267:
200:
483:
259:
1499:
1353:
1365:
279:
The NAC provides very high-resolution, stereo reconnaissance, generating 2 km wide swaths at 0.5 m pixel scale from 50 km altitude. NAC observations also include: near-global (>95%) mapping of Europa at ≤50 m pixel scale; regional and high-resolution stereo imaging at <1 m/pixel, and high phase
241:
Constrain formation processes of surface features and the potential for current activity by characterizing endogenic structures, surface units, global cross-cutting relationships, and relationships to Europa's subsurface structure, and by searching for evidence of recent activity, including potential
365:(PDF). Turtle, E. P.; McEwen, A. S.; Collins, G. C.; Fletcher, L.; Hansen, C. J.; Hayes, A. G.; Hurford, T. A.; Kirk, R. L.; Barr Mlinar, A. C.; Nimmo, F.; Patterson, G. W.; Quick, L. C.; Soderblom, J. M.; Thomas, N.; Ernst, C. M.
2847:
344:. Turtle, E. P.; McEwen, A. S.; Collins, G. C.; Fletcher, L. N.; Hansen, C. J.; Hayes, A.; Hurford, T., Jr.; Kirk, R. L.; Barr, A.; Nimmo, F.; Patterson, G.; Quick, L. C.; Soderblom, J. M.; Thomas, N.
2899:
3158:
1726:
459:
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angle observations for plume searches. The NAC will also perform high-phase-angle observations to search for potential plumes, even when the spacecraft is distant from Europa.
2226:
1686:
3200:
1276:
2967:
469:
2044:
288:
The WAC will acquire stereo reconnaissance, generating digital topographic models with 32 m spatial scale and 4 m vertical precision from 50 km altitude.
2740:
2398:
1679:
363:
The Europa
Imaging System (EIS): High-Resolution Imaging and Topography to Investigate Europa's Geology, Ice Shell, and Potential for Current Activity
238:
Characterize the ice shell by determining its thickness and correlating surface features with subsurface structures detected by ice penetrating radar.
2888:
796:
786:
2637:
2583:
2255:
207:
EIS combines a narrow-angle camera (NAC) and a wide-angle camera (WAC) designed to address the reconnaissance goals. Both cameras operate on the
1994:
2303:
1672:
245:
Characterize scientifically compelling landing sites and hazards by determining the nature of the surface at scales relevant to a potential
2588:
2039:
701:
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871:
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1825:
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1313:
2779:
2221:
2019:
2014:
806:
721:
397:
342:
The Europa
Imaging System (EIS): High-Resolution, 3-D Insight into Europa's Geology, Ice Shell, and Potential for Current Activity
2971:
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1403:
1224:
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449:
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1328:
771:
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2250:
2024:
1308:
1229:
781:
1653:
164:
at 50 m (160 ft) resolution, and will provide images of selected surface areas at up to 0.5 m resolution.
3402:
2265:
2120:
2034:
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630:
369:, held March 21-25, 2016 at The Woodlands, Texas. LPI Contribution No. 1903, p.1626.
341:
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216:
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1498:
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and three-dimensional geologic maps, regional and high-resolution digital
1047:
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2001:
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2008:
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891:
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811:
535:
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2624:
2130:
1234:
1106:
2509:
2135:
1813:
1181:
106:
28:
322:"NASA to use commercial launch vehicle for Europa Clipper"
1381:
1277:
Astrobiology
Science and Technology for Exploring Planets
348:, Fall Meeting 2014, abstract #P13E-03. December 2014.
167:
EIS will provide comprehensive data sets, including
154:wide and narrow angle camera on board the planned
797:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
787:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
3495:
1695:Science instruments on satellites and spacecraft
203:Europa Imaging System Optical Telescope Assembly
191:, and a database of plume-search observations.
722:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI)
1680:
1397:
551:
391:
358:
356:
354:
337:
335:
333:
331:
702:List of microorganisms tested in outer space
234:The objectives of the EIS instrument are:
16:Europa Clipper's visible-light camera system
367:47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference
1687:
1673:
1404:
1390:
1127:Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability
558:
544:
398:
384:
351:
328:
298:
1314:European Astrobiology Network Association
262:Europa Imaging System Narrow Angle Camera
253:
1966:
807:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
265:
257:
198:
1225:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment
3496:
1668:
1480:List of geological features on Europa
1385:
1215:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
539:
379:
211:(390 to 700 nm) and make use of
1364:
792:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
777:Habitability of neutron star systems
3478:Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter
767:Habitability of binary star systems
13:
1329:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
772:Habitability of natural satellites
697:Hypothetical types of biochemistry
405:
14:
3525:
1309:Center for Life Detection Science
1230:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher
782:Habitability of red dwarf systems
305:Europa Clipper passes key review.
1497:
1363:
1352:
1351:
1334:Ocean Worlds Exploration Program
1167:Life Investigation For Enceladus
687:Extraterrestrial sample curation
565:
481:
3447:International Lunar Observatory
2258:(TRMM, Terra, Aura, Suomi NPP,
1272:Astrobiology Society of Britain
1147:Explorer of Enceladus and Titan
802:Habitable zone for complex life
160:mission that will map most of
1157:Journey to Enceladus and Titan
314:
222:The Principal investigator is
1:
3393:High Resolution Stereo Camera
1205:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
757:Extraterrestrial liquid water
291:
229:
177:geographic information system
1339:Spanish Astrobiology Center
747:Circumstellar habitable zone
7:
2324:Radiation Budget Instrument
1324:NASA Astrobiology Institute
194:
10:
3530:
2650:Infrared Space Observatory
1577:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
1411:
1172:Mars sample return mission
346:American Geophysical Union
215:for obtaining images with
3460:
3437:
3416:
3385:
3354:
3319:
3310:
3230:
3220:
3178:
3146:
3139:
3130:
3104:
3088:
3079:
3006:
2990:
2981:
2915:
2881:
2872:
2830:
2821:
2748:
2739:
2617:
2576:
2567:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2495:
2488:
2360:
2214:
2207:
2154:
1975:
1957:
1785:
1700:
1641:
1619:Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter
1596:
1569:
1513:
1506:
1495:
1485:List of craters on Europa
1467:
1444:
1428:
1419:
1347:
1262:
1250:Terrestrial Planet Finder
1195:
1094:
1056:
1040:
1008:
925:
834:
825:
735:
672:Earliest known life forms
639:
573:
490:
479:
415:
275:Narrow angle camera (NAC)
179:data products, color and
130:
120:
112:
102:
90:
85:
73:
65:
60:
50:
42:
34:
24:
3473:Inertial Stellar Compass
2838:Raman Laser Spectrometer
1475:List of lineae on Europa
1282:Breakthrough Initiatives
498:Deep Space Network (DSN)
185:geodetic control network
56:Science phase: ≥ 3 years
3468:Deep Space Atomic Clock
2727:Venus Emissivity Mapper
1629:Laplace-P/Europa Lander
943:Mars Science Laboratory
762:Galactic habitable zone
284:Wide angle camera (WAC)
1604:Jupiter Europa Orbiter
1122:Enceladus Life Finder
1102:Breakthrough Enceladus
626:Planetary oceanography
271:
263:
254:General specifications
204:
3483:Plasma Wave Subsystem
2594:Multispectral Scanner
1918:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
1722:Pioneer Venus Orbiter
1624:Jovian Europa Orbiter
1297:Breakthrough Starshot
897:Lunar Micro Ecosystem
817:Superhabitable planet
682:Extraterrestrial life
269:
261:
202:
144:Europa Imaging System
20:Europa Imaging System
2451:Mars Climate Orbiter
2093:RM-08 and MTVZA-OK (
1304:Carl Sagan Institute
1292:Breakthrough Message
1132:Enceladus Orbilander
867:Biosatellite program
717:Planetary protection
601:Evolutionary biology
591:Atmospheric sciences
506:(Independent launch)
135:Kennedy Space Center
3408:Mars Orbiter Camera
1287:Breakthrough Listen
324:. 11 February 2021.
213:push broom scanners
21:
3386:Imagers/telescopes
2534:Spectrophotometers
1117:Enceladus Explorer
515:Proposed rockets:
272:
264:
205:
19:
3491:
3490:
3428:Rosalind Franklin
3350:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3337:Rosalind Franklin
3312:Mass spectrometer
3306:
3305:
3242:Rosalind Franklin
3216:
3215:
3126:
3125:
3122:
3121:
3075:
3074:
2983:Triaxial fluxgate
2868:
2867:
2864:
2863:
2842:Rosalind Franklin
2817:
2816:
2741:UV-visible (UVVS)
2735:
2734:
2631:Rosalind Franklin
2569:Visible-IR (VIRS)
2563:
2562:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2484:
2483:
2203:
2202:
2015:DMSP 5D-2/F13-F15
1662:
1661:
1654:Europa in fiction
1637:
1636:
1589:
1581:
1493:
1492:
1379:
1378:
1258:
1257:
1082:Rosalind Franklin
995:Trace Gas Orbiter
652:Allan Hills 84001
631:Planetary science
533:
532:
507:
474:
270:Wide-Angle Camera
183:data products, a
140:
139:
54:Cruise: 3-6 years
3521:
3329:(Europa Clipper)
3317:
3316:
3278:(on ExoMars TGO)
3228:
3227:
3222:Neutral particle
3144:
3143:
3137:
3136:
3086:
3085:
2988:
2987:
2974:(Europa Clipper)
2879:
2878:
2828:
2827:
2746:
2745:
2574:
2573:
2545:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2493:
2492:
2489:Ultraviolet (UV)
2212:
2211:
2208:Infrared-visible
1973:
1972:
1964:
1963:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1666:
1665:
1587:
1579:
1511:
1510:
1501:
1426:
1425:
1406:
1399:
1392:
1383:
1382:
1367:
1366:
1355:
1354:
832:
831:
727:Yamato meteorite
560:
553:
546:
537:
536:
505:
485:
472:
400:
393:
386:
377:
376:
370:
360:
349:
339:
326:
325:
318:
312:
302:
224:Elizabeth Turtle
209:visible spectrum
152:visible spectrum
80:visible spectrum
76:
51:Mission duration
22:
18:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3456:
3439:
3433:
3412:
3381:
3342:
3302:
3212:
3174:
3132:
3118:
3113:Cassini–Huygens
3100:
3071:
3015:Cassini–Huygens
3002:
2977:
2911:
2860:
2813:
2761:Mariner 6 and 7
2731:
2677:Mariner 6 and 7
2613:
2559:
2541:Long wavelength
2521:
2480:
2409:Mariner 6 and 7
2356:
2285:MESSR and VTIR
2199:
2169:Electra (radio)
2163:Cassini-Huygens
2150:
1953:
1803:Cassini–Huygens
1781:
1709:Cassini–Huygens
1696:
1693:
1663:
1658:
1633:
1592:
1565:
1553:Cassini–Huygens
1502:
1489:
1463:
1440:
1429:Chaotic terrain
1415:
1410:
1380:
1375:
1343:
1264:
1254:
1197:
1191:
1152:Icebreaker Life
1090:
1052:
1036:
1010:
1004:
921:
827:
821:
738:
731:
635:
611:Geomicrobiology
569:
564:
534:
529:
486:
477:
411:
404:
374:
373:
361:
352:
340:
329:
320:
319:
315:
311:22 August 2019.
303:
299:
294:
256:
232:
197:
189:radar altimetry
86:Host spacecraft
74:
55:
35:Instrument type
17:
12:
11:
5:
3527:
3517:
3516:
3514:Europa Clipper
3511:
3506:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3457:
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3434:
3432:
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3420:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3389:
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3379:
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3365:
3358:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3330:
3323:
3321:
3320:Interplanetary
3314:
3308:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3273:
3263:
3254:
3245:
3234:
3232:
3231:Interplanetary
3225:
3218:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3180:
3179:Interplanetary
3176:
3175:
3173:
3172:
3171:
3170:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3141:
3134:
3128:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3108:
3106:
3105:Interplanetary
3102:
3101:
3099:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3010:
3008:
3007:Interplanetary
3004:
3003:
3001:
3000:
2994:
2992:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2976:
2975:
2965:
2953:
2946:
2939:
2932:
2925:
2919:
2917:
2916:Interplanetary
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2907:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2858:
2845:
2834:
2832:
2831:Interplanetary
2825:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2811:
2804:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2770:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2749:Interplanetary
2743:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2706:Europa Clipper
2691:
2686:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2663:
2652:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2627:
2621:
2619:
2618:Interplanetary
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2557:
2551:
2549:
2548:Interplanetary
2542:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2507:
2499:
2497:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2479:
2478:
2471:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2447:
2440:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2395:
2394:
2384:
2374:
2364:
2362:
2361:Interplanetary
2358:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2321:
2314:
2307:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2283:
2280:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2224:
2218:
2216:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2178:
2171:
2166:
2158:
2156:
2155:Interplanetary
2152:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2091:
2086:
2085:
2084:
2081:
2075:
2068:
2061:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1992:
1985:
1979:
1977:
1970:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1937:
1932:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1896:
1889:
1882:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1816:
1814:ExoMars lander
1811:
1806:
1799:
1791:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1712:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1692:
1691:
1684:
1677:
1669:
1660:
1659:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1632:
1631:
1626:
1621:
1616:
1614:Europa Orbiter
1611:
1606:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1585:Europa Clipper
1582:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1515:
1508:
1504:
1503:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1436:Conamara Chaos
1432:
1430:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1409:
1408:
1401:
1394:
1386:
1377:
1376:
1374:
1373:
1361:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1279:
1274:
1268:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1240:Northern Light
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1196:Cancelled and
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1091:
1089:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1073:
1071:Europa Clipper
1068:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1050:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1022:
1014:
1012:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1002:
997:
992:
991:
990:
977:
970:
969:
968:
955:
954:
953:
940:
935:
929:
927:
923:
922:
920:
919:
914:
909:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
838:
836:
829:
823:
822:
820:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
743:
741:
733:
732:
730:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
667:Drake equation
664:
659:
654:
649:
643:
641:
637:
636:
634:
633:
628:
623:
618:
613:
608:
606:Exoplanetology
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
581:Astrochemistry
577:
575:
571:
570:
563:
562:
555:
548:
540:
531:
530:
528:
527:
513:
508:
500:
494:
492:
488:
487:
480:
478:
476:
475:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
421:
419:
413:
412:
408:Europa Clipper
403:
402:
395:
388:
380:
372:
371:
350:
327:
313:
296:
295:
293:
290:
286:
285:
277:
276:
255:
252:
251:
250:
243:
239:
231:
228:
196:
193:
157:Europa Clipper
138:
137:
132:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
96:Europa Clipper
92:
88:
87:
83:
82:
77:
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
58:
57:
52:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
36:
32:
31:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3526:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3509:Europa (moon)
3507:
3505:
3504:Space imagers
3502:
3501:
3499:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3436:
3429:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3309:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3261:
3260:
3259:Venus Express
3256:ASPERA-4 (on
3255:
3252:
3251:
3247:ASPERA-3 (on
3246:
3243:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3226:
3223:
3219:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3140:Ion detectors
3138:
3135:
3129:
3115:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3068:
3067:
3066:Venus Express
3063:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2963:
2962:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2914:
2906:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2856:
2854:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2616:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2543:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2516:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2477:
2476:
2472:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2448:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2371:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2359:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2308:
2306:(Terra, Aqua)
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2033:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2020:DMSP 5D-2/F16
2018:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2003:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1929:Venus Express
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1787:Radio science
1784:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1711:
1710:
1706:
1705:
1703:
1699:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1678:
1676:
1671:
1670:
1667:
1655:
1652:
1650:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1622:
1620:
1617:
1615:
1612:
1610:
1609:Europa Lander
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1586:
1583:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1509:
1505:
1500:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1395:
1393:
1388:
1387:
1384:
1372:
1371:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1261:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1137:Europa Lander
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1007:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
989:
987:
983:
982:
981:
978:
976:
975:
971:
967:
965:
961:
960:
959:
956:
952:
950:
946:
945:
944:
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
928:
924:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
839:
837:
833:
830:
824:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
744:
742:
740:
734:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
692:Extremophiles
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
644:
642:
638:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
578:
576:
572:
568:
561:
556:
554:
549:
547:
542:
541:
538:
526:
522:
518:
514:
512:
509:
504:
503:Europa Lander
501:
499:
496:
495:
493:
489:
484:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
422:
420:
418:
414:
410:
409:
401:
396:
394:
389:
387:
382:
381:
378:
368:
364:
359:
357:
355:
347:
343:
338:
336:
334:
332:
323:
317:
310:
306:
301:
297:
289:
283:
282:
281:
274:
273:
268:
260:
248:
247:Europa Lander
244:
240:
237:
236:
235:
227:
225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
201:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
165:
163:
159:
158:
153:
149:
145:
136:
133:
129:
126:
123:
119:
115:
111:
108:
105:
101:
98:
97:
93:
89:
84:
81:
78:
75:Spectral band
72:
68:
64:
59:
53:
49:
46:3D topography
45:
41:
37:
33:
30:
27:
23:
3438:Astronomical
3427:
3424:MicrOmega-IR
3374:
3367:
3364:(on InSight)
3355:Seismometers
3336:
3295:
3281:
3269:
3257:
3250:Mars Express
3248:
3241:
3205:
3111:
3081:Helium vapor
3064:
3057:
3050:
3013:
2959:
2948:
2941:
2934:
2927:
2874:Magnetometer
2853:Perseverance
2852:
2841:
2806:
2799:
2772:
2765:
2681:
2659:
2655:
2630:
2473:
2466:
2442:
2435:
2413:
2370:Schiaparelli
2368:
2367:COMARS+ (on
2282:Kanopus-V-IK
2192:
2184:
2173:
2161:
1946:
1939:
1927:
1910:
1903:
1891:
1884:
1879:Mars Express
1877:
1835:
1818:
1801:
1794:
1714:
1707:
1560:New Horizons
1558:
1551:
1544:
1537:
1530:
1368:
1356:
1265:and programs
1263:Institutions
1081:
1063:
1041:Heliocentric
1029:
1017:
985:
972:
964:Perseverance
963:
948:
752:Earth analog
739:habitability
707:Ocean planet
677:Earth analog
662:Biosignature
621:Paleontology
616:Microbiology
596:Biochemistry
586:Astrophysics
567:Astrobiology
525:Falcon Heavy
434:
406:
366:
345:
316:
308:
307:Jeff Foust,
300:
287:
278:
233:
221:
217:stereoscopic
206:
169:cartographic
166:
155:
147:
143:
141:
125:Falcon Heavy
94:
3440:instruments
3417:Microscopes
2083:Meteor-M2-1
2072:Meteor-3M-1
1507:Exploration
1198:undeveloped
1048:BioSentinel
938:Fobos-Grunt
835:Earth orbit
657:Biomolecule
647:Abiogenesis
640:Main topics
574:Disciplines
473:(cancelled)
417:Instruments
309:Space News.
181:photometric
131:Launch site
113:Launch date
3498:Categories
3147:Near-Earth
3089:Near-Earth
3059:Pioneer 11
2991:Near-Earth
2929:Pioneer 10
2882:Near-Earth
2767:Mariner 10
2577:Near-Earth
2496:Near-Earth
2449:PMIRR (on
2437:Pioneer 10
2415:Mariner 10
2337:Sentinel-3
2215:Near-Earth
2106:Sentinel-3
2077:MTVZA-GYa
2040:Kanopus-ST
1989:Sentinel-6
1976:Near-Earth
1959:Radiometer
1809:Europa-UVS
1526:Pioneer 11
1521:Pioneer 10
1245:Red Dragon
1025:OSIRIS-REx
1009:Comets and
712:Panspermia
440:Europa-UVS
292:References
230:Objectives
173:topography
91:Spacecraft
66:Resolution
61:Properties
3452:MoonLIGHT
3290:Mariner 2
3270:Curiosity
3196:Mariner 2
3133:detectors
3052:MESSENGER
3031:Mariner 2
2943:Voyager 1
2801:Voyager 1
2774:MESSENGER
2683:MESSENGER
2668:(on Juno)
2656:Voyager 1
2599:SCIAMACHY
2468:Voyager 1
2431:2M No.522
2426:2M No.521
2347:Suomi NPP
2175:Mariner 2
2080:Meteor-M2
2067:, MOS-1b)
1968:Microwave
1941:Voyager 1
1899:Pioneer 7
1886:MESSENGER
1843:Mariner 2
1597:Cancelled
1539:Voyager 2
1532:Voyager 1
1162:Laplace-P
1065:Dragonfly
1019:Hayabusa2
1011:asteroids
980:Tianwen-1
958:Mars 2020
949:Curiosity
882:Eu:CROPIS
737:Planetary
219:sensors.
3369:Viking 1
3288:SPS (on
3238:ADRON-RM
3224:detector
3191:ASPERA-4
3186:ASPERA-3
3131:Particle
2894:QuakeSat
2694:E-THEMIS
2457:Venera 9
2299:Meteor-2
2277:ADEOS II
2089:Nimbus 7
2035:GPM Core
2002:ADEOS II
1935:Venera 9
1923:Sakigake
1837:Magellan
1796:Akatsuki
1747:Venera 4
1716:Magellan
1358:Category
1220:Kazachok
1210:Beagle 3
1142:ExoLance
1095:Proposed
933:Beagle 2
907:OREOcube
887:EXOSTACK
828:missions
430:E-THEMIS
195:Overview
187:tied to
103:Operator
43:Function
25:Operator
3297:Ulysses
3207:Ulysses
3168:Proba-2
3154:DEMETER
2905:Proba-2
2896:1 and 2
2848:SHERLOC
2638:MA-MISS
2515:Proba-2
2421:Mars 96
2404:Luna 13
2391:InSight
2377:Diviner
2351:NOAA-21
2335:SLSTR (
2260:NOAA-20
2251:AVNIR-2
2194:Rosetta
2146:Zond-PP
2095:Sich-1M
2070:MTVZA (
2030:Envisat
2009:Shizuku
2007:AMSR2 (
1987:AMR-C (
1826:InSight
1820:Galileo
1570:Planned
1546:Galileo
1446:Craters
1421:Geology
1370:Commons
1187:Trident
1177:Oceanus
1076:ExoMars
1057:Planned
1031:Rosetta
986:Zhurong
974:Phoenix
912:Tanpopo
902:O/OREOS
847:BIOCORE
517:Atlas V
491:Related
242:plumes.
150:) is a
116:≈ 2025
38:cameras
3430:rover)
3398:HiRISE
3339:rover)
3327:MASPEX
3283:Nozomi
3244:rover)
3026:Magsat
3021:FIELDS
2968:ICEMAG
2923:FIELDS
2844:rover)
2790:SPICAV
2785:SPICAM
2722:SPICAV
2717:SPICAM
2654:IRIS (
2504:EURECA
2330:GCOM-C
2328:SGLI (
2318:EURECA
2311:JERS-1
2101:Seasat
2054:MOPITT
2000:AMSR (
1997:(AQUA)
1995:AMSR-E
1893:Nozomi
1831:Kaguya
1777:WISDOM
1742:MARSIS
1737:SHARAD
1732:SELENE
1727:REASON
1588:(2024)
1580:(2023)
1413:Europa
1319:MERMOZ
1112:CAESAR
1000:Viking
917:VEGGIE
892:EXPOSE
872:E-MIST
862:BIOPAN
852:Biolab
812:Tholin
470:ICEMAG
460:REASON
445:MASPEX
162:Europa
121:Rocket
3403:LORRI
3276:FREND
3096:Swarm
2998:Swarm
2855:rover
2823:Raman
2780:NOMAD
2756:Alice
2712:Ralph
2689:MERIS
2666:JIRAM
2633:rover
2625:AKARI
2502:ORI (
2343:VIIRS
2316:ORI (
2309:OPS (
2304:MODIS
2289:MOS-1
2275:GLI (
2256:CERES
2246:AVNIR
2235:Terra
2227:ASTER
2222:AVHRR
2141:WSF-M
2131:SSMIS
2126:SSM/I
2065:MOS-1
2063:MSR (
2058:Terra
2045:MIRAS
1701:Radar
1642:Other
1468:Lists
1459:Cilix
1454:Pwyll
1235:MELOS
1107:BRUIE
1084:rover
988:rover
966:rover
951:rover
826:Space
69:0.5 m
3461:Misc
3362:SEIS
3333:MOMA
3268:(on
3163:DSLP
3161:and
3159:TPMU
2972:PIMS
2970:and
2961:Juno
2900:SGVM
2889:GOES
2704:(on
2702:SUDA
2698:MISE
2658:and
2643:ISEM
2609:TRMM
2589:MOMS
2584:CASE
2510:LYRA
2399:IRIS
2389:(on
2379:(on
2271:ERSS
2266:ERBS
2241:AIRS
2231:MISR
2186:Juno
2136:TRMM
2121:SMOS
2116:SMMR
2111:SMAP
2050:MISR
2025:ERSS
1983:AQUA
1863:6, 7
1649:Life
1514:Past
1182:THEO
926:Mars
857:Bion
465:SUDA
455:PIMS
450:MISE
142:The
107:NASA
29:NASA
3266:DAN
3201:SPS
2956:MAG
2795:UVS
2604:TES
2555:ISO
2387:HP3
2381:LRO
2181:MWR
877:ERA
842:BIO
521:SLS
511:JPL
435:EIS
425:ECM
148:EIS
3500::
3046:10
2936:11
2700:,
2696:,
2462:10
2444:11
2349:,
2293:1b
2229:,
2052:,
1912:11
1905:10
1873:10
1772:16
1767:15
1762:10
523:,
519:,
353:^
330:^
226:.
175:,
3426:(
3376:2
3335:(
3292:)
3272:)
3262:)
3253:)
3240:(
3041:5
3036:4
2964:)
2958:(
2950:2
2857:)
2850:(
2840:(
2808:2
2708:)
2672:M
2662:)
2660:2
2506:)
2475:2
2453:)
2393:)
2383:)
2373:)
2353:)
2345:(
2339:)
2332:)
2320:)
2313:)
2279:)
2262:)
2237:)
2233:(
2189:)
2183:(
2097:)
2074:)
2060:)
2056:(
2011:)
2004:)
1991:)
1948:2
1868:9
1858:5
1853:4
1848:3
1757:9
1752:8
1688:e
1681:t
1674:v
1405:e
1398:t
1391:v
559:e
552:t
545:v
399:e
392:t
385:v
249:.
146:(
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