47:
243:
2245:
455:
2415:
251:
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898:
396:). Measurements to date indicate that Europa has an ocean approximately twice the volume of Earth's oceans. This water layer below the ice may be in contact with the moon's interior allowing ready access to hydrothermal energy and chemistry. A surface mission can take advantage of the relatively young, active surface of Europa as this activity may allow deep subsurface materials to regularly relocate to the surface.
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and to discuss this lander as a possible follow up. The president's 2018 and 2019 federal budget proposals do not fund the Europa Lander, but they did assign US$ 195 million for concept studies and research on the required science instruments. The 2022 omnibus spending bill allocates $ 14.2 million
478:
In preparation to its landing, the
Carrier Stage would be discarded, leaving the spacecraft stack in a configuration called Deorbit Vehicle (DOV) that would decelerate and initiate the descent. The engine module for this phase, called Deorbit Stage (DOS) would be discarded after the burn, leaving
645:
NASA selected 14 potential instruments for maturation under
Instrument Concepts for Europa Exploration 2 (ICEE-2) awarding approximately US$ 2 million each for two years. The ICEE-2 project would allow the maturation of novel instrument approaches to meet the science goals and objectives of the
466:
The key phases of the flight are: launch, cruise, de-orbit, descent and landing. The spacecraft would consist of several modules that would be discarded at different phases of its deorbiting and landing sequence. The complete stack would be propelled by the
Carrier Stage, that also features the
316:
NASA had previously evaluated a Europa Lander concept in 2005 with the Europa Lander
Mission concept. Also, a lander was evaluated in 2012. There was continued support for Europa missions, including in 2014, when the U.S. Congress House Appropriations Committee announced a bipartisan bill that
855:
guidelines require that inadvertent contamination of a
Europan ocean by terrestrial organisms must be avoided, to a probability level of less than 1 in 10,000. The lander, and landing system components, must be assembled and tested in a clean room where all parts would have to be cleaned or
628:
The mission concept would require funding and further development to be launched. One of the key requirements is to operate in the radiation environment at the moon's surface. The radiation environment at Europa is extreme, so the lander may need as much additional protection as the
562:
At Europa, it would have to land on the surface, matching its velocity, but with essentially no atmosphere there is no "entry", it is just a descent and landing. The
Planetary Society noted that NASA called this DDL — de-orbit, descent, and landing. In 1995, astronomers using the
881:
is a separately launched spacecraft that would lay a foundation for the Europa Lander mission. Previously, NASA had evaluated launching the orbiter and lander together, but the strong congressional support led to an additional proposal in 2016 for a separate lander mission. The
502:(RTG) or solar power. The 2019 concept proposes four batteries, which would provide three times the needed energy for safety margin during its ≈22-day surface operations. The baseline is 7 days to complete its surface mission, the additional 15 days are for contingencies.
541:
in 2027, and
Jupiter/Europa arrival in 2030. It would spend some time orbiting around Jupiter over the next year to maneuver for its landing on Europa. The landing would be performed two years after orbit insertion around Jupiter.
860:
is recommended to fly away into
Jupiter for disposal. At the end of the mission, the lander might self-destruct using an incendiary device. That system can also be triggered if the spacecraft loses contact with the
1651:
Cynthia B. Phillips, Kevin P. Hand, Morgan L. Cable, Amy E. Hofmann, Kate L. Craft and Europa
Project Science and Engineering Teams. 50th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference 2019 (LPI Contrib. No. 2132)
332:
delivered its report in early
February 2017. This was a six-month-long study by a Science Definition Team. The study assesses the science value and engineering design of a potential Europa lander mission.
611:
does not have the resolution needed to confirm this, radar and thermal data are consistent with this interpretation. This supports the need to first perform high-definition reconnaissance with the ESA's
307:
at the subsurface ≈10 cm, to characterize the composition of non-ice near-subsurface material, and determine the proximity of liquid water and recently erupted material near the lander's location.
533:(SLS), with a suggested launch in 2025. The SLS is proposed given the spacecraft's mass of 16.6 metric tons, including the solid propellant to place the spacecraft into orbit around Jupiter, and the
592:, if still operational, could function as an additional communications relay for the lander. To ensure communication, there is a suggestion to include a telecomm orbiter with the lander mission.
2027:
W. B. Brinckerhoff; A. Grubisic; S. A. Getty; R. M. Danell, ASCE Library, 16th Biennial International Conference on Engineering, Science, Construction, and Operations in Challenging Environments
336:
NASA's 2021 fiscal year budget in Congress's Omnibus Spending Bill did not include any language mandating or funding the Europa Lander as previous bills, making the mission's future uncertain.
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Regardless of the power source, one of the limiting factors for the lifetime of the mission may be surviving radiation; a human on the surface of Europa is estimated to experience 540
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issued a congressional directive on a Europa Lander, and NASA initiated a study in 2016, assessing and evaluating the concept. The mission concept is being supported by the
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On Earth, life can be found in essentially all locations where water is present. It follows that Europa is an excellent candidate in the search for life elsewhere in the
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NASA announced in May 2017 to the scientific community to think on possible Europa Lander instruments. The concept study reports were made available in June 2019.
490:, that would enable it to dig out several shallow sub-surface samples at a maximum depth of 10 cm (3.9 in) and deliver them to its onboard laboratory.
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and probe mission in the 1990s, for which a major result was the discovery of a large sub-surface ocean that may offer habitable aquatic conditions.
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Hall, D. T.; Strobel, D. F.; Feldman, P. D.; McGrath, M. A.; Weaver, H. A. (1995). "Detection of an oxygen atmosphere on Jupiter's moon Europa".
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2060:. Kim R. Fowler, Stephen A. Dyer. Metrology for AeroSpace (MetroAeroSpace), 2017 IEEE International Workshop on 21–23 June 2017, Italy,
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to Icy Satellites Surface Technology for a future Ocean Worlds lander mission (NASA had requested $ 5 million for the Europa Lander).
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A study published in October 2018 suggests that most of Europa's surface may be covered with closely spaced ice spikes, called
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373:. This subsurface water may not only be warmed by geological activity, but likely also enriched with dissolved minerals and
46:
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orbiter will provide reconnaissance data to characterize the radiation environment and help determine a landing location.
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Jupiter orbiter. The vault helped reduce radiation exposure to vulnerable systems, especially electronics on the orbiter.
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2968:
2036:"Seismometer to Investigate Ice and Ocean Structure (SIIOS)" H Bailey, R Weber, D Dellagiustina, V Bray, B Avenson. 2019
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483:. The sky crane system would lower the lander with a tether to a soft landing with a 100 m (330 ft) accuracy.
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Characterize the surface and subsurface properties at the scale of the lander to support future exploration of Europa.
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McGrath (2009). "Atmosphere of Europa". In Pappalardo, Robert T.; McKinnon, William B.; Khurana, Krishan K. (eds.).
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935:
475:, the spacecraft would spend about two years adjusting its orbit and velocity before attempting to land on Europa.
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The Europa Lander was considered by the Planetary Science Decadal Report of 2023─2032 but rejected in favor of the
325:
226:
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Landing on Europa, part 3: Proposed configuration with provisions for radiation shielding and planetary protection
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Jet Propulsion Laboratory - NASA Joel Krajewski, Payload Manager, Europa Lander PreProject 26 June 2019
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Once landed, the lander would operate for up to 22 days by using chemical battery power, rather than a
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surface dose is about 0.14 rem/year. The probe is designed for a total ionizing dose of 2.3
355:
The primary mission goal is detection of organic indicators of past or present life, called
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579:, its atmosphere is thin to the extreme, with pressure at the surface predicted to be 0.1
8:
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sterilized before they are installed in the spacecraft. After delivering the lander, the
530:
279:
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1804:
1363:"NASA receives US$ 23.3 billion for 2021 fiscal year in Congress' omnibus spending bill"
1248:
932: – Proposed Russian spacecraft to study the Jovian moon system and land on Ganymede
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View of Europa's surface from 560 km (335 miles) altitude, as seen during the closest
537:
landing system. One calculated trajectory would see a launch aboard SLS in 2025, Earth
487:
385:
262:, but come out at this location in Antarctica. The red color comes from dissolved iron.
479:
what is called the Powered Descent Vehicle (PDV) - which comprises the lander and the
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1636:"NASA to Get $ 24 Billion for FY2022, More Than Last Year But Less Than Biden Wanted"
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2005:
Home Page at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) NASA Accessed on 22 September 2019
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included US$ 80 million in funding to continue the Europa mission concept studies.
88:
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Formation of metre-scale bladed roughness on Europa's surface by ablation of ice
1152:"Europa Lander Study: Louise Prockter for Brian Cooke and the Europa study team"
838:: Collaborative Acceptance and Distribution for Measuring Europan Samples System
3816:
3668:
3272:
2868:
2807:
2782:
2619:
2584:
2494:
2169:
1968:"NASA Asks Scientific Community to Think on Possible Europa Lander Instruments"
1874:
1378:"Planetary science decadal endorses Mars sample return, outer planets missions"
917:
911:
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588:
538:
393:
296:
259:
1917:
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2012:
1990:
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Daniel E. J. Hobley, Jeffrey M. Moore, Alan D. Howard, and Orkan M. Umurhan,
1737:
1621:
1526:
1266:
1180:
1138:
1074:
1005:
620:, launching in 2023 and 2024 respectively, before planning a lander mission.
604:, as tall as 15 meters (50 ft). Although the imaging available from the
580:
283:
204:
4370:
2045:
1231:
Hendrix, Amanda R.; Hurford, Terry A.; Barge, Laura M.; et al. (2019).
938: – NASA program for the exploration of water worlds in the Solar System
4376:
4332:
4111:
4033:
2953:
2908:
2893:
2878:
2863:
2822:
2817:
2797:
2787:
2768:
2403:
2286:
2131:
1869:. Microwave Symposium (IMS), 2017 IEEE MTT-S International, 4–9 June 2017,
1284:
1089:"JPL moves ahead with Mars and Europa missions despite funding uncertainty"
994:
Grace Tan-Wang, Steve Sell, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, NASA, AbSciCon2019,
426:
389:
370:
356:
304:
271:
68:
3926:
1820:
1569:"Space Launch System, planetary exploration get big boosts in NASA budget"
1257:
710:: MAss Spectrometer for Planetary EXploration-ORganic Composition Analyzer
4382:
4126:
3974:
3921:
3916:
3867:
3822:
3799:
3747:
3735:
3719:
3697:
3674:
3643:
3249:
3139:
2858:
2848:
468:
255:
1403:
3994:
3226:
2913:
2359:
2352:
3583:
1752:"Final fiscal year 2019 budget bill secures US$ 21.5 billion for NASA"
4256:
4229:
4201:
3999:
3886:
3758:
3752:
3741:
3703:
3363:
3220:
3181:
3159:
2682:
2629:
2614:
2502:
2380:
2373:
1812:
1195:"NASA gets some funding for Mars 2020 rover in federal spending bill"
929:
568:
258:
survive in cold darkness without oxygen, living in brine water below
31:
1463:"NASA's concept Europa lander belongs on the cover of a sci-fi pulp"
1104:"NASA to receive US$ 22.6 billion in Fiscal Year 2020 spending bill"
4286:
4268:
4262:
4235:
4078:
3953:
3947:
3891:
3827:
3421:
3411:
3343:
3134:
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3083:
404:
In 18 July 2017, the House Space Subcommittee held hearings on the
381:
517:
over the 30 day mission. Radiation damaged the electronics of the
4280:
4244:
4162:
4106:
4068:
3984:
3861:
3832:
3277:
3103:
2624:
2332:
2278:
2137:
2011:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1989:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1736:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1620:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1525:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1179:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1137:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1073:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1004:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
472:
438:
287:
188:
1670:"NASA's audacious Europa missions are getting closer to reality"
1540:"Balance of NASA Planetary Science Missions Explored at Hearing"
294:, it would be launched in 2027 to complement the studies by the
4337:
4250:
4189:
4024:
3979:
3941:
3931:
3709:
3520:
3093:
3063:
3053:
3013:
2737:
1587:"Europa lander concept redesigned to lower cost and complexity"
1020:"Without a champion, Europa lander falls to NASA's back burner"
572:
388:
or other sources of chemicals suitable to energy production by
2102:"Attempt no landing there? Yeah right — we're going to Europa"
4213:
3649:
3436:
3308:
1929:
Jagged ice spikes cover Jupiter's moon Europa, study suggests
926: – Second NASA orbiter mission to Jupiter (2011–Present)
862:
576:
510:
421:
The lander mission would have three main science objectives:
173:
3936:
3896:
3383:
275:
78:
2079:"NASA weighing dual launches of Europa orbiter and lander"
4309:
3479:
Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets
2025:
EMILI: Europan Molecular Indicators of Life Investigation
1790:
1770:"Europa lander work continues despite budget uncertainty"
459:
359:. The lander was described as a logical follow-up to the
1230:
696:: Characterization of Ocean Residues and Life Signatures
586:
The lander would communicate directly to Earth, but the
380:
Various ecosystems exist on Earth without any access to
1867:
Telecommunications systems for the NASA Europa missions
1600:
1598:
1596:
1056:"NASA Receives Science Report on Europa Lander Concept"
1695:. California State University, Fresno. Archived from
1485:"Deep sea ecology: hydrothermal vents and cold seeps"
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
1888:"Europa may have towering ice spikes on its surface"
1593:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
960:
958:
956:
954:
952:
893:
780:: Seismometer to Investigate Ice and Ocean Structure
738:: Europan Molecular Indicators of Life Investigation
2093:
1214:"JPL's Mars 2020 rover benefits from spending bill"
687:
Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
2327:
1946:"Here's what NASA's Europa lander could look like"
1441:"NASA Report Sheds Light On Europa Lander Mission"
1224:
1095:
682:: Europa Lander Stereo Spectral Imaging Experiment
442:techniques uniquely available to a landed mission.
2999:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
2989:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
1763:
1761:
1306:
1304:
1302:
949:
841:Charles A. Malespin, Goddard Space Flight Center
724:: Microfluidic Organic Analyzer for Biosignatures
4414:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1418:"Report lays out science case for Europa lander"
1348:"Report lays out science case for Europa lander"
1341:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1333:
914: – Cancelled NASA orbiter mission to Europa
303:The objectives of the mission are to search for
2924:Search for extraterrestrial intelligence (SETI)
1580:
1578:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1835:
1758:
1743:
1556:. American Institute of Physics. 20 June 2018.
1542:. American Institute of Physics. 21 July 2017.
1399:
1397:
1395:
1310:
1299:
830:Robert E. Grimm, Southwest Research Institute
486:The lander would feature a robotic arm with 5
300:orbiter mission and perform analyses on site.
254:On Earth, subglacial microbial communities at
3599:
2753:
2313:
2153:
1654:
1330:
2904:List of microorganisms tested in outer space
1575:
1123:. NASA–JPL. 13 February 2005. Archived from
1080:
1894:
1693:"SPS 1020 (Introduction to Space Sciences)"
1691:Ringwald, Frederick A. (29 February 2000).
1649:Update on the Europa Lander Mission Concept
1392:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1042:
1040:
802:: Microfluidic Icy-World Chemistry Analyzer
794:Mark P. Panning, Jet Propulsion Laboratory
3606:
3592:
3329:Enceladus Life Signatures and Habitability
2760:
2746:
2320:
2306:
2160:
2146:
2070:
567:discovered that Europa has a very tenuous
3516:European Astrobiology Network Association
1311:Schulze-Makuch, Dirk (13 February 2017).
1274:
1256:
1144:
1118:"Small RPS-Enabled Europa Lander Mission"
3009:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
1886:Anderson, Paul Scott (20 October 2018).
1885:
1784:
1690:
1684:
1532:
1460:
1211:
1037:
783:Samuel H. Bailey, University of Arizona
549:
524:
453:
249:
241:
3613:
3427:Living Interplanetary Flight Experiment
1841:
1361:Howell, Elizabeth. (22 December 2020).
847:
805:Antonio J. Ricco, Ames Research Center
752:: Compact Integrated Raman Spectrometer
14:
4415:
2727:Colonization of the outer Solar System
2099:
1438:
1360:
1212:Girardot, Frank C. (14 January 2014).
1017:
985:Europa Lander Mission Concept Overview
4397:List of proposed missions to the Moon
3587:
3417:Biological Oxidant and Life Detection
2741:
2563:Europa Jupiter System Mission-Laplace
2301:
2141:
2076:
1943:
1767:
1749:
1667:
1633:
1584:
1566:
1415:
1375:
1345:
1101:
1086:
920: – Four largest moons of Jupiter
668:: Cold-Lightweight Imagers for Europa
500:radioisotope thermoelectric generator
55:with Jupiter and Io in the background
4438:Proposed astrobiology space missions
4402:List of proposed space observatories
3765:Chinese Crewed Lunar Landing Mission
3566:
2994:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
2979:Habitability of neutron star systems
1505:
1499:
1439:Pandey, Avaneesh (9 February 2017).
1192:
2969:Habitability of binary star systems
2066:10.1109/MetroAeroSpace.2017.7999561
1970:. NASA. 17 May 2017. Archived from
1719:"Galileo Millennium Mission Status"
1461:Coldewey, Devin (9 February 2017).
24:
3531:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
2974:Habitability of natural satellites
2899:Hypothetical types of biochemistry
2167:
1233:"The NASA Roadmap to Ocean Worlds"
623:
25:
4459:
4063:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
3511:Center for Life Detection Science
3432:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher
2984:Habitability of red dwarf systems
2120:
2100:Berger, Eric (17 November 2015).
1668:Davis, Jason (21 February 2017).
1554:"FY19 Appropriations Bills: NASA"
1313:"A New Lander Concept for Europa"
868:
818:University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
813:: Radiation Tolerant Magnetometer
729:University of California Berkeley
583:, or 10 times that of the Earth.
30:For the project from Russia, see
3565:
3554:
3553:
3536:Ocean Worlds Exploration Program
3369:Life Investigation For Enceladus
2889:Extraterrestrial sample curation
2767:
2595:Innovative Interstellar Explorer
2413:
2243:
2006:
1984:
1944:Fecht, Sarah (9 February 2017).
1750:Foust, Jeff (17 February 2019).
1731:
1615:
1567:Clark, Stephen (23 March 2018).
1520:
1416:Foust, Jeff (14 February 2017).
1346:Foust, Jeff (14 February 2017).
1174:
1132:
1102:Foust, Jeff (16 December 2019).
1068:
999:
936:Ocean Worlds Exploration Program
896:
827:: Europa Magnetotelluric Sounder
766:: Europa Luminescence Microscope
545:
326:Ocean Worlds Exploration Program
227:Large Strategic Science Missions
45:
3474:Astrobiology Society of Britain
3349:Explorer of Enceladus and Titan
3004:Habitable zone for complex life
2077:Foust, Jeff (1 February 2016).
2051:
2039:
2030:
2018:
1996:
1960:
1937:
1922:
1879:
1860:
1846:. University of Arizona Press.
1711:
1642:
1634:Smith, Marcia (10 March 2022).
1627:
1560:
1546:
1477:
1454:
1432:
1409:
1404:Europa Lander Study 2016 Report
1369:
1354:
1193:Khan, Amina (15 January 2014).
471:. After orbit injection around
410:large strategic science mission
292:large strategic science mission
290:. If funded and developed as a
27:Proposed NASA lander for Europa
3359:Journey to Enceladus and Titan
2578:Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter
2134:– Acquisition homepage at NASA
1205:
1186:
1110:
1011:
13:
1:
3407:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
2959:Extraterrestrial liquid water
1768:Foust, Jeff (31 March 2017).
1585:Foust, Jeff (29 March 2018).
1376:Foust, Jeff (19 April 2022).
942:
449:
416:
127:50 kWh (from batteries only)
3541:Spanish Astrobiology Center
2949:Circumstellar habitable zone
2104:. Ars Technica. pp. 1–3
1087:Foust, Jeff (18 July 2017).
1018:Voosen, Paul (29 May 2019).
715:Southwest Research Institute
521:orbiter during its mission.
462:of the Europa Lander modules
7:
3526:NASA Astrobiology Institute
2132:Europa Lander Investigation
1317:Air & Space/Smithsonian
889:
743:Goddard Space Flight Center
509:per day, whereas a typical
350:
10:
4464:
4423:Proposed NASA space probes
4241:ISS Deorbit Vehicle (2030)
3374:Mars sample return mission
2476:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
1875:10.1109/MWSYM.2017.8058576
1506:Loff, Sarah (1 May 2015).
614:Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
529:The launcher would be the
330:Planetary Science Division
311:
233:Planetary Science Division
29:
4392:
4361:
4308:
4135:
4092:
4015:
3877:
3785:
3778:
3728:
3659:
3628:
3619:
3549:
3464:
3452:Terrestrial Planet Finder
3397:
3296:
3258:
3242:
3210:
3127:
3036:
3027:
2937:
2874:Earliest known life forms
2841:
2775:
2722:Missions to outer planets
2655:
2610:Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter
2546:
2513:
2486:
2467:
2448:
2422:
2411:
2339:
2252:
2241:
2177:
1918:10.1038/s41561-018-0235-0
1508:"Reddish Bands on Europa"
990:23 September 2019 at the
757:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
399:
223:
219:
211:
203:
195:
187:
179:
171:
167:
163:
152:
144:
139:
135:
131:
123:
115:
110:
106:
102:
98:≤ 22 days on the surface
94:
84:
74:
64:
60:
44:
4349:Uranus Orbiter and Probe
3484:Breakthrough Initiatives
2673:Magnetosphere of Jupiter
2573:Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter
2260:Deep Space Network (DSN)
1638:. spacepolicyonline.com.
791:: Europa Seismic Package
493:
341:Uranus Orbiter and Probe
51:Artist's concept of the
3145:Mars Science Laboratory
2964:Galactic habitable zone
1672:. The Planetary Society
1610:19 October 2020 at the
3324:Enceladus Life Finder
3304:Breakthrough Enceladus
2828:Planetary oceanography
2663:Exploration of Jupiter
2568:Jupiter Europa Orbiter
713:Christopher R. Glein,
701:University of Maryland
659:Principal investigator
565:Hubble Space Telescope
559:
463:
434:habitability of Europa
322:United States Congress
263:
247:
159:or a commercial rocket
4208:Venus Orbiter Mission
3499:Breakthrough Starshot
3099:Lunar Micro Ecosystem
3019:Superhabitable planet
2884:Extraterrestrial life
2668:Atmosphere of Jupiter
2605:Jovian Europa Orbiter
1258:10.1089/ast.2018.1955
673:University of Arizona
553:
525:Launch and trajectory
457:
253:
245:
111:Spacecraft properties
4448:2020s in spaceflight
4433:Landers (spacecraft)
3506:Carl Sagan Institute
3494:Breakthrough Message
3334:Enceladus Orbilander
3069:Biosatellite program
2919:Planetary protection
2803:Evolutionary biology
2793:Atmospheric sciences
2268:(Independent launch)
996:Bellevue, Washington
853:Planetary protection
848:Planetary protection
771:Ames Research Center
741:W. B. Brinckerhoff,
727:Richard A. Mathies,
699:Ricardo D. Arevalo,
631:Juno Radiation Vault
345:Enceladus Orbilander
148:2025–2030 (proposed)
18:Europa Lander (NASA)
3614:Future spaceflights
3489:Breakthrough Listen
2647:Tsiolkovsky mission
2600:Io Volcano Observer
2329:Spacecraft missions
1974:on 19 February 2021
1932:The Washington Post
1805:1995Natur.373..677H
1249:2019AsBio..19....1H
651:
531:Space Launch System
384:relying instead on
274:mission concept by
157:Space Launch System
41:
3692:Boeing Starliner-1
3319:Enceladus Explorer
2717:Deep Space Network
2536:Interstellar Probe
2449:Atmospheric probes
2277:Proposed rockets:
2046:Europa Clipper FAQ
1571:. Spaceflight Now.
1218:Pasadena Star-News
1164:on 26 January 2017
1130:on 6 October 2006.
904:Spaceflight portal
755:James L. Lambert,
685:Scott L. Murchie,
649:
560:
488:degrees of freedom
464:
386:hydrothermal vents
264:
248:
39:
4410:
4409:
4357:
4356:
4218:Comet Interceptor
4182:Rosalind Franklin
3901:Lunar Trailblazer
3774:
3773:
3581:
3580:
3460:
3459:
3284:Rosalind Franklin
3197:Trace Gas Orbiter
2854:Allan Hills 84001
2833:Planetary science
2735:
2734:
2514:Proposed missions
2295:
2294:
2269:
2236:
2127:EL docs from NASA
1948:. Popular Science
1934:, 23 October 2018
1910:Nature Geoscience
1853:978-0-8165-2844-8
1799:(6516): 677–681.
1199:Los Angeles Times
924:Juno (spacecraft)
845:
844:
816:Mark B. Moldwin,
375:organic compounds
286:, an icy moon of
240:
239:
235:
196:Orbital insertion
119:16.6 metric tons
16:(Redirected from
4455:
3783:
3782:
3626:
3625:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3585:
3584:
3569:
3568:
3557:
3556:
3034:
3033:
2929:Yamato meteorite
2762:
2755:
2748:
2739:
2738:
2712:Rings of Jupiter
2678:Moons of Jupiter
2487:Planned missions
2417:
2322:
2315:
2308:
2299:
2298:
2267:
2247:
2234:
2162:
2155:
2148:
2139:
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2028:
2022:
2016:
2010:
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1994:
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1983:
1981:
1979:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1941:
1935:
1926:
1920:
1903:
1892:
1891:
1890:. Earth and Sky.
1883:
1877:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1813:10.1038/373677a0
1788:
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1665:
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1625:
1619:
1618:
1605:ICEE-2 Overview.
1602:
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1221:
1209:
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1190:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1163:
1157:. Archived from
1156:
1148:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1122:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1099:
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1002:
998:- June 26, 2019
982:
906:
901:
900:
899:
652:
650:ICEE-2 awardees
648:
481:sky crane system
458:2019 concept by
231:
180:Closest approach
140:Start of mission
95:Mission duration
49:
42:
38:
21:
4463:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4406:
4388:
4363:
4353:
4304:
4131:
4088:
4011:
3873:
3770:
3724:
3686:Axiom Mission 4
3655:
3615:
3612:
3582:
3577:
3545:
3466:
3456:
3399:
3393:
3354:Icebreaker Life
3292:
3254:
3238:
3212:
3206:
3123:
3029:
3023:
2940:
2933:
2837:
2813:Geomicrobiology
2771:
2766:
2736:
2731:
2651:
2548:
2542:
2509:
2482:
2463:
2444:
2418:
2409:
2397:Cassini–Huygens
2368:Voyager program
2347:Pioneer program
2335:
2326:
2296:
2291:
2248:
2239:
2173:
2166:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2107:
2105:
2098:
2094:
2084:
2082:
2075:
2071:
2056:
2052:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2007:
2001:
1997:
1985:
1977:
1975:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1942:
1938:
1927:
1923:
1912:8 October 2018
1904:
1895:
1884:
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1865:
1861:
1854:
1840:
1836:
1789:
1785:
1775:
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1766:
1759:
1748:
1744:
1732:
1724:
1722:
1717:
1716:
1712:
1702:
1700:
1699:on 25 July 2008
1689:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1666:
1655:
1647:
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1632:
1628:
1616:
1612:Wayback Machine
1603:
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1120:
1116:
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1111:
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1096:
1085:
1081:
1069:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1053:
1038:
1028:
1026:
1016:
1012:
1000:
992:Wayback Machine
983:
950:
945:
902:
897:
895:
892:
873:
850:
769:Richard Quinn,
626:
624:Science payload
596:Surface texture
548:
527:
496:
452:
419:
408:as a scheduled
402:
353:
314:
236:
230:
56:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4461:
4451:
4450:
4445:
4443:Europa Clipper
4440:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4385:(11 September)
4380:
4379:(10 September)
4374:
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3817:Europa Clipper
3814:
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3803:
3797:
3791:
3789:
3780:
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3771:
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3723:
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3712:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3678:
3672:
3669:SpaceX Crew-10
3665:
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3656:
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3454:
3449:
3444:
3442:Northern Light
3439:
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3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3403:
3401:
3398:Cancelled and
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3306:
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3275:
3273:Europa Clipper
3270:
3262:
3260:
3256:
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3253:
3252:
3246:
3244:
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3237:
3236:
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3179:
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2869:Drake equation
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2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2808:Exoplanetology
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
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2783:Astrochemistry
2779:
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2765:
2764:
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2656:Related topics
2653:
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2627:
2622:
2620:New Horizons 2
2617:
2612:
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2597:
2592:
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2585:Europa Orbiter
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2540:
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2499:
2495:Europa Clipper
2490:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2479:(JUICE) (2023)
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2170:Europa Clipper
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2121:External links
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2017:
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1024:Science | AAAS
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918:Galilean moons
915:
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878:Europa Clipper
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618:Europa Clipper
598:
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589:Europa Clipper
575:. Compared to
547:
544:
539:gravity assist
526:
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418:
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406:Europa Clipper
401:
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394:chemosynthesis
352:
349:
313:
310:
297:Europa Clipper
270:is a proposed
260:Taylor Glacier
238:
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185:
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26:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
4460:
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4428:Europa (moon)
4426:
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4403:
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4225:
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4196:Solar-C EUVST
4194:
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3868:SpainSat NG I
3866:
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3638:SpaceX Crew-9
3636:
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3339:Europa Lander
3337:
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2894:Extremophiles
2892:
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2096:
2080:
2073:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2047:
2042:
2033:
2026:
2021:
2014:
2013:public domain
2004:
2003:Europa Lander
1999:
1992:
1991:public domain
1973:
1969:
1963:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1930:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
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1738:public domain
1720:
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1622:public domain
1613:
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1509:
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1196:
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1160:
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1139:public domain
1126:
1119:
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1105:
1098:
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1076:
1075:public domain
1057:
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1006:public domain
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681:
678:
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674:
671:Shane Bryne,
670:
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664:
663:
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632:
621:
619:
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603:
595:
594:
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591:
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584:
582:
578:
574:
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566:
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552:
546:Landing sites
543:
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536:
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522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
501:
491:
489:
484:
482:
476:
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461:
456:
444:
441:
440:
435:
431:
428:
427:biosignatures
424:
423:
422:
414:
411:
407:
397:
395:
391:
390:extremophiles
387:
383:
378:
376:
372:
367:
365:
363:
358:
357:biosignatures
348:
346:
342:
337:
334:
331:
327:
323:
318:
309:
306:
305:biosignatures
301:
299:
298:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
269:
268:Europa Lander
261:
257:
252:
244:
234:
229:
228:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
175:
170:
166:
162:
158:
155:
151:
147:
143:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
90:
87:
83:
80:
77:
73:
70:
67:
63:
59:
54:
53:Europa Lander
48:
43:
40:Europa Lander
37:
33:
19:
4377:Polaris Dawn
4333:Nano-JASMINE
4181:
4169:MBR Explorer
4112:NEO Surveyor
3738:(March 2026)
3570:
3558:
3467:and programs
3465:Institutions
3283:
3265:
3243:Heliocentric
3231:
3219:
3187:
3174:
3166:Perseverance
3165:
3150:
2954:Earth analog
2941:habitability
2909:Ocean planet
2879:Earth analog
2864:Biosignature
2823:Paleontology
2818:Microbiology
2798:Biochemistry
2788:Astrophysics
2769:Astrobiology
2639:
2555:
2534:
2528:
2520:
2501:
2493:
2474:
2456:
2437:
2430:
2404:New Horizons
2402:
2395:
2389:
2379:
2372:
2358:
2351:
2287:Falcon Heavy
2168:
2106:. Retrieved
2095:
2083:. Retrieved
2072:
2053:
2041:
2032:
2020:
1998:
1976:. Retrieved
1972:the original
1962:
1950:. Retrieved
1939:
1931:
1924:
1909:
1881:
1862:
1843:
1837:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1774:. Retrieved
1754:. SpaceNews.
1745:
1723:. Retrieved
1713:
1701:. Retrieved
1697:the original
1686:
1674:. Retrieved
1644:
1629:
1589:. SpaceNews.
1562:
1548:
1534:
1512:. Retrieved
1501:
1489:. Retrieved
1479:
1467:. Retrieved
1465:. TechCrunch
1456:
1444:. Retrieved
1434:
1422:. Retrieved
1411:
1406:, NASA, 2016
1382:. Retrieved
1371:
1365:. Space.com.
1356:
1350:. SpaceNews.
1320:. Retrieved
1316:
1240:
1237:Astrobiology
1236:
1226:
1217:
1207:
1198:
1188:
1166:. Retrieved
1159:the original
1146:
1125:the original
1112:
1106:. SpaceNews.
1097:
1091:. SpaceNews.
1082:
1060:. Retrieved
1027:. Retrieved
1023:
1013:
883:
876:
874:
869:
851:
835:
824:
810:
799:
788:
777:
763:
749:
735:
721:
707:
693:
679:
665:
644:
641:
635:
627:
617:
616:(JUICE) and
606:
599:
587:
585:
571:composed of
561:
555:
528:
518:
504:
497:
485:
477:
469:solar panels
465:
437:
420:
405:
403:
379:
371:Solar System
368:
361:
354:
338:
335:
319:
315:
302:
295:
272:astrobiology
267:
265:
232:
225:
212:Landing date
89:jpl.nasa.gov
69:Astrobiology
65:Mission type
52:
36:
4383:Soyuz MS-26
4345:(mid 2020s)
4283:(2031–2032)
4238:(2029–2031)
4127:Superbird-9
4114:(September)
4065:(2026–2027)
3975:Space Rider
3922:Gaganyaan-3
3917:Gaganyaan-2
3864:(September)
3838:Hakuto-R M2
3823:Gaganyaan-1
3802:(September)
3800:Bion-M No.2
3748:Gaganyaan-5
3736:Soyuz MS-29
3720:Gaganyaan-4
3715:Shenzhou 21
3706:(September)
3700:(September)
3698:Soyuz MS-28
3681:Shenzhou 20
3675:Soyuz MS-27
3652:(late 2024)
3644:Shenzhou 19
3640:(September)
3400:undeveloped
3250:BioSentinel
3140:Fobos-Grunt
3037:Earth orbit
2859:Biomolecule
2849:Abiogenesis
2842:Main topics
2776:Disciplines
2688:Exploration
2235:(cancelled)
2179:Instruments
2085:18 February
2081:. SpaceNews
1978:9 September
1952:15 February
1772:. SpaceNews
1725:9 September
1676:22 February
1514:17 February
1491:18 February
1469:9 September
1446:15 February
1424:18 February
1420:. SpaceNews
1380:. SpaceNews
1322:15 February
1243:(1): 1–27.
1168:9 September
1062:15 February
708:MASPEX-ORCA
432:Assess the
425:Search for
256:Blood Falls
145:Launch date
116:Launch mass
4417:Categories
4371:Türksat 6A
3995:SSC Demo-1
3991:(February)
3944:(February)
3870:(November)
3806:Blue Ghost
3671:(February)
3646:(November)
3447:Red Dragon
3227:OSIRIS-REx
3211:Comets and
2914:Panspermia
2547:Cancelled,
2353:Pioneer 10
2202:Europa-UVS
1721:. NASA/JPL
1058:. NASA/JPL
943:References
655:Instrument
450:Spacecraft
417:Objectives
278:to send a
4257:Spektr-UV
4251:SAOCOM-2B
4230:Tianwen-4
4202:Tianwen-3
4190:SAOCOM-2A
4151:Dragonfly
4145:Chang'e 8
4048:ispace M3
4034:Chang'e 7
4000:Tianwen-2
3927:Garatéa-L
3903:(January)
3858:(October)
3819:(October)
3759:Artemis 5
3753:Artemis 4
3742:Artemis 3
3704:Artemis 2
3364:Laplace-P
3267:Dragonfly
3221:Hayabusa2
3213:asteroids
3182:Tianwen-1
3160:Mars 2020
3151:Curiosity
3084:Eu:CROPIS
2939:Planetary
2630:Pioneer H
2615:Laplace-P
2503:Tianwen-4
2374:Voyager 1
2108:5 January
2048:NASA 2017
1703:5 January
1267:1531-1074
1029:26 August
930:Laplace-P
858:sky crane
646:mission.
602:penitents
569:exosphere
535:sky crane
328:. NASA's
215:2032–2037
199:2030–2035
183:2027–2032
172:Flyby of
32:Laplace-P
4373:(8 July)
4364:launched
4362:Recently
4287:LiteBIRD
4269:EnVision
4263:Spektr-M
4236:Venera-D
4079:ULTRASAT
4038:Rashid 2
3956:Series B
3954:MetOp-SG
3950:Series A
3948:MetOp-SG
3892:ESCAPADE
3856:Juventas
3828:GOSAT-GW
3779:Uncrewed
3694:(August)
3688:(Spring)
3560:Category
3422:Kazachok
3412:Beagle 3
3344:ExoLance
3297:Proposed
3135:Beagle 2
3109:OREOcube
3089:EXOSTACK
3030:missions
2705:Callisto
2700:Ganymede
2549:concepts
2468:En route
2441:(active)
2423:Orbiters
2192:E-THEMIS
1776:31 March
1608:Archived
1384:19 April
1293:53043052
1285:30346215
988:Archived
890:See also
382:sunlight
351:Overview
75:Operator
4343:TEREX-1
4281:DAVINCI
4275:VERITAS
4265:(2030+)
4245:Luna 28
4224:Harmony
4163:Luna 27
4157:JASMINE
4107:Luna 26
4069:Xuntian
4008:(April)
4006:TRACERS
3985:SPHEREx
3942:LOXSAT1
3913:(April)
3911:SWFO-L1
3887:DESTINY
3862:PROBA-3
3833:GSAT-20
3795:Biomass
3767:(~2030)
3677:(March)
3572:Commons
3389:Trident
3379:Oceanus
3278:ExoMars
3259:Planned
3233:Rosetta
3188:Zhurong
3176:Phoenix
3114:Tanpopo
3104:O/OREOS
3049:BIOCORE
2641:Trident
2625:OKEANOS
2525:(2020s)
2522:Shensuo
2457:Galileo
2431:Galileo
2390:Ulysses
2333:Jupiter
2279:Atlas V
2253:Related
1829:4258306
1821:7854447
1801:Bibcode
1276:6338575
1245:Bibcode
884:Clipper
633:in the
609:orbiter
607:Galileo
556:Galileo
519:Galileo
473:Jupiter
439:in situ
364:orbiter
362:Galileo
312:History
288:Jupiter
191:orbiter
189:Jupiter
85:Website
4338:PETREL
4301:(2035)
4295:(2035)
4293:Athena
4289:(2032)
4277:(2031)
4271:(2031)
4259:(2030)
4253:(2030)
4247:(2030)
4232:(2029)
4226:(2029)
4220:(2029)
4210:(2028)
4204:(2028)
4198:(2028)
4192:(2028)
4186:(2028)
4177:(2028)
4171:(2028)
4165:(2028)
4159:(2028)
4153:(2028)
4147:(2028)
4025:ALTIUS
3980:SPARCS
3932:HTV-X1
3852:Milani
3761:(2030)
3755:(2028)
3744:(2026)
3710:Vast-1
3621:Crewed
3521:MERMOZ
3314:CAESAR
3202:Viking
3119:VEGGIE
3094:EXPOSE
3074:E-MIST
3064:BIOPAN
3054:Biolab
3014:Tholin
2695:Europa
2539:(2036)
2531:(2025)
2506:(2029)
2498:(2024)
2340:Flybys
2232:ICEMAG
2222:REASON
2207:MASPEX
1850:
1844:Europa
1827:
1819:
1793:Nature
1510:. NASA
1291:
1283:
1273:
1265:
836:CADMES
811:MAGNET
694:CORALS
680:ELSSIE
666:C-LIFE
573:oxygen
400:Status
284:Europa
280:lander
246:Europa
207:lander
205:Europa
153:Rocket
4328:MOM 2
4323:Janus
4214:ARIEL
4184:rover
4137:2028+
4102:FORUM
4084:VOICE
4074:PLATO
4053:LUPEX
4043:IHP-2
4002:(May)
3989:PUNCH
3970:SMILE
3965:NISAR
3843:IHP-1
3812:DISHA
3729:2026+
3650:Fram2
3437:MELOS
3309:BRUIE
3286:rover
3190:rover
3168:rover
3153:rover
3028:Space
2635:SMARA
2459:Probe
1825:S2CID
1487:. WWF
1289:S2CID
1162:(PDF)
1155:(PDF)
1128:(PDF)
1121:(PDF)
863:Earth
778:SIIOS
736:EMILI
577:Earth
558:flyby
511:Earth
494:Power
392:(see
174:Earth
124:Power
4299:LISA
4122:HALO
4094:2027
4029:FLEX
4017:2026
3960:MULA
3937:IM-3
3907:IMAP
3897:IM-2
3879:2025
3848:Hera
3787:2024
3661:2025
3630:2024
3384:THEO
3128:Mars
3059:Bion
2590:FIRE
2557:Argo
2438:Juno
2227:SUDA
2217:PIMS
2212:MISE
2110:2016
2087:2017
1980:2017
1954:2017
1848:ISBN
1817:PMID
1778:2017
1727:2017
1705:2014
1678:2017
1516:2017
1493:2017
1471:2017
1448:2017
1426:2017
1386:2022
1324:2017
1281:PMID
1263:ISSN
1170:2017
1064:2017
1031:2021
875:The
800:MICA
750:CIRS
722:MOAB
636:Juno
515:Mrad
436:via
343:and
320:The
276:NASA
266:The
79:NASA
4310:TBA
4175:MSR
4118:PPE
4058:MMX
3079:ERA
3044:BIO
2331:to
2283:SLS
2273:JPL
2197:EIS
2187:ECM
2062:doi
1914:doi
1871:doi
1809:doi
1797:373
1271:PMC
1253:doi
825:EMS
789:ESP
764:ELM
581:μPa
507:rem
460:JPL
282:to
4419::
4216:/
4120:/
4036:/
4027:/
3987:/
3909:/
3899:/
3854:/
3850:/
3808:M1
2683:Io
2360:11
2285:,
2281:,
1896:^
1823:.
1815:.
1807:.
1795:.
1760:^
1656:^
1595:^
1577:^
1394:^
1332:^
1315:.
1301:^
1287:.
1279:.
1269:.
1261:.
1251:.
1241:19
1239:.
1235:.
1216:.
1197:.
1039:^
1022:.
951:^
865:.
377:.
347:.
3607:e
3600:t
3593:v
2761:e
2754:t
2747:v
2381:2
2321:e
2314:t
2307:v
2161:e
2154:t
2147:v
2112:.
2089:.
2064::
2015:.
1993:.
1982:.
1956:.
1916::
1873::
1856:.
1831:.
1811::
1803::
1780:.
1740:.
1729:.
1707:.
1680:.
1624:.
1529:.
1518:.
1495:.
1473:.
1450:.
1428:.
1388:.
1326:.
1295:.
1255::
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