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762:, the Social Democratic militia, had announced a rally for the same place and day. Competing Heimwehr and Schutzbund rallies were a semiregular occurrence, but the participants were usually kept in check by police. Even though he had been warned that the Sankt Lorenzen police would not have the numbers to keep the two factions apart, Governor Rintelen refused to prohibit the rallies or to arrange for the army to send assistance. The resulting clash ended with 3 dead and 55 injured, 27 of them severely. Rintelen immediately went to work using the disaster to undermine the chancellor. The fallout left Streeruwitz discredited and the Heimwehr emboldened. The militia openly threatened a
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736:, an alliance so broad that Streeruwitz could govern without Heimwehr support or toleration. In practice, the cabinet that Streeruwitz had managed to assemble was tantamount to a capitulation to Heimwehr demands. Even though Streeruwitz was for retaining the existing model of strong central government and limited devolution, his ministers were not representatives of ideological factions so much as representatives of provincial governments.
523:
370:, graduating from which would have all but guaranteed a stellar career. Streeruwitz took the exam in 1899 and passed with flying colors. A mere year later, however, Streeruwitz's health suffered a serious relapse after a demanding field training exercise. Streeruwitz lost his faith in his ability to withstand the rigors of military life and applied to be granted reservist status. His request was approved in 1901.
541:, the Federation of Austrian Industries and the Christian Social Party negotiated an agreement of mutual support. The federation would assist the party financially; the party would run candidates sympathetic to the industrialists. Streeruwitz agreed to be added to the Christian Social candidates, pursuant to the agreement, and was elected to the
385:, a fellow Bohemian officer whom Streeruwitz has befriended during his time as a lieutenant of the dragoons, hired Streeruwitz as a technical consultant as soon as the latter's transfer to the reserve was final. Streeruwitz was tasked with helping to modernize Leitenberger's factories. He reorganized Leitenberger's obsolete
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an unmistakable jab at the
Heimwehr, a paramilitary force whose influence was based entirely on its ability to threaten violence. The implied espousal of a strong legislature also was a rejection of the idea of a dominant president. Although Streeruwitz also promised to assume "the role of an honest broker" (
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Streeruwitz's government was seemingly successful at first. The ruling coalition and the Social
Democrats reached compromises on a number of strategic issues. Tenancy law, unemployment insurance and the pension system were reformed. Tensions appeared to decrease, and the early summer was peaceful. On
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By early 1929, actors all over the political spectrum feared that the
Heimwehr movement had become a threat to democracy. The ranks of those worried included parts of the Christian Social Party with which the Heimwehr movement was (then loosely) affiliated. The Social Democratic Party was willing to
705:
Vienna was home to two million people, almost one out of three
Austrians at the time. The sixth-largest city in the world and the capital of a global power for five centuries, Vienna was a bustling cosmopolitan metropolis, even in times of economic hardship. Much of Vienna's hinterland, on the other
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were separate. Both president and chancellor were chosen by the legislature and so neither of them had the prestige and authority that results from direct popular election. The president had considerable reserve powers but was expected to confine himself to acting as a figurehead. The chancellor was
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Streeruwitz has largely faded from public consciousness. When he is mentioned at all, he served mainly to illustrate how weak and short-lived thar the governments of the
Austrian First Republic tended to be. The struggling democracy, shaken by crisis after crisis and in a permanent unofficial state
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Streeruwitz's inaugural address on 7 May mainly dealt with economic and foreign policy but also included a firm commitment to representative democracy. Ideological disputes should be settled, Streeruwitz declared, by the people's elected delegates, not by extraparliamentary force. The statement was
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demanded a rigorous crackdown. Streeruwitz's own proposals, although moderate in comparison, were met with fierce opposition from within his own party. The
National Council eventually passed a bill that tightened the screws, but the statute was too little, too late. Streeruwitz's failure indirectly
604:
agreements that the empire's successor states had hastily concluded immediately after its collapse. Tariffs were controversial on both sides of the political spectrum. Labour politicians feared rising consumer prices. Shareholders of corporations that had become involuntary multinationals with the
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Streeruwitz's loyalties remained complicated. Although he still opposed the
Christian Social Party's policy of Austrian independence, a fact about which he was increasingly outspoken, he regularly sided with the Christian Socials and against both his fellow pan-Germans and his Chamber of Commerce
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declined to step up. Rintelen threw his hat into the ring but was too popular with the
Heimwehr and too controversial everywhere else. Streeruwitz emerged as the new leader mainly by default; having drafted his list of ministers, he was formally appointed on 4 May. In theory, Streeruwitz had been
552:
and his opposition to Social
Democratic labour policy, Streeruwitz was ideologically at odds with his party. Whereas Austrian independence had gradually become one of the Christian Social Party's defining platform planks, Streeruwitz continued to support the integration of Austria into the German
769:
Streeruwitz petitioned his old industrialist allies to cut off the funding they had been providing to the
Heimwehr, but the industrialists declined. Even Seipel, his former mentor, now turned against him. When Streeruwitz left Austria to represent the country at the Tenth General Assembly of the
403:
Following Leitenberger's death in a car accident in 1904, Streeruwitz found himself sidelined. He clashed with the company's new owners as well as with their bankers. In 1913, he was kicked upstairs to a position in senior management, a promotion that forced him to move to Vienna again. In 1914,
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occasionally hinted that Streeruwitz was being considered for a political comeback but ultimately removed him even from his position as the chairman of the chamber. There was no room for independent professional lobbying groups in the Austrofascist system; in 1935, Streeruwitz was replaced by a
774:, his opponents used his absence to co-ordinate his overthrow and to agree on a successor. Streeruwitz's fate was sealed. Faced with vicious attacks from all sides, impossible demands and a threat on the part of the Landbund to leave the coalition, Streeruwitz resigned, effective 26 September.
479:
The quarrelsome labour relations and recurrent strikes of the era pushed Streeruwitz into the public spotlight. In terms of policy, Streeruwitz believed that the answer to Austria's economic troubles was increased productivity; that belief led him to oppose social measures such as working time
570:, which was the Christian Socials' core constituency and the faction's main source of recruits. He criticised his caucus for what he thought of as its lack of unity and discipline; he ridiculed its members for their poverty. Even though he vocally despised leading Social Democrats such as
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on a scholarship. Two years before Streeruwitz graduated from the gymnasium in 1892 his father died. His mother saw no hope of getting the son admitted into the diplomatic service without the late patriarch's political connections and so persuaded Streeruwitz to join the army instead.
591:
In his years as a legislator, Streeruwitz rarely rose to speak in plenary sessions but was active in several committees. He helped draft a number of significant statutes and published numerous opinion pieces arguing his policy positions. Streeruwitz fought, in particular, for
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of emergency, went through no fewer than 15 chancellors in twenty years. Even Ignaz Seipel, the dominant political figure of the era, was unseated after only two years in office. Streeruwitz was just one of several heads of government who fell short of even that.
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Streeruwitz's second main concern was banking supervision. The hyperinflation of the 1920s caused a number of banks to fail but mostly only because the sector had already been weakened from years of corruption and general mismanagement. Social Democrats and
510:), a struggling lender of vital importance to the region's agricultural sector. Streeruwitz turned the bank around. In 1929, he took the initiative in setting up a regional mortgage bank for the neighboring (and structurally-underserved) province of
301:. Ernst Streeruwitz's childhood was colored by the dissonance between the family's ancient loyalty to the House of Habsburg and its newfound pan-Germanism. The two positions had become difficult to reconcile after Austria's defeat in the
324:, his mother was an ethnically-Czech daughter of the city bourgeoisie, was taught French from an early age and generally received a thorough education. He completed elementary school with distinction and so attended the local
415:
Still in poor health and unfit for service at the front, Streeruwitz spent the war as an administrator. He helped reorganize the military mail service, worked to ensure the humane treatment of Austro-Hungarian
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reductions and to advocate for a hard line against strikers. On a personal level, he appears to have combined genuine concern for workers' living conditions with unreconstructed aristocratic paternalism. The
822:, the military invasion that finally ended Austria's existence as a sovereign state altogether. Streeruwitz approached the Nazi German government and offered his assistance, but the Nazis declined.
818:
Consistent in his pan-Germanism, Streeruwitz supported both the 1936 July Accords, an agreement between Austria and the Reich that turned the former into a vassal state of the latter, and the 1938
382:
720:") by friends and foes alike, was a hardline clericalist whose very personality would be an obstacle. Itn addition, his health was failing. Seipel resigned the chancellorship on 3 April 1929.
600:
was causing the country to be flooded with cheap imported goods. The glut endangered Austria's struggling manufacturing sector, but the country was largely defenseless because of a number of
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Barth-Scalmani, Gunda; Kuprian, Hermann; Mazohl-Wallnig, Brigitte (1997). "National Identity or Regional Identity: Austria versus Tyrol/Salzburg". In Bischof, GĂĽnter; Pelinka, Anton (eds.).
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Streeruwitz resumed his management position in Neunkirchen and went on to prove himself a capable organizer yet again. He soon became the chairman of the employers' association of the
297:
and provided officers for the army and career civil servants for the Mies municipal and regional administrations. In the 19th century, the family found itself strongly in support of
714:, the chancellor who led the Christian Social Party, decided that he was the wrong person to preside over these negotiations. Seipel, nicknamed the "prelate without mercy" ("
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hand, was an agrarian poorly-industrialized backwater. Dislike for the capital's intellectuals, Jews, and status was intense in some corners of the political right.
447:
Streeruwitz experienced the collapse of the empire as a personal catastrophe. He returned to his native Bohemia; in his autobiography, he would later claim that "
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106:
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424:, and wrote a five-volume book on legal issues surrounding prisoners of war. Streeruwitz was considered highly competent and was decorated several times.
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was another one of the party's defining platform planks, but Streeruwitz, like most Austrian pan-Germans and like his father before him, was hostile to
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disintegration of the empire were worried about their interests abroad. Streeruwitz won, and in 1925, significant customs barriers were put in place.
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model of governance but only if he did not have to worry about the existence and influence of his chamber. The Christian Social party and later the
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The youngest son was perpetually sickly, but Streeruwitz was groomed for a career in diplomacy by his father. The boy, who was already bilingual in
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emissaries" in Vienna had threatened to murder both him and his family. He nevertheless moved to Vienna a third time when it became clear that the
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politically answerable to the National Council. The law also established Austria as a country that was a federation in name but more or less
408:, he also volunteered to return to active military service. In October, Streeruwitz became managing director of a textile printing plant in
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798:. He also continued to hold political office. In 1927, Streeruwitz had been elected deputy chairman of the Chamber of Commerce (German:
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at the time. Streeruwitz received excellent evaluations from his superior officers and was encouraged to sit the entrance exam for the
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Streeruwitz subsequently retired from public life. He resumed his studies at the University of Vienna, graduating with a doctorate in
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dealt a strong hand. The coalition government that he led included the Christian Social Party, the German Nationalists and the
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702:. Resentful of the political and cultural dominance of the capital, the Heimwehr also demanded real effective federalism.
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was Streeruwitz's main antagonist and indirectly caused both his appointment and his resignation merely five months later.
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Thaler, Peter (1999). "National History, National Imagery: The Role of History in Postwar Austrian Nation-Building".
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Streeruwitz did not stand for election to the National Council again; his tenure as a legislator thus ended with the
758:, brought the belligerence to the surface again and heightened it to unprecedented levels. Both the Heimwehr and the
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622:. The lasting enmity of Rintelen that Streeruwitz thus earned for himself would later contribute to his downfall.
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While waiting to be allowed to leave active service, Streeruwitz began studying mechanical engineering at the
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Bußjäger, Peter (2015). "Austria's Cooperative Federalism". In Bischof, Günter; Karlhofer, Ferdinand (eds.).
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Still an outsider with no credible personal power base, Streeruwitz abruptly became chancellor in May 1929.
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In 1950, Streeruwitz suffered a stroke that left him permanently impaired. He died on 19 October 1952.
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794:. Nevertheless, Streeruwitz remained politically active. He traveled, lectured, and campaigned for the
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Ackerl, Isabella (1983). "Ernst Streeruwitz". In Weissensteiner, Friedrich; Weinzierl, Erika (eds.).
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His professional future now reasonably secure, Streeruwitz married Christine Strobl, a Bohemian from
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420:, organized the use of enemy prisoners as agricultural laborers, co-edited a newspaper for captive
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Springflut über Österreich: Erinnerungen, Erlebnisse und Gedanken aus bewegter Zeit; 1914–1919
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Weltwirtschaft und Wanderung: Eine Antwort an Maedonald und eine Mahnung an uns selbst
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A soldier of the 7th Bohemian Dragoons (Duke of Lorraine's) on a 1903 picture postcard
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Streeruwitz was born Ernst Streer Ritter von Streeruwitz on 23 September 1874, in the
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Memorial plaque on one of the houses Streeruwitz lived in during his years in Vienna
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would not be able to press home its claim to the majority-German parts of Bohemia.
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quickly became convinced that Streeruwitz was an enemy of the working class. The
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358:. He graduated with honors. Starting in 1895, he served as a lieutenant with the
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if the government failed to comply with its demands for constitutional reform.
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The child was the youngest son of Georg Adolf von Streeruwitz, a member of the
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and was ready to work with the opposing side if common ground could be found.
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reciprocated with a string of personal attacks, Streeruwitz thought highly of
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and the city's hereditary postmaster. The Streeruwitz family, originally from
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appreciated his (implied but unambiguous) support for the economic policy of
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1605:(11th ed.). Vienna: Manzsche Verlags- und Universitätsbuchhandlung.
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Finding a successor for Seipel proved difficult. Obvious candidates like
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negotiate a constitutional reform that would meet the Heimwehr halfway.
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2005:
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412:. A few days later, he was called up by the army, effective November.
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443:, was Streeruwitz's mentor and immediate predecessor as chancellor.
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with some success and was made the manager of the factory in 1902.
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564:. Streeruwitz also was a poor fit socially. He looked down on the
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Wie es war: Erinnerungen und Erlebnisse eines alten Ă–sterreichers
746:), the Heimwehr instantly decided that Streeruwitz was an enemy.
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374:
267:
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Die Friedenssicherung und ihre Methoden: eine kritische Studie
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In spite of being loosely affiliated with his own party, the
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Arbeitgeberverband der Niederösterreichischen Textilindustrie
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802:). In 1930, he was elected the chamber's chairman proper.
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and politician. A member of the industrialist wing of the
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855:. Vienna: Ă–sterreichische Druck- und Verlagsgesellschaft.
1539:"Streeruwitz zurückgetreten. Sein Nachfolger – Schober!"
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His secondary education completed, Streeruwitz moved to
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peers in matters of economic policy. He supported the
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In 1924, Streeruwitz was appointed the chief curator (
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and been ennobled for outstanding bravery during the
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238:) was an Austrian military officer, businessman,
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1732:Österreich I: Band 1: Die unterschätzte Republik
1581:Austrian Historical Memory and National Identity
1521:Ă–sterreichisches Staatsrecht. Band 1: Grundlagen
1507:
1161:
504:) of the Lower Austrian regional mortgage bank (
404:Streeruwitz finally quit. With the outbreak of
1690:(2nd ed.). Vienna: Böhlau Studienbücher.
1622:Austrian Federalism in Comparative Perspective
466:) and the association's representative in the
2191:
1919:
1754:Ă–sterreich I: Band 2: Abschied von Ă–sterreich
1688:Ă–sterreichische und deutsche Rechtsgeschichte
1641:"Österreich, eine "halbpräsidiale" Republik?"
750:18 August, however, a bloody street fight in
658:of 1920 established Austria as an archetypal
517:
2521:Christian Social Party (Austria) politicians
1624:. Innsbruck: University of Innsbruck Press.
796:integration of Austria into the German Reich
741:
715:
565:
505:
499:
471:
1564:(6th ed.). Vienna: Ă–sterreich Verlag.
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895:
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877:
868:
859:
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2526:Austrian people of German Bohemian descent
2198:
2184:
1933:
1926:
1912:
1845:(3). Cambridge University Press: 277–309.
427:
360:7th Bohemian Dragoons (Duke of Lorraine's)
250:from November 1923 to October 1930 and as
31:
2536:Members of the National Council (Austria)
1817:"1923 – alle 15 Monate ein neuer Kanzler"
1748:
1726:
1597:
1583:. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.
1493:. Vienna: Ă–sterreichischer Bundesverlag.
1395:
1371:
1335:
1284:
1269:
1221:
1137:
1867:"Vor der Wahl der neuen Bundesregierung"
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1619:
1347:
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1185:
844:
781:
635:
533:and Streeruwitz's notional main opponent
521:
431:
341:
2541:Recipients of the Order of Franz Joseph
1791:
1666:Hitlers Wien. Lehrjahre eines Diktators
1639:Derbolav, Dietrich (26 November 2016).
1257:
1209:
614:caused the collapse of a bank owned by
383:Friedrich Franz Joseph von Leitenberger
119:4 May 1929 – 26 September 1929
57:4 May 1929 – 26 September 1929
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978:
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951:
939:
927:
2179:
1907:
1815:Purger, Alexander (20 January 2018).
1800:. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.
1603:Ă–sterreichische Verfassungsgeschichte
1559:
1173:
871:Ordnung und Aufbau der Weltwirtschaft
285:, had migrated to Bohemia during the
1682:
1149:
2496:20th-century chancellors of Austria
1408:Arbeiter-Zeitung, 26 September 1929
862:Rationalisierung und Weltwirtschaft
313:as a matter of political survival.
228:Ernst Streer Ritter von Streeruwitz
16:Austrian businessman and politician
13:
2506:People from the Kingdom of Bohemia
2034:
1756:. Vienna: Kremayr & Scheriau.
1734:. Vienna: Kremayr & Scheriau.
1712:(7th ed.). Vienna: Facultas.
1523:(2nd ed.). Vienna: Springer.
1491:Die österreichischen Bundeskanzler
686:with a strong leader, modelled on
548:Except for his strong dislike for
337:
14:
2567:
2556:Theresian Military Academy alumni
1888:
468:Federation of Austrian Industries
2336:
815:government-appointed commissar.
2168:indicate interim officeholders.
907:Ă–sterreichs Wirtschaftsstruktur
743:die Rolle des ehrlichen Maklers
2546:Austrian people of World War I
777:
682:movement demanded a move to a
1:
1796:Out of the Shadow of the Past
1482:
882:. Vienna: SteyrermĂĽhl-Verlag.
808:Austrofascist corporate state
625:
261:
2516:Foreign ministers of Austria
2207:Foreign Ministers of Austria
1519:; Frank, Stefan Leo (2011).
914:
258:from May to September 1929.
246:, Streeruwitz served on the
7:
2551:University of Vienna alumni
2511:People from Austria-Hungary
851:Streeruwitz, Ernst (1928).
618:, the powerful governor of
107:Minister of Foreign Affairs
10:
2572:
2531:Habsburg Bohemian nobility
1309:Wiener Zeitung, 4 May 1929
1246:Barth-Scalmani et al. 1997
909:. Brixlegg: Heimat-Verlag.
792:1930 legislative elections
656:Federal Constitutional Law
629:
539:1923 legislative elections
518:Member of National Council
473:Hauptverband der Industrie
462:textile industry (German:
356:Theresian Military Academy
2345:
2334:
2213:
2163:
2046:
2032:
1941:
1851:10.1017/s0008938900021142
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752:Sankt Lorenzen im MĂĽrztal
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81:
71:
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50:
43:
39:
30:
23:
1839:Central European History
1668:. Munich: Piper Verlag.
1128:, pp. 138–139, 142.
675:in reality. The growing
537:During the runup to the
2039:Coat of arms of Austria
1792:Pelinka, Peter (1998).
531:Social Democratic Party
428:First Austrian Republic
2481:Chancellors of Austria
2460:Alexander Schallenberg
2450:Alexander Schallenberg
2425:Benita Ferrero-Waldner
2150:Alexander Schallenberg
2040:
1935:Chancellors of Austria
1897:on the website of the
1822:Salzburger Nachrichten
1560:Berka, Walter (2016).
799:
787:
742:
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660:parliamentary republic
648:
632:Streeruwitz government
566:
534:
506:
500:
486:Christian Social Party
472:
463:
444:
441:Christian Social Party
347:
244:Christian Social Party
200:Christian Social Party
2313:Egon Berger-Waldenegg
2117:Reinhold Mitterlehner
2038:
1513:Funk, Bernd-Christian
1162:Adamovich et al. 2011
845:Selected publications
785:
639:
562:political Catholicism
525:
435:
375:College of Technology
345:
234:– 19 October 1952 in
230:23 September 1874 in
45:Chancellor of Austria
2435:Michael Spindelegger
2380:Rudolf Kirchschläger
2026:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
1895:Ernst Streeruwitz CV
529:, the leader of the
507:Landeshypothekenbank
439:, the leader of the
379:University of Vienna
354:and enrolled at the
303:Battle of Königgrätz
212:University of Vienna
2501:People from StĹ™Ăbro
1899:Austrian Parliament
1777:Austrian Parliament
1772:"Ernst Streeruwitz"
1547:. 26 September 1929
1451:, pp. 144–145.
1386:, pp. 143–144.
1362:, pp. 141–142.
1200:, pp. 117–118.
1164:, pp. 175–180.
1140:, pp. 211–213.
1116:, pp. 138–139.
1092:, pp. 137–140.
1080:, pp. 137–138.
1044:, pp. 136–137.
1020:, pp. 135–136.
993:, pp. 134–135.
873:. Vienna: Springer.
864:. Vienna: Springer.
684:presidential system
662:. The positions of
611:German Nationalists
453:Republic of Austria
240:political scientist
2370:Lujo Tončić-Sorinj
2041:
2016:Engelbert Dollfuss
1599:Brauneder, Wilhelm
1517:Holzinger, Gerhart
900:. Vienna: Bernina.
788:
649:
594:protective tariffs
567:petite bourgeoisie
535:
445:
348:
299:German unification
2468:
2467:
2420:Wolfgang SchĂĽssel
2405:Peter Jankowitsch
2308:Stephan Tauschitz
2303:Engelbert DollfuĂź
2278:Ernst Streeruwitz
2258:Alfred GrĂĽnberger
2173:
2172:
2140:Brigitte Bierlein
2106:Alfred Gusenbauer
2101:Wolfgang SchĂĽssel
1991:Ernst Streeruwitz
1719:978-3-7089-0152-7
1631:978-3-902-93669-1
1612:978-3-214-14876-8
1590:978-1-560-00902-3
1571:978-3-7046-7281-0
1530:978-3-211-89396-8
1509:Adamovich, Ludwig
1398:, pp. 59–60.
1374:, pp. 57–59.
1338:, pp. 30–31.
1248:, pp. 54–55.
1224:, pp. 26–28.
1176:, pp. 51–52.
954:, pp. 22–26.
827:political science
772:League of Nations
717:Prälat ohne Milde
364:Lissa an der Elbe
311:civic nationalism
309:to clamp down on
287:Thirty Years' War
224:Ernst Streeruwitz
221:
220:
163:23 September 1874
25:Ernst Streeruwitz
2563:
2340:
2318:Kurt Schuschnigg
2293:Johannes Schober
2283:Johannes Schober
2243:Johannes Schober
2200:
2193:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2021:Kurt Schuschnigg
1996:Johannes Schober
1971:Johannes Schober
1961:Johannes Schober
1928:
1921:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1862:
1833:
1831:
1829:
1811:
1799:
1788:
1786:
1784:
1767:
1745:
1723:
1710:Verfassungsrecht
1701:
1679:
1662:Hamann, Brigitte
1657:
1655:
1653:
1635:
1616:
1594:
1575:
1562:Verfassungsrecht
1556:
1554:
1552:
1544:Arbeiter-Zeitung
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910:
905:— (1937).
901:
896:— (1937).
892:
887:— (1935).
883:
878:— (1934).
874:
869:— (1931).
865:
860:— (1931).
856:
812:Fatherland Front
745:
725:Leopold Kunschak
719:
688:Benito Mussolini
581:Arbeiter-Zeitung
576:Robert Danneberg
569:
543:National Council
509:
503:
482:Social Democrats
475:
418:prisoners of war
387:textile printing
291:Battle of Prague
279:Imperial Council
256:foreign minister
248:National Council
182:
162:
160:
148:Personal details
136:
126:
117:
96:
84:
74:
55:
35:
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20:
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2455:Michael Linhart
2430:Ursula Plassnik
2347:Second Republic
2341:
2332:
2263:Heinrich Mataja
2209:
2204:
2174:
2169:
2159:
2091:Franz Vranitzky
2048:Second Republic
2042:
2030:
1937:
1932:
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891:. Vienna: Manz.
847:
838:
780:
700:Regency Hungary
634:
628:
520:
430:
377:and law at the
362:, stationed in
340:
338:Austria-Hungary
335:
295:Austrian Empire
264:
196:Political party
184:
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179:19 October 1952
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73:Vice-Chancellor
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26:
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2442:
2440:Sebastian Kurz
2437:
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2427:
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2397:
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2390:Willibald Pahr
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2253:Leopold Hennet
2250:
2248:Walter Breisky
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2215:First Republic
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2145:Sebastian Kurz
2142:
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2128:Sebastian Kurz
2125:
2123:Christian Kern
2120:
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2111:Werner Faymann
2108:
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2071:Alfons Gorbach
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2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1966:Walter Breisky
1963:
1958:
1953:
1947:
1945:
1943:First Republic
1939:
1938:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1908:
1902:
1901:
1890:
1889:External links
1887:
1886:
1885:
1872:Wiener Zeitung
1863:
1834:
1812:
1806:
1789:
1768:
1762:
1750:Portisch, Hugo
1746:
1740:
1728:Portisch, Hugo
1724:
1718:
1706:Ă–hlinger, Theo
1702:
1696:
1680:
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1589:
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1570:
1557:
1535:
1529:
1505:
1499:
1484:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1465:
1463:, p. 145.
1453:
1441:
1439:, p. 144.
1424:
1412:
1400:
1396:Portisch 1989b
1388:
1376:
1372:Portisch 1989b
1364:
1352:
1340:
1336:Portisch 1989b
1328:
1326:, p. 140.
1313:
1301:
1299:, p. 132.
1289:
1285:Portisch 1989b
1274:
1272:, p. 283.
1270:Portisch 1989a
1262:
1250:
1238:
1236:, p. 398.
1226:
1222:Portisch 1989b
1214:
1202:
1190:
1178:
1166:
1154:
1152:, p. 469.
1142:
1138:Brauneder 2009
1130:
1118:
1106:
1104:, p. 293.
1094:
1082:
1070:
1068:, p. 139.
1058:
1056:, p. 137.
1046:
1034:
1022:
1010:
1008:, p. 135.
995:
983:
981:, Bildungsweg.
971:
969:, p. 134.
956:
944:
942:, p. 133.
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834:
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630:Main article:
627:
624:
616:Anton Rintelen
598:hyperinflation
519:
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460:Lower Austrian
429:
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183:(aged 78)
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144:
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140:
139:Johann Schober
137:
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100:Johann Schober
97:
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66:Wilhelm Miklas
63:
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2448:
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2445:Karin Kneissl
2443:
2441:
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2426:
2423:
2421:
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2398:
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2381:
2378:
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2375:Kurt Waldheim
2373:
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2365:Bruno Kreisky
2363:
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2323:Guido Schmidt
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2162:
2156:
2155:Karl Nehammer
2153:
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2138:
2136:
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2134:Hartwig Löger
2131:
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2119:
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2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2086:Fred Sinowatz
2084:
2082:
2081:Bruno Kreisky
2079:
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2053:
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2027:
2024:
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2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
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1994:
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1989:
1987:
1984:
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1952:
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1900:
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1874:
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1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1809:
1807:0-8133-2918-3
1803:
1798:
1797:
1790:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1763:3-453-07946-9
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1741:3-453-07945-0
1737:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1721:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1697:3-205-98179-0
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1675:3-492-22653-1
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1648:
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1633:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1614:
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1600:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1546:
1545:
1540:
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1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1500:3-215-04669-5
1496:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1474:
1469:
1462:
1457:
1450:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1421:
1416:
1409:
1404:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1380:
1373:
1368:
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1356:
1349:
1348:Derbolav 2016
1344:
1337:
1332:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1310:
1305:
1298:
1293:
1287:, p. 30.
1286:
1281:
1279:
1271:
1266:
1259:
1254:
1247:
1242:
1235:
1230:
1223:
1218:
1212:, p. 11.
1211:
1206:
1199:
1198:Ă–hlinger 2007
1194:
1187:
1186:Bußjäger 2015
1182:
1175:
1170:
1163:
1158:
1151:
1146:
1139:
1134:
1127:
1122:
1115:
1110:
1103:
1098:
1091:
1086:
1079:
1074:
1067:
1062:
1055:
1050:
1043:
1038:
1032:, Funktionen.
1031:
1026:
1019:
1014:
1007:
1002:
1000:
992:
987:
980:
975:
968:
963:
961:
953:
948:
941:
936:
929:
924:
920:
908:
903:
899:
894:
890:
885:
881:
876:
872:
867:
863:
858:
854:
849:
848:
842:
833:
830:
828:
823:
821:
816:
813:
809:
803:
801:
800:Handelskammer
797:
793:
784:
775:
773:
767:
765:
761:
757:
753:
747:
744:
737:
735:
730:
726:
721:
718:
713:
707:
703:
701:
697:
696:MiklĂłs Horthy
693:
692:Fascist Italy
689:
685:
681:
678:
677:Austrofascist
674:
669:
665:
661:
657:
652:
646:
643:
642:Austrofascist
638:
633:
623:
621:
617:
612:
606:
603:
599:
595:
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587:
583:
582:
577:
573:
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544:
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532:
528:
524:
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111:
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98:
92:
89:
86:
80:
76:
70:
67:
64:
60:
54:
49:
46:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
2385:Erich Bielka
2360:Leopold Figl
2328:Wilhelm Wolf
2298:Karl Buresch
2288:Ignaz Seipel
2277:
2273:Ignaz Seipel
2268:Rudolf Ramek
2238:Michael Mayr
2223:Victor Adler
2165:
2132:
2115:
2096:Viktor Klima
2061:Leopold Figl
2011:Karl Buresch
2001:Carl Vaugoin
1990:
1986:Ignaz Seipel
1981:Rudolf Ramek
1976:Ignaz Seipel
1956:Michael Mayr
1877:. Retrieved
1875:. 4 May 1929
1870:
1842:
1838:
1826:. Retrieved
1820:
1795:
1781:. Retrieved
1775:
1753:
1731:
1709:
1687:
1684:Hoke, Rudolf
1665:
1650:. Retrieved
1646:Der Standard
1644:
1621:
1602:
1580:
1561:
1549:. Retrieved
1542:
1520:
1490:
1468:
1456:
1444:
1415:
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1391:
1379:
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1355:
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1265:
1260:, p. 7.
1258:Pelinka 1998
1253:
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1210:Pelinka 1998
1205:
1193:
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986:
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906:
897:
888:
879:
870:
861:
852:
839:
831:
824:
817:
804:
789:
768:
748:
738:
722:
712:Ignaz Seipel
708:
704:
653:
650:
607:
590:
579:
547:
536:
497:
493:Ignaz Seipel
478:
457:
446:
437:Ignaz Seipel
414:
402:
395:
372:
349:
315:
276:
265:
227:
223:
222:
181:(1952-10-19)
135:Succeeded by
129:Ignaz Seipel
114:
95:Succeeded by
88:Ignaz Seipel
52:
18:
2491:1952 deaths
2486:1874 births
2355:Karl Gruber
2233:Karl Renner
2076:Josef Klaus
2066:Julius Raab
2056:Karl Renner
1951:Karl Renner
1473:Purger 2018
1461:Ackerl 1983
1449:Ackerl 1983
1437:Ackerl 1983
1384:Ackerl 1983
1360:Ackerl 1983
1324:Ackerl 1983
1297:Ackerl 1983
1234:Hamann 1996
1126:Ackerl 1983
1114:Ackerl 1983
1102:Thaler 1999
1090:Ackerl 1983
1078:Ackerl 1983
1066:Ackerl 1983
1054:Ackerl 1983
1042:Ackerl 1983
1018:Ackerl 1983
1006:Ackerl 1983
991:Ackerl 1983
967:Ackerl 1983
952:Hamann 1996
940:Ackerl 1983
778:Later years
586:Karl Renner
558:clericalism
527:Karl Renner
501:Oberkurator
410:Neunkirchen
406:World War I
368:War College
305:forced the
125:Preceded by
83:Preceded by
2475:Categories
2415:Otto Rösch
2410:Alois Mock
2395:Erwin Lanc
2228:Otto Bauer
2006:Otto Ender
1483:References
1422:, Mandate.
1420:Parliament
1174:Berka 2016
1030:Parliament
979:Parliament
928:Parliament
760:Schutzbund
729:Otto Ender
668:chancellor
626:Chancellor
602:free trade
596:. Postwar
578:, and the
572:Otto Bauer
512:Burgenland
490:Chancellor
391:Josefsthal
262:Early life
252:chancellor
207:Alma mater
159:1874-09-23
1879:27 August
1859:144280903
1828:25 August
1783:24 August
1752:(1989b).
1730:(1989a).
1652:17 August
1551:27 August
1150:Hoke 1996
915:Citations
829:in 1939.
820:Anschluss
664:president
449:Bolshevik
389:plant in
326:gymnasium
307:Habsburgs
283:Friesland
115:In office
62:President
53:In office
1708:(2007).
1686:(1996).
1664:(1996).
1601:(2009).
734:Landbund
680:Heimwehr
645:Heimwehr
555:Catholic
422:Russians
270:city of
268:Bohemian
2166:Italics
673:unitary
553:Reich.
550:Marxism
190:Austria
170:Bohemia
1857:
1804:
1760:
1738:
1716:
1694:
1672:
1628:
1609:
1587:
1568:
1527:
1497:
836:Legacy
764:putsch
756:Styria
620:Styria
398:Prague
352:Vienna
333:Career
318:German
236:Vienna
226:(born
186:Vienna
1855:S2CID
322:Czech
1881:2018
1830:2018
1802:ISBN
1785:2018
1758:ISBN
1736:ISBN
1714:ISBN
1692:ISBN
1670:ISBN
1654:2018
1626:ISBN
1607:ISBN
1585:ISBN
1566:ISBN
1553:2018
1525:ISBN
1495:ISBN
727:and
694:and
666:and
654:The
574:and
320:and
272:Mies
254:and
232:Mies
176:Died
166:Mies
153:Born
1847:doi
698:'s
690:'s
476:).
2477::
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1843:32
1841:.
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1427:^
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1277:^
998:^
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381:.
274:.
188:,
168:,
2199:e
2192:t
2185:v
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157:(
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