall, which is much larger than the other Swabian Jura figurines. A possible second lion-human was also found in the nearby
3472:
Depictions of animals were commonly produced by Cro-Magnons. As of 2015, as many as 50 Aurignacian ivory figurines and fragments have been recovered from the German
2021:
1671:
made systematic excavation and discovered additional human remains, animal bones, stone tools, and ornaments. He deliberated the discovery before the meeting of the
4642:, England. Further concrete evidence of such rituals does not appear until after the Palaeolithic. The Gough's Cave cup seems to have followed a similar method of
4533:, Russia, where a boy and a girl were placed crown-to-crown in a long, shallow grave, and adorned with thousands of perforated ivory beads, hundreds of perforated
191:, animal figurines, and geometric patterns. They also wore decorative beads, and plant-fibre clothes dyed with various plant-based dyes. For music, they produced
7291:
Bocquet-Appel, J.-P.; Demars, P.-Y.; Noiret, L.; Dobrowsky, D. (2005). "Estimates of Upper Palaeolithic meta-population size in Europe from archaeological data".
2589:
4070:
9221:
Chalmin, E.; Farges, F.; Vignaud, C.; Susini, J. (2007). "Discovery of Unusual Minerals in Paleolithic Black Pigments from Lascaux (France) and Ekain (Spain)".
8860:
4234:
gene associated with the neurological prerequisites for speech and language ability seems to have evolved within the last 100,000 years, and the modern human
3564:, speculated in 1875 this was an early counting system for tallying items such as animals killed, or some other notation system. In 1957, Czech archaeologist
5117:
Bennett, E. Andrew; Parasayan, OÄuzhan; Prat, Sandrine; PĂ©an, StĂ©phane; CrĂ©pin, Laurent; Yanevich, Alexandr; Grange, Thierry; Geigl, Eva-Maria (2023-10-23).
3041:
numerous, and namely includes creatures such as mammoths, bison, lions, bears, and ibex. Nonetheless, some caves were dominated by certain forms, such as
6798:
3533:
2219:
Prior to genetic analysis, it was generally assumed that Cro-Magnons, like present-day Europeans, were light skinned as an adaptation to better generate
13698:
3256:
peoples was contested, and a counter interpretation is that either Venuses were mother goddesses, or that Cro-Magnons believed depictions of things had
5705:
Kathryn E. Fitzsimmons et al., The Campanian Ignimbrite Eruption: New Data on Volcanic Ash Dispersal and Its Potential Impact on Human Evolution, 2013
3885:, Germany, was possibly a comb or a decorative pendant. On the basis of wearing analyses, Cro-Magnons are also speculated to have used net spacers or
2883:
2862:
1586:
farmers which split from the European hunter-gatherers about 40,000 years ago started to spread out across Europe by 8,000 years ago, ushering in the
8585:
Bar-Yosef, O & ZilhĂŁo, J (eds) 2002: Towards a definition of the Aurignacian. Proceedings of the Symposium held in Lisbon, Portugal, June 25â30.
6490:"The abrĂ de Cro-Magnon, les Eyzies (Dordogne), and the probable Age of the contained burials on the basis of the evidence of the nearby AbrĂ Pataud"
4230:
The early modern human vocal apparatus is generally thought to have been the same as that in present-day humans, as the present-day variation of the
2223:
from the less luminous sun farther north. However, of the 3 predominant genes responsible for lighter skin in present-day Europeans –
2204:, however, are shorter in Cro-Magnons. It is unclear if this could equate to any functional differences between present-day and early modern humans.
2188:
concluded these were remnants of Neanderthal introgression which were eventually bred out of the gene pool in his review of the relevant morphology.
12144:
10232:"The Use of Ochre and Painting During the Upper Paleolithic of the Swabian Jura in the Context of the Development of Ochre Use in Africa and Europe"
4676:
3937:
3524:
1510:
zone, whereas Epi-Gravettian peoples appear to have stuck to less harsh, seasonally frozen areas. Relatively few sites are known through this time.
12337:
4506:
4342:
4130:
3845:
3557:
3251:(a condition where a woman's body stores more fat in the thighs and buttocks, making them especially prominent). Another early hypothesis was that
2824:. Nonetheless, there is some evidence of long-distance Magdalenian trade routes. For example, at Lascaux, a painting of a bull had remnants of the
3930:
3517:
2269:
expansion which occurred around 65â55 thousand years ago. This movement was an offshoot of the rapid expansion within East Africa associated with
1986: – sculptures of pregnant women with exaggerated breasts and thighs – were used as evidence of the presence of the "
14095:
13836:
13432:
12172:
1966:. Stature was among the characteristics used to distinguish these sub-races, so taller Cro-Magnons such as specimens from the French Cro-Magnon,
5982:"The Middle to Upper Paleolithic Sequence of Buran-Kaya III (Crimea, Ukraine): New Stratigraphic, Paleoenvironmental, and Chronological Results"
4267:(aquam) "water" â French (eau) in just 2,000 years) makes it unclear if cognates can even be identified that far back if they do indeed exist.
3576:
similar engravings have been identified across Europe (in particular the Russian Plain), which he also postulated were maps, plans, or stories.
1303:
9699:
GermonprĂ©, M.; LĂĄzniÄkovĂĄ-GaletovĂĄ, M.; Sablinc, M. V. (2012). "Palaeolithic dog skulls at the Gravettian PĆedmostĂ site, the Czech Republic".
3126:
2759:. Equally ardent arguments against the matriarchy hypothesis have also been prominent, such as American religious scholar Cynthia Eller's 2000
2730:, who instead argued that women were robbed of power by men due to economic changes which could only be undone with the adoption of communism (
4799:
4713:
3946:
3721:
2487:
European archaeology, the transition was dubbed the "Upper Palaeolithic Revolution," (extended to be a worldwide phenomenon) and the idea of "
1325:
culture, the first widely recognised European Upper Palaeolithic culture, spread out across Europe, probably descending from the Near-Eastern
11340:
9785:"When and where do dogs improve hunting productivity? The empiricalrecord and some implications for early Upper Paleolithic prey acquisition"
3592:
135:
similar to present-day Europeans, West Asians, and North Africans; but were more robust, having larger brains, broader faces, more prominent
3158:
2192:
which is notably smaller. This is because the Cro-Magnon brain, though within the variation for present-day humans, exhibits longer average
1805:, racial anthropologists and raciologists began splitting off putative species and subspecies of present-day humans based on unreliable and
14051:
13560:
9076:
Angulo, J. C.; GarcĂa-DĂez, M.; MartĂnez, M. (2010). "Phallic Decoration in Paleolithic Art: Genital Scarification, Piercing and Tattoos".
4494:
3882:
3286:
1407:
17:
4438:
92:
population, from which all subsequent Cro-Magnons descended and which contributes ancestry to present-day Europeans. Cro-Magnons produced
10568:
Arensburg, B.; Tillier, A. M.; Vandermeersch, B.; Duday, H.; Schepartz, L. A.; Rak, Y. (1989). "A Middle Palaeolithic human hyoid bone".
9319:"Homes for Hunters? Exploring the Concept of Home at Hunter-Gatherer Sites in Upper Paleolithic Europe and Epipaleolithic Southwest Asia"
3334:
2582:), in part contributing to their final extinction which occurred by the beginning of or well into the Holocene depending on the species.
12020:
7153:
Conkey, M. W. (2005). "Mobilizing Ideologies: Paleolithic "Art," Gender Troubles, and Thinking About Alternatives". In Hager, L. (ed.).
5796:"The Cro-Magnon Human Remains (Les Eyzies-de-Tayac, Dordogne): New information on their chronological position and cultural attribution"
3585:
2976:
hunting relationship. DNA evidence suggests that present-day dogs split from wolves around the beginning of the LGM. However, potential
2277:
analysis places Cro-Magnons as the sister group to Upper Palaeolithic East Asian groups, divergence occurring roughly 50,000 years ago.
2151:
13883:
13334:
8624:
Sterling, K. (2014). "Man the Hunter, Woman the Gatherer? The Impact of Gender Studies on Hunter-Gatherer Research (A Retrospective)".
4460:
4338:
3778:
3093:, the human/animal hybrids and geometrical symbols were interpreted within this framework as the visions a shaman would see while in a
2156:
1704:
1051:
3733:
11408:
11368:
8473:
Vallini, Leonardo; Marciani, Giulia; Aneli, Serena; Bortolini, Eugenio; Benazzi, Stefano; Pievani, Telmo; Pagani, Luca (2022-04-01).
3870:
3745:
3402:
921:
3973:
all the rows to each other. The Kostenki-1 Venus seems to be wearing a similar cap, though each row seems to overlap the other. The
3318:
172:. Cro-Magnons likely commonly constructed temporary huts while moving around, and Gravettian peoples notably made large huts on the
12260:
12104:
11418:
8741:"Opportunism or aquatic specialization? Evidence of freshwater fish exploitation at Ohalo II- A waterlogged Upper Paleolithic site"
2929:
dug out of pits. Some architectural decisions seem to have been purely for aesthetics, best seen in the 4 Epi-Gravettian huts from
941:
310:
3865:
technology. However, these have also been interpreted as either hunting implements or art pieces. Rounded objects made of mammoth
3386:
2284:
individual, identified 3 major lineages which are also present in present-day Europeans: one related to all later Cro-Magnons; a "
9156:"Mobility and social identity in the Mid Upper Paleolithic: New personal ornaments from Poiana CireÈului (Piatra NeamÈ, Romania)"
7178:
Mellars, P.; French, J. C. (2011). "Tenfold population increase in Western Europe at the Neandertal-to-modern human transition".
6551:"An Early Gravettian cultural attribution for the human fossils from the Cro-Magnon rock shelter (Les Eyzies-de-Tayac, Dordogne)"
2833:
1661:
9556:"Mammoths used as food and building resources by Neanderthals: Zooarchaeological study applied to layer 4, Molodova I (Ukraine)"
12162:
11413:
4050:
3302:
901:
5730:
Higham, T.; Douka, K.; Wood, R.; et al. (2014). "The timing and spatiotemporal patterning of Neanderthal disappearance".
4032:
2448:
culture about 14,000 years ago. The Magdalenian-associated individuals descended from populations associated with the western
14192:
12167:
12045:
11423:
11280:
10901:
10870:
10840:
10808:
10511:
10367:
9922:
9838:
9452:
9419:
9133:
8643:
7434:
7162:
7092:
6981:
6533:
3833:
which have historically been used in weaving. Such plant fibre fragments have also been recorded at the Russian Kostenki and
2545:). They seem to have scheduled mass kills to coincide with migration patterns, in particular for red deer, horses, reindeer,
1466:
Around 29,000 years ago, marine isotope stage 2 began and cooling intensified. This peaked about 21,000 years ago during the
207:, and other instruments. They buried their dead, though possibly only people who had achieved or were born into high status.
11010:
Formicola, V. (2015). "From the Sunghir Children to the Romito Dwarf: Aspects of the Upper Paleolithic Funerary Landscape".
8906:
Valde-Nowak, P.; Nadachowski, A.; Wolsan, M. (1987). "Upper Palaeolithic boomerang made of a mammoth tusk in south Poland".
4595:
3501:
3485:
2243:
as late as 19 to 11 thousand years ago during the Mesolithic transition. The variation of the gene which is associated with
12330:
10189:"On landscapes, maps and Upper Paleolithic lifestyles in the central European corridor: The images of Pavlov and PĆedmostĂ"
9445:
Upper Palaeolithic dwellings of mammoth bones in the Ukraine: Kiev-Kirillovskii, Gontsy, Dobranichevka, Mezin and Mezhirich
6777:
Donâs Maps: Resources for the study of Palaeolithic / Paleolithic European, Russian and Australian Archaeology / Archeology
3782:
3270:
3174:
2994:
2805:
Ukraine) often sourcing some raw materials upwards of 200 km (120 mi). However, it is debated if this represents
2782:, which characterises historic societies (both agricultural and hunter-gatherer), only became commonplace in the Holocene.
2711:
6879:"A cranial injury from the earliest Gravettian at the Cro-Magnon rock shelter (VĂ©zĂšre Valley, Dordogne, southwest France)"
3918:
14207:
12124:
9555:
7867:
Higham, Thomas F. G.; Wesselingh, Frank P.; Hedges, Robert E. M.; Bergman, Christopher A.; Douka, Katerina (2013-09-11).
4017:
3985:. Most East European Venuses with headwear also display notching and checkwork on the upper body which are suggestive of
88:) left no genetic legacy to modern Europeans; however, from 37,000 years ago a second wave succeeded in forming a single
8475:"Genetics and Material Culture Support Repeated Expansions into Paleolithic Eurasia from a Population Hub Out of Africa"
6077:"Human ecological niches and ranges during the LGM in Europe derived from an application of eco-cultural niche modeling"
4389:
3601:
2406:
Valini et al. 2022 found that Europe was populated by three distinct lineages. The earliest inhabitants (represented by
12233:
10274:
Vanhaeren, M.; d'Errico, F. (2006). "Aurignacian ethno-linguistic geography of Europe revealed by personal ornaments".
4887:
3898:
3019:
2761:
2751:
movement, the prehistoric matriarchal religion hypothesis was primarily propelled by Lithuanian-American archaeologist
5227:; Protopapa, N.; Pitsios, T. (2020). "Apidima 1 and Apidima 2: Two anteneandertal skulls in the Peloponnese, Greece".
84:) of Europe and Western Asia, who went extinct 40,000 to 35,000 years ago. The first wave of modern humans in Europe (
43:
14202:
13461:
12367:
12099:
7111:
Formicola, V.; Giannecchini, M. (1998). "Evolutionary trends of stature in Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic Europe".
10500:
De Angeli, S.; Both, A. A.; Hagel, S.; Holmes, P.; Pasalados, R. J.; Lund, C. S., eds. (2018). "Primordial Sounds".
7771:"Deeply divergent archaic mitochondrial genome provides lower time boundary for African gene flow into Neanderthals"
6130:"The Upper-Late Palaeolithic Transition in Western Central Europe. Typology, Technology, Environment and Demography"
4002:
3763:
13668:
13555:
12291:
4656:
3374:
3098:
2886:, Spain, has 7 dome-shaped figures engraved onto it, which are postulated to represent temporary dome-shaped huts.
1970:, and Grimaldi sites were classified as ancestral to the "Nordic race", and smaller ones such as Combe-Capelle and
1672:
1534:
1412:
881:
10501:
9225:. Vol. 882. The 13th International Conference on X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (XAFS13). pp. 220â222.
7517:"First description of the Cro-Magnon 1 endocast and study of brain variation and evolution in anatomically modern
4767:
Cavemen have also been popularly portrayed (inaccurately) as confronting dinosaurs, first done in Griffith's 1914
14080:
13471:
12509:
12323:
12243:
12139:
10748:
Yusoff, K. (2015). "Geologic subjects: nonhuman origins, geomorphic aesthetics and the art of becoming inhuman".
10312:
Kuhn, S. L.; Stiner, M. C. (2007). "Paleolithic Ornaments: Implications for Cognition, Demography and Identity".
7869:"Chronology of Ksar Akil (Lebanon) and Implications for the Colonization of Europe by Anatomically Modern Humans"
4851:. Cro-Magnons are generally portrayed as superior in some way to Neanderthals which allowed them to take Europe.
4404:
4242:. These indicate Upper Palaeolithic humans had the anatomical basis for language and the same range of potential
1748:
Fossils and artifacts from the Palaeolithic had actually been known for decades, but these were interpreted in a
1571:
1091:
4929:
Haplogroup N was found in two Gravettian-era fossils, Paglicci 52 Paglicci 12, and is widespread in Central Asia
3560:, France, which features 24 markings in a seemingly serpentine pattern. The discoverer, British palaeontologist
2800:
shells (top and underside views) from Poiana CireĆului, Romania, sourced at least 900 km (560 mi) away
12238:
11539:
9977:
Guerra-Doce, E. (2014). "Psychoactive Substances in Prehistoric Times: Examining the Archaeological Evidence".
4809:
4419:
2379:
2378:. Genes in the present-day genome are estimated to have entered about 65 to 47 thousand years ago, most likely
50:
8153:
Kuhlwilm, M.; Gronau, I.; Hubisz, M. J.; de Filippo, C.; Prado-Martinez, J.; Kircher, M.; et al. (2016).
6129:
3675:
In 1962, French archaeologists Saint-Just and Marthe PĂ©quart identified bi-pointed needles in the Magdalenian
13693:
13223:
12483:
11361:
4510:
4134:
3341:
1560:
1517:, which would recolonise Western and Central Europe over the next couple thousand years. Starting during the
1368:
1265:
1251:) which had already inhabited Europe for hundreds of thousands of years. In 2019, Greek palaeoanthropologist
12551:
8096:"Evidence for a genetic discontinuity between Neandertals and 24,000-year-old anatomically modern Europeans"
5494:
3889:. In 1960, French archaeologist Fernand Lacorre suggested that perforated batons were used to spin cordage.
2997:
from Germany was found buried alongside a 40-year-old man and a 25-year-old woman, as well as traces of red
13688:
13228:
12701:
12109:
11986:
11872:
9734:
Janssens, Luc; Giemsch, Liane; Schmitz, Ralf; Street, Martin; Van Dongen, Stefan; Crombé, Philippe (2018).
8861:"Gravettian weaponry: 23,500-year-old evidence of a composite barbed point from Les Prés de Laure (France)"
5434:
SchĂŒler, Tim; McPherron, Shannon P.; Weiss, Marcel; Hublin, Jean-Jacques; Welker, Frido (31 January 2024).
5036:
and dated to ~40âka has been recovered, and this showed no evidence of shared ancestry with later Europeans
4564:
4238:(which supports the tongue and facilitates speech) evolved by 60,000 years ago demonstrated by the Israeli
3981:
from France seems to be wearing some headwear with rectangular gridding, and could potentially represent a
3202:
2469:
1735:
1619:
1603:
531:
303:
271:
12377:
120:
by 20,000 years ago, and these peoples recolonised Europe. The Magdalenian and Epi-Gravettian gave way to
14197:
12654:
12303:
12207:
12025:
11546:
11400:
7337:
Holt, B. M. (2003). "Mobility in Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic Europe: Evidence from the lower limb".
4057:
3309:
3237:
2558:
1642:
280:
35:
4728:
is quite popular in both literature and visual media and can be portrayed as highly muscular, hairy, or
4380:
4365:
4307:
4258:" with an early common ancestor existing just after the end of the LGM. In 2013, evolutionary biologist
2139:
14212:
13956:
13757:
12065:
11996:
11532:
11525:
11518:
10358:
Soffer, O.; Adovasio, J. M. (2010). "The Roles of Perishable Technologies in Upper Paleolithic Lives".
4322:. Some caves featured "vanquished men", lying presumably dead at the foot of generally a bull or bear.
3665:
2969:
2930:
2894:
1688:
984:
718:
710:
702:
6831:
3243:
The earliest interpretations of the Venuses believed these were literal representations of women with
2359:(R1b1a-L754* (xL389,V88)) found in Europe, likely brought in from eastern introgression. The Azilian "
13762:
13577:
12248:
12040:
10962:"Rites in the dark? An evaluation of the current evidence for ritual areas at Magdalenian cave sites"
4840:
4239:
3648:
2779:
2508:
2260:
1556:
1226:
822:
85:
12030:
10068:"The Oldest Portable Art: the Aurignacian Ivory Figurines from the Swabian Jura (Southwest Germany)"
8530:
5436:"The ecology, subsistence and diet of ~45,000-year-old Homo sapiens at Ilsenhöhle in Ranis, Germany"
3089:
Also in the late 20th century, with the popularisation of the hypothesis that Cro-Magnons practised
13951:
13043:
12588:
12279:
11582:
11354:
8952:
Eller, C. (2005). "The Feminist Appropriation of Matriarchal Myth in the 19th and 20th Centuries".
6076:
1844:
1801:
1723:
noted five adults and several infants. Broca introduced the specimen names and called Cro-Magnon 1
1595:
1575:
251:
13115:
13110:
8834:
6489:
4703:
4611:
3877:
or human figures. Perforated, washer-like ivory or bone discs from across Europe were potentially
3656:
Cro-Magnons are commonly associated with large pieces of pigments ("crayons"), namely made of red
3064:
One of the first hypotheses regarding their symbolism was forwarded by French religious historian
14068:
13978:
13150:
12917:
12736:
12669:
12401:
12217:
12154:
12114:
12001:
11560:
8607:
Deter-Wolf, A. (2013). "The Material Culture and Middle Stone Age Origins of Ancient Tattooing".
4769:
4361:
4325:
For tangible art, the early Aurignacian Hohlenstein-Stadel, Swabian Jura, has yielded the famous
4311:
2723:
with child rearing and various domestic works. This would equate to a patriarchal social system.
2437:
1867:" for the Cro-Magnon remains. Other supposed fossil human species included (among many others): "
792:
296:
215:
31:
9856:"A 36,000-Year-Old Volcanic Eruption Depicted in the Chauvet-Pont d'Arc Cave (ArdĂšche, France)?"
7372:
Lieberman, D. E. (1998). "Sphenoid shortening and the evolution of modern human cranial shape".
5025:
4950:
2621:
was invented in Europe, which can increase the force and accuracy of the projectile. A possible
1990:" in Palaeolithic Europe, because they were interpreted as having been based on real women with
1703:, and Magnon was the landowner. The original human remains were brought to and preserved at the
1007:
14156:
14030:
13636:
13527:
13515:
13211:
12952:
12791:
12428:
12362:
12346:
12212:
12187:
12182:
12075:
11991:
11553:
5923:"Early Upper Paleolithic colonization across Europe: Time and mode of the Gravettian diffusion"
3002:
2328:
1923:
1591:
1564:
1282:
751:
8798:
Bahn, P. G. (1977). "Seasonal migration in South-west France during the late glacial period".
8531:"Scientists Sequence Genomes of Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherers from Different Eurasian Cultures"
7424:
6593:
13895:
13831:
13705:
13398:
13324:
13098:
13093:
13031:
12970:
12907:
12855:
12848:
12394:
11596:
8982:
Marler, J. (2006). "The Myth of Universal Patriarchy: A Critical Response to Cynthia Eller's
8635:
8346:"A genome sequence from a modern human skull over 45,000 years old from ZlatĂœ kĆŻĆ in Czechia"
4970:"A genome sequence from a modern human skull over 45,000 years old from ZlatĂœ kĆŻĆ in Czechia"
4829:
4498:
4276:
3905:
2811:
2796:
2695:
2585:
2488:
2481:
2375:
2292:). Contrary to this, Fu et al. (2016), evaluating much earlier European specimens, including
2270:
2266:
1578:(CHG). Most present-day Europeans have a 40â60% WHG ratio, and the 8,000 year old Mesolithic
1568:
1363:
took hold perhaps in south-central Europe sometime after 40,000 years ago, with the onset of
523:
13280:
8564:
7991:"Ancient genomes show social and reproductive behaviour of early Upper Paleolithic foragers"
3993:
seems to be wearing a plant fibre string skirt comprising 11 cords running behind the legs.
3105:
and Thomas Dowson suggested trances were induced by hallucinogenic plants containing either
3068:
who supposed that, because only animals were depicted on cave walls, the images represented
14161:
14112:
14107:
14090:
14085:
14063:
13853:
13567:
13420:
13312:
13216:
13009:
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12493:
12436:
12177:
12080:
11981:
11942:
11887:
11792:
11496:
11489:
11179:
11128:
10889:
10757:
10694:
10635:
10577:
10396:
10283:
10153:
9867:
9747:
9708:
9612:
9566:
9480:
9260:
9167:
8915:
8872:
8807:
8752:
8673:
8590:
8423:
8357:
8300:
8237:
8166:
8107:
8052:
8002:
7880:
7782:
7725:
7571:
7465:
7381:
7300:
7245:
7187:
7032:
6343:
6276:
6265:"Parallel palaeogenomic transects reveal complex genetic history of early European farmers"
6219:
6091:
6031:
5934:
5877:
5739:
5672:
5621:
5569:
5509:
5447:
5387:
5325:
5130:
5061:
4981:
4023:
3974:
3445:
3429:
3357:
of which 30 show decoration, and 23 are perforated. Several phallic batons are depicted as
3257:
3102:
2981:
2748:
2744:
2665:
2626:
were produced in great quantity, and the smaller ones may have been attached to projectile
2477:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2280:
Initial genomic studies on the earliest Cro-Magnons in 2014, namely on the 37,000-year-old
1757:
1467:
1399:
Nonetheless, genetic evidence indicates that not all Aurignacian bloodlines went extinct.
1352:
1271:
1160:
961:
808:
677:
662:
259:
144:
113:
12664:
11270:
9657:"Domestication and uses of the dog in western Europe from the Paleolithic to the Iron Age"
6966:
The Races of Europe: Construction of National Identities in the Social Sciences, 1839-1939
5119:"Genome sequences of 36,000- to 37,000-year-old modern humans at Buran-Kaya III in Crimea"
5118:
8:
14151:
13816:
13621:
13454:
12987:
12860:
12741:
12716:
11589:
8712:
Straus, L. G. (1993). "Upper Paleolithic Hunting Tactics and Weapons in Western Europe".
8625:
5314:"Modern human incursion into Neanderthal territories 54,000 years ago at Mandrin, France"
4881:
4835:
4732:, and to represent a wild and animalistic character, drawing on the characteristics of a
4477:
4255:
4008:
3965:
3561:
3293:
3277:
3133:
2973:
2735:
1789:
1611:
1513:
The glaciers began retreating about 20,000 years ago, and the Solutrean evolved into the
1503:
255:
210:
The name "Cro-Magnon" comes from the five skeletons discovered by French palaeontologist
173:
125:
11183:
11132:
10761:
10698:
10639:
10581:
10400:
10287:
10157:
10023:"The "Venus" Figurines: Textiles, Basketry, Gender, and Status in the Upper Paleolithic"
10022:
9871:
9751:
9712:
9616:
9570:
9484:
9264:
9171:
8919:
8876:
8811:
8756:
8677:
8427:
8361:
8304:
8241:
8170:
8111:
8056:
8006:
7884:
7786:
7729:
7575:
7469:
7385:
7304:
7249:
7191:
7036:
6926:
North, F. J. (1942). "Paviland cave, the "Red Lady", the Deluge, and William Buckland".
6347:
6280:
6223:
6095:
6035:
5938:
5881:
5743:
5676:
5625:
5573:
5513:
5470:
5451:
5435:
5391:
5329:
5134:
5065:
4985:
4464:
4110:
1831:, where he invented the modern classification system, in doing so classifying humans as
179:
Cro-Magnons are well renowned for creating a diverse array of artistic works, including
14102:
14005:
13907:
13720:
12902:
12632:
12598:
12134:
11976:
11852:
11313:
11248:
11202:
11167:
11144:
11027:
10981:
10942:
10934:
10781:
10773:
10730:
10717:
10682:
10658:
10623:
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10550:
10479:
10420:
10329:
10253:
10141:
10123:
10115:
10095:
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9994:
9959:
9890:
9855:
9678:
9636:
9338:
9296:
9283:
9248:
9203:
9190:
9155:
9053:
9045:
9003:
8931:
8888:
8775:
8740:
8689:
8568:
8507:
8455:
8386:
8345:
8321:
8288:
8260:
8227:
8215:
8187:
8154:
8076:
7911:
7868:
7803:
7770:
7746:
7713:
7691:
7642:
7617:
7595:
7540:
7488:
7453:
7405:
7268:
7233:
7211:
7058:
6613:
6411:
6364:
6333:
6321:
6297:
6264:
6240:
6209:
6197:
6175:
6107:
6052:
6017:
5957:
5922:
5898:
5865:
5773:
5645:
5593:
5541:
5410:
5375:
5346:
5313:
5244:
5205:
5082:
5049:
5010:
4969:
4958:
4872:
4860:
4819:
4789:
4430:
4319:
4174:, logs, and stones; and their weapons, including spear thrower shafts or boomerangs as
4141:
4106:
3193:
3054:
2938:
2320:
1975:
1278:
1236:
1071:
192:
93:
69:
9384:
9357:
8685:
8411:
8130:
8095:
8040:
6322:"Massive migration from the steppe was a source for Indo-European languages in Europe"
4866:
3001:, and is genetically placed as an ancestor to present-day dogs. It was diagnosed with
2707:
2675:
1506:, which adapted the previous Gravettian technologies. Solutrean peoples inhabited the
1138:
14144:
14134:
14124:
14073:
13730:
13648:
12942:
12927:
12912:
12892:
12783:
12762:
12573:
12416:
12298:
12253:
12119:
12060:
12050:
11821:
11785:
11639:
11433:
11276:
11207:
11148:
11031:
10985:
10961:
10946:
10897:
10866:
10836:
10804:
10785:
10734:
10722:
10683:"Ultraconserved words and Eurasiatic? The "faces in the fire" of language prehistory"
10663:
10593:
10507:
10483:
10424:
10412:
10384:
10363:
10333:
10257:
10169:
10127:
10049:
9998:
9939:
9918:
9895:
9834:
9628:
9513:"The chronology and function of a new circular mammoth-bone structure at Kostenki 11"
9448:
9425:
9415:
9389:
9342:
9288:
9207:
9195:
9154:
Nitu, E.-C.; CĂąrciumaru, M.; Nicolae, A.; CĂźrstina, O.; Lupu, F. I.; Leu, M. (2019).
9129:
9123:
9093:
9057:
9007:
8965:
8892:
8819:
8780:
8639:
8608:
8512:
8494:
8459:
8447:
8439:
8391:
8373:
8326:
8284:
8265:
8211:
8192:
8135:
8080:
8068:
8020:
7967:
7962:
7935:
7916:
7898:
7849:
7808:
7751:
7683:
7647:
7587:
7516:
7493:
7430:
7397:
7354:
7273:
7203:
7158:
7128:
7088:
7050:
7002:
6977:
6908:
6900:
6859:
6851:
6806:
6700:
6692:
6688:
6657:
6568:
6529:
6501:
6465:
6403:
6369:
6302:
6245:
6198:"Ancient human genomes suggest three ancestral populations for present-day Europeans"
6179:
6057:
5962:
5903:
5777:
5765:
5688:
5637:
5597:
5585:
5545:
5533:
5475:
5415:
5351:
5294:
5248:
5209:
5197:
5154:
5146:
5087:
5029:
5015:
4997:
4893:
4814:
4486:
4214:
4093:
4076:
3990:
3661:
3608:
3540:
3409:
3325:
3076:
3023:
2775:
2770:
2715:
2571:
2542:
2511:
and most especially the hunting of big game by men. This culminated in the 1966 book
2415:
2368:
2367:
was found to be associated with the WHG lineage. He was a bearer of Y-DNA haplogroup
2352:
2347:
2332:
2293:
2274:
2240:
2027:
1931:
1840:
1781:
1641:
In 1863, a railway was constructed leading to Les Eyzies, a hamlet in the commune of
1615:
1550:
1322:
1318:
1230:
239:
153:
140:
11317:
10554:
9963:
9682:
9300:
7544:
7215:
7062:
6832:"The mandibular canal of the "old man" of Cro-Magnon: anatomical-radiological study"
6617:
6111:
4181:
3022:. Then, detailed paintings found deep within caves were discovered, the first being
2686:
prominent in historical societies, the idea of a prehistoric predominance of either
2399:
14139:
14046:
13789:
13572:
13372:
13292:
13248:
13048:
12870:
12721:
12681:
12129:
11882:
11699:
11661:
11508:
11305:
11238:
11197:
11187:
11168:"An Upper Palaeolithic engraved human bone associated with ritualistic cannibalism"
11136:
11099:
11066:
11019:
10973:
10926:
10765:
10712:
10702:
10653:
10643:
10605:
10585:
10542:
10530:
10469:
10459:
10404:
10321:
10291:
10243:
10210:
10200:
10161:
10107:
10075:
10037:
9986:
9951:
9885:
9875:
9796:
9763:
9755:
9716:
9668:
9640:
9620:
9582:
9574:
9534:
9524:
9488:
9379:
9369:
9330:
9278:
9268:
9226:
9185:
9175:
9085:
9037:
9028:
McDermott, L. (1996). "Self-Representation in Upper Paleolithic Female Figurines".
8995:
8961:
8935:
8923:
8880:
8815:
8770:
8760:
8721:
8681:
8631:
8560:
8502:
8486:
8431:
8381:
8365:
8316:
8308:
8255:
8245:
8182:
8174:
8125:
8115:
8060:
8010:
7957:
7947:
7906:
7888:
7839:
7798:
7790:
7741:
7733:
7695:
7675:
7637:
7629:
7599:
7579:
7532:
7483:
7473:
7409:
7389:
7346:
7308:
7263:
7253:
7195:
7120:
7040:
6969:
6935:
6890:
6843:
6684:
6647:
6605:
6558:
6455:
6445:
6359:
6351:
6292:
6284:
6235:
6227:
6167:
6099:
6047:
6039:
6022:
5993:
5952:
5942:
5893:
5885:
5829:
5755:
5747:
5680:
5649:
5629:
5577:
5525:
5517:
5465:
5455:
5405:
5395:
5341:
5333:
5284:
5273:"Diet of upper paleolithic modern humans: Evidence from microwear texture analysis"
5236:
5189:
5138:
5077:
5069:
5005:
4989:
4745:
4042:
4038:
3982:
3978:
3953:
3810:
3676:
3669:
3353:
2977:
2790:
2756:
2731:
2727:
2579:
2432:
2316:
2082:
2064:
1998:
of Southern Africa) and the hairdos of some are supposedly similar to some seen in
1919:
1806:
1761:
1700:
1587:
1281:
modern human migration into Europe is a series of modern human teeth with Neronian
1252:
743:
692:
188:
169:
13631:
13587:
6745:
2306:
1606:
appear to be a mix of WHG and EHG. Around 4,500 years ago, the immigration of the
1308:
116:(LGM), peaking 21,000 years ago. As Europe warmed, the Solutrean evolved into the
14020:
13990:
13752:
13680:
13658:
13616:
13511:
13481:
13346:
13341:
12992:
12875:
12446:
11936:
11909:
11807:
11765:
11377:
11192:
10165:
9990:
9880:
9578:
9492:
9273:
9180:
8765:
8250:
7893:
6895:
6878:
6523:
6171:
5947:
5684:
5240:
5224:
4954:
4804:
4750:
4687:
4667:
4639:
4547:
4502:
4150:
3252:
3165:
3065:
2951:
2752:
2719:
2670:
2610:
2473:
2411:
2209:
1951:
1883:, Czech Republic, purportedly transitional between Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons;
1827:
1607:
1526:
776:
545:
501:
148:
8835:"Patterns of Late Quaternary megafaunal extinctions in Europe and northern Asia"
2836:, Basque Country, the inhabitants were using the locally rare manganese mineral
2382:
soon after modern humans left Africa. In 2015, the 40,000 year old modern human
1402:
Hypotheses for Gravettian genesis include evolution: in central Europe from the
14129:
14056:
13878:
13843:
13774:
13663:
13535:
13243:
12828:
12818:
12639:
12620:
11756:
11460:
11446:
11385:
11266:
11163:
9089:
8369:
7559:
7512:
6998:
6043:
5998:
5981:
5706:
5460:
5142:
4993:
4737:
4159:
3806:
3753:
3544:
3508:
3492:
3058:
2914:
2740:
2639:
become much more prevalent. Some harpoon fragments are speculated to have been
2627:
2554:
2513:
2507:
studies on hunter-gatherer subsistence strategies have long placed emphasis on
2387:
2356:
2285:
2197:
1983:
1971:
1927:
1796:
1499:
1487:
1459:
1431:
1364:
597:
584:
514:
488:
184:
165:
105:
89:
11243:
11226:
11140:
10977:
10930:
10295:
10080:
10067:
9955:
9801:
9784:
9759:
9735:
9720:
8884:
7679:
7536:
7312:
7045:
7020:
6973:
6939:
6103:
5521:
5193:
3838:
3233:
1563:(WHG) contributed significantly to the present-day European genome, alongside
1482:
were covered in glaciers, and winter sea ice reached the French seaboard. The
14186:
14015:
14000:
13946:
13924:
13821:
13809:
13725:
13594:
13476:
13437:
13425:
13413:
13125:
13036:
12965:
12706:
12649:
12627:
12536:
12468:
12463:
12441:
11924:
11777:
11467:
11050:
10769:
10464:
10447:
10325:
8999:
8725:
8498:
8443:
8377:
7902:
7229:
6904:
6855:
6810:
6696:
6661:
6572:
6550:
6505:
6469:
6437:
6436:
Baker, Jack; Rigaud, Solange; Vanhaeren, Marian; dâErrico, Francesco (2022).
6407:
6018:"Palaeogenomics of Upper Palaeolithic to Neolithic European Hunter-gatherers"
5150:
5098:
5001:
4683:
4586:
4539:
4287:
4163:
4155:
4146:
3886:
3878:
3854:
3565:
3362:
3042:
3035:
2694:
families (centred on motherhood) was first supposed in 1861 by legal scholar
2618:
2441:
2324:
2201:
2185:
2181:
2031:
1999:
1947:
1915:
1908:
1822:
1810:
1785:
1765:
1680:
1599:
1579:
1491:
1479:
1475:
1343:
1321:
or went along the Mediterranean coast. Beginning about 45,000 years ago, the
1116:
784:
247:
180:
157:
156:
and slaughter whole herds at a time. The Cro-Magnon arsenal included spears,
12556:
11309:
11227:"Bad Hair Days in the Paleolithic: Modern (Re)Constructions of the Cave Man"
10707:
10648:
10408:
9624:
9429:
9374:
9318:
8435:
8120:
8064:
8015:
7990:
7844:
7827:
7633:
7478:
7258:
7199:
6652:
6635:
6609:
5795:
5400:
3809:
items which may have been baskets or mats. Due to the wide range of textile
2956:
2402:
fossil with an age of at least ~40,000 years, that yielded genome-wide data.
2309:, Spain, than to more or less contemporaneous eastern European Gravettians.
1962:
to justify the conquest of Europe and the supremacy of the German people in
1760:(actually a young man) from South Wales was described by geologist Reverend
1243:) migrated onto the European continent, they interacted with the indigenous
13934:
13890:
13871:
13826:
13626:
13550:
13307:
13302:
13258:
12885:
12767:
12731:
12711:
12563:
12541:
12453:
11930:
11918:
11860:
11734:
11682:
11647:
11572:
11479:
11211:
10726:
10667:
10416:
10382:
10248:
10231:
10173:
9899:
9768:
9632:
9511:
Pryor, A. J. E.; Beresford-Jones, D. G.; Dudin, A. E.; et al. (2020).
9393:
9292:
9199:
9097:
8784:
8627:
The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers
8516:
8451:
8395:
8330:
8269:
8196:
8139:
8072:
8024:
7971:
7952:
7920:
7853:
7812:
7755:
7687:
7651:
7591:
7497:
7358:
7277:
7207:
7132:
7124:
7054:
6912:
6863:
6847:
6589:
6373:
6306:
6249:
6061:
5966:
5907:
5769:
5692:
5641:
5589:
5537:
5479:
5419:
5355:
5337:
5298:
5201:
5158:
5091:
5019:
4824:
4783:. Cro-Magnons are also portrayed interacting with Neanderthals, such as in
4779:
4618:
4303:
4295:
4291:
4206:
3977:
seems to be wearing some nondescript open, twined hair cover. The engraved
3473:
3226:
3149:
3046:
2980:
have been found preceding this – namely the 36,000-year-old
2518:
2504:
2193:
2173:
2046:
1987:
1963:
1896:
1769:
1741:
1668:
1664:
1650:
1646:
1286:
1256:
1244:
1192:
766:
733:
647:
571:
558:
258:
movement, the Venus figurines were notably interpreted as evidence of some
227:
211:
200:
132:
13983:
11071:
11054:
10597:
10533:(2007). "The Evolution of Human Speech: Its Anatomical and Neural Bases".
9249:"Looking at the Camp: Paleolithic Depiction of a Hunter-Gatherer Campsite"
8490:
8408:
8037:
7401:
7234:"Late Pleistocene adult mortality patterns and modern human establishment"
6704:
4294:. The oldest such cave drawing has been identified at the 30,000 year old
4209:, but these are harder to prove. One probable bullroarer is identified at
4098:
2889:
2857:
1521:
roughly 14,000 years ago, Final Magdalenian traditions appear, namely the
13973:
13963:
13919:
13914:
13866:
13804:
13767:
13740:
13641:
13611:
13486:
13408:
13329:
13317:
13078:
13063:
13053:
13024:
12982:
12897:
12865:
12813:
12746:
12583:
12458:
12315:
11814:
11741:
11713:
11706:
11654:
10205:
10188:
9831:
What Is Paleolithic Art?: Cave Paintings and the Dawn of Human Creativity
9673:
9656:
6799:"Cro Magnon skull supports theory that human brains have begun to shrink"
6460:
4917:
4913:
4794:
4784:
4760:
4755:
4708:
4171:
4103:
3874:
3798:
3358:
3248:
3083:
2829:
2806:
2703:
2457:
2445:
2419:
2305:, Belgium, has more genetic affinities to the Magdalenian inhabitants of
2302:
2289:
2281:
2177:
2144:
2114:
1991:
1955:
1939:
1814:
1773:
1749:
1530:
1518:
1514:
1486:
were also covered in glaciers, and most of Europe was polar desert, with
1471:
1440:
1360:
1348:
1338:
1290:
1095:
838:
462:
231:
223:
136:
117:
97:
77:
10938:
10777:
9529:
9512:
8693:
8312:
8178:
7794:
7583:
6355:
6288:
6231:
5889:
5751:
5633:
5581:
5529:
5495:"Initial Upper Palaeolithic Homo sapiens from Bacho Kiro Cave, Bulgaria"
5073:
1918:'s idea of there being backwards races which require further evolution (
1298:
industry beginning 48,000 years ago, likely deriving from the Levantine
238:
in the mid-to-late 19th century, Cro-Magnons became the subject of much
14117:
14010:
13968:
13784:
13747:
13710:
13606:
13193:
13105:
12932:
12833:
12806:
12726:
12524:
12478:
12389:
12357:
11799:
11720:
10619:
10474:
10383:
Kvavadze E; Bar-Yosef O; Belfer-Cohen A; et al. (September 2009).
10215:
10119:
9586:
9539:
9049:
8572:
8289:"An early modern human from Romania with a recent Neanderthal ancestor"
7936:"Major genomic mitochondrial lineages delineate early human expansions"
7737:
7350:
6877:
KnĂŒsel, Christopher J.; Thibeault, Adrien; Villotte, SĂ©bastien (2023).
6563:
6450:
6415:
6391:
5289:
5272:
4534:
4337:
of a human figure with its arms raised in the air wearing a hide, the "
4330:
4299:
4259:
4235:
4202:
4194:
4186:
3970:
3964:
Some Venuses depict hairdos and clothing worn by Gravettian women. The
3569:
3393:
3114:
2755:. Her interpretations of the Palaeolithic were notably involved in the
2691:
2687:
2683:
2449:
2364:
2360:
2312:
2213:
2160:
2003:
1995:
1974:(both also from France) were considered the forerunners of either the "
1836:
1818:
1777:
1720:
1657:
1538:
1507:
1498:
in southwestern Europe, which invented brand new technologies, and the
1395:
1389:
1376:
1295:
219:
196:
121:
101:
11252:
9230:
8474:
8155:"Ancient gene flow from early modern humans into Eastern Neanderthals"
6549:
Henry-Gambier, Dominique; Nespoulet, Roland; Chiotti, Laurent (2013).
5834:
5821:
5760:
4529:
The most lavish Palaeolithic burial is a grave from the Gravettian of
14025:
13794:
13779:
13377:
13362:
13287:
13270:
13188:
13073:
13014:
13004:
12999:
12922:
12801:
12689:
12615:
12382:
12372:
11866:
11771:
11296:
Drell, J. R. R. (2000). "Neanderthals: a history of interpretation".
10624:"Ultraconserved words point to deep language ancestry across Eurasia"
10589:
8927:
6772:
6718:
4725:
4663:
4635:
4552:
4490:
4318:
A wounded sorcerer with a bison head is found at the 17,000 year old
4219:
4190:
4175:
3866:
3693:
3689:
3106:
3090:
2985:
2961:
2922:
2875:
2825:
2821:
2726:
The Palaeolithic matriarchy model was adapted by prominent communist
2622:
2575:
2492:
2453:
2407:
2220:
2106:
1994:(a condition which causes thicker thighs, common in the women of the
1943:
1753:
1583:
1495:
1450:
1427:
1403:
1176:
853:
243:
235:
204:
109:
11104:
11087:
8739:
Zohar, I.; Dayan, T.; Goren, M.; Nadel, D.; Hershkovitz, I. (2018).
7987:
7934:
Maca-Meyer N, GonzĂĄlez AM, Larruga JM, Flores C, Cabrera VM (2001).
6596:[A grave of cave dwellers in PĂ©rigord (Les Eyzies skulls)].
5718:
5173:
262:, though such claims had mostly died down in academia by the 1970s.
143:
for lighter skin would not begin until 30,000 years ago. Before the
13799:
13735:
13582:
13540:
13275:
13183:
13058:
12880:
12843:
12823:
11727:
11692:
11669:
11390:
11023:
10546:
10111:
10041:
9698:
9358:"Stone Age hut in Israel yields world's oldest evidence of bedding"
9334:
9041:
7510:
6725:. United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization
6338:
6075:
Banks, W. E.; d'Errico, F.; Peterson, A. T.; Vanhaeren, M. (2008).
4733:
4643:
4426:
4396:
4326:
3909:
3822:
3805:
cloth. Some cloths appear to have a design pattern. There are also
3697:
3069:
3050:
2998:
2879:
2837:
2699:
2566:
2562:
2537:
2529:
2315:
identified in Cro-Magnons are the patrilineal (from father to son)
2244:
1967:
1768:. Subsequent authors contended the skeleton was either evidence of
1679:. He described the site as a cemetery and identified the humans as
1326:
1027:
475:
449:
11346:
10567:
8412:"Genomic structure in Europeans dating back at least 36,200 years"
8232:
8041:"Genomic structure in Europeans dating back at least 36,200 years"
7714:"Upper Palaeolithic genomes reveal deep roots of modern Eurasians"
7423:
Haviland, W. A.; Prins, H. E L.; Walrath, D.; McBride, B. (2010).
7393:
7290:
6214:
6074:
5222:
2846:
13861:
13653:
13599:
13545:
13367:
13173:
13083:
12937:
12838:
12796:
12659:
12578:
12531:
12519:
11877:
11453:
10429:
8216:"The Date of Interbreeding between Neandertals and Modern Humans"
4920:(Belgium) C1a, Sungir (Russia): C1a2, Ust'-Ishim and Oase-1: K2a
4729:
4721:
4411:
4251:
4243:
4210:
4061:
3986:
3834:
3814:
3786:
3461:
3244:
3209:
2906:
2714:, because it lacked clothes and had a prominent vulva. The name "
2644:
2640:
2636:
2631:
2606:
2602:
2550:
2424:
2232:
2228:
2118:
1630:
1522:
632:
624:
610:
434:
161:
8714:
Archeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association
6636:"A troglodyte burial in the PĂ©rigord (the skulls of Les Eyzies)"
2541:
body) in order to efficiently slaughter whole herds of animals (
2444:
culture, which largely replaced populations associated with the
1719:(Cro-Magnon 2) and an infant (Cro-Magnon 5). In 1868, anatomist
1622:, and more or less the present-day genetic makeup of Europeans.
1436:
13929:
13466:
13444:
13297:
13233:
13178:
12568:
12546:
12514:
12488:
11335:
8093:
7933:
7828:"The Expansion of mtDNA Haplogroup L3 within and out of Africa"
6594:"Une sépulture des troglodytes du Périgord (crùnes des Eyzies)"
6128:
HolzkÀmper, J.; Kretschmer, I.; Maier, A.; et al. (2013).
5432:
5033:
4962:
4744:, and among the first appearances in fictional literature were
4602:
4571:
4530:
4482:
4334:
3818:
3790:
3727:
Aurignacian necklace made of bear, horse, elk, and beaver teeth
3709:
3705:
3425:
3094:
2934:
2918:
2648:
2593:
2383:
2297:
1979:
1888:
1710:
1372:
1299:
8152:
7454:"European early modern humans and the fate of the Neandertals"
6646:(3â4). Translated by R. Nespoulet; D. Henry-Gambier: 121â128.
3117:; but there is no evidence Cro-Magnons purposefully ate them.
2239:
gene associated with lighter hair and eye colour, experienced
2110:
1934:
in 1900, who characterised them as tall and intelligent proto-
1871:" for a skull from Dordogne which had "Ethiopic affinities"; "
1649:, around 10 m (33 ft) deep, on the left bank of the
13995:
13715:
13449:
13403:
13265:
13120:
13068:
12644:
12610:
11952:
11843:
11833:
9602:
9153:
8472:
8282:
7866:
6548:
5102:
4638:, and thus ritual cannibalism, comes from the Magdalenian of
4264:
4231:
3830:
3802:
3794:
3701:
3657:
2926:
2842:
2614:
2546:
2236:
2224:
1935:
1821:
continuing into the 20th century. This was a continuation of
1654:
1314:
11161:
11055:"Diversity and differential disposal of the dead at Sunghir"
10917:
Taylor, T. (2011). "The Brno Effect: From Culture to Mind".
10098:(1972). "Cognitive Aspects of Upper Paleolithic Engraving".
9733:
8905:
8209:
7525:
Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d anthropologie de Paris
6719:"Prehistoric Sites and Decorated Caves of the VĂ©zĂšre Valley"
6640:
Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris
6598:
Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris
6435:
5662:
3361:
and seemingly bearing some ornamentation such as piercings,
3082:
Following the 1960s, begun by German-American art historian
1677:
Bulletins et Mémoires de la Société d'Anthropologie de Paris
1255:
and colleagues argued that two 210,000 year old skulls from
13941:
13902:
13382:
13238:
13168:
13088:
12960:
12473:
11611:
11118:
9121:
7422:
5800:
Bulletins et mémoires de la Sociétéd'Anthropologie de Paris
5610:
4445:
4201:
It is speculated that a few Cro-Magnon artefacts represent
3862:
3849:
3704:. They may have also been producing ivory and stone rings,
2902:
2617:
base were being produced. By the beginning of the LGM, the
2533:
2436:
in March 2023, the authors found that the ancestors of the
2248:
1959:
1880:
1483:
10894:
The Mind in the Cave: Consciousness and the Origins of Art
9220:
9125:
The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Death and Burial
8551:
Bar-Yosef, O. (2002). "The Upper Paleolithic Revolution".
6525:
Cro-Magnon: The Story of the Last Ice Age People of Europe
5097:
initial modern humans to appear in Europe, exemplified by
2778:
through the Upper Pleistocene could potentially mean that
1756:
had not yet been conceived). For example, the Aurignacian
112:
in the west, due to major climatic degradation during the
13253:
13019:
12977:
11269:; Brett-Surman, M. K. (1997). "Dinosaurs and the media".
9654:
9510:
9075:
6127:
5920:
5312:
Slimak, L.; Zanolli, C.; Higham, T.; et al. (2022).
4538:
with grave goods other than personal adornment (one from
3826:
3110:
2355:, Italy, is the oldest identified bearer of Y-haplogroup
1582:
seems to have had a similar genetic makeup. Near Eastern
1209:
10618:
10499:
9736:"A new look at an old dog: Bonn-Oberkassel reconsidered"
9655:
Horard-Herbin, M.-P.; Tresett, A.; Vigne, J.-D. (2014).
9356:
Nadel, D.; Weiss, E.; Simchoni, O.; et al. (2004).
8858:
5116:
3075:
In 1903, Reinach proposed that the cave art represented
11265:
11088:"Identity and Fear â Burials in the Upper Palaeolithic"
10448:"The origins of music: Evidence, theory, and prospects"
9940:"Sexual Dimorphism in Upper Palaeolithic Hand Stencils"
9915:
Gardner's Art through the Ages: The Western Perspective
8859:
Tomasso, A.; Rots, V.; Purdue, L.; Beyries, S. (2018).
6876:
5558:
4170:
and bark; more or less unmodified items such as horns,
3793:
baskets; and woven cloth including simple and diagonal
2816:
complex, cross-continental social organisation system.
9854:
Nomade, S.; Genty, D.; Sasco, R.; et al. (2016).
8664:
Knecht, H. (1994). "Late Ice Age Hunting Technology".
7009:. International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.
3444:
Magdalenian perforated baton with an engraving from L'
2647:, and true harpoons are commonly found along seasonal
2414:~45kya) appeared to be more closely related to modern
1598:(EHG) population identified around the steppes of the
30:
For the site of the first discovered Cro-Magnons, see
10273:
9553:
7110:
6156:
4863: â Late Upper Paleolithic nomadic hunter culture
1784:
movement was gaining traction, headed principally by
10622:; Atkinson, Q. D.; Calude, A. S.; Meade, A. (2013).
10020:
8738:
7618:"The Timing of Pigmentation Lightening in Europeans"
4869: â Proposed Upper Paleolithic European industry
2964:
from Siberia; it is not ancestral to any modern dog.
1675:
on 21 May, the proceedings published in its journal
254:
were overturned by the mid-20th century. During the
152:
or aquatic game, and more frequently participate in
124:
cultures as big game animals were dying out and the
10021:Soffer, O.; Adovasio, J. M.; Hyland, D. C. (2000).
5311:
5174:"Apidima Cave fossils provide earliest evidence of
4333:. An ivory slab from Geissenklösterle has a carved
4129:Music played with a replica of the 33,000-year-old
275:
104:by 30,000 years ago. The Gravettian split into the
11856:(archaic homo sapiens, anatomically modern humans)
9442:
9355:
9246:
6675:Baker, J. R. (1968). "Cro-Magnon man, 1868-1968".
6196:Lazaridis, I.; Patterson, N.; et al. (2014).
6195:
5921:Bicho, N.; Cascalheira, J.; Gonçalves, C. (2017).
3180:Solutrean wounded deer from Peña de Candamo, Spain
2030:'s 1920 reconstruction of Magdalenian painters at
1788:, arguing that fossil materials well predated the
11049:
11005:
11003:
11001:
10999:
10997:
10995:
10831:Stone, A. (2003). "The Prehistory of Shamanism".
10525:
10523:
10360:The Magdalenian Household: Unraveling Domesticity
10269:
10267:
10144:(1972). "Upper Paleolithic Notation and Symbol".
9694:
9692:
9470:
9468:
9466:
9464:
9414:(3 ed.). Frances Lincoln. pp. 128â132.
6123:
6121:
2346:. Y-haplogroup IJ descended from Southwest Asia.
2235: – the latter two, as well as the
1418:the rest of the world for the next 23,000 years.
234:. Following the conception and popularisation of
14184:
11045:
11043:
11041:
10230:Wolf, S.; Dapschauskas, R.; et al. (2018).
10229:
9853:
9598:
9596:
9023:
9021:
9019:
9017:
8203:
7106:
7104:
6743:
6191:
6189:
5493:Hublin, J.-J.; Sirakov, N.; et al. (2020).
5270:
4896: â Mesolithic culture in what is now Poland
1899:and other skeletons near Grimaldi, Monaco; and "
10687:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
10628:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
9824:
9822:
9820:
9818:
9816:
9814:
9812:
9362:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
8100:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
7557:
7458:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
7238:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
6152:
6150:
6016:Posth C, Yu H, Ghalichi A, et al. (2023).
6015:
5729:
5380:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
5369:
5367:
5365:
4310:, France, features 3 sorcerers. The so-called "
3769:Magdalenian bear pendant made out of a deer rib
2937:, Ukraine, where jaws were stacked to create a
2570:megafauna following the LGM (such as mammoths,
1687:(Cro-Magnon rock shelter), now recognised as a
10992:
10888:
10856:
10854:
10852:
10520:
10495:
10493:
10441:
10439:
10437:
10357:
10353:
10351:
10349:
10347:
10345:
10343:
10264:
10016:
10014:
10012:
10010:
10008:
9833:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 7â19.
9689:
9554:Demay, L.; PĂ©an, S.; Patou-Mathis, M. (2012).
9461:
7664:
6996:
6118:
6011:
6009:
5815:
5813:
5789:
5787:
4890: â Upper Paleolithic blade-making culture
2865:, Spain, with engravings speculated to be huts
2678:" ("immodest Venus"), possibly of a young girl
2374:Genetic evidence suggests early modern humans
1614:cultures from the eastern steppes brought the
12331:
11362:
11038:
10884:
10882:
10826:
10824:
10822:
10820:
10376:
10061:
10059:
9917:. Vol. I. Cengage Learning. p. 20.
9727:
9645:refer Supplementary material Page 27 Table S1
9593:
9506:
9504:
9502:
9405:
9403:
9242:
9240:
9071:
9069:
9067:
9014:
8977:
8975:
8707:
8705:
8703:
8659:
8657:
8655:
7611:
7609:
7551:
7511:Balzeau, A.; Grimaud-Hervé, D.; Detroit, F.;
7177:
7148:
7146:
7144:
7142:
7101:
7013:
6752:. Dictionnaire Etymologique de la Langue DâOc
6528:. Columbia University Press. pp. 12â20.
6320:Haak, W.; Lazaridis, I.; et al. (2015).
6319:
6186:
5793:
5492:
5266:
5264:
5262:
5260:
5258:
1839:classifications for different races based on
1220:
304:
27:Earliest anatomically modern humans in Europe
11162:Bello, S. M.; Wallduck, R.; Parfitt, S. A.;
10863:Placeways: A Theory of the Human Environment
10792:
10307:
10305:
9809:
9436:
9312:
9310:
8947:
8945:
8832:
7442:Scandinavia, and aborigines from Australia."
7222:
7078:
7076:
7074:
7072:
6147:
5707:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0065839
5362:
4884: â European cultures 14ka to 12.8ka ago
3652:Reconstruction of a decorated Cro-Magnon man
2698:. The earliest models of this believed that
2440:(WHGs) were populations associated with the
1555:Europe was completely re-peopled during the
1367:4 (a period of extreme seasonality) and the
11841:
11218:
10849:
10741:
10490:
10434:
10340:
10005:
9976:
9316:
9214:
9149:
9147:
9145:
9117:
9115:
9113:
9111:
9109:
9107:
8610:Tattoos and Body Modifications in Antiquity
8602:
8600:
8598:
8343:
8087:
7560:"Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia"
7429:. Cengage Learning. pp. 204â205, 212.
7332:
7330:
7328:
7326:
7324:
7322:
6006:
5810:
5784:
5165:
4967:
3861:There is some potential evidence of simple
3664:, popular hypotheses include the putative "
3623:Engraved "map" on a Gravettian mammoth tusk
2734:). The former sentiment was adopted by the
1559:from 9 to 5 thousand years ago. Mesolithic
12345:
12338:
12324:
11369:
11355:
11289:
10879:
10817:
10311:
10056:
9499:
9409:
9400:
9237:
9064:
8972:
8700:
8652:
8606:
8546:
8544:
7769:Posth, Cosimo; et al. (4 July 2017).
7606:
7139:
6959:
6957:
6955:
6953:
6951:
6949:
6256:
5723:
5255:
4185:Potential Cro-Magnon musical instruments:
3635:Various Magdalenian plaques with "writing"
3424:Magdalenian perforated baton with a horse
2247:in present-day European-descended humans,
311:
297:
11275:. Indiana University Press. p. 676.
11242:
11201:
11191:
11103:
11070:
11009:
10716:
10706:
10657:
10647:
10529:
10473:
10463:
10302:
10247:
10214:
10204:
10079:
9889:
9879:
9800:
9767:
9672:
9538:
9528:
9474:
9383:
9373:
9307:
9282:
9272:
9189:
9179:
9027:
8942:
8774:
8764:
8550:
8506:
8385:
8320:
8259:
8249:
8231:
8210:Sankararaman, S.; Patterson, N.; Li, H.;
8186:
8129:
8119:
8014:
7983:
7981:
7961:
7951:
7910:
7892:
7843:
7802:
7745:
7641:
7487:
7477:
7371:
7339:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
7267:
7257:
7069:
7044:
6894:
6770:
6651:
6562:
6459:
6449:
6438:"Cro-Magnon personal ornaments revisited"
6363:
6337:
6296:
6239:
6213:
6051:
5997:
5980:PĂ©an, S.; Puaud, S.; et al. (2013).
5979:
5956:
5946:
5897:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5853:
5851:
5849:
5847:
5845:
5833:
5759:
5469:
5459:
5409:
5399:
5373:
5345:
5288:
5277:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
5081:
5009:
2331:; and matrilineal (from mother to child)
1851:" (European descent, governed by laws), "
12261:Human evolutionary developmental biology
10680:
10140:
10094:
9142:
9104:
8623:
8595:
8344:PrĂŒfer, Kay; Posth, Cosimo (June 2021).
7707:
7705:
7451:
7319:
7228:
6836:Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery
6521:
4968:PrĂŒfer, Kay; Posth, Cosimo (June 2021).
4702:
4180:
4116:
4097:
3848:, Georgia, appear to have been staining
3647:
3236:, the Czech Pavlovian, and West Russian
3148:Aurignacian lions, rhinos, and bison at
2955:
2888:
2856:
2789:
2669:
2584:
2498:
2393:
2150:
2138:
1843:behavioural definitions (in accord with
1734:
1709:
1629:
1435:
1342:
1302:industry; the remains found in the cave
1270:and colleagues. About 60,000 years ago,
242:, with early race theories allying with
96:cultures, the first major one being the
42:
10798:
10186:
9912:
9828:
8565:10.1146/annurev.anthro.31.040402.085416
8541:
6963:
6946:
6711:
5866:"The genetic history of Ice Age Europe"
5863:
5819:
5699:
5376:"The spread of modern humans in Europe"
5171:
5050:"The genetic history of Ice Age Europe"
2710:" ("immodest Venus") by the discoverer
2012:Early depictions of early modern humans
1954:), which gained popularity just before
1421:
14:
14185:
11224:
10916:
10860:
10747:
10506:. European Music Archaeology Project.
10445:
9789:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
8981:
8842:Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg
8711:
8663:
8636:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199551224.013.032
8031:
7978:
7927:
7825:
7615:
7152:
6829:
6764:
6633:
6588:
6487:
6385:
6383:
6262:
5842:
5271:El Zaatari, S.; Hublin, J.-J. (2014).
4140:Cro-Magnons are known to have created
3132:Proto-Aurignacian dots and lines from
2134:
1205:
13509:
13148:
12414:
12319:
12046:Evolutionary models of human drug use
11350:
11295:
11085:
10959:
10830:
10065:
9247:GarcĂa-Diez, M.; Vaquero, M. (2015).
8951:
8833:Stuart, A. J.; Lister, A. M. (2007).
7768:
7711:
7702:
7558:Allentoft, M. E.; Sikora, M. (2015).
7082:
6925:
6796:
6674:
6629:
6627:
6584:
6582:
6517:
6515:
6483:
6481:
6479:
6431:
6429:
6427:
6425:
6389:
5822:"The Gravettian on the Middle Danube"
5656:
4516:
3523:26,000 year old mammoth carving from
3192:Magdalenian bison clay sculptures at
2984:from Belgium and the 33,000-year-old
2893:Reconstruction of a mammoth hut from
2849:in France, Germany, and Switzerland.
1714:Skull of the "Old Man" (Cro-Magnon 1)
1662:French Minister of Public Instruction
289:
13510:
12286:
9937:
9782:
8797:
8579:
7336:
6737:
4900:
4410:The vanquished bird-headed man from
4395:The wounded sorcerer from Grotte de
4158:(that is, to make the instrument in
3881:. A foot-shaped piece of ivory from
2712:Paul Hurault, 8th Marquis de Vibraye
1347:Map of the distribution of the main
1148:
1126:
1104:
1080:
1060:
1040:
1016:
996:
973:
950:
930:
910:
890:
870:
278:
230:peoples which were wiped out by the
11376:
10865:. UNC Press Books. pp. 89â94.
6522:Holliday, Trenton W. (2023-07-18).
6380:
2968:At some point in time, Cro-Magnons
24:
10503:Music and Sounds in Ancient Europe
10385:"30,000-year-old wild flax fibers"
8276:
6771:Hitchcock, Don (January 3, 2016).
6624:
6579:
6512:
6476:
6422:
5047:
4888:Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician
4205:or percussion instruments such as
3460:Magdalenian perforated baton from
3020:Louis Laurent Gabriel de Mortillet
2762:The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory
1859:" (Asian descent, opinions), and "
1705:National Museum of Natural History
1541:by the beginning of the Holocene.
25:
14224:
13462:Megalithic architectural elements
11328:
11121:Journal of Archaeological Science
10276:Journal of Archaeological Science
9740:Journal of Archaeological Science
9701:Journal of Archaeological Science
9317:Maher, L. A.; Conkey, M. (2019).
8865:Journal of Archaeological Science
8800:Journal of Archaeological Science
8686:10.1038/scientificamerican0794-82
8613:. Chronos Verlag. pp. 17â18.
8214:; Reich, D.; Akey, J. M. (2012).
7426:Anthropology: The Human Challenge
7293:Journal of Archaeological Science
6744:Geuljans, Robert (July 5, 2011).
6084:Journal of Archaeological Science
5719:https://doi.org/10.1038/srep45940
5172:Harvati, K.; et al. (2019).
3491:Aurignacian horse sculpture from
2674:The first Venus discovered, the "
1730:
13149:
12297:
12285:
12274:
12273:
11334:
11259:
11155:
11112:
11079:
10953:
10910:
10674:
10612:
10561:
10362:. SUNY Press. pp. 237â242.
10223:
10180:
10134:
10088:
9970:
9931:
9906:
9847:
9776:
9648:
9547:
9412:Mammoths â Giants of the Ice Age
8966:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2005.00179.x
7826:Soares, P.; et al. (2011).
7616:Beleza, S.; et al. (2012).
4675:
4655:
4610:
4594:
4578:
4563:
4452:
4437:
4418:
4403:
4388:
4372:
4353:
4246:(sounds) as present-day humans.
4069:
4049:
4031:
4016:
4001:
3945:
3929:
3917:
3897:
3762:
3744:
3732:
3720:
3628:
3616:
3600:
3584:
3532:
3516:
3507:Aurignacian lion sculpture from
3500:
3484:
3453:
3437:
3417:
3401:
3385:
3373:
3333:
3317:
3301:
3285:
3269:
3201:
3185:
3173:
3157:
3141:
3125:
2659:
2430:In a genetic study published in
2075:
2057:
2051:Ideal picture from the Stone Age
2039:
2020:
1695:means "rock shelter" in French,
1673:Society of Anthropology of Paris
226:model, wherein they represented
195:and whistles, and possibly also
14081:Evolutionary origin of religion
10803:. University of Chicago Press.
9349:
8899:
8852:
8826:
8791:
8732:
8617:
8523:
8466:
8402:
8337:
8146:
7860:
7832:Molecular Biology and Evolution
7819:
7762:
7658:
7622:Molecular Biology and Evolution
7504:
7445:
7416:
7365:
7284:
7171:
6990:
6919:
6870:
6823:
6797:Paris, Adam Sage (2023-11-29).
6790:
6668:
6542:
6313:
6068:
5973:
5914:
5711:
5604:
5552:
5486:
5223:de Lumley, M.-A.; Guipert, G.;
4923:
4907:
3220:
2096:
1855:" (African descent, impulse), "
1567:(ANE) which descended from the
8984:Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory
8350:Nature Ecology & Evolution
6494:Anuario de Estudios AtlĂĄnticos
5440:Nature Ecology & Evolution
5426:
5305:
5216:
5123:Nature Ecology & Evolution
5110:
5041:
4974:Nature Ecology & Evolution
4943:
4629:
3164:Gravettian hand stencils from
1958:, and was notably used by the
1914:These fossil races, alongside
1879:" for a series of skulls from
1332:
869:
13:
1:
13694:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
13224:British megalith architecture
11298:Oxford Journal of Archaeology
10892:(2004). "Cave and Conflict".
10801:The Nature of Paleolithic Art
9410:Lister, A.; Bahn, P. (2007).
8553:Annual Review of Anthropology
7087:. John Benjamins Publishing.
6488:Movius, Hallam L. Jr (1969).
4936:
4511:Isturitz and Oxocelhaya caves
4135:Isturitz and Oxocelhaya caves
3952:Magdalenian bone needle from
2960:Skull of the 33,000-year-old
2553:, and ibex, and occasionally
2536:) congregate seasonally, and
2164:
1604:Scandinavian Hunter-Gatherers
1544:
1383:
1369:Campanian Ignimbrite eruption
265:
100:, which was succeeded by the
14193:Early European modern humans
13689:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
13229:Nordic megalith architecture
11341:European early modern humans
11193:10.1371/journal.pone.0182127
10166:10.1126/science.178.4063.817
9991:10.1080/1751696X.2014.993244
9881:10.1371/journal.pone.0146621
9579:10.1016/j.quaint.2011.11.019
9493:10.1016/j.quaint.2014.08.050
9447:. Oxford: J. and E. Hedges.
9274:10.1371/journal.pone.0143002
9181:10.1371/journal.pone.0214932
8820:10.1016/0305-4403(77)90092-9
8766:10.1371/journal.pone.0198747
8479:Genome Biology and Evolution
8251:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002947
7894:10.1371/journal.pone.0072931
7085:Ecce Homo!: A Lexicon of Man
7025:Nature Ecology and Evolution
6896:10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103329
6723:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
6689:10.1016/0160-9327(68)90100-2
6172:10.1016/j.quaint.2017.01.005
6137:ArchÀologische Informationen
5948:10.1371/journal.pone.0178506
5685:10.1016/j.jhevol.2011.11.009
5241:10.1016/j.anthro.2019.102743
4281:
3936:Washer-like stone disc from
2972:, probably as a result of a
2470:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
2386:was found to have had 6â9% (
2371:and mtDNA haplogroup U5b1h.
1625:
1620:Proto-Indo-European language
272:Hominid dispersals in Europe
62:European early modern humans
18:European early modern humans
7:
12304:Evolutionary biology Portal
11053:; Buzhilova, A. P. (2018).
10919:Journal of World Prehistory
9443:Pidoplichko, I. H. (1998).
9128:. Oxford University Press.
8630:. Oxford University Press.
4949:First wave exemplified by:
4854:
4698:
4270:
4225:
3682:
3643:
3380:Phallus from Czech Republic
3308:25,000 year old Venus from
3029:
2605:onto a shaft to be used as
2559:Quaternary extinction event
2376:interbred with Neanderthals
2254:
2155:Female face, carved ivory,
1942:". These aligned well with
1643:Les Eyzies-de-Tayac-Sireuil
1277:The earliest indication of
1206:
428:
36:Cro-Magnon (disambiguation)
10:
14229:
14208:Anatomically modern humans
13837:British Isles and Brittany
13758:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
10430:Supporting Online Material
9223:AIP Conference Proceedings
9090:10.1016/j.juro.2011.07.077
8370:10.1038/s41559-021-01443-x
7113:Journal of Human Evolution
6883:Journal of Human Evolution
6392:"The Cro-Magnon Discovery"
6044:10.1038/s41586-023-05726-0
5999:10.2458/azu_js_rc.55.16379
5864:Fu, Q.; Posth, C. (2016).
5794:Henry-Gambier, D. (2002).
5665:Journal of Human Evolution
5461:10.1038/s41559-023-02303-6
5143:10.1038/s41559-023-02211-9
4994:10.1038/s41559-021-01443-x
4274:
4189:(left), whistle (centre),
4091:
3666:female cosmetic coalitions
3591:Aurignacian plaque from L'
3224:
3033:
2949:
2861:13,800 year old slab from
2852:
2785:
2663:
2654:
2467:
2463:
2258:
2129:
1689:UNESCO World Heritage Site
1548:
1425:
1394:Gradually replaced by the
1387:
1336:
1261:Marie-Antoinette de Lumley
1224:
1221:Initial Upper Palaeolithic
269:
29:
14039:
13852:
13679:
13526:
13522:
13505:
13391:
13355:
13204:
13161:
13157:
13144:
12951:
12782:
12755:
12680:
12606:
12597:
12502:
12427:
12423:
12415:
12410:
12353:
12269:
12249:Evolutionary anthropology
12226:
12200:
12153:
12091:
12010:
11969:
11962:
11908:
11832:
11755:
11680:
11634:
11627:
11610:
11570:
11506:
11477:
11441:
11432:
11399:
11384:
11244:10.1525/aa.1999.101.2.288
11141:10.1016/j.jas.2020.105076
10978:10.1080/00438240902843964
10931:10.1007/s10963-011-9052-8
10296:10.1016/j.jas.2005.11.017
10081:10.4000/palethnologie.888
9956:10.1017/S0003598X00093704
9802:10.1016/j.jaa.2017.05.003
9760:10.1016/j.jas.2018.01.004
9721:10.1016/j.jas.2011.09.022
8885:10.1016/j.jas.2018.05.003
7680:10.1007/s00439-007-0460-x
7537:10.1007/s13219-012-0069-z
7313:10.1016/j.jas.2005.05.006
7046:10.1038/s41559-018-0675-3
6974:10.1057/978-1-137-31846-6
6940:10.1080/00033794200201391
6104:10.1016/j.jas.2007.05.011
6030:(2 March 2023): 117â126.
5522:10.1038/s41586-020-2259-z
5374:Hoffecker, J. F. (2009).
5194:10.1038/s41586-019-1376-z
5024:A female individual from
4841:Elizabeth Marshall Thomas
4634:The earliest evidence of
3739:Gravettian ivory necklace
3568:suggested they represent
3408:Aurignacian phallus from
3392:Aurignacian phallus from
2780:sexual division of labour
2509:sexual division of labour
2261:Genetic history of Europe
1752:model (as the concept of
1637:(Cro-Magnon rock shelter)
1576:Caucasus Hunter-Gatherers
1557:Holocene climatic optimum
1227:Initial Upper Paleolithic
86:Initial Upper Paleolithic
14203:Upper Paleolithic Europe
10770:10.1177/1474474014545301
10465:10.1177/2059204317751971
10326:10.1177/0392192107076870
9563:Quaternary International
9477:Quaternary International
9000:10.1177/0966735006059510
8726:10.1525/ap3a.1993.4.1.83
8587:Trabalhos de Arqueologia
7155:Women In Human Evolution
6830:Goudot, Patrick (2002).
6773:"The Cro-Magnon Shelter"
6160:Quaternary International
4087:
3873:, Russia, may have been
3607:Aurignacian plaque from
3352:Cro-Magnons also carved
3342:Venus of DolnĂ VÄstonice
2743:worship as part of some
2438:Western Hunter-Gatherers
1845:historical race concepts
1802:On the Origin of Species
1780:. Around this time, the
1764:in 1822 as a citizen of
1602:also dispersed, and the
1596:Eastern Hunter-Gatherers
1561:Western Hunter-Gatherers
321:
252:historical race concepts
14069:Evolutionary musicology
13472:Oldest extant buildings
13399:Archaeological features
12918:Prepared-core technique
12155:Origin of modern humans
11310:10.1111/1468-0092.00096
11231:American Anthropologist
11092:Documenta Praehistorica
10896:. Thames & Hudson.
10799:Guthrie, R. D. (2005).
10708:10.1073/pnas.1309114110
10649:10.1073/pnas.1218726110
10409:10.1126/science.1175404
9913:Kleiner, F. S. (2016).
9625:10.1126/science.1243650
9375:10.1073/pnas.0308557101
8436:10.1126/science.aaa0114
8121:10.1073/pnas.1130343100
8065:10.1126/science.aaa0114
8016:10.1126/science.aao1807
7479:10.1073/pnas.0702214104
7259:10.1073/pnas.1018700108
7200:10.1126/science.1206930
7031:(10): 1517â1518. 2018.
6653:10.3166/bmsap-2018-0029
6610:10.3406/bmsap.1868.9547
6390:Baker, John R. (1969).
5401:10.1073/pnas.0903446106
4513:in the Basque Country.
4381:Grotte des Trois-FrĂšres
4366:Grotte des Trois-FrĂšres
4308:Grotte des Trois-FrĂšres
4240:Skhul and Qafzeh humans
2945:
1739:1916 reconstruction of
1565:Ancient North Eurasians
1535:BĂžllingâAllerĂžd warming
1193:P a r a n t h r o p u s
1052:Dispersal beyond Africa
216:Cro-Magnon rock shelter
32:Cro-Magnon rock shelter
14031:Unchambered long cairn
13879:Mound Builders culture
13212:Neolithic architecture
12347:Prehistoric technology
11225:Berman, J. C. (1999).
10861:Walter, E. V. (1988).
10249:10.1515/opar-2018-0012
7953:10.1186/1471-2156-2-13
7125:10.1006/jhev.1998.0270
6968:. Palgrave Macmillan.
6848:10.1054/jcms.2002.0282
6750:etymologie-occitane.fr
5338:10.1126/sciadv.abj9496
4875: â Old Stone Age
4717:
4306:. The 14,000 year old
4198:
4137:
4114:
3837:as well as the German
3668:" hypothesis and the "
3653:
3208:Magdalenian horses at
3012:
3003:canine distemper virus
2965:
2898:
2866:
2801:
2679:
2597:
2403:
2168:
2148:
1924:Aboriginal Australians
1835:with several putative
1809:metrics gathered from
1745:
1715:
1638:
1592:Early European Farmers
1463:
1356:
324:−10 —
176:out of mammoth bones.
54:
34:. For other uses, see
13706:List of Stone Age art
12908:Microblade technology
12856:Langdale axe industry
12454:Ard / plough
12163:Recent African origin
11401:Last common ancestors
11272:The Complete Dinosaur
11072:10.15184/aqy.2017.223
10681:Heggarty, P. (2013).
7845:10.1093/molbev/msr245
7775:Nature Communications
7718:Nature Communications
7634:10.1093/molbev/mss207
7452:Trinkaus, E. (2007).
4830:Clan of the Cave Bear
4707:Cro-Magnons tribe in
4706:
4444:The male puppet from
4277:Palaeolithic religion
4184:
4128:
4101:
3651:
2959:
2892:
2860:
2812:Homalopoma sanguineum
2797:Homalopoma sanguineum
2793:
2696:Johann Jakob Bachofen
2673:
2588:
2499:Hunting and gathering
2489:behavioural modernity
2482:Behavioural modernity
2468:Further information:
2397:
2259:Further information:
2154:
2142:
1738:
1713:
1683:. The site is called
1667:to verify the finds,
1633:
1572:Mal'taâBuret' culture
1443:, c. 20,000 years ago
1439:
1346:
1285:stone tools found at
414:−1 —
404:−2 —
394:−3 —
384:−4 —
374:−5 —
364:−6 —
354:−7 —
344:−8 —
334:−9 —
47:Skull of man known as
46:
14113:Prehistoric medicine
14108:Prehistoric counting
14091:Prehistoric religion
14086:Paleolithic religion
14064:Behavioral modernity
13421:Causewayed enclosure
13313:Abri de la Madeleine
12437:Neolithic Revolution
12178:Behavioral modernity
12168:Multiregional origin
11948:archaic Homo sapiens
11943:Homo heidelbergensis
11888:Red Deer Cave people
11343:at Wikimedia Commons
11012:Current Anthropology
10750:Cultural Geographies
10535:Current Anthropology
10206:10.1387/veleia.18074
10187:Svoboda, J. (2017).
10100:Current Anthropology
10030:Current Anthropology
9829:Clottes, J. (2016).
9783:Lupo, K. D. (2017).
9674:10.2527/af.2014-0018
9565:. 276â277: 212â226.
9479:. 359â360: 324â334.
9323:Current Anthropology
9030:Current Anthropology
7712:Jones, E.R. (2015).
7003:"Who is the type of
6964:McMahon, R. (2016).
6634:Lartet, L. (2018) .
5820:Svoboda, J. (2007).
5048:Fu, Qiaomei (2016).
4847:and its 1990 sequel
4312:The Dancing Sorcerer
4178:, or a hunting bow.
4026:wearing a hair cover
4024:Venus of Brassempouy
3975:Venus of Brassempouy
3446:Abri de la Madeleine
3430:Abri de la Madeleine
3103:David Lewis-Williams
2970:domesticated the dog
2749:second-wave feminism
2745:matriarchal religion
2666:Feminist archaeology
2521:in her 1974 article
2478:Paleolithic religion
2363:" skeleton from the
2002:. By the 1940s, the
1758:Red Lady of Paviland
1468:Last Glacial Maximum
1422:Last Glacial Maximum
1361:Aurignacian industry
1353:Last Glacial Maximum
1272:marine isotope stage
1008:Earliest stone tools
260:matriarchal religion
145:Last Glacial Maximum
114:Last Glacial Maximum
14152:Prehistoric warfare
12898:Magdalenian culture
12861:Levallois technique
12792:Earliest toolmaking
11815:H. neanderthalensis
11735:H. e. tautavelensis
11184:2017PLoSO..1282127B
11133:2020JArSc.114j5076M
10835:. Heart of Albion.
10762:2015CuGeo..22..383Y
10699:2013PNAS..110E3254H
10640:2013PNAS..110.8471P
10582:1989Natur.338..758A
10446:Killin, A. (2018).
10401:2009Sci...325.1359K
10288:2006JArSc..33.1105V
10158:1972Sci...178..817M
9872:2016PLoSO..1146621N
9752:2018JArSc..92..126J
9713:2012JArSc..39..184G
9617:2013Sci...342..871T
9571:2012QuInt.276..212D
9530:10.15184/aqy.2020.7
9485:2015QuInt.359..324I
9265:2015PLoSO..1043002G
9172:2019PLoSO..1414932N
8920:1987Natur.329..436V
8877:2018JArSc.100..158T
8812:1977JArSc...4..245B
8757:2018PLoSO..1398747Z
8678:1994SciAm.271a..82K
8666:Scientific American
8491:10.1093/gbe/evac045
8428:2014Sci...346.1113S
8422:(6213): 1113â1118.
8362:2021NatEE...5..820P
8313:10.1038/nature14558
8305:2015Natur.524..216F
8242:2012arXiv1208.2238S
8179:10.1038/nature16544
8171:2016Natur.530..429K
8112:2003PNAS..100.6593C
8057:2014Sci...346.1113S
8051:(6213): 1113â1118.
8039:(6 November 2014).
8007:2017Sci...358..659S
7885:2013PLoSO...872931D
7795:10.1038/ncomms16046
7787:2017NatCo...816046P
7730:2015NatCo...6.8912J
7584:10.1038/nature14507
7576:2015Natur.522..167A
7570:(7, 555): 167â172.
7470:2007PNAS..104.7367T
7386:1998Natur.393..158L
7305:2005JArSc..32.1656B
7250:2011PNAS..108.1267T
7192:2011Sci...333..623M
7037:2018NatEE...2.1517.
7021:"Knowing ourselves"
6356:10.1038/nature14317
6348:2015Natur.522..207H
6289:10.1038/nature24476
6281:2017Natur.551..368L
6232:10.1038/nature13673
6224:2014Natur.513..409L
6096:2008JArSc..35..481B
6036:2023Natur.615..117P
5939:2017PLoSO..1278506B
5890:10.1038/nature17993
5882:2016Natur.534..200F
5752:10.1038/nature13621
5744:2014Natur.512..306H
5677:2012JHumE..62..286D
5634:10.1038/nature10484
5626:2011Natur.479..521H
5582:10.1038/nature10617
5574:2011Natur.479..525B
5514:2020Natur.581..299H
5452:2024NatEE...8..564S
5392:2009PNAS..10616040H
5386:(38): 16040â16045.
5330:2022SciA....8J9496S
5135:2023NatEE...7.2160B
5074:10.1038/nature17993
5066:2016Natur.534..200F
4986:2021NatEE...5..820P
4882:Federmesser culture
4503:Cueva de Praileaitz
4256:Nostratic languages
4058:Venus from Kostenki
4009:Venus of Willendorf
3966:Venus of Willendorf
3924:Two Gravettian awls
3869:from PĆedmostĂ and
3844:The inhabitants of
3562:Thomas Rupert Jones
3344:from Czech Republic
3294:Venus of Willendorf
3278:Venus of Hohle Fels
2995:Bonn-Oberkassel dog
2736:first-wave feminism
2596:Archaeology Museum.
2590:Santimamiñe harpoon
2572:woolly rhinoceroses
2271:mtDNA haplogroup L3
2135:Physical attributes
1790:biblical chronology
1504:East European Plain
1249:H. neanderthalensis
1237:early modern humans
256:first wave feminism
174:East European Plain
126:Last Glacial Period
82:H. neanderthalensis
70:early modern humans
14198:Peopling of Europe
14103:Origin of language
14096:Spiritual drug use
14006:Rectangular dolmen
13908:Dartmoor kistvaens
13721:Carved stone balls
13433:Circular enclosure
13392:Other architecture
13335:Alp pile dwellings
12923:Solutrean industry
12834:Gravettian culture
12484:Secondary products
12002:Self-domestication
11793:H. heidelbergensis
11742:H. e. yuanmouensis
11707:H. e. lantianensis
11434:Australopithecines
11086:Petru, S. (2019).
10960:Arias, P. (2009).
10890:Lewis-Williams, D.
10066:Floss, H. (2015).
9078:Journal of Urology
7738:10.1038/ncomms9912
7351:10.1002/ajpa.10256
7083:Romeo, L. (1979).
6564:10.4000/paleo.2859
6451:10.4000/paleo.7180
5290:10.1002/ajpa.22457
4873:Early modern human
4861:Ahrensburg culture
4820:Dance of the Tiger
4718:
4517:Mortuary practices
4431:Hohlenstein-Stadel
4383:with a musical bow
4320:Grotte de Gabillou
4215:percussion mallets
4199:
4138:
4115:
3858:leather products.
3654:
3134:Cueva del Castillo
3099:entoptic phenomena
3047:Chauvet-Pont d'Arc
2966:
2899:
2867:
2802:
2682:As opposed to the
2680:
2651:migration routes.
2598:
2523:Woman the Gatherer
2404:
2241:positive selection
2196:length and taller
2169:
2149:
1976:Mediterranean race
1869:H. pre-aethiopicus
1746:
1716:
1685:Abri de Cro-Magnon
1639:
1635:Abri de Cro-Magnon
1502:from Italy to the
1464:
1357:
1279:Upper Palaeolithic
809:H. heidelbergensis
154:game drive systems
94:Upper Palaeolithic
55:
14213:Paleoanthropology
14180:
14179:
14176:
14175:
14172:
14171:
14125:Prehistoric music
14074:music archaeology
13731:Cup and ring mark
13556:Clothing/textiles
13501:
13500:
13497:
13496:
13140:
13139:
13136:
13135:
12943:Yubetsu technique
12928:Striking platform
12893:Lithic technology
12778:
12777:
12763:Game drive system
12682:Projectile points
12574:Mortar and pestle
12313:
12312:
12254:Paleoanthropology
12196:
12195:
12173:Archaic admixture
12051:Stoned ape theory
11987:Endurance running
11904:
11903:
11900:
11899:
11896:
11895:
11751:
11750:
11714:H. e. nankinensis
11670:H. tsaichangensis
11606:
11605:
11339:Media related to
11282:978-0-253-33349-0
10966:World Archaeology
10903:978-0-500-77044-3
10872:978-0-8078-4200-3
10842:978-1-872883-68-7
10833:Explore Shamanism
10810:978-0-226-31126-5
10634:(21): 8471â8476.
10576:(6218): 758â760.
10513:978-88-904555-3-7
10452:Music and Science
10369:978-1-4384-3368-4
10152:(4063): 817â828.
9938:Snow, D. (2006).
9924:978-1-305-63394-0
9840:978-0-226-18806-5
9611:(6160): 871â874.
9454:978-0-86054-949-9
9421:978-0-520-26160-0
9368:(17): 6821â6826.
9231:10.1063/1.2644480
9135:978-0-19-956906-9
8988:Feminist Theology
8914:(6138): 436â438.
8645:978-0-19-955122-4
8299:(7564): 216â219.
8165:(7591): 429â433.
8106:(11): 6593â6597.
8001:(6363): 659â662.
7464:(18): 7367â7372.
7436:978-0-495-81084-1
7380:(6681): 158â162.
7299:(11): 1656â1668.
7186:(6042): 623â627.
7164:978-1-134-84010-6
7094:978-90-272-2006-6
6983:978-1-137-31846-6
6928:Annals of Science
6535:978-0-231-55577-7
6332:(7555): 207â211.
6208:(7518): 409â413.
6166:(2018): 192â209.
5876:(7606): 200â205.
5835:10.4000/paleo.607
5738:(7514): 306â309.
5620:(7374): 521â524.
5568:(7374): 525â528.
5508:(7808): 299â302.
5188:(7766): 500â504.
5129:(12): 2160â2172.
5060:(7606): 200â205.
4901:Explanatory notes
4894:Swiderian culture
4499:Cueva de la Garma
4487:common periwinkle
4126:
4094:Prehistoric music
4077:Venus of Lespugue
3991:Venus of Lespugue
3662:colour psychology
3543:sculpture from L'
3541:Swimming Reindeer
3354:perforated batons
3326:Venus of Lespugue
3166:Grottes de Gargas
3077:sympathetic magic
3024:Cueva de Altamira
2978:Palaeolithic dogs
2776:sexual dimorphism
2543:game drive system
2353:Ripari Villabruna
2333:mt-DNA haplogroup
2317:Y-DNA haplogroups
2307:Cueva de El MirĂłn
2275:Mitochondrial DNA
2028:Charles R. Knight
1932:William Z. Ripley
1887:for a skull from
1782:uniformitarianism
1551:Mesolithic Europe
1351:sites before the
1323:Proto-Aurignacian
1231:Proto-Aurignacian
1218:
1217:
1210:million years ago
1169:
1168:
1147:
1146:
1125:
1124:
1117:Earliest rock art
1103:
1102:
1079:
1078:
1072:Earliest language
1059:
1058:
1039:
1038:
1015:
1014:
995:
994:
985:Earliest sign of
972:
971:
962:Earliest sign of
949:
948:
929:
928:
909:
908:
889:
888:
532:Ou. macedoniensis
240:scientific racism
189:perforated batons
170:Palaeolithic dogs
141:natural selection
131:Cro-Magnons were
128:drew to a close.
68:) were the first
51:Cro-Magnon 1
16:(Redirected from
14220:
14140:Divje Babe flute
14047:Archaeoastronomy
13790:Petrosomatoglyph
13524:
13523:
13507:
13506:
13356:Water management
13159:
13158:
13146:
13145:
13049:Denticulate tool
12871:Lithic reduction
12604:
12603:
12425:
12424:
12412:
12411:
12340:
12333:
12326:
12317:
12316:
12301:
12289:
12288:
12277:
12276:
12213:Human prehistory
12188:Recent evolution
12183:Early migrations
12125:Thermoregulation
12026:Expensive tissue
11997:Sexual selection
11967:
11966:
11839:
11838:
11721:H. e. pekinensis
11632:
11631:
11625:
11624:
11540:A. bahrelghazali
11509:Australopithecus
11439:
11438:
11409:Chimpanzeeâhuman
11397:
11396:
11371:
11364:
11357:
11348:
11347:
11338:
11322:
11321:
11293:
11287:
11286:
11263:
11257:
11256:
11246:
11222:
11216:
11215:
11205:
11195:
11159:
11153:
11152:
11116:
11110:
11109:
11107:
11083:
11077:
11076:
11074:
11047:
11036:
11035:
11007:
10990:
10989:
10957:
10951:
10950:
10925:(2/3): 218â222.
10914:
10908:
10907:
10886:
10877:
10876:
10858:
10847:
10846:
10828:
10815:
10814:
10796:
10790:
10789:
10745:
10739:
10738:
10720:
10710:
10678:
10672:
10671:
10661:
10651:
10616:
10610:
10609:
10590:10.1038/338758a0
10565:
10559:
10558:
10527:
10518:
10517:
10497:
10488:
10487:
10477:
10467:
10443:
10432:
10428:
10380:
10374:
10373:
10355:
10338:
10337:
10309:
10300:
10299:
10282:(8): 1105â1128.
10271:
10262:
10261:
10251:
10236:Open Archaeology
10227:
10221:
10220:
10218:
10208:
10184:
10178:
10177:
10138:
10132:
10131:
10106:(3â4): 445â477.
10092:
10086:
10085:
10083:
10063:
10054:
10053:
10027:
10018:
10003:
10002:
9974:
9968:
9967:
9950:(308): 390â404.
9935:
9929:
9928:
9910:
9904:
9903:
9893:
9883:
9851:
9845:
9844:
9826:
9807:
9806:
9804:
9780:
9774:
9773:
9771:
9731:
9725:
9724:
9696:
9687:
9686:
9676:
9661:Animal Frontiers
9652:
9646:
9644:
9600:
9591:
9590:
9560:
9551:
9545:
9544:
9542:
9532:
9523:(374): 323â341.
9508:
9497:
9496:
9472:
9459:
9458:
9440:
9434:
9433:
9407:
9398:
9397:
9387:
9377:
9353:
9347:
9346:
9314:
9305:
9304:
9286:
9276:
9259:(12): e0143002.
9244:
9235:
9234:
9218:
9212:
9211:
9193:
9183:
9151:
9140:
9139:
9119:
9102:
9101:
9084:(6): 2498â2503.
9073:
9062:
9061:
9025:
9012:
9011:
8979:
8970:
8969:
8949:
8940:
8939:
8928:10.1038/329436a0
8903:
8897:
8896:
8856:
8850:
8849:
8839:
8830:
8824:
8823:
8795:
8789:
8788:
8778:
8768:
8736:
8730:
8729:
8709:
8698:
8697:
8661:
8650:
8649:
8621:
8615:
8614:
8604:
8593:
8583:
8577:
8576:
8548:
8539:
8538:
8527:
8521:
8520:
8510:
8470:
8464:
8463:
8406:
8400:
8399:
8389:
8341:
8335:
8334:
8324:
8280:
8274:
8273:
8263:
8253:
8235:
8226:(10): e1002947.
8207:
8201:
8200:
8190:
8150:
8144:
8143:
8133:
8123:
8091:
8085:
8084:
8035:
8029:
8028:
8018:
7985:
7976:
7975:
7965:
7955:
7931:
7925:
7924:
7914:
7896:
7864:
7858:
7857:
7847:
7823:
7817:
7816:
7806:
7766:
7760:
7759:
7749:
7709:
7700:
7699:
7662:
7656:
7655:
7645:
7613:
7604:
7603:
7555:
7549:
7548:
7508:
7502:
7501:
7491:
7481:
7449:
7443:
7440:
7420:
7414:
7413:
7369:
7363:
7362:
7334:
7317:
7316:
7288:
7282:
7281:
7271:
7261:
7244:(4): 1267â1271.
7226:
7220:
7219:
7175:
7169:
7168:
7150:
7137:
7136:
7108:
7099:
7098:
7080:
7067:
7066:
7048:
7017:
7011:
7010:
6994:
6988:
6987:
6961:
6944:
6943:
6923:
6917:
6916:
6898:
6874:
6868:
6867:
6827:
6821:
6820:
6818:
6817:
6794:
6788:
6787:
6785:
6783:
6768:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6757:
6741:
6735:
6734:
6732:
6730:
6715:
6709:
6708:
6672:
6666:
6665:
6655:
6631:
6622:
6621:
6586:
6577:
6576:
6566:
6546:
6540:
6539:
6519:
6510:
6509:
6485:
6474:
6473:
6463:
6453:
6433:
6420:
6419:
6387:
6378:
6377:
6367:
6341:
6317:
6311:
6310:
6300:
6275:(7680): 368â72.
6260:
6254:
6253:
6243:
6217:
6193:
6184:
6183:
6154:
6145:
6144:
6134:
6125:
6116:
6115:
6081:
6072:
6066:
6065:
6055:
6013:
6004:
6003:
6001:
5977:
5971:
5970:
5960:
5950:
5918:
5912:
5911:
5901:
5861:
5840:
5839:
5837:
5817:
5808:
5807:
5791:
5782:
5781:
5763:
5727:
5721:
5715:
5709:
5703:
5697:
5696:
5660:
5654:
5653:
5608:
5602:
5601:
5556:
5550:
5549:
5499:
5490:
5484:
5483:
5473:
5463:
5430:
5424:
5423:
5413:
5403:
5371:
5360:
5359:
5349:
5318:Science Advances
5309:
5303:
5302:
5292:
5268:
5253:
5252:
5220:
5214:
5213:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5114:
5108:
5107:
5085:
5045:
5039:
5038:
5013:
4947:
4930:
4927:
4921:
4911:
4836:Earth's Children
4746:Stanley Waterloo
4679:
4659:
4614:
4598:
4582:
4567:
4555:by Cro-Magnons.
4465:Geissenklösterle
4456:
4441:
4422:
4407:
4392:
4376:
4362:Dancing Sorcerer
4357:
4127:
4111:Geissenklösterle
4073:
4053:
4039:Venus of Laussel
4035:
4020:
4005:
3979:Venus of Laussel
3954:Gourdan-Polignan
3949:
3940:, Czech Republic
3933:
3921:
3901:
3766:
3748:
3736:
3724:
3670:red dress effect
3632:
3620:
3604:
3588:
3539:13,000 year old
3536:
3527:, Czech Republic
3520:
3504:
3488:
3457:
3441:
3421:
3405:
3389:
3377:
3337:
3324:25,000 year old
3321:
3305:
3292:30,000 year old
3289:
3276:35,000 year old
3273:
3205:
3189:
3177:
3161:
3145:
3129:
3070:totem veneration
2757:Goddess movement
2732:Marxist feminism
2728:Friedrich Engels
2423:into Europe and
2398:Location of the
2303:Grottes de Goyet
2166:
2083:Viktor Vasnetsov
2079:
2065:Viktor Vasnetsov
2061:
2043:
2024:
1920:social darwinism
1901:H. aurignacensis
1877:H. predmostensis
1861:H. s. americanus
1807:pseudoscientific
1762:William Buckland
1744:
1699:means "hole" in
1457:
1448:
1416:
1312:
1269:
1253:Katerina Harvati
1198:
1196:
1195:
1181:
1179:
1163:
1154:
1149:
1141:
1139:Earliest clothes
1132:
1127:
1119:
1110:
1105:
1086:
1081:
1066:
1061:
1046:
1041:
1028:Earliest sign of
1022:
1017:
1002:
997:
987:Australopithecus
979:
974:
956:
951:
942:Earliest bipedal
936:
931:
922:Chimpanzee split
916:
911:
896:
891:
876:
871:
857:
856:
842:
841:
825:
811:
797:
769:
756:
736:
723:
695:
693:Australopithecus
682:
667:
650:
637:
613:
600:
587:
574:
561:
548:
536:
517:
504:
491:
479:
465:
452:
439:
437:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
313:
306:
299:
293:
283:
282:Hominin timeline
276:
108:in the east and
21:
14228:
14227:
14223:
14222:
14221:
14219:
14218:
14217:
14183:
14182:
14181:
14168:
14035:
14021:Stone box grave
13991:Megalithic tomb
13896:Cotswold-Severn
13848:
13753:Guardian stones
13681:Prehistoric art
13675:
13518:
13493:
13482:Timber trackway
13387:
13351:
13347:Wattle and daub
13200:
13179:Standing stones
13153:
13132:
12947:
12774:
12751:
12676:
12593:
12503:Food processing
12498:
12447:New World crops
12419:
12406:
12349:
12344:
12314:
12309:
12265:
12222:
12208:Human evolution
12192:
12149:
12093:
12087:
12066:Cooperative eye
12011:Specific models
12006:
11958:
11937:Homo antecessor
11892:
11828:
11822:H. rhodesiensis
11786:H. floresiensis
11747:
11728:H. e. soloensis
11700:H. e. georgicus
11676:
11640:H. gautengensis
11615:
11613:
11602:
11566:
11502:
11473:
11428:
11419:Orangutanâhuman
11388:
11380:
11378:Human evolution
11375:
11331:
11326:
11325:
11294:
11290:
11283:
11264:
11260:
11223:
11219:
11178:(8): e0182127.
11164:Stringer, C. B.
11160:
11156:
11117:
11113:
11105:10.4312/dp.45-1
11084:
11080:
11048:
11039:
11008:
10993:
10958:
10954:
10915:
10911:
10904:
10887:
10880:
10873:
10859:
10850:
10843:
10829:
10818:
10811:
10797:
10793:
10746:
10742:
10679:
10675:
10617:
10613:
10566:
10562:
10528:
10521:
10514:
10498:
10491:
10444:
10435:
10381:
10377:
10370:
10356:
10341:
10310:
10303:
10272:
10265:
10228:
10224:
10185:
10181:
10139:
10135:
10093:
10089:
10064:
10057:
10025:
10019:
10006:
9975:
9971:
9936:
9932:
9925:
9911:
9907:
9866:(1): e0146621.
9852:
9848:
9841:
9827:
9810:
9781:
9777:
9769:1854/LU-8550758
9732:
9728:
9697:
9690:
9653:
9649:
9601:
9594:
9558:
9552:
9548:
9509:
9500:
9473:
9462:
9455:
9441:
9437:
9422:
9408:
9401:
9354:
9350:
9315:
9308:
9245:
9238:
9219:
9215:
9166:(4): e0214932.
9152:
9143:
9136:
9120:
9105:
9074:
9065:
9026:
9015:
8980:
8973:
8954:History Compass
8950:
8943:
8904:
8900:
8857:
8853:
8848:(259): 289â299.
8837:
8831:
8827:
8796:
8792:
8751:(6): e0198747.
8737:
8733:
8710:
8701:
8662:
8653:
8646:
8622:
8618:
8605:
8596:
8589:no 45. 381 pp.
8584:
8580:
8549:
8542:
8537:. 2 March 2023.
8529:
8528:
8524:
8471:
8467:
8407:
8403:
8342:
8338:
8281:
8277:
8208:
8204:
8151:
8147:
8092:
8088:
8036:
8032:
7986:
7979:
7932:
7928:
7865:
7861:
7824:
7820:
7767:
7763:
7710:
7703:
7663:
7659:
7614:
7607:
7556:
7552:
7513:Holloway, R. L.
7509:
7505:
7450:
7446:
7437:
7421:
7417:
7370:
7366:
7335:
7320:
7289:
7285:
7227:
7223:
7176:
7172:
7165:
7151:
7140:
7109:
7102:
7095:
7081:
7070:
7019:
7018:
7014:
6999:Stringer, C. B.
6997:Notton, D. G.;
6995:
6991:
6984:
6962:
6947:
6924:
6920:
6875:
6871:
6828:
6824:
6815:
6813:
6795:
6791:
6781:
6779:
6769:
6765:
6755:
6753:
6742:
6738:
6728:
6726:
6717:
6716:
6712:
6673:
6669:
6632:
6625:
6587:
6580:
6557:(24): 121â138.
6547:
6543:
6536:
6520:
6513:
6500:(15): 323â344.
6486:
6477:
6434:
6423:
6388:
6381:
6318:
6314:
6263:Lipson (2017).
6261:
6257:
6194:
6187:
6155:
6148:
6132:
6126:
6119:
6079:
6073:
6069:
6014:
6007:
5978:
5974:
5933:(5): e0178506.
5919:
5915:
5862:
5843:
5818:
5811:
5792:
5785:
5728:
5724:
5716:
5712:
5704:
5700:
5661:
5657:
5609:
5605:
5557:
5553:
5497:
5491:
5487:
5431:
5427:
5372:
5363:
5324:(6): eabj9496.
5310:
5306:
5269:
5256:
5229:L'Anthropologie
5221:
5217:
5170:
5166:
5115:
5111:
5046:
5042:
4965:
4951:ZlatĂœ kĆŻĆ woman
4948:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4933:
4928:
4924:
4916:(Russia): C1b,
4912:
4908:
4903:
4867:ChĂątelperronian
4857:
4849:The Animal Wife
4805:William Golding
4800:The Grisly Folk
4773:(the sequel to
4751:The Story of Ab
4714:The Grisly Folk
4701:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4691:
4682:Engraved human
4680:
4671:
4660:
4632:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4615:
4606:
4599:
4590:
4583:
4574:
4568:
4548:human sacrifice
4519:
4472:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4457:
4448:
4442:
4433:
4423:
4414:
4408:
4399:
4393:
4384:
4377:
4368:
4358:
4284:
4279:
4273:
4228:
4151:griffon vulture
4117:
4096:
4090:
4085:
4084:
4083:
4080:
4079:wearing a skirt
4074:
4065:
4054:
4045:
4036:
4027:
4021:
4012:
4006:
3962:
3961:
3960:
3957:
3950:
3941:
3934:
3925:
3922:
3913:
3902:
3779:DolnĂ VÄstonice
3777:The Gravettian
3775:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3758:
3749:
3740:
3737:
3728:
3725:
3685:
3646:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3624:
3621:
3612:
3605:
3596:
3589:
3553:
3552:
3551:
3548:
3537:
3528:
3521:
3512:
3505:
3496:
3489:
3470:
3469:
3468:
3465:
3458:
3449:
3442:
3433:
3422:
3413:
3406:
3397:
3390:
3381:
3378:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3338:
3329:
3322:
3313:
3306:
3297:
3290:
3281:
3274:
3253:ideal womanhood
3229:
3223:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3206:
3197:
3194:Tuc d'Audoubert
3190:
3181:
3178:
3169:
3162:
3153:
3146:
3137:
3130:
3066:Salomon Reinach
3043:Grotte de Niaux
3038:
3032:
3015:
2954:
2952:Paleolithic dog
2948:
2915:shoulder blades
2855:
2788:
2753:Marija Gimbutas
2708:VĂ©nus impudique
2676:VĂ©nus impudique
2668:
2662:
2657:
2555:woolly mammoths
2501:
2484:
2474:Paleolithic art
2466:
2263:
2257:
2157:DolnĂ VÄstonice
2137:
2132:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2080:
2071:
2062:
2053:
2044:
2035:
2025:
2014:
2013:
1984:Venus figurines
1952:Aryan supremacy
1893:H. grimaldensis
1857:H. s. asiaticus
1849:H. s. europaeus
1828:Systema Naturae
1740:
1733:
1628:
1553:
1547:
1462:
1455:
1453:
1446:
1444:
1434:
1424:
1410:
1392:
1386:
1341:
1335:
1306:
1263:
1233:
1223:
1214:
1213:
1201:
1200:
1199:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1182:
1177:H o m i n i d s
1175:
1173:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1143:
1142:
1137:
1130:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1108:
1099:
1098:
1084:
1075:
1074:
1064:
1055:
1054:
1044:
1035:
1034:
1029:
1020:
1011:
1010:
1000:
991:
990:
977:
968:
967:
954:
945:
944:
934:
925:
924:
914:
905:
904:
894:
885:
884:
874:
867:
866:
865:
860:
859:
858:
852:
851:
847:
845:
844:
843:
837:
836:
832:
830:
829:
828:
821:
815:
814:
813:
807:
802:
800:
799:
798:
789:
781:
773:
772:
765:
759:
758:
757:
748:
740:
739:
732:
726:
725:
724:
715:
707:
699:
698:
691:
685:
684:
683:
674:
670:
669:
668:
659:
655:
654:
653:
646:
640:
639:
638:
629:
621:
617:
616:
615:
609:
604:
603:
602:
596:
591:
590:
589:
583:
578:
577:
576:
570:
565:
564:
563:
557:
552:
551:
550:
546:Chororapithecus
544:
539:
538:
537:
528:
520:
519:
513:
508:
507:
506:
502:Samburupithecus
500:
495:
494:
493:
487:
482:
481:
480:
473:
469:
468:
467:
461:
456:
455:
454:
448:
443:
442:
441:
435:
433:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
331:
328:
326:
323:
317:
291:
285:
281:
274:
268:
214:in 1868 at the
185:Venus figurines
166:throwing sticks
164:, and possibly
149:life expectancy
48:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
14226:
14216:
14215:
14210:
14205:
14200:
14195:
14178:
14177:
14174:
14173:
14170:
14169:
14167:
14166:
14165:
14164:
14154:
14149:
14148:
14147:
14142:
14137:
14132:
14130:Alligator drum
14122:
14121:
14120:
14110:
14105:
14100:
14099:
14098:
14093:
14088:
14078:
14077:
14076:
14066:
14061:
14060:
14059:
14057:lunar calendar
14054:
14043:
14041:
14040:Other cultural
14037:
14036:
14034:
14033:
14028:
14023:
14018:
14013:
14008:
14003:
13998:
13993:
13988:
13987:
13986:
13981:
13971:
13966:
13961:
13960:
13959:
13954:
13944:
13939:
13938:
13937:
13927:
13922:
13917:
13912:
13911:
13910:
13900:
13899:
13898:
13888:
13887:
13886:
13876:
13875:
13874:
13869:
13858:
13856:
13850:
13849:
13847:
13846:
13844:Venus figurine
13841:
13840:
13839:
13834:
13824:
13819:
13814:
13813:
13812:
13807:
13797:
13792:
13787:
13782:
13777:
13775:Megalithic art
13772:
13771:
13770:
13765:
13755:
13750:
13745:
13744:
13743:
13733:
13728:
13726:Cave paintings
13723:
13718:
13713:
13708:
13703:
13702:
13701:
13691:
13685:
13683:
13677:
13676:
13674:
13673:
13672:
13671:
13666:
13656:
13651:
13646:
13645:
13644:
13639:
13634:
13629:
13624:
13619:
13609:
13604:
13603:
13602:
13592:
13591:
13590:
13585:
13575:
13570:
13565:
13564:
13563:
13553:
13548:
13543:
13538:
13532:
13530:
13528:Material goods
13520:
13519:
13503:
13502:
13499:
13498:
13495:
13494:
13492:
13491:
13490:
13489:
13479:
13474:
13469:
13464:
13459:
13458:
13457:
13447:
13442:
13441:
13440:
13430:
13429:
13428:
13418:
13417:
13416:
13406:
13401:
13395:
13393:
13389:
13388:
13386:
13385:
13380:
13375:
13370:
13365:
13359:
13357:
13353:
13352:
13350:
13349:
13344:
13339:
13338:
13337:
13327:
13322:
13321:
13320:
13315:
13310:
13300:
13295:
13290:
13285:
13284:
13283:
13273:
13268:
13263:
13262:
13261:
13251:
13246:
13244:Cliff dwelling
13241:
13236:
13231:
13226:
13221:
13220:
13219:
13208:
13206:
13202:
13201:
13199:
13198:
13197:
13196:
13191:
13186:
13176:
13171:
13165:
13163:
13155:
13154:
13142:
13141:
13138:
13137:
13134:
13133:
13131:
13130:
13129:
13128:
13118:
13113:
13108:
13103:
13102:
13101:
13091:
13086:
13081:
13076:
13071:
13066:
13061:
13056:
13051:
13046:
13041:
13040:
13039:
13029:
13028:
13027:
13022:
13012:
13007:
13002:
12997:
12996:
12995:
12985:
12980:
12975:
12974:
12973:
12963:
12957:
12955:
12949:
12948:
12946:
12945:
12940:
12935:
12930:
12925:
12920:
12915:
12910:
12905:
12900:
12895:
12890:
12889:
12888:
12883:
12878:
12868:
12863:
12858:
12853:
12852:
12851:
12841:
12836:
12831:
12829:Fire hardening
12826:
12821:
12819:Clovis culture
12816:
12811:
12810:
12809:
12804:
12799:
12788:
12786:
12780:
12779:
12776:
12775:
12773:
12772:
12771:
12770:
12759:
12757:
12753:
12752:
12750:
12749:
12744:
12742:Manis Mastodon
12739:
12734:
12729:
12724:
12719:
12714:
12709:
12704:
12699:
12698:
12697:
12686:
12684:
12678:
12677:
12675:
12674:
12673:
12672:
12667:
12662:
12657:
12652:
12642:
12637:
12636:
12635:
12625:
12624:
12623:
12621:throwing stick
12613:
12607:
12601:
12595:
12594:
12592:
12591:
12586:
12581:
12576:
12571:
12566:
12561:
12560:
12559:
12554:
12544:
12539:
12534:
12529:
12528:
12527:
12517:
12512:
12506:
12504:
12500:
12499:
12497:
12496:
12491:
12486:
12481:
12476:
12471:
12466:
12461:
12456:
12451:
12450:
12449:
12444:
12433:
12431:
12421:
12420:
12408:
12407:
12405:
12404:
12399:
12398:
12397:
12387:
12386:
12385:
12380:
12375:
12370:
12365:
12354:
12351:
12350:
12343:
12342:
12335:
12328:
12320:
12311:
12310:
12308:
12307:
12295:
12283:
12270:
12267:
12266:
12264:
12263:
12258:
12257:
12256:
12246:
12241:
12236:
12230:
12228:
12224:
12223:
12221:
12220:
12218:Human timeline
12215:
12210:
12204:
12202:
12198:
12197:
12194:
12193:
12191:
12190:
12185:
12180:
12175:
12170:
12165:
12159:
12157:
12151:
12150:
12148:
12147:
12142:
12137:
12132:
12127:
12122:
12117:
12112:
12107:
12102:
12096:
12094:
12089:
12088:
12086:
12085:
12084:
12083:
12078:
12070:
12069:
12068:
12063:
12055:
12054:
12053:
12048:
12043:
12041:Drunken monkey
12035:
12034:
12033:
12028:
12023:
12014:
12012:
12008:
12007:
12005:
12004:
11999:
11994:
11989:
11984:
11979:
11973:
11971:
11970:General models
11964:
11960:
11959:
11957:
11956:
11914:
11912:
11906:
11905:
11902:
11901:
11898:
11897:
11894:
11893:
11891:
11890:
11885:
11880:
11875:
11870:
11863:
11858:
11849:
11847:
11836:
11830:
11829:
11827:
11826:
11818:
11811:
11804:
11796:
11789:
11782:
11774:
11769:
11761:
11759:
11757:Archaic humans
11753:
11752:
11749:
11748:
11746:
11745:
11738:
11731:
11724:
11717:
11710:
11703:
11696:
11688:
11686:
11678:
11677:
11675:
11674:
11666:
11662:H. rudolfensis
11658:
11651:
11644:
11635:
11629:
11622:
11608:
11607:
11604:
11603:
11601:
11600:
11593:
11586:
11583:P. aethiopicus
11578:
11576:
11568:
11567:
11565:
11564:
11557:
11550:
11543:
11536:
11529:
11522:
11514:
11512:
11504:
11503:
11501:
11500:
11493:
11485:
11483:
11475:
11474:
11472:
11471:
11464:
11461:Sahelanthropus
11457:
11450:
11447:Nakalipithecus
11442:
11436:
11430:
11429:
11427:
11426:
11421:
11416:
11411:
11405:
11403:
11394:
11382:
11381:
11374:
11373:
11366:
11359:
11351:
11345:
11344:
11330:
11329:External links
11327:
11324:
11323:
11288:
11281:
11258:
11237:(2): 288â304.
11217:
11154:
11111:
11078:
11037:
11024:10.1086/517592
10991:
10972:(2): 262â294.
10952:
10909:
10902:
10878:
10871:
10848:
10841:
10816:
10809:
10791:
10740:
10673:
10611:
10560:
10547:10.1086/509092
10519:
10512:
10489:
10433:
10395:(5946): 1359.
10375:
10368:
10339:
10301:
10263:
10242:(1): 185â205.
10222:
10179:
10133:
10112:10.1086/201311
10087:
10055:
10042:10.1086/317381
10036:(4): 512â521.
10004:
9969:
9930:
9923:
9905:
9846:
9839:
9808:
9775:
9726:
9707:(1): 184â202.
9688:
9647:
9592:
9546:
9498:
9460:
9453:
9435:
9420:
9399:
9348:
9335:10.1086/701523
9329:(1): 107â110.
9306:
9236:
9213:
9141:
9134:
9103:
9063:
9042:10.1086/204491
9036:(2): 231â235.
9013:
8994:(2): 173â179.
8971:
8941:
8898:
8851:
8825:
8806:(3): 245â257.
8790:
8731:
8699:
8651:
8644:
8616:
8594:
8578:
8540:
8522:
8485:(4): evac045.
8465:
8401:
8356:(6): 820â825.
8336:
8275:
8202:
8145:
8086:
8030:
7977:
7926:
7859:
7838:(3): 915â927.
7818:
7761:
7701:
7674:(2): 177â188.
7668:Human Genetics
7657:
7605:
7550:
7531:(1â2): 11â12.
7503:
7444:
7435:
7415:
7364:
7345:(5): 200â215.
7318:
7283:
7221:
7170:
7163:
7138:
7119:(3): 319â333.
7100:
7093:
7068:
7012:
6989:
6982:
6945:
6918:
6869:
6842:(4): 213â218.
6822:
6789:
6763:
6736:
6710:
6683:(101): 87â90.
6667:
6623:
6578:
6541:
6534:
6511:
6496:(in Spanish).
6475:
6421:
6402:(1): 135â136.
6379:
6312:
6255:
6185:
6146:
6117:
6090:(2): 481â491.
6067:
6005:
5972:
5913:
5841:
5809:
5783:
5722:
5710:
5698:
5671:(2): 286â299.
5655:
5603:
5551:
5485:
5446:(3): 564â577.
5425:
5361:
5304:
5283:(4): 570â581.
5254:
5215:
5164:
5109:
5040:
4980:(6): 820â825.
4959:Ustâ-Ishim man
4941:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4922:
4905:
4904:
4902:
4899:
4898:
4897:
4891:
4885:
4879:
4870:
4864:
4856:
4853:
4810:The Inheritors
4790:Quest for Fire
4777:) featuring a
4738:D. W. Griffith
4700:
4697:
4693:
4692:
4681:
4674:
4672:
4661:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4631:
4628:
4624:
4623:
4616:
4609:
4607:
4600:
4593:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4575:
4569:
4562:
4559:
4558:
4557:
4518:
4515:
4507:Errallako Koba
4497:rock shelter,
4469:
4468:
4458:
4451:
4449:
4443:
4436:
4434:
4424:
4417:
4415:
4409:
4402:
4400:
4394:
4387:
4385:
4379:Sorcerer from
4378:
4371:
4369:
4359:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4347:
4343:Cueva del Juyo
4288:therianthropes
4283:
4280:
4275:Main article:
4272:
4269:
4227:
4224:
4193:(bottom), and
4131:Izturitz flute
4102:Replica of an
4092:Main article:
4089:
4086:
4082:
4081:
4075:
4068:
4066:
4055:
4048:
4046:
4037:
4030:
4028:
4022:
4015:
4013:
4007:
4000:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3959:
3958:
3951:
3944:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3916:
3914:
3903:
3896:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3887:weaving sticks
3879:spindle whorls
3846:Dzudzuana Cave
3781:I and III and
3772:
3771:
3768:
3761:
3759:
3757:shell necklace
3754:Tritia neritea
3750:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3714:
3684:
3681:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3615:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3597:
3590:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3578:
3558:Abri Blanchard
3550:
3549:
3545:Abri Bruniquel
3538:
3531:
3529:
3522:
3515:
3513:
3509:Vogelherd Cave
3506:
3499:
3497:
3493:Vogelherd Cave
3490:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3467:
3466:
3459:
3452:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3434:
3423:
3416:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3398:
3391:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3367:
3347:
3346:
3339:
3332:
3330:
3323:
3316:
3314:
3307:
3300:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3282:
3275:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3263:
3225:Main article:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3172:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3154:
3147:
3140:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3059:negative image
3031:
3028:
3018:archaeologist
3014:
3011:
2950:Main article:
2947:
2944:
2854:
2851:
2787:
2784:
2741:mother goddess
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2532:, horses, and
2514:Man the Hunter
2503:Historically,
2500:
2497:
2465:
2462:
2388:point estimate
2286:Basal Eurasian
2256:
2253:
2202:parietal lobes
2198:occipital lobe
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2090:
2081:
2074:
2072:
2063:
2056:
2054:
2045:
2038:
2036:
2026:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2011:
2010:
2009:
1972:Chancelade man
1928:Joseph Deniker
1885:H. mentonensis
1865:H. s. fossilis
1797:Charles Darwin
1732:
1731:Classification
1729:
1627:
1624:
1546:
1543:
1500:Epi-Gravettian
1488:mammoth steppe
1460:Epi-Gravettian
1454:
1445:
1432:Epi-Gravettian
1423:
1420:
1388:Main article:
1385:
1382:
1365:Heinrich event
1337:Main article:
1334:
1331:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1202:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1158:
1157:
1155:
1145:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1123:
1122:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1101:
1100:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1077:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1057:
1056:
1050:
1049:
1047:
1037:
1036:
1026:
1025:
1023:
1013:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1003:
993:
992:
983:
982:
980:
970:
969:
960:
959:
957:
947:
946:
940:
939:
937:
927:
926:
920:
919:
917:
907:
906:
900:
899:
897:
887:
886:
880:
879:
877:
868:
863:
862:
861:
850:
849:
848:
846:
835:
834:
833:
831:
818:
817:
816:
805:
804:
803:
801:
762:
761:
760:
744:H. rudolfensis
729:
728:
727:
688:
687:
686:
673:
672:
671:
658:
657:
656:
643:
642:
641:
620:
619:
618:
607:
606:
605:
598:Graecopithecus
594:
593:
592:
585:Sahelanthropus
581:
580:
579:
568:
567:
566:
555:
554:
553:
542:
541:
540:
515:Ouranopithecus
511:
510:
509:
498:
497:
496:
489:Nakalipithecus
485:
484:
483:
472:
471:
470:
459:
458:
457:
446:
445:
444:
431:
430:
429:
427:
424:0 —
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
327:
322:
319:
318:
316:
315:
308:
301:
290:
287:
286:
279:
267:
264:
181:cave paintings
158:spear-throwers
106:Epi-Gravettian
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
14225:
14214:
14211:
14209:
14206:
14204:
14201:
14199:
14196:
14194:
14191:
14190:
14188:
14163:
14160:
14159:
14158:
14155:
14153:
14150:
14146:
14143:
14141:
14138:
14136:
14133:
14131:
14128:
14127:
14126:
14123:
14119:
14116:
14115:
14114:
14111:
14109:
14106:
14104:
14101:
14097:
14094:
14092:
14089:
14087:
14084:
14083:
14082:
14079:
14075:
14072:
14071:
14070:
14067:
14065:
14062:
14058:
14055:
14053:
14050:
14049:
14048:
14045:
14044:
14042:
14038:
14032:
14029:
14027:
14024:
14022:
14019:
14017:
14016:Simple dolmen
14014:
14012:
14009:
14007:
14004:
14002:
14001:Passage grave
13999:
13997:
13994:
13992:
13989:
13985:
13982:
13980:
13977:
13976:
13975:
13972:
13970:
13967:
13965:
13962:
13958:
13955:
13953:
13950:
13949:
13948:
13947:Gallery grave
13945:
13943:
13940:
13936:
13933:
13932:
13931:
13928:
13926:
13923:
13921:
13918:
13916:
13913:
13909:
13906:
13905:
13904:
13901:
13897:
13894:
13893:
13892:
13889:
13885:
13882:
13881:
13880:
13877:
13873:
13870:
13868:
13865:
13864:
13863:
13862:Burial mounds
13860:
13859:
13857:
13855:
13851:
13845:
13842:
13838:
13835:
13833:
13830:
13829:
13828:
13825:
13823:
13822:Statue menhir
13820:
13818:
13815:
13811:
13810:Stone carving
13808:
13806:
13803:
13802:
13801:
13798:
13796:
13793:
13791:
13788:
13786:
13783:
13781:
13778:
13776:
13773:
13769:
13766:
13764:
13761:
13760:
13759:
13756:
13754:
13751:
13749:
13746:
13742:
13739:
13738:
13737:
13734:
13732:
13729:
13727:
13724:
13722:
13719:
13717:
13714:
13712:
13709:
13707:
13704:
13700:
13697:
13696:
13695:
13692:
13690:
13687:
13686:
13684:
13682:
13678:
13670:
13667:
13665:
13662:
13661:
13660:
13657:
13655:
13652:
13650:
13649:Sewing needle
13647:
13643:
13640:
13638:
13635:
13633:
13630:
13628:
13625:
13623:
13620:
13618:
13615:
13614:
13613:
13610:
13608:
13605:
13601:
13598:
13597:
13596:
13593:
13589:
13586:
13584:
13581:
13580:
13579:
13576:
13574:
13571:
13569:
13566:
13562:
13559:
13558:
13557:
13554:
13552:
13549:
13547:
13544:
13542:
13539:
13537:
13534:
13533:
13531:
13529:
13525:
13521:
13517:
13513:
13508:
13504:
13488:
13485:
13484:
13483:
13480:
13478:
13477:Timber circle
13475:
13473:
13470:
13468:
13465:
13463:
13460:
13456:
13453:
13452:
13451:
13448:
13446:
13443:
13439:
13436:
13435:
13434:
13431:
13427:
13426:Tor enclosure
13424:
13423:
13422:
13419:
13415:
13414:fulacht fiadh
13412:
13411:
13410:
13407:
13405:
13402:
13400:
13397:
13396:
13394:
13390:
13384:
13381:
13379:
13376:
13374:
13371:
13369:
13366:
13364:
13361:
13360:
13358:
13354:
13348:
13345:
13343:
13340:
13336:
13333:
13332:
13331:
13328:
13326:
13323:
13319:
13316:
13314:
13311:
13309:
13306:
13305:
13304:
13301:
13299:
13296:
13294:
13291:
13289:
13286:
13282:
13279:
13278:
13277:
13274:
13272:
13269:
13267:
13264:
13260:
13257:
13256:
13255:
13252:
13250:
13247:
13245:
13242:
13240:
13237:
13235:
13232:
13230:
13227:
13225:
13222:
13218:
13215:
13214:
13213:
13210:
13209:
13207:
13203:
13195:
13192:
13190:
13187:
13185:
13182:
13181:
13180:
13177:
13175:
13172:
13170:
13167:
13166:
13164:
13160:
13156:
13152:
13147:
13143:
13127:
13124:
13123:
13122:
13119:
13117:
13114:
13112:
13109:
13107:
13104:
13100:
13097:
13096:
13095:
13092:
13090:
13087:
13085:
13082:
13080:
13077:
13075:
13072:
13070:
13067:
13065:
13062:
13060:
13057:
13055:
13052:
13050:
13047:
13045:
13042:
13038:
13035:
13034:
13033:
13030:
13026:
13023:
13021:
13018:
13017:
13016:
13013:
13011:
13008:
13006:
13003:
13001:
12998:
12994:
12991:
12990:
12989:
12986:
12984:
12981:
12979:
12976:
12972:
12969:
12968:
12967:
12964:
12962:
12959:
12958:
12956:
12954:
12950:
12944:
12941:
12939:
12936:
12934:
12931:
12929:
12926:
12924:
12921:
12919:
12916:
12914:
12911:
12909:
12906:
12904:
12901:
12899:
12896:
12894:
12891:
12887:
12884:
12882:
12879:
12877:
12874:
12873:
12872:
12869:
12867:
12864:
12862:
12859:
12857:
12854:
12850:
12847:
12846:
12845:
12842:
12840:
12837:
12835:
12832:
12830:
12827:
12825:
12822:
12820:
12817:
12815:
12812:
12808:
12805:
12803:
12800:
12798:
12795:
12794:
12793:
12790:
12789:
12787:
12785:
12781:
12769:
12766:
12765:
12764:
12761:
12760:
12758:
12754:
12748:
12745:
12743:
12740:
12738:
12735:
12733:
12730:
12728:
12725:
12723:
12720:
12718:
12715:
12713:
12710:
12708:
12705:
12703:
12700:
12696:
12693:
12692:
12691:
12688:
12687:
12685:
12683:
12679:
12671:
12668:
12666:
12663:
12661:
12658:
12656:
12653:
12651:
12650:spear-thrower
12648:
12647:
12646:
12643:
12641:
12638:
12634:
12631:
12630:
12629:
12628:Bow and arrow
12626:
12622:
12619:
12618:
12617:
12614:
12612:
12609:
12608:
12605:
12602:
12600:
12596:
12590:
12587:
12585:
12582:
12580:
12577:
12575:
12572:
12570:
12567:
12565:
12562:
12558:
12555:
12553:
12550:
12549:
12548:
12545:
12543:
12540:
12538:
12537:Grinding slab
12535:
12533:
12530:
12526:
12523:
12522:
12521:
12518:
12516:
12513:
12511:
12508:
12507:
12505:
12501:
12495:
12492:
12490:
12487:
12485:
12482:
12480:
12477:
12475:
12472:
12470:
12469:Domestication
12467:
12465:
12464:Digging stick
12462:
12460:
12457:
12455:
12452:
12448:
12445:
12443:
12442:Founder crops
12440:
12439:
12438:
12435:
12434:
12432:
12430:
12426:
12422:
12418:
12413:
12409:
12403:
12400:
12396:
12393:
12392:
12391:
12388:
12384:
12383:New Stone Age
12381:
12379:
12376:
12374:
12371:
12369:
12366:
12364:
12361:
12360:
12359:
12356:
12355:
12352:
12348:
12341:
12336:
12334:
12329:
12327:
12322:
12321:
12318:
12306:
12305:
12300:
12296:
12294:
12293:
12284:
12282:
12281:
12272:
12271:
12268:
12262:
12259:
12255:
12252:
12251:
12250:
12247:
12245:
12242:
12240:
12237:
12235:
12232:
12231:
12229:
12225:
12219:
12216:
12214:
12211:
12209:
12206:
12205:
12203:
12199:
12189:
12186:
12184:
12181:
12179:
12176:
12174:
12171:
12169:
12166:
12164:
12161:
12160:
12158:
12156:
12152:
12146:
12143:
12141:
12138:
12136:
12133:
12131:
12128:
12126:
12123:
12121:
12118:
12116:
12113:
12111:
12108:
12106:
12103:
12101:
12098:
12097:
12095:
12090:
12082:
12079:
12077:
12074:
12073:
12072:Life history
12071:
12067:
12064:
12062:
12059:
12058:
12056:
12052:
12049:
12047:
12044:
12042:
12039:
12038:
12036:
12032:
12029:
12027:
12024:
12022:
12019:
12018:
12016:
12015:
12013:
12009:
12003:
12000:
11998:
11995:
11993:
11990:
11988:
11985:
11983:
11980:
11978:
11975:
11974:
11972:
11968:
11965:
11961:
11955:
11954:
11949:
11945:
11944:
11939:
11938:
11933:
11932:
11927:
11926:
11925:Homo ergaster
11921:
11920:
11916:
11915:
11913:
11911:
11907:
11889:
11886:
11884:
11881:
11879:
11876:
11874:
11871:
11869:
11868:
11864:
11862:
11859:
11857:
11855:
11854:H. s. sapiens
11851:
11850:
11848:
11846:
11845:
11840:
11837:
11835:
11834:Modern humans
11831:
11824:
11823:
11819:
11817:
11816:
11812:
11810:
11809:
11808:H. luzonensis
11805:
11802:
11801:
11797:
11795:
11794:
11790:
11788:
11787:
11783:
11780:
11779:
11775:
11773:
11770:
11768:
11767:
11766:H. antecessor
11763:
11762:
11760:
11758:
11754:
11744:
11743:
11739:
11737:
11736:
11732:
11730:
11729:
11725:
11723:
11722:
11718:
11716:
11715:
11711:
11709:
11708:
11704:
11702:
11701:
11697:
11695:
11694:
11693:H. e. erectus
11690:
11689:
11687:
11685:
11684:
11679:
11672:
11671:
11667:
11664:
11663:
11659:
11657:
11656:
11652:
11650:
11649:
11645:
11642:
11641:
11637:
11636:
11633:
11630:
11626:
11623:
11621:
11619:
11609:
11599:
11598:
11594:
11592:
11591:
11587:
11585:
11584:
11580:
11579:
11577:
11575:
11574:
11569:
11563:
11562:
11558:
11556:
11555:
11551:
11549:
11548:
11547:A. deyiremeda
11544:
11542:
11541:
11537:
11535:
11534:
11530:
11528:
11527:
11523:
11521:
11520:
11516:
11515:
11513:
11511:
11510:
11505:
11499:
11498:
11494:
11492:
11491:
11487:
11486:
11484:
11482:
11481:
11476:
11470:
11469:
11468:Kenyanthropus
11465:
11463:
11462:
11458:
11456:
11455:
11451:
11449:
11448:
11444:
11443:
11440:
11437:
11435:
11431:
11425:
11422:
11420:
11417:
11415:
11414:Gorillaâhuman
11412:
11410:
11407:
11406:
11404:
11402:
11398:
11395:
11392:
11387:
11383:
11379:
11372:
11367:
11365:
11360:
11358:
11353:
11352:
11349:
11342:
11337:
11333:
11332:
11319:
11315:
11311:
11307:
11303:
11299:
11292:
11284:
11278:
11274:
11273:
11268:
11262:
11254:
11250:
11245:
11240:
11236:
11232:
11228:
11221:
11213:
11209:
11204:
11199:
11194:
11189:
11185:
11181:
11177:
11173:
11169:
11165:
11158:
11150:
11146:
11142:
11138:
11134:
11130:
11126:
11122:
11115:
11106:
11101:
11097:
11093:
11089:
11082:
11073:
11068:
11065:(361): 7â21.
11064:
11060:
11056:
11052:
11046:
11044:
11042:
11033:
11029:
11025:
11021:
11017:
11013:
11006:
11004:
11002:
11000:
10998:
10996:
10987:
10983:
10979:
10975:
10971:
10967:
10963:
10956:
10948:
10944:
10940:
10936:
10932:
10928:
10924:
10920:
10913:
10905:
10899:
10895:
10891:
10885:
10883:
10874:
10868:
10864:
10857:
10855:
10853:
10844:
10838:
10834:
10827:
10825:
10823:
10821:
10812:
10806:
10802:
10795:
10787:
10783:
10779:
10775:
10771:
10767:
10763:
10759:
10755:
10751:
10744:
10736:
10732:
10728:
10724:
10719:
10714:
10709:
10704:
10700:
10696:
10693:(35): E3254.
10692:
10688:
10684:
10677:
10669:
10665:
10660:
10655:
10650:
10645:
10641:
10637:
10633:
10629:
10625:
10621:
10615:
10607:
10603:
10599:
10595:
10591:
10587:
10583:
10579:
10575:
10571:
10564:
10556:
10552:
10548:
10544:
10540:
10536:
10532:
10531:Lieberman, P.
10526:
10524:
10515:
10509:
10505:
10504:
10496:
10494:
10485:
10481:
10476:
10471:
10466:
10461:
10457:
10453:
10449:
10442:
10440:
10438:
10431:
10426:
10422:
10418:
10414:
10410:
10406:
10402:
10398:
10394:
10390:
10386:
10379:
10371:
10365:
10361:
10354:
10352:
10350:
10348:
10346:
10344:
10335:
10331:
10327:
10323:
10319:
10315:
10308:
10306:
10297:
10293:
10289:
10285:
10281:
10277:
10270:
10268:
10259:
10255:
10250:
10245:
10241:
10237:
10233:
10226:
10217:
10212:
10207:
10202:
10198:
10194:
10190:
10183:
10175:
10171:
10167:
10163:
10159:
10155:
10151:
10147:
10143:
10137:
10129:
10125:
10121:
10117:
10113:
10109:
10105:
10101:
10097:
10091:
10082:
10077:
10073:
10072:Palethnologie
10069:
10062:
10060:
10051:
10047:
10043:
10039:
10035:
10031:
10024:
10017:
10015:
10013:
10011:
10009:
10000:
9996:
9992:
9988:
9984:
9980:
9979:Time and Mind
9973:
9965:
9961:
9957:
9953:
9949:
9945:
9941:
9934:
9926:
9920:
9916:
9909:
9901:
9897:
9892:
9887:
9882:
9877:
9873:
9869:
9865:
9861:
9857:
9850:
9842:
9836:
9832:
9825:
9823:
9821:
9819:
9817:
9815:
9813:
9803:
9798:
9794:
9790:
9786:
9779:
9770:
9765:
9761:
9757:
9753:
9749:
9745:
9741:
9737:
9730:
9722:
9718:
9714:
9710:
9706:
9702:
9695:
9693:
9684:
9680:
9675:
9670:
9666:
9662:
9658:
9651:
9642:
9638:
9634:
9630:
9626:
9622:
9618:
9614:
9610:
9606:
9599:
9597:
9588:
9584:
9580:
9576:
9572:
9568:
9564:
9557:
9550:
9541:
9536:
9531:
9526:
9522:
9518:
9514:
9507:
9505:
9503:
9494:
9490:
9486:
9482:
9478:
9471:
9469:
9467:
9465:
9456:
9450:
9446:
9439:
9431:
9427:
9423:
9417:
9413:
9406:
9404:
9395:
9391:
9386:
9381:
9376:
9371:
9367:
9363:
9359:
9352:
9344:
9340:
9336:
9332:
9328:
9324:
9320:
9313:
9311:
9302:
9298:
9294:
9290:
9285:
9280:
9275:
9270:
9266:
9262:
9258:
9254:
9250:
9243:
9241:
9232:
9228:
9224:
9217:
9209:
9205:
9201:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9182:
9177:
9173:
9169:
9165:
9161:
9157:
9150:
9148:
9146:
9137:
9131:
9127:
9126:
9118:
9116:
9114:
9112:
9110:
9108:
9099:
9095:
9091:
9087:
9083:
9079:
9072:
9070:
9068:
9059:
9055:
9051:
9047:
9043:
9039:
9035:
9031:
9024:
9022:
9020:
9018:
9009:
9005:
9001:
8997:
8993:
8989:
8985:
8978:
8976:
8967:
8963:
8959:
8955:
8948:
8946:
8937:
8933:
8929:
8925:
8921:
8917:
8913:
8909:
8902:
8894:
8890:
8886:
8882:
8878:
8874:
8870:
8866:
8862:
8855:
8847:
8843:
8836:
8829:
8821:
8817:
8813:
8809:
8805:
8801:
8794:
8786:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8758:
8754:
8750:
8746:
8742:
8735:
8727:
8723:
8719:
8715:
8708:
8706:
8704:
8695:
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8679:
8675:
8671:
8667:
8660:
8658:
8656:
8647:
8641:
8637:
8633:
8629:
8628:
8620:
8612:
8611:
8603:
8601:
8599:
8592:
8588:
8582:
8574:
8570:
8566:
8562:
8558:
8554:
8547:
8545:
8536:
8532:
8526:
8518:
8514:
8509:
8504:
8500:
8496:
8492:
8488:
8484:
8480:
8476:
8469:
8461:
8457:
8453:
8449:
8445:
8441:
8437:
8433:
8429:
8425:
8421:
8417:
8413:
8405:
8397:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8379:
8375:
8371:
8367:
8363:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8347:
8340:
8332:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8314:
8310:
8306:
8302:
8298:
8294:
8290:
8286:
8279:
8271:
8267:
8262:
8257:
8252:
8247:
8243:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8225:
8221:
8220:PLOS Genetics
8217:
8213:
8206:
8198:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8180:
8176:
8172:
8168:
8164:
8160:
8156:
8149:
8141:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8113:
8109:
8105:
8101:
8097:
8090:
8082:
8078:
8074:
8070:
8066:
8062:
8058:
8054:
8050:
8046:
8042:
8034:
8026:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8008:
8004:
8000:
7996:
7992:
7984:
7982:
7973:
7969:
7964:
7959:
7954:
7949:
7945:
7941:
7937:
7930:
7922:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7904:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7886:
7882:
7879:(9): e72931.
7878:
7874:
7870:
7863:
7855:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7837:
7833:
7829:
7822:
7814:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7796:
7792:
7788:
7784:
7780:
7776:
7772:
7765:
7757:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7739:
7735:
7731:
7727:
7723:
7719:
7715:
7708:
7706:
7697:
7693:
7689:
7685:
7681:
7677:
7673:
7669:
7661:
7653:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7623:
7619:
7612:
7610:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7589:
7585:
7581:
7577:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7554:
7546:
7542:
7538:
7534:
7530:
7526:
7522:
7520:
7514:
7507:
7499:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7475:
7471:
7467:
7463:
7459:
7455:
7448:
7438:
7432:
7428:
7427:
7419:
7411:
7407:
7403:
7399:
7395:
7394:10.1038/30227
7391:
7387:
7383:
7379:
7375:
7368:
7360:
7356:
7352:
7348:
7344:
7340:
7333:
7331:
7329:
7327:
7325:
7323:
7314:
7310:
7306:
7302:
7298:
7294:
7287:
7279:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7251:
7247:
7243:
7239:
7235:
7231:
7225:
7217:
7213:
7209:
7205:
7201:
7197:
7193:
7189:
7185:
7181:
7174:
7166:
7160:
7157:. Routledge.
7156:
7149:
7147:
7145:
7143:
7134:
7130:
7126:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7107:
7105:
7096:
7090:
7086:
7079:
7077:
7075:
7073:
7064:
7060:
7056:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7026:
7022:
7016:
7008:
7006:
7000:
6993:
6985:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6960:
6958:
6956:
6954:
6952:
6950:
6941:
6937:
6934:(2): 91â128.
6933:
6929:
6922:
6914:
6910:
6906:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6888:
6884:
6880:
6873:
6865:
6861:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6826:
6812:
6808:
6804:
6800:
6793:
6778:
6774:
6767:
6751:
6747:
6740:
6724:
6720:
6714:
6706:
6702:
6698:
6694:
6690:
6686:
6682:
6678:
6671:
6663:
6659:
6654:
6649:
6645:
6641:
6637:
6630:
6628:
6619:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6603:
6600:(in French).
6599:
6595:
6591:
6585:
6583:
6574:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6545:
6537:
6531:
6527:
6526:
6518:
6516:
6507:
6503:
6499:
6495:
6491:
6484:
6482:
6480:
6471:
6467:
6462:
6461:11250/3118184
6457:
6452:
6447:
6444:(32): 40â72.
6443:
6439:
6432:
6430:
6428:
6426:
6417:
6413:
6409:
6405:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6386:
6384:
6375:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6357:
6353:
6349:
6345:
6340:
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6331:
6327:
6323:
6316:
6308:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6259:
6251:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6225:
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6216:
6211:
6207:
6203:
6199:
6192:
6190:
6181:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6153:
6151:
6142:
6138:
6131:
6124:
6122:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6093:
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6078:
6071:
6063:
6059:
6054:
6049:
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6041:
6037:
6033:
6029:
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6024:
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6010:
6000:
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5991:
5987:
5983:
5976:
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5964:
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5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
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5900:
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5887:
5883:
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5875:
5871:
5867:
5860:
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5856:
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5850:
5848:
5846:
5836:
5831:
5827:
5823:
5816:
5814:
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5801:
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5790:
5788:
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5775:
5771:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5753:
5749:
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5741:
5737:
5733:
5726:
5720:
5714:
5708:
5702:
5694:
5690:
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5682:
5678:
5674:
5670:
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5659:
5651:
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5643:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
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5607:
5599:
5595:
5591:
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5583:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5555:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5496:
5489:
5481:
5477:
5472:
5467:
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5453:
5449:
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5441:
5437:
5429:
5421:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5393:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5370:
5368:
5366:
5357:
5353:
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5343:
5339:
5335:
5331:
5327:
5323:
5319:
5315:
5308:
5300:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5267:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5259:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5238:
5235:(1): 102743.
5234:
5230:
5226:
5225:de Lumley, H.
5219:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5177:
5168:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5113:
5106:
5104:
5100:
5093:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5044:
5037:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5021:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5003:
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4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4946:
4942:
4926:
4919:
4915:
4910:
4906:
4895:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4868:
4865:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4845:Reindeer Moon
4842:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4831:
4826:
4822:
4821:
4816:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4802:
4801:
4796:
4792:
4791:
4786:
4782:
4781:
4776:
4775:Man's Genesis
4772:
4771:
4765:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4743:
4742:Man's Genesis
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4689:
4685:
4678:
4673:
4669:
4665:
4658:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4620:
4613:
4608:
4604:
4597:
4592:
4588:
4587:Combe-Capelle
4581:
4576:
4573:
4566:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4554:
4549:
4543:
4541:
4540:Arene Candide
4536:
4532:
4527:
4523:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4466:
4462:
4455:
4450:
4447:
4440:
4435:
4432:
4428:
4421:
4416:
4413:
4406:
4401:
4398:
4391:
4386:
4382:
4375:
4370:
4367:
4363:
4356:
4351:
4350:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4323:
4321:
4315:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4278:
4268:
4266:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4237:
4233:
4223:
4221:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4196:
4192:
4188:
4183:
4179:
4177:
4173:
4167:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4156:concert pitch
4152:
4148:
4143:
4136:
4133:found in the
4132:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4078:
4072:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4052:
4047:
4044:
4040:
4034:
4029:
4025:
4019:
4014:
4011:wearing a cap
4010:
4004:
3999:
3998:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3971:backstitching
3967:
3955:
3948:
3943:
3939:
3932:
3927:
3920:
3915:
3911:
3907:
3900:
3895:
3894:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3859:
3856:
3855:sewing needle
3851:
3847:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3792:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3765:
3760:
3756:
3755:
3747:
3742:
3735:
3730:
3723:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3680:
3678:
3677:Le Mas-d'Azil
3673:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3650:
3631:
3626:
3619:
3614:
3610:
3603:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3571:
3567:
3566:Karel Absolon
3563:
3559:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3487:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3475:
3464:, Switzerland
3463:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3440:
3435:
3431:
3427:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3388:
3383:
3376:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3364:
3363:scarification
3360:
3355:
3343:
3336:
3331:
3327:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3304:
3299:
3295:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3272:
3267:
3266:
3262:
3259:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3211:
3204:
3199:
3195:
3188:
3183:
3176:
3171:
3167:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3144:
3139:
3135:
3128:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3087:
3085:
3080:
3078:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3037:
3036:Cave painting
3027:
3025:
3021:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2904:
2896:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2884:MolĂ del Salt
2881:
2877:
2871:
2864:
2863:MolĂ del Salt
2859:
2850:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2808:
2799:
2798:
2792:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2721:
2718:", after the
2717:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2660:Social system
2652:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2633:
2629:
2624:
2620:
2619:spear-thrower
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2442:Epigravettian
2439:
2435:
2434:
2428:
2426:
2421:
2420:Australasians
2417:
2413:
2409:
2401:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2372:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2323:, the latest
2322:
2319:the earliest
2318:
2314:
2310:
2308:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2278:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2267:out of Africa
2262:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2217:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2186:Erik Trinkaus
2183:
2182:occipital bun
2179:
2175:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2146:
2143:Skull of the
2141:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2073:
2070:
2067:'s 1882â1885
2066:
2060:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2032:Font-de-Gaume
2029:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2008:
2005:
2001:
2000:Ancient Egypt
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1948:Pan-Germanism
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1916:Ernst Haeckel
1912:
1910:
1909:Combe-Capelle
1906:
1905:H. a. hauseri
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1824:
1823:Carl Linnaeus
1820:
1816:
1812:
1811:anthropometry
1808:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1791:
1787:
1786:Charles Lyell
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1767:
1766:Roman Britain
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1737:
1728:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1708:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1681:cave dwellers
1678:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1663:
1659:
1656:
1653:. They found
1652:
1648:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1623:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1580:Loschbour man
1577:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1533:. During the
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1492:forest steppe
1489:
1485:
1481:
1480:British Isles
1477:
1476:Baltic region
1473:
1469:
1461:
1452:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1397:
1391:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1330:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1310:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1232:
1228:
1211:
1204:
1197:
1194:
1180:
1178:
1162:
1161:Modern humans
1156:
1151:
1150:
1140:
1134:
1129:
1128:
1118:
1112:
1107:
1106:
1097:
1093:
1092:Earliest fire
1088:
1083:
1082:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1062:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1042:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1019:
1018:
1009:
1004:
999:
998:
989:
988:
981:
976:
975:
966:
965:
958:
953:
952:
943:
938:
933:
932:
923:
918:
913:
912:
903:
902:Gorilla split
898:
893:
892:
883:
878:
873:
872:
855:
840:
827:
826:
824:
812:
810:
796:
794:
788:
786:
780:
778:
777:H. antecessor
771:
770:
768:
755:
753:
747:
745:
738:
737:
735:
722:
720:
719:Au. anamensis
714:
712:
711:Au. afarensis
706:
704:
703:Au. africanus
697:
696:
694:
681:
679:
666:
664:
652:
651:
649:
636:
634:
633:O. tugenensis
628:
626:
614:
612:
601:
599:
588:
586:
575:
573:
562:
560:
549:
547:
535:
533:
527:
525:
518:
516:
505:
503:
492:
490:
478:
477:
466:
464:
453:
451:
440:
438:
320:
314:
309:
307:
302:
300:
295:
294:
288:
284:
277:
273:
263:
261:
257:
253:
249:
248:Pan-Germanism
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
177:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
129:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
52:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
13957:wedge-shaped
13942:Funeral pyre
13935:Great dolmen
13891:Chamber tomb
13872:Round barrow
13827:Stone circle
13699:Blombos Cave
13627:Grooved ware
13551:Chalcolithic
13455:Thornborough
13373:Flush toilet
13308:Blombos Cave
13303:Rock shelter
13259:Quiggly hole
13151:Architecture
13126:illustration
12768:Buffalo jump
12589:Storage pits
12552:AĆıklı HöyĂŒk
12542:Ground stone
12378:Subdivisions
12302:
12290:
12278:
12145:Gender roles
12140:Intelligence
11953:Homo sapiens
11951:
11947:
11941:
11935:
11931:Homo erectus
11929:
11923:
11919:Homo habilis
11917:
11878:Manot people
11867:H. s. idaltu
11865:
11861:Jebel Irhoud
11853:
11844:Homo sapiens
11842:
11820:
11813:
11806:
11798:
11791:
11784:
11776:
11764:
11740:
11733:
11726:
11719:
11712:
11705:
11698:
11691:
11683:Homo erectus
11681:
11668:
11660:
11653:
11646:
11638:
11628:Proto-humans
11617:
11614:proto-humans
11595:
11588:
11581:
11573:Paranthropus
11571:
11559:
11552:
11545:
11538:
11533:A. anamensis
11531:
11526:A. africanus
11524:
11519:A. afarensis
11517:
11507:
11495:
11488:
11480:Ardipithecus
11478:
11466:
11459:
11452:
11445:
11424:Gibbonâhuman
11301:
11297:
11291:
11271:
11261:
11234:
11230:
11220:
11175:
11171:
11157:
11124:
11120:
11114:
11095:
11091:
11081:
11062:
11058:
11051:Trinkaus, E.
11015:
11011:
10969:
10965:
10955:
10922:
10918:
10912:
10893:
10862:
10832:
10800:
10794:
10753:
10749:
10743:
10690:
10686:
10676:
10631:
10627:
10614:
10573:
10569:
10563:
10541:(1): 39â66.
10538:
10534:
10502:
10455:
10451:
10392:
10388:
10378:
10359:
10320:(2): 40â48.
10317:
10313:
10279:
10275:
10239:
10235:
10225:
10199:(1): 67â74.
10196:
10192:
10182:
10149:
10145:
10142:Marshack, A.
10136:
10103:
10099:
10096:Marshack, A.
10090:
10071:
10033:
10029:
9982:
9978:
9972:
9947:
9943:
9933:
9914:
9908:
9863:
9859:
9849:
9830:
9792:
9788:
9778:
9743:
9739:
9729:
9704:
9700:
9667:(3): 23â24.
9664:
9660:
9650:
9608:
9604:
9562:
9549:
9520:
9516:
9476:
9444:
9438:
9411:
9365:
9361:
9351:
9326:
9322:
9256:
9252:
9222:
9216:
9163:
9159:
9124:
9081:
9077:
9033:
9029:
8991:
8987:
8983:
8957:
8953:
8911:
8907:
8901:
8868:
8864:
8854:
8845:
8841:
8828:
8803:
8799:
8793:
8748:
8744:
8734:
8720:(1): 83â93.
8717:
8713:
8672:(1): 82â87.
8669:
8665:
8626:
8619:
8609:
8586:
8581:
8556:
8552:
8534:
8525:
8482:
8478:
8468:
8419:
8415:
8404:
8353:
8349:
8339:
8296:
8292:
8278:
8223:
8219:
8205:
8162:
8158:
8148:
8103:
8099:
8089:
8048:
8044:
8033:
7998:
7994:
7943:
7939:
7929:
7876:
7872:
7862:
7835:
7831:
7821:
7778:
7774:
7764:
7721:
7717:
7671:
7667:
7660:
7625:
7621:
7567:
7563:
7553:
7528:
7524:
7519:Homo sapiens
7518:
7506:
7461:
7457:
7447:
7425:
7418:
7377:
7373:
7367:
7342:
7338:
7296:
7292:
7286:
7241:
7237:
7230:Trinkaus, E.
7224:
7183:
7179:
7173:
7154:
7116:
7112:
7084:
7028:
7024:
7015:
7005:Homo sapiens
7004:
6992:
6965:
6931:
6927:
6921:
6886:
6882:
6872:
6839:
6835:
6825:
6814:. Retrieved
6802:
6792:
6780:. Retrieved
6776:
6766:
6754:. Retrieved
6749:
6739:
6727:. Retrieved
6722:
6713:
6680:
6676:
6670:
6643:
6639:
6601:
6597:
6554:
6544:
6524:
6497:
6493:
6441:
6399:
6395:
6329:
6325:
6315:
6272:
6268:
6258:
6205:
6201:
6163:
6159:
6140:
6136:
6087:
6083:
6070:
6027:
6021:
5989:
5985:
5975:
5930:
5926:
5916:
5873:
5869:
5825:
5803:
5799:
5735:
5731:
5725:
5713:
5701:
5668:
5664:
5658:
5617:
5613:
5606:
5565:
5561:
5554:
5530:11585/770553
5505:
5501:
5488:
5443:
5439:
5428:
5383:
5379:
5321:
5317:
5307:
5280:
5276:
5232:
5228:
5218:
5185:
5181:
5176:Homo sapiens
5175:
5167:
5126:
5122:
5112:
5095:
5057:
5053:
5043:
5023:
4977:
4973:
4945:
4925:
4918:Goyet Q116-1
4909:
4877:Homo sapiens
4876:
4848:
4844:
4839:series, and
4834:
4828:
4825:Jean M. Auel
4818:
4815:Björn Kurtén
4808:
4798:
4788:
4780:Ceratosaurus
4778:
4774:
4768:
4766:
4759:
4749:
4741:
4719:
4712:
4688:Gough's Cave
4668:Gough's Cave
4640:Gough's Cave
4633:
4544:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4476:
4473:
4324:
4316:
4304:spirit guide
4296:Chauvet Cave
4292:subjectivity
4285:
4248:
4229:
4200:
4172:conch shells
4168:
4139:
3963:
3906:hide scraper
3904:Aurignacian
3875:loom weights
3860:
3843:
3776:
3752:
3686:
3674:
3655:
3609:Castel Merle
3574:
3554:
3474:Swabian Jura
3471:
3410:Castel Merle
3351:
3296:from Austria
3280:from Germany
3242:
3230:
3227:Portable art
3221:Portable art
3150:Chauvet Cave
3088:
3081:
3074:
3063:
3039:
3016:
3008:
2991:
2967:
2911:
2900:
2872:
2868:
2818:
2810:
2803:
2795:
2767:
2760:
2725:
2681:
2599:
2527:
2522:
2519:Betty Meehan
2512:
2505:ethnographic
2502:
2485:
2431:
2429:
2405:
2380:in West Asia
2373:
2348:Haplogroup I
2311:
2279:
2264:
2218:
2210:Allen's rule
2206:
2200:height. The
2194:frontal lobe
2190:
2178:Aurignacians
2174:Neanderthals
2170:
2124:
2104:
2100:
2097:Demographics
2086:
2068:
2050:
2047:Hugo Darnaut
1988:Negroid race
1964:World War II
1913:
1904:
1900:
1897:Grimaldi man
1892:
1884:
1876:
1873:H. predmosti
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1833:Homo sapiens
1832:
1826:
1800:
1794:
1772:(before the
1770:antediluvian
1747:
1742:Cro-Magnon 1
1725:Le Vieillard
1724:
1717:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1676:
1669:Louis Lartet
1665:Victor Duruy
1651:VĂ©zĂšre River
1647:rock shelter
1640:
1634:
1554:
1512:
1465:
1401:
1393:
1358:
1287:Mandrin Cave
1276:
1257:Apidima Cave
1248:
1245:Neanderthals
1241:Homo sapiens
1240:
1234:
1189:
1174:
1030:
986:
964:Ardipithecus
963:
882:Earlier apes
839:Neanderthals
823:Homo sapiens
820:
819:
806:
790:
782:
774:
764:
763:
749:
741:
731:
730:
716:
708:
700:
690:
689:
675:
660:
648:Ardipithecus
645:
644:
630:
622:
608:
595:
582:
572:Sivapithecus
569:
559:Oreopithecus
556:
543:
529:
521:
512:
499:
486:
474:
460:
447:
432:
228:antediluvian
212:Louis Lartet
209:
178:
133:anatomically
130:
81:
78:Neanderthals
74:Homo sapiens
73:
65:
61:
57:
56:
40:
13979:unchambered
13974:Long barrow
13964:Grave goods
13920:Court cairn
13915:Clava cairn
13867:Bowl barrow
13805:Rock cupule
13748:Golden hats
13741:Hill figure
13642:Unstan ware
13622:Cord-marked
13487:Sweet Track
13409:Burnt mound
13330:Stilt house
13318:Sibudu Cave
13111:Tally stick
13079:Quern-stone
13064:Hammerstone
13054:Fire plough
13025:Pesse canoe
12983:Bannerstone
12953:Other tools
12866:Lithic core
12814:Aurignacian
12702:Bare Island
12584:Quern-stone
12076:Grandmother
12031:Shore-based
11992:Aquatic ape
11883:Tam Pa Ling
11778:H. ergaster
11597:P. robustus
11304:(1): 1â24.
11267:Glut, D. F.
10475:1885/162771
10216:10810/37322
9795:: 139â151.
9746:: 126â138.
9587:2268/190618
9540:10871/37941
8871:: 158â175.
8559:: 363â369.
6782:February 2,
6756:February 2,
6604:: 335â349.
5986:Radiocarbon
5828:(19): 204.
5178:in Eurasia"
4914:Kostenki-14
4795:H. G. Wells
4785:J.-H. Rosny
4770:Brute Force
4761:Before Adam
4756:Jack London
4709:H. G. Wells
4630:Cannibalism
4617:Grave from
4601:Grave from
4585:Grave from
4570:Grave from
4300:psychopomps
4203:bullroarers
4104:Aurignacian
4064:with straps
3839:Gönnersdorf
3801:cloth, and
3799:plain woven
3785:I sites in
3751:Gravettian
3593:Abri Lartet
3359:circumcised
3340:Gravettian
3328:from France
3249:steatopygia
3234:PĂ©rigordian
3084:Max Raphael
2830:hausmannite
2807:sample bias
2794:Perforated
2704:matrilineal
2458:Aurignacian
2446:Magdalenian
2416:East Asians
2313:Haplogroups
2290:Lake Baikal
2282:Kostenki-14
2145:Abri Pataud
2115:Hill people
1992:steatopygia
1956:World War I
1940:Nordic race
1891:, France; "
1815:physiognomy
1774:Great Flood
1750:creationist
1658:stone tools
1612:Corded Ware
1531:Creswellian
1519:Older Dryas
1515:Magdalenian
1472:Scandinavia
1470:(LGM) when
1441:LGM refugia
1411: [
1349:Aurignacian
1339:Aurignacian
1333:Aurignacian
1307: [
1291:Malataverne
1264: [
785:H. ergaster
678:Ar. ramidus
663:Ar. kadabba
625:O. praegens
463:Pleistocene
292:This box:
232:Great Flood
224:creationist
197:bullroarers
193:bone flutes
137:brow ridges
118:Magdalenian
98:Aurignacian
58:Cro-Magnons
14187:Categories
14118:trepanning
14011:Ring cairn
13969:Jar burial
13952:transepted
13884:U.S. sites
13785:Petroglyph
13711:Bird stone
13669:wine press
13342:Stone roof
13325:Roundhouse
13217:long house
13194:Stonehenge
13162:Ceremonial
13106:Stone tool
12933:Tool stone
12903:Metallurgy
12807:Mousterian
12784:Toolmaking
12722:Cumberland
12695:Transverse
12665:Schöningen
12557:Qesem cave
12525:Earth oven
12479:Irrigation
12390:Technology
12358:Prehistory
12115:Skin color
12100:Bipedalism
12061:Killer ape
11873:Cro-Magnon
11772:Denisovans
11648:H. habilis
11612:Humans and
11497:A. ramidus
11490:A. kadabba
11127:: 105076.
10756:(3): 386.
6889:: 103329.
6816:2023-11-29
6590:Lartet, L.
6339:1502.02783
6143:: 161â162.
5761:1885/75138
5099:Ust'-Ishim
5030:Ust'-Ishim
4955:Bacho Kiro
4937:References
4636:skull cups
4535:arctic fox
4495:Entrefoces
4461:worshipper
4427:lion-human
4339:worshipper
4331:Hohle Fels
4327:lion-human
4260:Mark Pagel
4236:hyoid bone
4195:bullroarer
4187:bone flute
4176:clapsticks
4107:bone flute
4060:showing a
4041:wearing a
3883:Kniegrotte
3570:arithmetic
3394:Hohle Fels
3238:Kostenkian
3115:psilocybin
3034:See also:
2923:long bones
2692:matrifocal
2688:matriarchy
2684:patriarchy
2664:See also:
2580:cave lions
2493:microliths
2460:cultures.
2450:Gravettian
2412:Bacho Kiro
2365:Swiss Jura
2361:Bichon man
2294:Ust'-Ishim
2214:inbreeding
2161:Gravettian
2004:positivism
1996:San people
1950:(that is,
1907:" for the
1853:H. s. afer
1837:subspecies
1819:phrenology
1795:Following
1778:witchcraft
1721:Paul Broca
1707:in Paris.
1616:Bronze Age
1549:See also:
1545:Mesolithic
1539:Mesolithic
1527:Hamburgian
1508:permafrost
1478:, and the
1426:See also:
1408:Buran-Kaya
1396:Gravettian
1390:Gravettian
1384:Gravettian
1377:Mousterian
1304:Ilsenhöhle
1296:Bohunician
1225:See also:
854:Denisovans
793:Au. sediba
767:H. erectus
734:H. habilis
524:Ou. turkae
270:See also:
266:Chronology
220:Les Eyzies
205:idiophones
122:Mesolithic
102:Gravettian
14162:symbolism
14026:Tor cairn
13984:GrĂžnsalen
13925:Cremation
13817:Sculpture
13795:Pictogram
13780:Petroform
13600:amber use
13568:Cosmetics
13378:Reservoir
13363:Check dam
13293:Pueblitos
13288:Pit-house
13271:Longhouse
13205:Dwellings
13074:Microlith
13005:Bow drill
13000:Bone tool
12993:prismatic
12802:Acheulean
12717:Cresswell
12690:Arrowhead
12616:Boomerang
12532:Granaries
12494:Terracing
12373:Stone Age
12234:Theorists
12201:Timelines
12081:Patriarch
12057:Behavior
11982:Gathering
11910:Ancestors
11655:H. naledi
11590:P. boisei
11561:A. sediba
11149:213625841
11059:Antiquity
11032:141943948
10986:161323031
10947:143890919
10786:147208415
10735:205264098
10620:Pagel, M.
10484:165905083
10425:206520793
10334:146555925
10258:195827025
10128:144984607
10050:162026727
9999:161528331
9985:(1): 97.
9944:Antiquity
9517:Antiquity
9343:151151148
9208:131777991
9058:144914396
9008:145417508
8893:133924944
8499:1759-6653
8460:206632421
8444:0036-8075
8378:2397-334X
8285:PÀÀbo, S.
8233:1208.2238
8212:PÀÀbo, S.
8081:206632421
7940:BMC Genet
7903:1932-6203
7781:: 16046.
7628:: 24â35.
6905:1095-8606
6856:1010-5182
6811:0140-0460
6803:The Times
6729:9 October
6697:0160-9327
6677:Endeavour
6662:0037-8984
6573:1145-3370
6506:2386-5571
6470:1145-3370
6408:0025-1496
6215:1312.6639
6180:134255621
5778:205239973
5598:205226924
5546:218592678
5249:216449347
5210:195873640
5151:2397-334X
5026:ZlatĂœ kĆŻĆ
5002:2397-334X
4730:monstrous
4726:archetype
4690:, England
4670:, England
4664:skull cup
4553:afterlife
4491:sea snail
4282:Shamanism
4220:xylophone
4191:idiophone
4113:, Germany
3938:PĆedmostĂ
3867:phalanges
3694:nummulite
3690:belemnite
3525:Predmosti
3511:, Germany
3495:, Germany
3396:, Germany
3107:mescaline
3091:shamanism
2986:Altai dog
2982:Goyet dog
2974:symbiotic
2962:Altai dog
2931:Mezhyrich
2897:, Ukraine
2895:Mezhyrich
2876:Pincevent
2826:manganese
2822:sedentism
2771:Pavlovian
2623:boomerang
2576:Irish elk
2454:Solutrean
2408:Zlaty Kun
2400:ZlatĂœ kĆŻĆ
2245:blue eyes
2221:vitamin D
2167:26,000 BP
2107:Chipewyan
2087:The Feast
2069:Stone Age
1980:Eskimoids
1944:Nordicism
1754:evolution
1626:Discovery
1588:Neolithic
1584:Neolithic
1496:Solutrean
1451:Solutrean
1428:Solutrean
1404:Szeletian
1329:culture.
752:Au. garhi
244:Nordicism
236:evolution
203:, drums,
110:Solutrean
13800:Rock art
13763:painting
13736:Geoglyph
13561:timeline
13541:Beadwork
13281:Mehrgarh
13276:Mudbrick
13184:megalith
13059:Fire-saw
12881:debitage
12876:analysis
12844:Hand axe
12824:Cupstone
12402:Glossary
12363:Timeline
12280:Category
12135:Language
12105:Skeleton
11800:H. longi
11554:A. garhi
11391:Hominins
11386:Taxonomy
11318:54616107
11212:28792978
11172:PLOS ONE
11166:(2017).
11098:: 6â13.
10939:41289970
10778:26168658
10727:23918403
10668:23650390
10555:28651524
10417:19745144
10314:Diogenes
10174:17754789
9964:16301395
9900:26745626
9860:PLOS ONE
9683:72062079
9633:24233726
9430:30155747
9394:15090648
9301:16299376
9293:26629824
9253:PLOS ONE
9200:31017924
9160:PLOS ONE
9098:22019163
8960:: 1â10.
8785:29912923
8745:PLOS ONE
8694:24942770
8535:Sci.News
8517:35445261
8452:25378462
8396:33828249
8331:26098372
8287:(2015).
8270:23055938
8197:26886800
8140:12743370
8073:25378462
8025:28982795
7972:11553319
7921:24039825
7873:PLOS ONE
7854:22096215
7813:28675384
7756:26567969
7724:: 8912.
7688:18172690
7652:22923467
7592:26062507
7545:14675512
7515:(2013).
7498:17452632
7359:14533179
7278:21220336
7232:(2011).
7216:28256970
7208:21798948
7133:10074386
7063:52180259
7055:30201965
7001:(2010).
6913:36870149
6864:12231201
6618:88373270
6592:(1868).
6374:25731166
6307:29144465
6250:25230663
6112:53573967
6062:36859578
5967:28542642
5927:PLOS ONE
5908:27135931
5770:25143113
5693:22189428
5642:22048314
5590:22048311
5538:32433609
5480:38297138
5471:10927544
5420:19571003
5356:35138885
5299:24449141
5202:31292546
5159:37872416
5092:27135931
5020:33828249
4855:See also
4833:and her
4827:'s 1980
4817:'s 1978
4807:'s 1955
4787:'s 1911
4758:'s 1907
4748:'s 1897
4740:'s 1912
4734:wild man
4699:In media
4644:scalping
4619:Grimaldi
4605:, France
4589:, France
4397:Gabillou
4271:Religion
4252:cognates
4244:phonemes
4226:Language
3987:bandeaux
3956:, France
3912:, France
3910:Gavaudun
3823:milkweed
3698:ammonite
3683:Clothing
3644:Body art
3611:, France
3595:, France
3547:, France
3448:, France
3432:, France
3412:, France
3312:, Russia
3310:Kostenki
3212:, France
3196:, France
3168:, France
3152:, France
3055:palettes
3051:charcoal
3030:Cave art
2999:hematite
2919:pelvises
2907:yarangas
2880:Ohalo II
2838:groutite
2828:mineral
2700:monogamy
2645:tridents
2641:leisters
2637:harpoons
2615:bevelled
2607:javelins
2567:Pyrenees
2565:and the
2563:Perigord
2538:reindeer
2530:red deer
2255:Genetics
2085:'s 1883
2049:'s 1885
2034:, France
1968:Paviland
1799:'s 1859
1569:Siberian
1327:Ahmarian
1283:industry
476:Hominini
450:Pliocene
162:harpoons
14157:Symbols
13768:pigment
13654:Weaving
13617:Cardium
13612:Pottery
13607:Mirrors
13595:Jewelry
13536:Baskets
13516:culture
13368:Cistern
13174:Pyramid
13116:Weapons
13094:Scraper
13084:Racloir
13044:Cleaver
13032:Chopper
12938:Uniface
12849:Grooves
12839:Hafting
12797:Oldowan
12756:Systems
12707:Cascade
12670:woomera
12660:harpoon
12633:history
12599:Hunting
12579:Pottery
12520:Cooking
12429:Farming
12395:history
12368:Outline
12292:Commons
12244:Fossils
12110:Muscles
12021:Cooking
11977:Hunting
11454:Orrorin
11203:5549908
11180:Bibcode
11129:Bibcode
10758:Bibcode
10718:3761561
10695:Bibcode
10659:3666749
10636:Bibcode
10606:4309147
10598:2716823
10578:Bibcode
10458:: 5â7.
10397:Bibcode
10389:Science
10284:Bibcode
10154:Bibcode
10146:Science
10120:2740829
9891:4706433
9868:Bibcode
9748:Bibcode
9709:Bibcode
9641:1526260
9613:Bibcode
9605:Science
9567:Bibcode
9481:Bibcode
9284:4668041
9261:Bibcode
9191:6481798
9168:Bibcode
9050:2744349
8936:4361636
8916:Bibcode
8873:Bibcode
8808:Bibcode
8776:6005578
8753:Bibcode
8674:Bibcode
8573:4132885
8508:9021735
8424:Bibcode
8416:Science
8387:8175239
8358:Bibcode
8322:4537386
8301:Bibcode
8261:3464203
8238:Bibcode
8188:4933530
8167:Bibcode
8108:Bibcode
8053:Bibcode
8045:Science
8003:Bibcode
7995:Science
7912:3770606
7881:Bibcode
7804:5500885
7783:Bibcode
7747:4660371
7726:Bibcode
7696:9886658
7643:3525146
7600:4399103
7572:Bibcode
7489:1863481
7466:Bibcode
7410:4409749
7402:9603517
7382:Bibcode
7301:Bibcode
7269:3029716
7246:Bibcode
7188:Bibcode
7180:Science
7033:Bibcode
6705:4172878
6416:2799274
6365:5048219
6344:Bibcode
6298:5973800
6277:Bibcode
6241:4170574
6220:Bibcode
6092:Bibcode
6053:9977688
6032:Bibcode
5992:(2â3).
5958:5443572
5935:Bibcode
5899:4943878
5878:Bibcode
5740:Bibcode
5673:Bibcode
5650:4374023
5622:Bibcode
5570:Bibcode
5510:Bibcode
5448:Bibcode
5411:2752585
5388:Bibcode
5347:8827661
5326:Bibcode
5131:Bibcode
5083:4943878
5062:Bibcode
5011:8175239
4982:Bibcode
4843:' 1987
4797:' 1927
4722:caveman
4621:, Italy
4485:), the
4483:limpets
4478:Patella
4412:Lascaux
4211:Lalinde
4162:) or a
4062:bandeau
3871:Avdeevo
3835:Zaraysk
3807:plaited
3803:twilled
3797:cloth,
3787:Moravia
3710:labrets
3706:diadems
3462:Veyrier
3428:from L'
3258:magical
3245:obesity
3210:Lascaux
3136:, Spain
2939:chevron
2853:Housing
2786:Trading
2655:Society
2632:Archery
2611:lozenge
2551:aurochs
2464:Culture
2425:Siberia
2233:SLC45A2
2229:SLC24A5
2130:Biology
2119:Naskapi
1982:". The
1911:skull.
1825:' 1735
1701:Occitan
1608:Yamnaya
1523:Azilian
1153:←
1131:←
1109:←
1096:cooking
1085:←
1065:←
1045:←
1021:←
1001:←
978:←
955:←
935:←
915:←
895:←
875:←
611:Orrorin
436:Miocene
419:–
409:–
399:–
389:–
379:–
369:–
359:–
349:–
339:–
329:–
250:. Such
90:founder
14135:flutes
13930:Dolmen
13854:Burial
13664:winery
13637:Linear
13467:Midden
13445:Cursus
13438:Goseck
13298:Pueblo
13249:Dugout
13234:Burdei
12913:Mining
12737:Lamoka
12732:Folsom
12712:Clovis
12569:Metate
12547:Hearth
12515:Basket
12489:Sickle
12227:Others
12130:Speech
12092:Topics
12037:Drugs
11963:Models
11316:
11279:
11253:683202
11251:
11210:
11200:
11147:
11030:
10984:
10945:
10937:
10900:
10869:
10839:
10807:
10784:
10776:
10733:
10725:
10715:
10666:
10656:
10604:
10596:
10570:Nature
10553:
10510:
10482:
10423:
10415:
10366:
10332:
10256:
10193:Veleia
10172:
10126:
10118:
10048:
9997:
9962:
9921:
9898:
9888:
9837:
9681:
9639:
9631:
9451:
9428:
9418:
9392:
9385:404215
9382:
9341:
9299:
9291:
9281:
9206:
9198:
9188:
9132:
9096:
9056:
9048:
9006:
8934:
8908:Nature
8891:
8783:
8773:
8692:
8642:
8571:
8515:
8505:
8497:
8458:
8450:
8442:
8394:
8384:
8376:
8329:
8319:
8293:Nature
8268:
8258:
8195:
8185:
8159:Nature
8138:
8131:164492
8128:
8079:
8071:
8023:
7970:
7960:
7946:: 13.
7919:
7909:
7901:
7852:
7811:
7801:
7754:
7744:
7694:
7686:
7650:
7640:
7598:
7590:
7564:Nature
7543:
7496:
7486:
7433:
7408:
7400:
7374:Nature
7357:
7276:
7266:
7214:
7206:
7161:
7131:
7091:
7061:
7053:
6980:
6911:
6903:
6862:
6854:
6809:
6746:"Cros"
6703:
6695:
6660:
6616:
6571:
6532:
6504:
6468:
6414:
6406:
6372:
6362:
6326:Nature
6305:
6295:
6269:Nature
6248:
6238:
6202:Nature
6178:
6110:
6060:
6050:
6023:Nature
5965:
5955:
5906:
5896:
5870:Nature
5806:(1â2).
5776:
5768:
5732:Nature
5691:
5648:
5640:
5614:Nature
5596:
5588:
5562:Nature
5544:
5536:
5502:Nature
5478:
5468:
5418:
5408:
5354:
5344:
5297:
5247:
5208:
5200:
5182:Nature
5157:
5149:
5090:
5080:
5054:Nature
5034:Oase 1
5018:
5008:
5000:
4963:Oase 1
4684:radius
4662:Human
4603:Menton
4572:Sungir
4531:Sungir
4509:, and
4335:relief
4147:radius
4142:flutes
3841:site.
3819:nettle
3815:weaves
3811:gauges
3795:twined
3791:wicker
3783:Pavlov
3708:, and
3700:, and
3426:relief
3095:trance
2935:Mezine
2649:salmon
2603:hafted
2594:Bilbao
2578:, and
2480:, and
2433:Nature
2384:Oase 1
2342:, and
2327:, and
2298:Oase-1
2231:, and
2117:, and
1978:" or "
1936:Aryans
1903:" or "
1895:" for
1889:Menton
1875:" or "
1841:racist
1817:, and
1618:, the
1529:, and
1474:, the
1458:
1456:
1449:
1447:
1373:Naples
1319:Danube
1300:Emiran
864:
14052:sites
13996:Mummy
13716:Cairn
13632:JĆmon
13583:shoes
13578:Hides
13450:Henge
13404:Broch
13266:Jacal
13121:Wheel
13069:Knife
13015:Canoe
13010:Burin
12988:Blade
12886:flake
12747:Plano
12655:baton
12645:Spear
12611:Arrow
12564:Manos
12417:Tools
12239:Books
12017:Diet
11314:S2CID
11249:JSTOR
11145:S2CID
11028:S2CID
11018:(3).
10982:S2CID
10943:S2CID
10935:JSTOR
10782:S2CID
10774:JSTOR
10731:S2CID
10602:S2CID
10551:S2CID
10480:S2CID
10421:S2CID
10330:S2CID
10254:S2CID
10124:S2CID
10116:JSTOR
10074:(7).
10046:S2CID
10026:(PDF)
9995:S2CID
9960:S2CID
9679:S2CID
9637:S2CID
9559:(PDF)
9339:S2CID
9297:S2CID
9204:S2CID
9054:S2CID
9046:JSTOR
9004:S2CID
8932:S2CID
8889:S2CID
8838:(PDF)
8690:JSTOR
8569:JSTOR
8456:S2CID
8228:arXiv
8077:S2CID
7963:55343
7692:S2CID
7596:S2CID
7541:S2CID
7406:S2CID
7212:S2CID
7059:S2CID
6614:S2CID
6555:Paléo
6442:Paléo
6412:JSTOR
6334:arXiv
6210:arXiv
6176:S2CID
6133:(PDF)
6108:S2CID
6080:(PDF)
5826:Paleo
5774:S2CID
5646:S2CID
5594:S2CID
5542:S2CID
5498:(PDF)
5245:S2CID
5206:S2CID
5103:Oase1
4720:The "
4686:from
4666:from
4463:from
4429:from
4364:from
4265:Latin
4232:FOXP2
4207:rasps
4197:(top)
4164:scale
4149:of a
4109:from
4088:Music
4043:snood
3983:snood
3908:from
3831:alder
3829:, or
3702:amber
3658:ochre
3113:, or
2927:loess
2903:tipis
2847:RhĂŽne
2843:Rhine
2834:Ekain
2720:Roman
2716:Venus
2628:darts
2592:, in
2547:bison
2237:TYRP1
2225:KITLG
2147:woman
1960:Nazis
1655:flint
1600:Urals
1590:with
1415:]
1371:near
1355:(LGM)
1315:Ranis
1311:]
1268:]
1235:When
201:rasps
14145:gudi
13903:Cist
13832:list
13659:Wine
13588:Ătzi
13573:Glue
13546:Beds
13514:and
13512:Arts
13383:Well
13239:Cave
13169:Kiva
13099:side
13089:Rope
13037:tool
12971:bone
12961:Adze
12727:Eden
12640:Nets
12510:Fire
12474:Goad
12459:Celt
12120:Hair
11940:) â
11618:Homo
11277:ISBN
11208:PMID
10898:ISBN
10867:ISBN
10837:ISBN
10805:ISBN
10723:PMID
10664:PMID
10594:PMID
10508:ISBN
10413:PMID
10364:ISBN
10170:PMID
9919:ISBN
9896:PMID
9835:ISBN
9629:PMID
9449:ISBN
9426:OCLC
9416:ISBN
9390:PMID
9289:PMID
9196:PMID
9130:ISBN
9094:PMID
8781:PMID
8640:ISBN
8513:PMID
8495:ISSN
8448:PMID
8440:ISSN
8392:PMID
8374:ISSN
8327:PMID
8266:PMID
8193:PMID
8136:PMID
8069:PMID
8021:PMID
7968:PMID
7917:PMID
7899:ISSN
7850:PMID
7809:PMID
7752:PMID
7684:PMID
7648:PMID
7588:PMID
7494:PMID
7431:ISBN
7398:PMID
7355:PMID
7274:PMID
7204:PMID
7159:ISBN
7129:PMID
7089:ISBN
7051:PMID
6978:ISBN
6909:PMID
6901:ISSN
6860:PMID
6852:ISSN
6807:ISSN
6784:2016
6758:2016
6731:2021
6701:PMID
6693:ISSN
6658:ISSN
6569:ISSN
6530:ISBN
6502:ISSN
6466:ISSN
6404:ISSN
6370:PMID
6303:PMID
6246:PMID
6058:PMID
5963:PMID
5904:PMID
5766:PMID
5689:PMID
5638:PMID
5586:PMID
5534:PMID
5476:PMID
5416:PMID
5352:PMID
5295:PMID
5198:PMID
5155:PMID
5147:ISSN
5101:and
5088:PMID
5016:PMID
4998:ISSN
4754:and
4459:The
4446:Brno
4425:The
4360:The
4160:tune
3863:loom
3850:flax
3813:and
2946:Dogs
2905:and
2845:and
2534:ibex
2456:and
2418:and
2296:and
2249:OCA2
1946:and
1930:and
1881:Brno
1847:): "
1693:Abri
1610:and
1574:and
1490:and
1484:Alps
1430:and
1359:The
1229:and
1031:Homo
312:edit
305:talk
298:view
246:and
168:and
66:EEMH
13254:Hut
13189:row
13020:Oar
12978:Axe
12966:Awl
11934:(â
11825:(?)
11803:(?)
11781:(?)
11673:(?)
11665:(?)
11643:(?)
11306:doi
11239:doi
11235:101
11198:PMC
11188:doi
11137:doi
11125:114
11100:doi
11067:doi
11020:doi
10974:doi
10927:doi
10766:doi
10713:PMC
10703:doi
10691:110
10654:PMC
10644:doi
10632:110
10586:doi
10574:338
10543:doi
10470:hdl
10460:doi
10405:doi
10393:325
10322:doi
10318:214
10292:doi
10244:doi
10211:hdl
10201:doi
10162:doi
10150:178
10108:doi
10076:doi
10038:doi
9987:doi
9952:doi
9886:PMC
9876:doi
9797:doi
9764:hdl
9756:doi
9717:doi
9669:doi
9621:doi
9609:342
9583:hdl
9575:doi
9535:hdl
9525:doi
9489:doi
9380:PMC
9370:doi
9366:101
9331:doi
9279:PMC
9269:doi
9227:doi
9186:PMC
9176:doi
9086:doi
9082:186
9038:doi
8996:doi
8986:".
8962:doi
8958:179
8924:doi
8912:329
8881:doi
8869:100
8846:259
8816:doi
8771:PMC
8761:doi
8722:doi
8682:doi
8670:271
8632:doi
8591:PDF
8561:doi
8503:PMC
8487:doi
8432:doi
8420:346
8382:PMC
8366:doi
8317:PMC
8309:doi
8297:524
8256:PMC
8246:doi
8183:PMC
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