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this term is not a problem for
American researchers. Since ethnocentrism implicated a strong identification with one's in-group, it mostly automatically leads to negative feelings and stereotyping to the members of the outgroup, which can be confused with racism. Finally, scholars agree that avoiding stereotypes is an indispensable prerequisite to overcome ethnocentrism; and mass media play a key role regarding this issue. The differences that each culture possess causes could hinder one another leading to ethnocentrism and racism. A Canadian study established the differences among French Canadian and English Canadian respondents based on products that would be purchased due to ethnocentrism and racism. Due to how diverse the world has become, society has begun to misinterpret the term cultural diversity, by using ethnocentrism to create controversy among all cultures.
1076:. With its omnipresence throughout history, ethnocentrism has always been a factor in how different cultures and groups related to one another. Examples including how historically, foreigners would be characterized as "Barbarians". These trends exist in complex societies, e.g., "the Jews consider themselves to be the 'chosen people', and the Greeks defend all foreigners as 'barbarians'", and how China believed their country to be "the centre of the world". However, the anthropocentric interpretations initially took place most notably in the 19th century when anthropologists began to describe and rank various cultures according to the degree to which they had developed significant milestones, such as monotheistic religions, technological advancements, and other historical progressions.
1047:
see other cultures as inferior and bizarre. Ethnocentrism can be explained at different levels of analysis. For example, at an intergroup level, this term is seen as a consequence of a conflict between groups; while at the individual level, in-group cohesion and out-group hostility can explain personality traits. Also, ethnocentrism can helps us to explain the construction of identity. Ethnocentrism can explain the basis of one's identity by excluding the outgroup that is the target of ethnocentric sentiments and used as a way of distinguishing oneself from other groups that can be more or less tolerant. This practice in social interactions creates social boundaries, such boundaries define and draw
33:
1132:(1871), creating a "civilization" scale where it was implied that ethnic cultures preceded civilized societies. The use of "savage" as a classification is modernly known as "tribal" or "pre-literate" where it was usually referred as a derogatory term as the "civilization" scale became more common. Examples that demonstrate a lack of understanding include when European travelers judged different languages based on the fact that they could not understand it and displayed a negative reaction, or the intolerance displayed by Westerners when exposed to unknown religions and symbolisms.
1253:, individuals in in-groups have a deeper sense of loyalty and are more likely to follow the norms and develop relationships with associated members. Within relation to enculturation, ethnocentrism is said to be a transgenerational problem since stereotypes and similar perspectives can be enforced and encouraged as time progresses. Although loyalty can increase better in-grouper approval, limited interactions with other cultures can prevent individuals to have an understanding and appreciation towards cultural differences resulting in greater ethnocentrism.
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1234:. In that work, Kant argued that human understanding could not be described according to the laws that applied to the operations of nature, and that its operations were therefore free, not determined, and that ideas regulated human action, sometimes independent of material interests. Following Kant, Boas pointed out the starving Eskimos who, because of their religious beliefs, would not hunt seals to feed themselves, thus showing that no pragmatic or material calculus determined their values.
988:, he wrote that "the sentiment of cohesion, internal comradeship, and devotion to the in-group, which carries with it a sense of superiority to any out-group and readiness to defend the interests of the in-group against the out-group, is technically known as ethnocentrism." According to Boris Bizumic, it is a popular misunderstanding that Sumner originated the term ethnocentrism, stating that in actuality, he brought ethnocentrism into the mainstreams of
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195:
75:, and people, instead of using the standards of the particular culture involved. Since this judgment is often negative, some people also use the term to refer to the belief that one's culture is superior to, or more correct or normal than, all others—especially regarding the distinctions that define each ethnicity's cultural identity, such as
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Most rankings were strongly influenced by colonization and the belief to improve societies they colonized, ranking the cultures based on the progression of their western societies and what they classified as milestones. Comparisons were mostly based on what the colonists believed as superior and what
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argues that, while ethnocentrism does produce social hierarchies, it also produces diversity by maintaining the different dispositions, practices, and knowledge of identity groups. Diversity is both fostered and undermined by ethnocentrism. Ethnocentrism, for
Alejandro, is therefore neither something
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assumes that ethnocentrism happens due to "real or perceived conflict" between groups. This also happens when a dominant group may perceive the new members as a threat. Scholars have recently demonstrated that individuals are more likely to develop in-group identification and out-group negatively in
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In social sciences, ethnocentrism means to judge another culture based on the standard of one's own culture instead of the standard of the other particular culture. When people use their own culture as a parameter to measure other cultures, they often tend to think that their culture is superior and
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Approximately 67.1% of the global population use the internet regularly, with 63.7% of the population being social media users. In a 2023 study, researchers found that social media can enable its users to become more tolerant of other people, bridging the gap between cultures, and contributing to
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established a broader definition of the term as a result of "in group-out group differentiation", stating that ethnocentrism "combines a positive attitude toward one's own ethnic/cultural group (the in-group) with a negative attitude toward the other ethnic/cultural group (the out-group)." Both of
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Ethnocentrism is usually associated with racism. However, as mentioned before, ethnocentrism does not necessarily implicate a negative connotation. In
European research, the term racism is not linked to ethnocentrism because Europeans avoid applying the concept of race to humans; meanwhile, using
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It is somewhat difficult for us to recognize that the value which we attribute to our own civilization is due to the fact that we participate in this civilization, and that it has been controlling all our actions from the time of our birth; but it is certainly conceivable that there may be other
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A study in New
Zealand was used to compare how individuals associate with in-groups and out-groupers and has a connotation to discrimination. Strong in-group favoritism benefits the dominant groups and is different from out-group hostility and/or punishment. A suggested solution is to limit the
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The positive examples of ethnocentrism throughout history have aimed to prohibit the callousness of ethnocentrism and reverse the perspectives of living in a single culture. These organizations can include the formation of the United
Nations; aimed to maintain international relations, and the
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saw the flaws in this formulaic approach to ranking and interpreting cultural development and committed himself to overthrowing this inaccurate reasoning due to many factors involving their individual characteristics. With his methodological innovations, Boas sought to show the error of the
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Although the causes of ethnocentric beliefs and actions can have varying roots of context and reason, the effects of ethnocentrism has had both negative and positive effects throughout history. The most detrimental effects of ethnocentrism resulting into
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civilizations, based perhaps on different traditions and on a different equilibrium of emotion and reason, which are of no less value than ours, although it may be impossible for us to appreciate their values without having grown up under their influence.
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The ethnocentric classification of "primitive" were also used by 19th and 20th century anthropologists and represented how unawareness in cultural and religious understanding changed overall reactions to non-Western societies. 19th-century anthropologist
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Sumner describes ethnocentrism as "the technical name for the view of things in which one's own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it." He further characterized ethnocentrism as often leading to
973:, defining Ethnocentrism as "the reasons by virtue of which each group of people believed it had always occupied the highest point, not only among contemporaneous peoples and nations, but also in relation to all peoples of the historical past."
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to anthropology, a methodological principle for investigating and comparing societies in as unprejudiced a way as possible and without using a developmental scale as anthropologists at the time were implementing. Boas and anthropologist
1402:," was analyzed to have strong ethnocentric themes, such as in-group preference and the tendency to show judgement towards those in the out-group. Similarly, the film received criticism for historical inaccuracies and perpetuating a "
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to be suppressed nor celebrated uncritically. Rather, observers can cultivate a 'balanced ethnocentrism', (individual self worth) allowing themselves to be challenged and transformed by difference whilst still protecting difference.
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Zeugner-Roth, Katharina Petra; Žabkar, Vesna; Diamantopoulos, Adamantios (June 2015). "Consumer
Ethnocentrism, National Identity, and Consumer Cosmopolitanism as Drivers of Consumer Behavior: A Social Identity Theory Perspective".
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Perry, Ryan; Priest, Naomi; Paradies, Yin; Barlow, Fiona Kate; Sibley, Chris G. (January 2018). "Barriers to
Multiculturalism: In-Group Favoritism and Out-Group Hostility Are Independently Associated With Policy Opposition".
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of the group that one wants to be associated with or belong to. In this way, ethnocentrism is a term not only limited to anthropology but also can be applied to other fields of social sciences like sociology or
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global knowledge. In a similar study done regarding social media use by Kenyan teens, researchers found that when social media is limited to a certain group, it can increase ethnocentric views and ideologies.
1056:. Ethnocentrism may be particularly enhanced in the presence of interethnic competition, hostility and violence. On the other hand, ethnocentrism may negatively influence expatriate worker's performance.
118:, a guiding philosophy stating that the best way to understand a different culture is through their perspective rather than judging them from the subjective viewpoints shaped by one's own cultural standards.
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Sumner stated that "Ethnocentrism is the technical name for this view of things in which one's own group is the center of everything, and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it." In the
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in the 19th century, although alternate theories suggest that he only popularized the concept as opposed to inventing it. He saw ethnocentrism as a phenomenon similar to the delusions of
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A more recent interpretation of ethnocentrism, which expands upon the work of Claude Lévi-Strauss, highlights its positive dimension. Political sociologist Audrey
Alejandro of the
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Ethnocentrism also influences consumer preference over which goods they purchase. A study that used several in-group and out-group orientations have shown a correlation between
2572:
Ouellet, Jean-François (January 2007). "Consumer Racism and Its
Effects on Domestic Cross-Ethnic Product Purchase: An Empirical Test in the United States, Canada, and France".
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suggests that ethnocentric beliefs are caused by a strong identification with one's own culture that directly creates a positive view of that culture. It is theorized by
114:. However, the term "ethnocentrism" does not necessarily involve a negative view of the others' race or indicate a negative connotation. The opposite of ethnocentrism is
2355:
Sammut, Gordon; Bezzina, Frank; Sartawi, Mohammad (2015). "The spiral of conflict: Naïve realism and the black sheep effect in attributions of knowledge and ignorance".
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and be subject to limitations in understandings. These characteristics can also lead to individuals to become subject to ethnocentrism, when referencing out-groups, and
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As the United States leads the film industry in worldwide revenue, ethnocentric views can be transmitted through character tropes and underlying themes. The 2003 film "
2342:. In M. A. Hogg & D. Abrams (Eds.), Key readings in social psychology. Intergroup relations: Essential readings (pp. 94–109). New York, NY, US: Psychology Press.
1322:. These events were a result of cultural differences reinforced inhumanely by a majority group who thought of themselves as superior. In his 1976 book on evolution,
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Caligiuri, Paula; Baytalskaya, Nataliya; Lazarova, Mila B (March 14, 2016). "Cultural humility and low ethnocentrism as facilitators of expatriate performance".
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by reasoning that since the non-Western societies were "primitive" and "uncivilized", their culture and history was not worth conserving and thus should welcome
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Together, Boas and his colleagues propagated the certainty that there are no inferior races or cultures. This egalitarian approach introduced the concept of
91:. In common usage, it can also simply mean any culturally biased judgment. For example, ethnocentrism can be seen in the common portrayals of the
2784:
Allfrey, Fran (December 2021). "Ethnonationalism and medievalism: reading affective 'Anglo-Saxonism' today with the discovery of Sutton Hoo".
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McNeill, William H.; Bentley, Jerry H.; Christian, David; Croizier, Ralph C.; McNeill, J. R.; Roupp, Heidi; Zinsser, Judith P., eds. (2010).
1722:
Naturalism in
Sociology of the Turn of the Century (by Alexander Hofman and Alexander Kovalev), A History of Classical Sociology. Ed. by
1104:", contained ethnocentric ideals; influencing the belief that societies which were 'superior' were most likely to survive and prosper.
2925:
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1872:Öğretir, Ayşe Dilek (2008). "The Study Of Ethnocentrism, Stereotype And Prejudice: Psycho-Analytical And Psycho-Dynamic Theories".
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as guides for producing non-ethnocentric studies of different cultures. Classic examples of anti-ethnocentric anthropology include
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perceived threat from the out-group that also decreases the likeliness for those supporting the in-groups to negatively react.
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argued that any human science had to transcend the ethnocentric views that could blind any scientist's ultimate conclusions.
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are more likely to demonstrate consumer ethnocentrism, and have a significant preference for domestically-produced goods.
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Mustofa, Ali - (December 30, 2021). "Ethnocentrism in Edward Zwick's The Last Samurai Movie: Postcolonial Perspective".
1026:(1986). These theories have helped to distinguish ethnocentrism as a means to better understand the behaviors caused by
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Over time, ethnocentrism developed alongside the progression of social understandings by people such as social theorist
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1228:. Legend has it that, on a field trip to the Baffin Islands in 1883, Boas would pass the frigid nights reading Kant's
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Several theories have been reinforced through the social and psychological understandings of ethnocentrism including
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is believed to have coined the term "ethnocentrism" in the 19th century, although he may have merely popularized it.
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represented how Western reactions to non-Western societies were based on an "unequal power relationship" that the
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1205:(1928), which in time has met with severe criticism for its incorrect data and generalisations, Malinowski's
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Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations: Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western : a Scientific Essay
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2144:. Vol. 2. Mason, Patrick L. (2nd ed.). Detroit, MI: Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 124–125.
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Scholars generally agree that Boas developed his ideas under the influence of the German philosopher
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Bolaffi, Guido; Bracalenti, Raffaele; Braham, Peter; Gindro, Sandro, eds. (2003). "Ethnocentrism".
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Proceeding of International Conference on Innovations in Social Sciences Education and Engineering
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Hitchens, Janine (November 1994). "Critical implications of Franz Boas' theory and methodology".
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Western Dominance in International Relations?: The Internationalisation of IR in Brazil and India
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1306:, and many violent conflicts. Historical examples of these negative effects of ethnocentrism are
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Elchardus, Mark; Siongers, Jessy (August 2007). "Ethnocentrism, taste and symbolic boundaries".
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have attempted to provide an explanation for the selection of ethnocentric-strategy phenotypes.
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Folkways: A Study of the Sociological Importance of Usages, Manners, Customs, Mores, and Morals
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Bangura, Ahmed S. (2005). "African and Black Orientalism". In Horowitz, Maryanne Cline (ed.).
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2724:"The Role Of Social Media In Strengthening Multicultural Tolerance Among Digital Citizenship"
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Cashdan, Elizabeth (December 2001). "Ethnocentrism and Xenophobia: A Cross-Cultural Study".
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fieldwork to overcome their ethnocentrism. To help, Malinowski would develop the theory of
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The term "ethnocentrism" was first applied in the social sciences by American sociologist
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Lim, Sam Kyung-Gun (2007). Themes of Western Superiority in The Last Samurai (Report).
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writes that "blood-feuds and inter-clan warfare are easily interpretative in terms of
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Cellan, Narciso (2017). "We Are Therefore I Am: Social Media and Ethnocentrism".
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Small Places, Large Issues: An Introduction to Social and Cultural Anthropology
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Judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture
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961:, meaning center. Scholars believe this term was coined by Polish sociologist
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2966:"Ethnocentrism" subject at the Persuasive Cartography, The PJ Mode Collection
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1406:," showing a tendency for ethnocentrism centered around the United States.
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2106:. Vol. 4. Detroit, MI: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 1679–1680.
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embedded into a variety of beliefs and values of an individual or group.
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Alternative or opposite perspectives could cause individuals to develop
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had more knowledge than the centuries of text and literature written by
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Hammond, R. A.; Axelrod, R. (2006). "The Evolution of Ethnocentrism".
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1348:; a celebration of sports and friendly competition between cultures.
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proposition that race determined cultural capacity. In his 1911 book
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these juxtaposing attitudes are also a result of a process known as
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Balabanis, George; Siamagka, Nikoletta Theofania (September 2022).
1934:
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Hooghe, Marc (2008). "Ethnocentrism". In Darity, William A. (ed.).
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The classifications of ethnocentrism originate from the studies of
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International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences
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2926:"The Dark Side of Oxytocin, the Hormone of Love: Ethnocentrism"
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The International Journal of Technology, Knowledge, and Society
2540:"A meta-analysis of consumer ethnocentrism across 57 countries"
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Shala, Blerim; Cooper, Robin (2014). Thompson, Sherwood (ed.).
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135:
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Boas, Franz (February 22, 1901). "The Mind of Primitive Man".
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Us Against Them: Ethnocentric Foundations of American Opinion
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that cast competing cultural groups in an unfavorable light.
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Subsequently, in the 20th century, American social scientist
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as a frame of reference to judge other cultures, practices,
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Hartshorn, Max; Kaznatcheev, Artem; Shultz, Thomas (2013).
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2184:. Detroit, MI: Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 456–461.
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1750:"Who Coined the Concept of Ethnocentrism? A Brief Report"
1618:(2nd ed.). Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 11–12.
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Choices and Connections: An Introduction to Communication
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response to intergroup competition, conflict, or threat.
2722:
Pradanna, Satrio Alpen; Abdulkarim, Aim (July 2, 2023).
2446:"The Evolutionary Dominance of Ethnocentric Cooperation"
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cultures. Ideas developed by Western scientists such as
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1699:(Two-Volume Set ed.). Elsevier. pp. 152–153.
1221:(1934). Mead and Benedict were two of Boas's students.
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1545:. Boston, New York: Bedford/St.Martin's. p. 109.
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and the influence it held over non-Western societies.
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Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation
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The Sexual Life of Savages in North-Western Melanesia
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The term ethnocentrism derives from two Greek words:
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proposed two different definitions in his 1906 book
2698:"Internet and social media users in the world 2024"
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2626:Lensa: Kajian Kebahasaan, Kesusastraan, Dan Budaya
2600:"Top 20 countries by filmed entertainment revenue"
2873:Reynolds, V.; Falger, V.; Vine, I., eds. (1987).
2537:
1893:
1616:International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences
1336:genetic theory." Simulation-based experiments in
1268:that to maintain that positive view, people make
4146:
2888:Risky Transactions: Trust, Kinship and Ethnicity
1030:differentiation throughout history and society.
2357:Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology
1652:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
1187:Both had also urged anthropologists to conduct
2904:
2547:International Journal of Research in Marketing
2408:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2182:Encyclopedia of Western Colonialism since 1450
1540:
3162:
2987:
2375:
2229:(4th ed.). Pluto Press. pp. 10–18.
2065:(2nd ed.). Berkshire. pp. 952–954.
1743:
1741:
1739:
1693:Motyl, Alexander J. (2000). "Ethnocentrism".
929:
2485:Social Psychological and Personality Science
2340:An integrative theory of intergroup conflict
1650:Encyclopedia of Diversity and Social Justice
2213:
1647:
1379:
1080:their western societies have accomplished.
59:English discourse—means to apply one's own
3169:
3155:
2994:
2980:
1754:Journal of Social and Political Psychology
1736:
1136:, a German philosopher, justified Western
948:
936:
922:
2861:
2843:Kinder, Donald R.; Kam, Cindy D. (2010).
2842:
2656:
2461:
2025:Dictionary of Race, Ethnicity and Culture
1974:
1775:
1765:
1541:McCornack, Steven; Ortiz, Joseph (2017).
2960:Group Processes and Intergroup Relations
2303:
2172:
2140:Moore, John H. (2013). "Ethnocentrism".
1146:
1037:
31:
2823:
2783:
2623:
2571:
2388:. Oxford University Press. p. 99.
2381:
2224:
2101:
2063:Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History
1920:
1871:
1784:
1747:
14:
4147:
2964:Examples of ethnocentric maps: select
2885:
2826:Ethnocentrism: Integrated Perspectives
2804:
2744:
2677:DataReportal – Global Digital Insights
2104:New Dictionary of the History of Ideas
1846:
1818:
1790:
1680:
1613:
1574:Levine, R.A. (2001). "Ethnocentrism".
1573:
98:Ethnocentrism is sometimes related to
3150:
2975:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2350:
2348:
2338:Tajfel, H., & Turner, J. (2001).
2139:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
1692:
1389:Effects of ethnocentrism in the media
1128:wrote about "primitive" societies in
2923:
2260:
1718:
1716:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1536:
1534:
2924:Wade, Nicholas (January 10, 2011).
2759:10.18848/1832-3669/CGP/v13i01/11-25
2650:
24:
2905:van den Berghe, Pierre L. (1987).
2513:Journal of International Marketing
2470:
2345:
2128:
2049:
2009:
1242:Ethnocentrism is believed to be a
1088:once claimed that "one shelf of a
1000:through his English publications.
138:, the belief in one's own group's
25:
4186:
3001:
2953:
2875:The Sociobiology of Ethnocentrism
2865:How to Observe Morals and manners
1825:. Yale University Press. p.
1713:
1632:
1531:
2868:. London: Charles Knight and Co.
2638:10.26714/lensa.11.2.2021.206-216
2225:Eriksen, Thomas Hylland (2015).
1320:internment of Japanese Americans
1116:developed due to its history of
1100:, including the concept of the "
1034:Ethnocentrism in social sciences
1008:Authoritarian Personality Theory
193:
2847:. University of Chicago Press.
2738:
2715:
2690:
2665:
2644:
2617:
2592:
2565:
2531:
2503:
2437:
2402:
2332:
2297:
2166:
2142:Encyclopedia of Race and Racism
2095:
1979:. Routledge. pp. 175–179.
1968:
1941:
1914:
1865:
1840:
1819:Sumner, William Graham (1911).
1812:
1791:Sumner, William Graham (1906).
1409:
1067:
1016:Realistic Group Conflict Theory
159:, he and his colleagues of the
2559:10.1016/j.ijresmar.2021.12.002
2411:Journal of Conflict Resolution
1686:
1584:10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/00857-3
1567:
883:Anthropologists by nationality
170:social counter-identification.
13:
1:
3176:
2180:. In Benjamin, Thomas (ed.).
1519:
1134:Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
156:The Authoritarian Personality
2968:, Cornell University Library
1908:10.1016/j.poetic.2007.09.002
1874:Journal of Qafqaz University
1797:. Ginn and Company. p.
1364:, consumer cosmopolitanism,
7:
2879:University of Georgia Press
1847:Miller, Barbara D. (2013).
1696:Encyclopedia of Nationalism
1418:
986:War and Other Essays (1911)
10:
4191:
3538:Countries by ethnic groups
3533:Contemporary ethnic groups
2798:10.1057/s41280-021-00209-9
2673:"Digital Around the World"
2283:10.1126/science.13.321.281
1975:Alejandro, Audrey (2018).
1950:Journal of Global Mobility
1351:
1061:London School of Economics
903:List of indigenous peoples
4126:
4009:
3881:
3684:
3518:
3319:
3184:
3086:
3009:
2886:Salter, Frank K. (2002).
2382:Dawkins, Richard (2006).
2173:Da Baets, Antoon (2007).
2033:10.4135/9781446220375.n79
1328:, evolutionary biologist
1287:Realistic conflict theory
1237:
1163:The Mind of Primitive Man
1084:politician and historian
648:Cross-cultural comparison
2497:10.1177/1948550617703169
2423:10.1177/0022002706293470
2306:Dialectical Anthropology
1962:10.1108/JGM-03-2015-0007
1380:Ethnocentrism and racism
1338:evolutionary game theory
1258:social identity approach
820:Historical particularism
3650:Torres Strait Islanders
3495:Ethnopsychopharmacology
3239:In-group and out-groups
3134:Template:Exceptionalism
2909:. Bloomsbury Academic.
2828:. Abingdon: Routledge.
2824:Bizumic, Boris (2019).
1851:. Pearson. p. 23.
1748:Bizumic, Boris (2014).
1726:. Moscow, 1989, p. 84.
1431:American exceptionalism
1393:
1231:Critique of Pure Reason
1102:survival of the fittest
949:Origins and development
653:Participant observation
3896:Cultural appropriation
3796:Lineage-bonded society
2862:Martineau, H. (1838).
1578:. pp. 4852–4854.
1456:Consumer ethnocentrism
1404:white savior narrative
1366:consumer ethnocentrism
1202:Coming of Age in Samoa
1173:
1152:
1043:
1028:in-group and out-group
1024:Social identity theory
957:, meaning nation, and
795:Cross-cultural studies
95:and the Global North.
41:
3921:Ethnic interest group
3756:Ethnicity in censuses
3706:Cultural assimilation
3207:Ethnolinguistic group
2907:The Ethnic Phenomenon
2586:10.1509/jmkg.71.1.113
2209:on December 16, 2019.
1985:10.4324/9781315170480
1849:Cultural Anthropology
1822:War, and Other Essays
1767:10.5964/jspp.v2i1.264
1451:Collective narcissism
1168:
1150:
1042:William Graham Sumner
1041:
166:social identification
35:
4170:Sociology of culture
4134:Minzu (anthropology)
4103:Separatist movements
3966:Ethnographic village
3791:Legendary progenitor
3426:Transidioethnography
3229:Hyphenated ethnicity
3224:Ethnographic realism
3217:Ethnoreligious group
2805:Ankerl, Guy (2000).
2574:Journal of Marketing
1923:Current Anthropology
1182:Bronisław Malinowski
1126:Edward Burnett Tylor
888:Anthropology by year
825:Boasian anthropology
800:Cultural materialism
785:Actor–network theory
383:Paleoanthropological
125:. In his 1906 book,
4001:Multinational state
3996:Model minority myth
3883:Multiethnic society
3801:Linguistic homeland
3212:Ethnonational group
2877:. Athens, Georgia:
2525:10.1509/jim.14.0038
2463:10.18564/jasss.2176
2275:1901Sci....13..281B
1218:Patterns of Culture
1177:cultural relativism
1049:symbolic boundaries
840:Performance studies
733:Kinship and descent
673:Cultural relativism
323:Paleoethnobotanical
298:Ethnoarchaeological
116:cultural relativism
36:Polish sociologist
3981:Middleman minority
3941:Ethnic pornography
3936:Ethnic nationalism
3841:Pantribal sodality
3781:Imagined community
3306:Symbolic ethnicity
3234:Indigenous peoples
3202:Ethnographic group
2940:on January 1, 2022
2931:The New York Times
2890:. Berghahn Books.
2369:10.1037/pac0000098
2318:10.1007/BF01301456
1486:Mortality salience
1461:Ethnic nationalism
1281:black sheep effect
1270:social comparisons
1166:, Boas wrote that:
1153:
1044:
1012:Donald T. Campbell
860:Post-structuralism
619:Research framework
151:Theodore W. Adorno
42:
4142:
4141:
4063:Ethnic stereotype
3976:Indigenous rights
3961:Ethnographic film
3946:Ethnic theme park
3906:Dominant minority
3901:Diaspora politics
3891:Consociationalism
3826:National language
3711:Cultural identity
3701:Cross-race effect
3645:Aboriginal groups
3144:
3143:
3087:Related phenomena
3010:Regional variants
2916:978-0-275-92709-7
2897:978-1-57181-319-0
2854:978-0-226-43571-8
2816:978-2-88155-004-1
2395:978-0-19-929115-1
2236:978-0-7453-3593-3
2191:978-0-02-866085-1
2151:978-0-02-866195-7
2072:978-1-933782-65-2
2042:978-0-7619-6900-6
1994:978-1-351-69204-5
1858:978-0-205-26001-0
1659:978-1-4422-1606-8
1625:978-0-02-866418-7
1593:978-0-08-043076-8
1552:978-1-319-20116-6
1362:national identity
1130:Primitive Culture
978:William G. Sumner
963:Ludwig Gumplowicz
946:
945:
845:Political economy
668:Thick description
465:Political economy
328:Zooarchaeological
288:Bioarchaeological
123:William G. Sumner
38:Ludwig Gumplowicz
16:(Redirected from
4182:
4175:1900s neologisms
4033:Ethnic cleansing
4028:Ethnic bioweapon
3911:Ethnic democracy
3520:Groups by region
3470:Ethnomethodology
3453:Ethnomathematics
3443:Ethnolinguistics
3339:Ethnoarchaeology
3171:
3164:
3157:
3148:
3147:
3094:Anthropocentrism
2996:
2989:
2982:
2973:
2972:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2939:
2934:. Archived from
2920:
2901:
2882:
2869:
2858:
2839:
2820:
2801:
2771:
2770:
2742:
2736:
2735:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2708:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2544:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2479:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2385:The selfish gene
2379:
2373:
2372:
2352:
2343:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2312:(2–3): 237–253.
2301:
2295:
2294:
2269:(321): 281–289.
2258:
2249:
2248:
2222:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2202:. Archived from
2179:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2137:
2126:
2125:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2058:
2047:
2046:
2020:
2007:
2006:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1918:
1912:
1911:
1902:(4–5): 215–238.
1891:
1882:
1881:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1816:
1810:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1788:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1769:
1745:
1734:
1720:
1711:
1710:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1645:
1630:
1629:
1611:
1598:
1597:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1538:
1481:Mediterraneanism
1400:The Last Samurai
1325:The Selfish Gene
1244:learned behavior
1090:Western library"
971:anthropocentrism
938:
931:
924:
466:
348:Anthrozoological
197:
174:
173:
161:Frankfurt School
21:
4190:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4179:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4122:
4068:Ethnic violence
4016:
4014:ethnic conflict
4012:
4005:
3986:Minority rights
3926:Ethnic majority
3877:
3861:Detribalization
3816:Nation-building
3751:Ethnic religion
3694:
3690:
3680:
3587:Central America
3514:
3485:Ethnophilosophy
3480:Ethnomusicology
3458:Ethnostatistics
3416:Person-centered
3386:Autoethnography
3315:
3180:
3175:
3145:
3140:
3114:Religiocentrism
3082:
3071:Hellenocentrism
3066:Germanocentrism
3005:
3000:
2956:
2943:
2941:
2917:
2898:
2855:
2836:
2817:
2778:Further reading
2775:
2774:
2743:
2739:
2720:
2716:
2706:
2704:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2649:
2645:
2622:
2618:
2608:
2606:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2570:
2566:
2542:
2536:
2532:
2508:
2504:
2480:
2471:
2442:
2438:
2407:
2403:
2396:
2380:
2376:
2353:
2346:
2337:
2333:
2302:
2298:
2259:
2252:
2237:
2223:
2214:
2206:
2192:
2177:
2171:
2167:
2152:
2138:
2129:
2114:
2100:
2096:
2073:
2059:
2050:
2043:
2027:. p. 103.
2021:
2010:
1995:
1973:
1969:
1946:
1942:
1919:
1915:
1892:
1885:
1870:
1866:
1859:
1845:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1817:
1813:
1803:
1801:
1789:
1785:
1746:
1737:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1691:
1687:
1679:
1675:
1660:
1646:
1633:
1626:
1612:
1601:
1594:
1572:
1568:
1553:
1539:
1532:
1522:
1517:
1471:Hellenocentrism
1421:
1412:
1396:
1391:
1382:
1354:
1330:Richard Dawkins
1240:
1155:Anthropologist
1098:Herbert Spencer
1086:Thomas Macaulay
1070:
1036:
951:
942:
913:
912:
878:
870:
869:
850:Practice theory
790:Alliance theory
780:
772:
771:
767:Postcolonialism
696:
688:
687:
621:
611:
610:
576:Anthropological
571:
561:
560:
464:
414:
413:
393:
392:
343:
333:
332:
263:
253:
252:
223:
215:
146:for outsiders.
55:—as well as in
28:
23:
22:
18:Ethnocentricism
15:
12:
11:
5:
4188:
4178:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4136:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4093:Indigenization
4090:
4085:
4083:Ethnosymbolism
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4053:Ethnic penalty
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4019:
4017:
4010:
4007:
4006:
4004:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3991:Model minority
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3971:Ethnopluralism
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3916:Ethnic enclave
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3887:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3870:
3869:
3868:
3863:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3697:
3695:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3676:
3671:
3661:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3647:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3628:
3626:Southeast Asia
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3549:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3524:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3505:Ethnosemiotics
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3475:Ethnomuseology
3472:
3467:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3367:
3366:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3341:
3336:
3334:Ethnic studies
3331:
3325:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3301:Supraethnicity
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3262:
3261:
3254:Minority group
3251:
3249:Metroethnicity
3246:
3244:Meta-ethnicity
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3194:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3174:
3173:
3166:
3159:
3151:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3129:Exceptionalism
3126:
3121:
3119:Sentiocentrism
3116:
3111:
3106:
3104:Exceptionalism
3101:
3099:Chronocentrism
3096:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3034:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3011:
3007:
3006:
2999:
2998:
2991:
2984:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2962:
2955:
2954:External links
2952:
2951:
2950:
2921:
2915:
2902:
2896:
2883:
2870:
2859:
2853:
2840:
2834:
2821:
2815:
2802:
2792:(1–4): 75–99.
2773:
2772:
2737:
2714:
2689:
2664:
2643:
2616:
2591:
2580:(1): 113–128.
2564:
2553:(3): 745–763.
2530:
2502:
2469:
2436:
2417:(6): 926–936.
2401:
2394:
2374:
2363:(2): 289–294.
2344:
2331:
2296:
2250:
2235:
2212:
2190:
2175:"Eurocentrism"
2165:
2150:
2127:
2112:
2094:
2071:
2048:
2041:
2008:
1993:
1967:
1940:
1935:10.1086/323821
1929:(5): 760–765.
1913:
1883:
1864:
1857:
1839:
1811:
1783:
1735:
1712:
1705:
1685:
1673:
1658:
1631:
1624:
1599:
1592:
1566:
1551:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1503:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1463:
1458:
1453:
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1420:
1417:
1411:
1408:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1353:
1350:
1316:Trail of Tears
1266:John C. Turner
1239:
1236:
1142:Westernization
1108:'s concept of
1069:
1066:
1035:
1032:
994:social science
950:
947:
944:
943:
941:
940:
933:
926:
918:
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914:
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910:
905:
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895:
890:
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879:
876:
875:
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871:
868:
867:
865:Systems theory
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857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
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827:
822:
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805:Culture theory
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797:
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769:
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388:Primatological
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261:Archaeological
259:
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228:Archaeological
224:
221:
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208:
202:
199:
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190:
189:
183:
182:
153:. In Adorno's
108:discrimination
49:social science
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4187:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4155:Ethnocentrism
4153:
4152:
4150:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4073:Ethnocentrism
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4038:Ethnic hatred
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4008:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
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3858:
3857:
3854:
3852:
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3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3831:National myth
3829:
3827:
3824:
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3817:
3814:
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3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
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3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3771:Folk religion
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3746:Ethnic origin
3744:
3742:
3741:Ethnic option
3739:
3737:
3734:
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3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
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3641:
3640:
3636:
3632:
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3627:
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3616:Northern Asia
3614:
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3592:South America
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3510:Ethnotaxonomy
3508:
3506:
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3498:
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3491:
3488:
3486:
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3465:Ethnomedicine
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3359:Ethnomycology
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3318:
3312:
3309:
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3299:
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3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3286:Polyethnicity
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3266:Monoethnicity
3264:
3260:
3257:
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3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3077:
3076:Italocentrism
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3061:Gallocentrism
3059:
3057:
3056:Anglocentrism
3054:
3053:
3052:
3049:
3043:
3040:
3039:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3022:Americentrism
3020:
3018:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3003:Ethnocentrism
2997:
2992:
2990:
2985:
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2856:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2837:
2835:9781138187733
2831:
2827:
2822:
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2812:
2809:. INU PRESS.
2808:
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2718:
2707:September 11,
2703:
2699:
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2682:September 11,
2678:
2674:
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2113:0-684-31377-4
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2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2004:
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1996:
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1706:9780080545240
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1683:, p. 13.
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1452:
1449:
1447:
1446:Chosen people
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1436:Americentrism
1434:
1432:
1429:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1416:
1407:
1405:
1401:
1386:
1377:
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1371:
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1346:Olympic Games
1341:
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1313:
1309:
1308:The Holocaust
1305:
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1297:
1291:
1288:
1284:
1282:
1278:
1277:naïve realism
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1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1251:enculturation
1247:
1245:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1227:
1226:Immanuel Kant
1222:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1213:Ruth Benedict
1210:
1209:
1204:
1203:
1198:
1197:Margaret Mead
1194:
1193:functionalism
1190:
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1183:
1178:
1172:
1167:
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1158:
1149:
1145:
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1119:
1115:
1114:Western world
1111:
1107:
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1087:
1083:
1082:Victorian era
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1075:
1065:
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1017:
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909:
908:Organizations
906:
904:
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894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
880:
874:
873:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
855:Structuralism
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
830:Functionalism
828:
826:
823:
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818:
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813:
811:
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796:
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746:
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741:
739:
736:
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729:
726:
722:
721:sociocultural
719:
718:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
698:
692:
691:
684:
683:Emic and etic
681:
679:
678:Ethnocentrism
676:
674:
671:
669:
666:
664:
661:
659:
656:
654:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
637:
634:
633:
632:
629:
627:
626:Anthropometry
624:
623:
620:
615:
614:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
591:Ethnopoetical
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
573:
570:
565:
564:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
546:Transpersonal
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
526:Psychological
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
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494:
492:
489:
487:
486:Institutional
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
462:
460:
457:
455:
454:Environmental
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
416:
410:
407:
405:
402:
401:
397:
396:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
345:
342:
337:
336:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
293:Environmental
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
265:
262:
257:
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249:
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231:
229:
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225:
219:
218:
212:
209:
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201:
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196:
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185:
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171:
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158:
157:
152:
147:
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141:
137:
133:
128:
124:
119:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
96:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
45:Ethnocentrism
39:
34:
30:
19:
4108:Xenocentrism
4072:
4058:Ethnic slurs
4048:Ethnic party
4011:Ideology and
3931:Ethnic media
3873:White ethnic
3866:Neotribalism
3821:Nation state
3761:Ethnofiction
3692:ethnogenesis
3663:
3656:
3637:
3606:Central Asia
3598:
3551:
3544:
3527:
3500:Ethnoscience
3490:Ethnopoetics
3438:Ethnohistory
3376:Ethnogeology
3364:Ethnozoology
3354:Ethnoecology
3344:Ethnobiology
3329:Anthropology
3281:Panethnicity
3197:Ethnic group
3124:Xenocentrism
3051:Eurocentrism
3042:Little China
3037:Sinocentrism
3032:Indocentrism
3027:Asiacentrism
3017:Afrocentrism
3002:
2942:. Retrieved
2937:the original
2929:
2906:
2887:
2874:
2864:
2844:
2825:
2806:
2789:
2786:Postmedieval
2785:
2777:
2776:
2753:(1): 11–25.
2750:
2746:
2740:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2705:. Retrieved
2701:
2692:
2680:. Retrieved
2676:
2667:
2646:
2629:
2625:
2619:
2607:. Retrieved
2603:
2594:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2550:
2546:
2533:
2519:(2): 25–54.
2516:
2512:
2505:
2491:(1): 89–98.
2488:
2484:
2453:
2449:
2439:
2414:
2410:
2404:
2384:
2377:
2360:
2356:
2334:
2309:
2305:
2299:
2266:
2262:
2245:j.ctt183p184
2226:
2204:the original
2181:
2168:
2141:
2103:
2097:
2062:
2024:
1976:
1970:
1953:
1949:
1943:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1899:
1895:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1848:
1842:
1830:. Retrieved
1821:
1814:
1802:. Retrieved
1793:
1786:
1757:
1753:
1695:
1688:
1676:
1649:
1615:
1575:
1569:
1542:
1524:
1523:
1508:Xenocentrism
1501:Little China
1496:Sinocentrism
1476:Indocentrism
1466:Eurocentrism
1441:Asiocentrism
1426:Afrocentrism
1413:
1410:Social Media
1397:
1383:
1374:isolationism
1359:
1355:
1342:
1323:
1292:
1285:
1274:
1262:Henri Tajfel
1255:
1248:
1241:
1229:
1223:
1216:
1211:(1929), and
1206:
1200:
1189:ethnographic
1186:
1174:
1169:
1161:
1154:
1129:
1122:
1078:
1074:anthropology
1071:
1068:Anthropology
1058:
1045:
1020:Henri Tajfel
1018:(1972), and
1005:T.W Adorno's
1002:
990:anthropology
985:
981:
975:
958:
954:
952:
893:Bibliography
835:Interpretive
810:Diffusionism
779:Key theories
765: /
695:Key concepts
677:
606:Sociological
586:Ethnological
373:Neurological
358:Evolutionary
303:Experiential
187:Anthropology
169:
165:
154:
148:
126:
120:
104:stereotyping
97:
93:Global South
53:anthropology
44:
43:
29:
4043:Ethnic joke
3851:Tribal name
3836:Origin myth
3811:Mythomoteur
3736:Ethnic flag
3721:Development
3406:Netnography
3381:Ethnography
3371:Ethnocinema
3349:Ethnobotany
3276:Nationality
3109:Geocentrism
2944:January 19,
1956:(1): 4–17.
1832:January 18,
1804:January 18,
1681:Sumner 1906
1370:nationalism
1138:imperialism
1118:colonialism
1110:Orientalism
1106:Edward Said
967:geocentrism
763:Colonialism
706:Development
663:Reflexivity
631:Ethnography
581:Descriptive
439:Development
378:Nutritional
353:Biocultural
278:Battlefield
140:superiority
4160:Chauvinism
4149:Categories
4118:Xenophobia
4113:Xenophilia
4088:Indigenism
4023:Allophilia
3956:Ethnocracy
3846:Statistext
3776:Historical
3669:Indigenous
3621:South Asia
3557:Indigenous
3291:Population
2767:2712866043
2632:(2): 206.
2081:jj.9941129
2003:1145913401
1880:: 236–244.
1777:1885/38646
1561:1102471079
1520:References
1334:Hamilton's
1318:, and the
1157:Franz Boas
1151:Franz Boas
1054:psychology
998:psychology
743:Prehistory
596:Historical
569:Linguistic
481:Historical
449:Ecological
341:Biological
243:Linguistic
233:Biological
112:xenophobia
57:colloquial
4165:Ethnicity
4078:Ethnocide
3951:Ethnoburb
3856:Tribalism
3639:Australia
3631:West Asia
3611:East Asia
3582:Caribbean
3567:Greenland
3448:Ethnology
3321:Ethnology
3259:Influence
3178:Ethnicity
2658:10161/582
2160:825005867
2089:707606528
1668:900277068
1491:Nordicism
1300:apartheid
982:Folkways.
959:"kentron"
716:Evolution
711:Ethnicity
643:Ethnology
521:Political
429:Cognitive
368:Molecular
127:Folkways,
69:behaviors
65:ethnicity
4098:Nativism
3766:Ethnonym
3731:Ethnarch
3687:Identity
3674:European
3552:Americas
3396:Critical
3391:Clinical
3185:Concepts
2763:ProQuest
2702:Statista
2604:Statista
2326:29790560
2291:17814977
2200:74840473
2122:55800981
1760:: 3–10.
1724:Igor Kon
1419:See also
1312:Crusades
1296:genocide
1010:(1950),
955:"ethnos"
898:Journals
815:Feminism
601:Semiotic
541:Symbolic
536:Religion
471:Feminist
459:Economic
409:Cultural
363:Forensic
318:Maritime
313:Forensic
308:Feminist
283:Biblical
273:Aviation
238:Cultural
179:a series
177:Part of
144:contempt
89:religion
81:behavior
77:language
4127:Related
3786:Kinship
3726:Endonym
3716:Demonym
3664:Oceania
3421:Salvage
2431:9613947
2271:Bibcode
2263:Science
1896:Poetics
1513:Zionism
1352:Effects
1304:slavery
1249:Due to
753:Society
701:Culture
516:Musical
511:Museums
506:Medical
491:Kinship
444:Digital
419:Applied
211:History
206:Outline
85:customs
73:beliefs
61:culture
3658:Europe
3572:Mexico
3562:Canada
3546:Africa
3411:Online
3271:Nation
2913:
2894:
2851:
2832:
2813:
2765:
2734:: 013.
2429:
2392:
2324:
2289:
2243:
2233:
2198:
2188:
2158:
2148:
2120:
2110:
2087:
2079:
2069:
2039:
2001:
1991:
1855:
1730:
1703:
1666:
1656:
1622:
1590:
1559:
1549:
1314:, the
1310:, the
1238:Causes
996:, and
728:Gender
658:Holism
556:Visual
531:Public
434:Cyborg
404:Social
268:Aerial
248:Social
142:, and
136:vanity
100:racism
87:, and
3806:Mores
3528:World
3431:Video
3311:Tribe
2543:(PDF)
2456:(3).
2427:S2CID
2322:JSTOR
2241:JSTOR
2207:(PDF)
2178:(PDF)
2077:JSTOR
1525:Notes
1094:Asian
877:Lists
758:Value
636:cyber
551:Urban
501:Media
496:Legal
222:Types
132:pride
110:, or
3600:Asia
3296:Race
3192:Clan
2946:2019
2911:ISBN
2892:ISBN
2849:ISBN
2830:ISBN
2811:ISBN
2709:2024
2684:2024
2611:2024
2390:ISBN
2287:PMID
2231:ISBN
2196:OCLC
2186:ISBN
2156:OCLC
2146:ISBN
2118:OCLC
2108:ISBN
2085:OCLC
2067:ISBN
2037:ISBN
1999:OCLC
1989:ISBN
1853:ISBN
1834:2019
1806:2019
1728:ISBN
1701:ISBN
1664:OCLC
1654:ISBN
1620:ISBN
1588:ISBN
1557:OCLC
1547:ISBN
1394:Film
1372:and
1264:and
1256:The
969:and
748:Race
738:Meme
476:Food
168:and
51:and
3689:and
2794:doi
2755:doi
2653:hdl
2634:doi
2582:doi
2555:doi
2521:doi
2493:doi
2458:doi
2419:doi
2365:doi
2314:doi
2279:doi
2029:doi
1981:doi
1958:doi
1931:doi
1904:doi
1772:hdl
1762:doi
1580:doi
1215:'s
1199:'s
1022:'s
1014:'s
424:Art
63:or
47:in
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2700:.
2675:.
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2487:.
2472:^
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2005:.
1983::
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1960::
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1933::
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